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A guide to all the wonderful and interesting information about writing systems and languages you can find on Omniglot.

Contents

Writing systems | Constructed scripts | Languages | Language learning | Multilingual pages | Useful phrases | Articles | Links | Offshoots of Omniglot

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Writing Systems

Information about over 290 different writing systems. Each page contains an illustration of a writing system; details of its origin, usage, notable features and the language(s) written with it; a sample text, and useful links.

This section is divided as follows:

• Introduction - definitions of writing, types of writing systems, differences between writing and speech
• Abjads / Consonant alphabets: Ancient Berber, Arabic, Aramaic, Chorasmian, Elymaic, Hatran, Hebrew, Manichaean, Nabataean, North Arabian, Pahlavi, Palmyrene, Parthian, Phoenician, Paleo-Hebrew, Proto-Sinaitic / Proto-Canaanite, Psalter, Punic, Sabaean, Samaritan, Sogdian, South Arabian, Syriac, Tifinagh, Ugaritic
• Alphabets: A-chik Tokbirim, Adinkra, ADLaM, Armenian, Avestan, Avoiuli, Bactrian, Bassa (Vah), Beitha Kukju, Beria (Zaghawa), Borama / Gadabuursi, Carian, Carpathian Basin Rovas, Chinuk pipa, Chisoi, Coorgi-Cox, Coptic, Cyrillic, Dalecarlian runes, Elbasan, Etruscan, Faliscan, Fox, Galik, Georgian (Asomtavruli), Georgian (Nuskhuri), Georgian (Mkhedruli), Glagolitic, Global Alphabet, Gothic, Greek, Hurûf-ı munfasıla, Irish (Uncial), Kaddare, Kayah Li, Khatt-i-Badíʼ, Khazarian Rovas, Koch, Korean, Latin, Lepontic, Luo Lakeside Script, Lycian, Lydian, Manchu, Mandaic, Mandombe, Marsiliana, Medefaidrin, Messapic, Mongolian, Mro, Mundari Bani, Nag Chiki, Naasioi Otomaung, N'Ko, North Picene, Novo Tupi, Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong, Odùduwà, Ogham, Old Church Slavonic, Oirat Clear Script, Ol Chiki (Ol Cemet' / Santali), Old Italic, Old Nubian, Old Permic, Ol Onal, Orkhon, Osage, Oscan, Osmanya (Somali), Pau Cin Hau, Phrygian, Pollard script, Runic, Székely-Hungarian Rovás (Hungarian Runes), South Picene, Sutton SignWriting, Sunuwar, Tai Viet, Tangsa, Todhri, Toto, Umbrian, (Old) Uyghur, Wancho, Yezidi, Zoulai
• Abugidas / Syllabic alphabets: Ahom, Aima, Arleng, Badagu, Badlit, Basahan, Balinese, Balti-A, Balti-B, Batak, Baybayin, Bengali, Bhaiksuki, Bhujimol, Bilang-bilang, Bima, Blackfoot, Brahmi, Buhid, Burmese, Carrier, Chakma, Cham, Cree, Dehong Dai, Devanagari, Dham Lipi, Dhankari / Sirmauri, Ditema, Dives Akuru, Dogra, Ethiopic, Evēla Akuru, Fox, Fraser, Gond, Goykanadi, Grantha, Gujarati, Gunjala Gondi, Gupta, Gurmukhi, Halbi Lipi, Hanifi, Hanuno'o, Hočąk, Ibalnan, Incung, Inuktitut, Jaunsari Takri, Javanese, Kaithi, Kadamba, Kamarupi, Kannada, Kawi, Kharosthi, Khema, Khe Prih, Khmer, Khojki, Khudabadi, Kirat Rai, Kōchi, Kodava Lipi, Komering, Kulitan, Kurukh Banna, Lai Tay (Tai Yo), Lampung, Lanna, Lao, Leke, Lepcha, Limbu, Lontara/Makasar, Lota Ende, Magar Akkha, Mahajani, Malayalam, Meitei (Modern), Manpuri (Old), Marchen, Meetei Yelhou Mayek, Meroïtic, Masarm Gondi, Modi, Mon, Mongolian Horizontal Square Script, Multani, Nandinagari, Newa, New Tai Lue, Ojibwe, Odia, Ogan, Pahawh Hmong, Pallava, Phags-pa, Purva Licchavi, Qiang / Rma, Ranjana, Rejang (Kaganga), Sasak, Savara, Satera Jontal, Shan, Sharda, Sheek Bakrii Saphaloo, Siddham, Sinhala, Sorang Sompeng, Sourashtra, Soyombo, Sukhothai, Sundanese, Syloti Nagri, Tagbanwa, Tai Noi, Takri, Tamil, Tanchangya (Ka-Pat), Tani, Thaana, Telugu, Thai, Thirke, Tibetan, Tigalari, Tikamuli, Tocharian, Tolong Siki, Vatteluttu, Warang Citi
• Syllabaries: Afaka, Bamum, Caroline Island Script, Celtiberian, Cherokee, Cypriot, Dunging (Iban), Eskayan, Hiragana, Iberian, Katakana, Kpelle, Loma, Mende (Kikakui), Mwangwego, Nüshu, Nwagụ Aneke, Vai, Yi, Yugtun
• Semanto-phonetic writing systems: Akkadian Cuneiform, Ancient Egyptian (Demotic), Ancient Egyptian (Hieratic), Ancient Egyptian (Hieroglyphs), Chinese, Chữ-nôm, Cuneiform, Japanese, Jurchen, Khitan, Linear B, Luwian, Mayan, Naxi, Sawndip (Old Zhuang), Sui, Sumerian Cuneiform, Tangut (Hsihsia)
• Alternative writing/spelling systems: Alternative spelling systems, phonetic alphabets, other language-based notation and communication systems: Benjamin Franklin's Phonetic Alphabet, Deseret, Dialectal Paleotype, Interbet, Pitman Initial Teaching Alphabet, Quikscript/Read Alphabet, Shavian, Simpel-Fonetik, Unifon
• Undeciphered writing systems
• Alphabetic index of all the writing systems and languages
• Index of writing systems by writing direction
• Index of writing systems by continent

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Constructed scripts

Alphabets and other writing systems invented by visitors to this site, and that appear in books, TV programmes, films and computer games.

Constructed scripts for: Ainu | Arabic | Chinese languages | Dutch | English | Hawaiian | Hungarian | Japanese | Korean | Lingala | Malay & Indonesian | Persian | Tagalog / Filipino | Russian | Sanskrit | Spanish | Taino | Turkish | Vietnamese | Welsh | Other natural languages | Colour-based scripts | Tactile scripts | Phonetic/universal scripts | Constructed scripts for constructed languages | Adaptations of existing alphabets | Fictional alphabets | Magical alphabets | A-Z index | How to submit a constructed script

Constructed and adapted scripts by language

• Ainu: Ainu Nuye (애누이닥 누여), Ainu Apukita, Ainurillic (Аинукириру), Aynu Apcat (אַינֻ אַףצַת), Aynukana, Indogana (इन्दोगन), Manjikana
• Arabic: Arabindi (अल्‍अ़रबिन्दियः॑), Bariz, Greek Arabic (Αλ-γ̲αραπυιιατȣ λ-ιωνάνυιιαχ̌), Kajarte, Kalamiy, Kalamiy (L'Ɛarabijjatu l'Látienijjah), Modern Standard Alphabet, Sharjastani, Simplified Arabic Alphabet,
• Chinese: Arabo-Chinese, Cantonese Grid Script, Cantonese Phonetic Symbols, Cǎo Yīn Zì, Géyīnzì, Hàn Yīnbīao, Hanyinwen, Hanyinzi, Phags-Pa for Modern Mandarin, 井卜文 (Jǐngbǔ script), Jyutcitzi, Lóngwén, New Hanyu Pinyin, Phonemic Pīnyīn Third-round Simplified Chinese, Taichuan alphabet, Tàiguó pǔtōnghuà, Tangish, Tiāojīnjiào, Touq Tsh'c, Xiě Yùn, Yuht Tai Sé Fòng Faat, ZhongHua Yu Zi
• Dutch: Jaru, Kraaienveer, Mandrakard, Peperklips
• English: Aceri Halit, Avestan for English, Aketal, American Hangul, Amethyst, Anglo-Arabic, Anglograms, Angrezi, Applebeech, Arkaedian, Astanari, A-tom-tom Code (/-\\/\-\\/\ ////\//////\), Awyis, Baal, Bāgha, Betacap, Betadel, Betamaze, Bine, Block Script, Boksript, Brittish, Burmish, Caps, Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics for English, Chartograph, Christish, Cibara, Ciijan, Code Script, colorAlphabet, ColorHoney and ColorTokki, Conway Script, Chromaphonoglyphics, Curvetic, Cwaethra Cyrenglish, Cyrillisch, Dameshon A, Dn'alan, Dotsies alphabet, Dscript, English Featural Alphabet, Eigana, Elburujimad, Elian Script /Conceptual Calligraphy, Empisava, Enganagri, English Code, Engul, Voynich Script for English, Europaphon, Expressive English Alphabet, Exprish, Faer, Falandril, Friendship Cube Script, Fingers, Fishscales, Fontok, Gammadel, Genesis, Gernreich, Graph Script, Gryirhanli, Habeck, Hangulized English, Hellerican, Heptal, The Hermit Runes, Hexahue, Hookscript, HVD, Hwayih Woen, Inhglærantow, Ineon, Ingari, Inglith, Inspired, Iqleut, Jierimse, Kalis Script, Kapunuan, Katakana Eigo, Keltic, Kerigal, Compact Phonetic Glyphs, Knot alphabet, Konder, Krul, Kummalli, Ladowshand, Langerian, Latinagari, Library Linglese, Liron, Living Script, Lovecraftian, Lumpa, Marulipi, Mesa, Midwest Script, Minngeul "Minnesota-Script", Minimal Stacking Alphabet, Mystic, Nail Script, Neetia, Neo-Gothic, Neoideograms / Ids, Neorunic, New Ceigean, Newcursive, New English, Nirichaen, Nitalha, Nortish, Notae, Ogham for English, Ogibára, Latin Partabet, Pattern Script, Phono Braille, Phonogic, Phonographics, Pipeline 3D, Pixel Script, Plutonian, Posiga, Pulmis, Puzzle Code, Rangtunga, Reality, Rencem, Renglish, Rohal, Romanabic, Rotor Script, Remorian piksyl, Revised Shaw Abjad, Runtrikha, Ryonic, Ryszalean, Sarin, Scryptic II, Simple English Alphabet, Sequoia, Sherman's Gallifreyan, Similis, Simplebet, Trevor's Super Long Hand, SoundSpel, Spintype, Spiraling Syllabics, Streyauthe, Suritanyo, Square Word Calligraphy, Sympol, Tactile Rila Sign System, Takeluma, Tanar, Tano, Tengo, Tengwarpt, Tennent, Tersive, Thengic, Thoorsha, Timescript, ToCha'r, Tower Orthography Tung Script, Unifon, Utruscan, Verical, Vertical "B", Verticont, Vibro Script, Westonian, Yivga, Younger Futhorc, 21E™, Six-Color Alphabet, 6-Color Binary Alphabet
• Hawaiian: Ka Hakalama Hou, Kākauna, Mele Kākau, nā hōʻailona ʻōlelo, Palapala Kepanī, Pī‘āpā Hou
• Hungarian: Cloud and Rain, Hágrít Nyelv, Harta, Hungarian Cyrillic, Gyorsrovás, Magyargari
• Japanese: Aziana, Chibetto Moji/a>, Indogana, Japan Arabic Writing System, Kanadana, Kiriru, Kogo Kana, Ryakumoji, Manjikana, Nihon no Hangul, Tounoji, Kakemoji
• Korean: Acrography, Akson Kao-li, Byeokrando, Geolmgeul, Geup-Simhangul, Hal, Kara Hiragana, Kirill-geul, Korillic, Kovrit, LLL for Korean, Naljeogigeul (alphabetic), Naljeogigeul (syllabic), Sacgul, Seumul
• Malay/Indonesian: Batasan, Aksara Beringin, aLrazikhuzairi, Berdikari, Cecarakan, Ganmak/Rotoflect, Gurkha, Humaira, Ibria, Jawacaraka, Kagangana, Malay-Indonesian Cyrillic, Malay Shavian Alphabet, Maula, Surat Beringin, Semanggi
• Persian (Farsi): Alefbâye Melli Irân, ኢትዮፋርሲ, Farsi Alefbet, Hunopersian, Persian-Avestan
• Russian: Arabitsa, Beadscript, Greek Alphabet for Russian, СКАЗЬ (CKA3b/skaz')
• Sanskrit: akSarAH, Arabikkhara, Beomeouija, Charunagari, Devadeshi, Sīrilika
• Spanish: Abechedário, Daukin, Escritura Ondeada, Eslabónico, Españabugida, Filigramas, Glagoñol, Greco-Hispano, Grespanic, Hanguñol, Hebreísmo, Herami, Hermosa española, Evhmelish, Spanish Cyrillic, Thaipañol
• Tagalog: Alfa-kinetix, Alfa-Larawan, Bagoyin, Banaag, Filipinyin, Ginothic, Hanbayin, Indian-abakada, Kabena'o, LLL, Maharlikang Tagalog, Maharlikeño , Mutya, Senyas Baybayin, Surat Filipino, Thai script for Tagalog, Ulobeto
• Taíno: Naguaké Taíno Pictographic Alphabet, Taino Syllabary, Tainonaíki Alphabet
• Turkish: Antikom, Elmas, Göktürkçe, Türk Uygur Alfabesi, Turkish Cyrillic, Turkish Lisu, Yahudi Türkçesi
• Vietnamese: Chữ Thái Việt, Chữ Việt Trí, Chữ Vòng, KoreoViet
• Welsh: Coelbren y Beirdd (The Bardic Alphabet), Crymeddau, Sunshee, Tengwar for Welsh, Welsh Arabic, Welsh Cyrillic

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Languages

Details of many different languages, including their pronunciation, usage, status and sample texts.

Alphabetic index of languages

Index of languages arranged by the writing systems used to write them

• Arabic: Adamaua Fulfulde, Afrikaans, Arabic (Algerian), Arabic (Bedawi), Arabic (Chadian), Arabic (Egyptian), Arabic (Gulf), Arabic (Hassaniya), Arabic (Hejazi), Arabic (Lebanese), Arabic (Libyan), Arabic (Modern Standard), Arabic (Moroccan), Arabic (Najdi), Arabic (Sudanese), Arabic (Syrian), Arabic (Tunisian), Arwi, Äynu, Azeri, Balanta-Ganja, Balti, Baluchi, Beja, Belarusian, Bosnian, Brahui, Chagatai, Chechen, Chittagonian, Comorian, Crimean Tatar, Dargwa, Dari, Dhatki, Dogri, Domari, Gawar Bati, Gawri, Gilaki, Hausa, Hazaragi, Hindko, Indus Kohistani, Kabyle, Kalkoti, Karakalpak, Kashmiri, Kazakh, Khowar, Khorasani Turkic, Khwarezmian, Konkani, Kumzari, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Lezgi, Lop, Luri, Maba, Maguindanao, Malay, Malay (Terengganu), Mandinka, Marwari, Mazandarani, Mogholi, Morisco, Mozarabic, Munji, Noakhailla, Nubi, Ormuri, Palula, Parkari Koli, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi, Qashqai, Rajasthani, Rohingya, Salar, Saraiki, Sawi, Serer, Shabaki, Shina, Shughni, Sindhi, Somali, Soninke, Tatar, Tausūg, Tawallammat Tamajaq, Tayart Tamajeq, Ternate, Torwali, Turkish, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Wakhi, Wanetsi, Wolof, Xiao'erjing, Yidgha
• Balinese: Balinese
• Baybayin: Iloko (Ilocano), Kapampangan, Tagalog
• Burmese / Myanmar: Aiton, Akha, Arakanese, Burmese, Eastern Pwo Karen, Jingpho, Khamti, Marma, Pali, Palaung, Pa'O, S'gaw Karen, Tai Laing, Tai Phake, Western Pwo
• Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics: Blackfoot, Carrier, Chipewyan, Cree (East), Cree (Moose), Cree (Plains), Cree (Swampy), Cree (Woods), Inuktitut, Naskapi, Ojibwe, Oji-Cree
• Chinese: Chinese (hanzi), Cantonese (honji), Japanese (kanji), Korean (hanja), Vietnamese (chữ-nôm)
• Coptic: Coptic, Old Nubian
• Cuneiform scripts: Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite, Old Persian Cuneiform, Sumerian, Ugaritic
• Cyrillic: Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Aghul, Akhvakh, Akkala Sámi, Aleut, Altay, Alyutor, Andi, Archi, Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian, Avar, Azeri, Bagvalal, Balkar, Bashkir, Belarusian, Bezhta, Bosnian, Botlikh, Budukh, Bulgarian, Buryat, Chamalal, Chechen, Chelkan, Chukchi, Chulym, Chuvash, Crimean Tatar, Dargwa, Daur, Dolgan, Dungan, Enets, Erzya, Even, Evenki, Gagauz, Godoberi, Hinukh, Hunzib, Ingush, Interslavic, Itelmen, Juhuri, Kabardian, Kaitag, Kalderash Romani, Kalmyk, Karaim, Karakalpak, Karata, Karelian, Kazakh, Ket, Khakas, Khanty, Khinalug, Khorasani Turkic, Khwarshi, Kildin Sámi, Kili, Komi, Koryak, Krymchak, Kryts, Kubachi, Kumandy, Kumyk, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Lak, Lezgi, Lingua Franca Nova, Lithuanian, Ludic, Macedonian, Mansi, Mari, Moksha, Moldovan, Mongolian, Montenegrin, Nanai, Negidal, Nenets, Nganasan, Nivkh, Nogai, Old Church Slavonic, Oroch, Orok, Ossetian, Pontic Greek, Romanian, Rushani, Russian, Rusyn, Rutul, Selkup, Serbian, Shor, Shughni, Siberian Tatar, Sirenik, Slovio, Soyot, Tabassaran, Tajik, Talysh, Tat, Tatar, Teleut, Ter Sámi, Tindi, Tofa, Tsakhur, Tsez, Turkmen, Tuvan, Ubykh, Udege, Udi, Udmurt, Ukrainian, Ulch, Urum, Uyghur, Uzbek, Veps, Votic, Wakhi, West Polesian, Xibe, Yaghnobi, Yakut, Yazghulami, Yukaghir (Northern / Tundra), Yukaghir (Southern / Kolyma), Yupik (Central Siberian)
• Devanagari: Aka-Jeru, Angika, Athpare, Avestan, Awadhi, Bahing, Balti, Bantawa, Belhare, Bhili, Bhumij, Bilaspuri, Bodo, Bhojpuri, Braj, Car, Chamling, Chhantyal, Chhattisgarhi, Chambeali, Danwar, Dhatki, Dhimal, Dhundari, Digaro Mishmi, Dogri, Doteli, Gaddi, Garhwali, Gondi, Gurung, Halbi, Haryanvi, Hill Miri, Hindi, Ho, Jarawa, Jaunsari, Jirel, Jumli, Kagate, Kannauji, Kham, Kangri, Kashmiri, Khaling, Khandeshi, Kharia, Khortha, Korku, Konkani, Kullui, Kumaoni, Kurmali, Kurukh, Kusunda, Lambadi, Limbu, Lhomi, Lhowa, Magahi, Magar, Mahasu Pahari, Maithili, Maldivian, Malto, Mandeali, Marathi, Marwari, Mewari, Mundari, Nancowry. Newar, Nepali, Nimadi, Nishi, Onge, Pahari, Pali, Pangwali, Rajasthani, Rajbanshi, Rangpuri, Sadri, Sanskrit, Santali, Saraiki, Sirmauri, Sherpa, Shina, Sindhi, Sunwar, Sylheti, Tamang, Thakali, Thangmi, Wambule, Wancho, Yakkha, Yolmo
• Eastern Nagari (Bengali / Eastern Neo-Brahmic):

  Atong, Bengali, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Bodo, Bhumij, Chittagonian, Garo, Hajong, Karbi, Kharia, Khasi, Koch, Koda, Kokborok, Kurmali, Malto, Manipuri, Mundari, Noakhailla, Rangpuri, Sadri, Santali, Sylheti, Toto, Tanchangya

• Ge'ez (Ethiopic): Aari, Amharic, Argobba, Awngi, Bench, Blin, Chaha, Dizin, Ge'ez, Gumuz, Hamer(-Banna), Harari, Inor, Sidama, Silt'e, Tigre, Tigrinya, Xamtanga
• Georgian (Mkhedruli): Abkhaz, Batsbi, Georgian, Laz, Mingrelian, Svan
• Greek: Arvanitic, Bactrian, Cypriot Arabic, Greek, Griko, Karamanli Turkish, Tsakonian
• Gujarati: Bhili, Gujarati, Kutchi
• Gurmukhi: Punjabi, Saraiki,
• Hangeul (Korean): Cia-Cia, Jeju, Korean
• Hebrew: Aramaic, Bukhori, Domari, Hebrew, Jewish Neo-Aramaic, Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Persian, Juhuri, Knaanic, Ladino, Mozarabic, Yiddish, Yevanic
• Japanese scripts (Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji): Ainu, Amami, Japanese, Kikai, Miyakoan, Okinawan, Okinoerabu, Tarama, Tokunoshima, Yaeyama, Yonaguni, Yoron
• Javanese: Javanese, Madurese
• Kaithi: Bhojpuri, Maghadi, Urdu, Awadhi, Maithili, Bengali
• Kannada: Kannada, Kodava, Konkani, Lambadi, Sankethi, Tulu
• Kawi: Sanskrit, Old Javanese and Old Malay
• Kharosthi: Gandhari and Sanskrit
• Khojki: Sindhi, Punjabi, Gujarati, Urdu, Arabic, Persian and other languages
• Lao: Khmu, Kuy, Lao, Pali, TaʼOi
• Latin / Roman: Aari, Abaza, Abellen, Abenaki, Abidji, Abkhaz, Aborlan Tagbanwa, Abua, Abui, Acazulco Otomi, Achagua, Achang, Acehnese, Acheron, Achi, Acholi, Achuar-Shiwiar, Achumawi, Adaizan, Adamaua Fulfulde, Adele, Adhola, Adzera, Afaan Oromo, Afar, Afitti, Afrikaans, Aguaruna, Agutaynen, Ahamb, Ahanta, A-Hmao, Ahtna, Ainu, Äiwoo, Aja, Ajië, Aka, Akan, Akatek, Akawaio, Akha, Aklan, Akurio, Alabama, Albanian, Aleut, Algonquin, Alorese, Alsatian, Altay, Alur, Alutiiq, Alyawarr, Amahuaca, Amarakaeri, Amarasi, Ambai, Ambala, Ambel, Ambo-Pasco Quechua, Amele, ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan), Amis, Ancash Quechua, Andoa, Andoque, Angami, Aneityum, Anii, Anindilyakwa, Anuak, Anuki, Anutan, Anyin, Apache (Western), Apatani, Apma, Apurinã, Arabela, Aragonese, Araki, Aranese, Arapaho, Arawak, Arbëresh, Are, ꞌAreꞌare, Arhuaco, Arikara, Aringa, Aromanian, Arosi, Arrernte, Arta, Arvanitic, Asháninka, Ashéninka, Assiniboine, Asturian, Atayal, Ateso, Atikamekw, Atong, ʼAuhelawa, Austral, Avatime, Avava, Avokaya, Awakatek, Awa Pit, Awara, Awing, Ayizo, Aymara, Ayoreo, Azeri, Babatana, Babine-Witsuwit'en, Bade, Baduy, Bafanji, Bafaw-Balong, Bagirmi, Bagri, Bahnar, Bai, Bajaw, Baka, Bakairi, Balangao, Balanta-Ganja, Balanta-Kentohe, Balantak, Bambalang, Bambam, Bambara, Bambassi, Bamum, Bamunka, Bandial, Banggai, Bangi, Bangubangu, Baniwa, Baniwa of Guainía, Banjarese, Bantayanon, Bantik, Bantoanon, Baoulé, Barai, Barbareño, Bardi, Barein, Bari, Bariai, Bariba, Bartangi, Bassa, Bashkir, Basque, Bassa, Bassari, Batak Angkola, Batak Dairi, Batak Karo, Batak Mandailing, Batak Simalungun, Batak Toba, Batuley, Baure, Bavarian, Bawm, Baybayanon, Beami, Beary, Beaver, Belait, Belanda Bor, Belanda Viri, Belarusian, Belhare, Beli, Bemba, Bembe, Bena, Bench, Benga, Bengkulu, Berba, Berom, Betawi, Bete (Daloa), Bhaca, Biak, Biatah, Biete, Big Numbas, Bikol, Bila, Biloxi, Bilua, Bimin, Bininj Kunwok, Binukid, Binumarien, Birifor (Northern), Birifor (Southern), Bislama, Bissa, Blaan, Blackfoot, Blagar, Blin, Bodo, Bokar, Boko, Bola, Bole, Bolinao, Bolyu, Bonggi, Bongo, Bontoc, Bora, Bori, Borong, Bosnian, Botolan, Bouyei, Brahui, Brao, Breton, Bribri, Brunei Malay, Bube, Budu, Bugan, Bugis, Bugkalot, Buglere, Buhutu, Bujeba, Bukid, Bukiyip, Bukusu, Bulu, Bunak, Bundjalung, Bungku, Bunun, Buol, Burarra, Burum, Burushaski, Busa, Bushi, Bushong, Butuanon, Bwaidoka, Caac, Cabécar, Caddo, Cajamarca Quechua, Calamian Tagbanwa, Caló, Caluyanon, Candoshi-Shapra, Cape Verdean Creole, Capiznon, Caquinte, Car, Carapana, Carib, Carijona, Carolinian, Casiguran Dumagat Agta, Catalan, Catio, Cayuga, Cebaara, Cebuano, Cèmuhî, Central Kilimanjaro, Central ǃKung, Central Sinama, Central Tagbanwa, Central Teke, Chakosi, Chamacoco, Chami, Chamicuro, Chamorro, Chaná, Chang, Cha'palaa(chi), Chatino, Chaura, Chavacano, Chechen, Cheke Holo, Cherepon, Cheyenne, Chinanteco, Chiru, Cimbrian, Chicahuaxtla Triqui, Chichewa, Chickasaw, Chilcotin, Chimalapa Zoque, Chinook, Chipewyan, Chippewa, Chiquihuitlán Mazatec, Chitimacha, Chittagonian, Chiwere, Choctaw, Chokwe, Chʼol, Chontal Maya, Chorti, Chrau, Chru, Chuj, Chukchansi, Chumburung, Chuukese, Chuwabu, Cipu, Coatzospan Mixtec, Cocama, Cocopah, Coeur d'Alene, Cofán, Comanche, Comorian, Comox, Copala Triqui, Cora, Cornish, Corsican, Cree (Moose), Cree (Plains), Cree (Swampy), Cree (Woods), Croatian, Crow, Cua, Cubeo, Cumbric, Curripaco Cuyonon, Cuzco Quechua, Cypriot Arabic, Czech, Daakaka, Daasanach, Dadibi, Daga, Dagaare, Dagbani, Daju Mongo, Dakota (Sioux), Dalmatian, Dan, Dane-zaa (Beaver), Dangaléat, Danish, Dananshan Miao, Dangme, Dargwa, Darmiya, Datooga, Daur, Dawan, Daza, Dciriku, Defaka, Deg Xinag, Degema, Denaʼina, Dengebu, Desano, Dhao, Dharawal, Dholuo, Dhuwal, Digaro Mishmi, Digo, Dilling, Dinka, Dioula, Dirasha, Ditidaht, Diyari, Djabugay, Djinang, Djinba, Domari, Dominican Creole French, Dongotono, Dorig, Drehu, Drung, Duala, Dumi, Dupaningan, Duri, Dusun, Dutch, Ebira, Edo, Efik, Egene, Ekoka ǃKung, Ekpeye, Elfdalian, Emae, Emberá (Northern), Emerillon, Emilian-Romagnol, Enawene Nawe, Ende, Enggano, English, Eperara, Erromintxela, Esan, Esimbi, Esperanto, Estonian, Eton, Ewe, Ewondo, Extremaduran, Eyak, Fala, Falam, Fanagalo, Fang, Fante, Faroese, Fataluku, Feʼfeʼ, Fijian, Fiji Hindi, Finnish, Finnish Kalo, Flemish, Folkspraak, Fon, Foodo, Fordata, Fox, Frafra, Franco-Provençal, French, French Guianese Creole, Frisian (East), Frisian (North), Frisian (Saterland), Frisian (West), Friulian, Fula(ni), Fuliiru, Fur, Futuna-Aniwa, Futunan, Fuyu Kyrgyz, Ga, Gaam, Gaddang, Gagauz, Galela, Galician, Gallo, Galo, Galoli, Gamilaraay, Ganda, Garawa, Garifuna, Garo, Gascon, Gawar, Gawwada, Gayo, Gela, Gen, Genoese, German, Ghadamès, Ghari, Ghomalaʼ, Ghomara, Ghulfan, Gija, Gitxsan, Glosa, Godié, Goemai, Gogo, Gonja, Gooniyandi, Goral, Gorontalo, Gottscheerish, Gourmanchéma, Greenlandic, Griko, Gronings, Guadeloupean Creole, Guambiano, Guanano, Gumuz, Guarani, Guaymí, Guere, Guernésiais, Gugadja/Kukatja, Gǀui, Guinea-Bissau Creole, Gun, Guro, Gusii, Guugu Yalandji, Guugu Yimithirr, Gwere, Gwichʼin, Gyele, Hadiyya, Hadza, Hakha, Haida, Haisla, Haitian Creole, Halkomelem, Hamer(-Banna), Hamtai, Hän, Hanga, Hani, Haroi, Hatang Kayi, Hausa, Hawaiian, Hawu, Haya, Hdi, Hehe, Heiltsuk, Helong, Herero, Hidatsa, Hiligaynon, Hill Miri, Hiri Motu, Hiw, Hixkaryana, Hmar, Hmong Dau, Hmong Njau, Hmu, Ho, Hoava, Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), Hopi, Huambisa, Huallaga Quechua, Huarijio, Huasteco, Huaylla Wanca Quechua, Huehuetla Tepehua, Huichol, Huilliche, Huli, Hungarian, Hunsrik, Hupa, Iaai, Ibaloi, Iban, Ibanag, Ibibio, Ibinda, Icelandic, Iceve-Maci, Idaʼan, Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki, Ido, Idu Mishmi, Ifugao, Igala, Igbo, Ik, Ikizu, Ikoma, Ikpeng, Ikwerre, Iki Turki, Ilocano, Iñapari, Inari Saami, Indonesian, Ingrian, Ingush, Innu (Montagnais), Interglossa, Interlingua, Interslavic, Inuktun, Iñupiaq, Ipai, Iquito, Iranun, Iraqw, Iraya, Irish, Ishkashimi, Isinai, Isnag, Isoko, Isthmus Mixe, Istro-Romanian, Istriot, Italian, Itawis, Itzaʼ, Iu Mien, Ivatan, Ivbiosakon, Ivilyuat / Cahuilla, Ixil, Iyo'wujwa Chorote, Izon, Jabo, Jah Hut, Jakaltek, Jalapa Mazatec, Jamaican, Jaminjung, Japreria, Jaqaru, Jarai, Jarawa, Javanese, Jebero, Jèrriais (Jersey Norman French), Jemez, Jian'ou, Jibu, Jicarilla, Jingulu, Jita, Jju Jola-Fonyi, Jru, Juǀʼhoan, Juhuri, Jur Modo, Kabiye, Kabwa, Kabyle, Kadazandusun, Kadiwéu, Kadugli, Kafa, Kadaru, Kagate, Kagayanen, Kahua, Kaingang, Kaiwá, Kakabai, Kako, Kakwa (Africa), Kakwa (Brazil, Colombia), Kalabari, Kala Lagaw Ya, Kalanguya, Kalderash Romani, Kalkatungu, Kam, Kamasau, Kamba, Kambari, Kambera, Kamda, Kanakanavu, Kanasi, Kanga, Kaninuwa, Kanuri, Kanyok, Kapampangan, Kapingamarangi, Kapóng, Kaqchikel, Kar, Karai-karai, Karaim, Karakalpak, Karamojong, Karbi, Karelian, Karen (S'gaw), Karuk, Kasem, Kashaya, Kashibo, Kashinawa, Kashubian, Kaska, Kaurna, Kavalan, Kawaiisu, Kawésqar, Kazakh, Kebu, Kei, Keiga, Keiyo, Kelabit, Keliko, Kembayan, Kenswei Nsei, Kéo, Kera, Keres, Kerinci, Ket, Ketengban, Khakas, Khalaj, Khasi, Khinalug, Koch, Khoekohoe, Khorasani Turkic, Khufi, Kʼicheʼ, Kichwa, Kickapoo, Kiga, Kikuyu, Kiliwa, Kim, Kimbundu, Kinabalian, Kinaray-a, Kinyarwanda, Kiowa, Kipsigis, Kiribati, Kirundi, Kisi, Kissi, Kituba, Klallam, Klamath, Klata, Kobo, Kogo, Koho, Koryak, Koasati, Kodeoha, Kokborok, Kokota, Kom (Cameroon), Komering, Komi, Komo (Bantu), Komo (Nilo-Saharan), Kom (India), Komo, Kongo, Konjo, Konkomba, Kosraean, Koti, Kove, Koyukon, Krache, Kri, Krongo, Krymchak, Kuku, Kuku Nyungkal, Kukuya, Kulango, Kulisusu, Kumandy, Kumeyaay, Kumyk, Kuna, Kunda, Kunjen, Kuot, Kupsabiny, Kurdish, Kuria, Kurti, Kusaal, Kutenai, Kuuk Thaayorre, Kven, Kwaio, Kwak̓wala, Kwambi, Kwaraʼae, Kwasengen, Kwasio, Kyode, Laalaa, Láá Láá Bwamu, Lacandon, Ladin, Lahu, Lakon, Lakota (Sioux), Lamaholot, Lamalama, Lambya, Lampung, Lango (South Sudan), Lango (Uganda), Lashi, Latin, Latino sine Flexione, Latgalian, Lau, Latvian, Lavukaleve, Lawangan, Ledo Kaili, Lehali, Lele, Lenakel, Lengo, Lengola, Lewo, Lezgi, Lhao Vo, Ligurian, Likpe, Lingala, Lingua Franca Nova, Lillooet, Limba, Limbum, Limburgish, Lio, Lipan Apache, Liqʼwala, Lithuanian, Livvi-Karelian, Livonian, Llanito, Logba, Lojban, Lokoya, Lolopo, Lombard, Longgu, Lop, Lopit, Lorrain, Lote, Lo-Toga, Lotuko, Loup, Lovari, Lower Tanana, Low German, Löyöp, Lozi, Luba-Katanga, Luchazi, Ludic, Lugbara, Lun Bawang, Lunda, Luiseño, Lule Sámi, Lumun, Luobohe Miao, Lushootseed, Luvale, Luxembourgish, Luyana, Maʼanyan, Maasai, Maay Maay, Maba, Machiguenga, Macushi, Ma'di, Madurese, Maguindanao, Maká, Makaa, Makah, Makalero, Makasarese, Makonde, Makhuwa, Makurap, Malagasy, Malay, Malay (Terengganu), Malecite-Passamaquoddy, Maléku, Maltese, Malto, Mam, Mamasa, Mamanwa, Mamaindê, Mampruli, Manado Malay, Manam, Manumanaw Karen, Mandan, Mandar, Mandari, Mandinka, Mangareva, Manggarainese, Manide, Maninka, Mankanya, Mano, Manx, Mao, Maore, Māori, Mapuche, Maranao, Marba, Maricopa, Markwet, Marovo, Marquesan (North), Marquesan (South), Marshallese, Masaaba, Masalit, Masbateño, Mashan Miao, Maskelynes, Massachusett, Martu Wangka, Mato, Matsés, Maung, Mauritian Creole, Mavea, Mayo, Mazahua, Mazatec, Matigsalug, Mbama, Mbato, Mbelime, Mbere, Mbosi, Mbukushu, Mbula, Mbum, Mbunda, Mbuun, Meänkieli, Medumba, Megleno-Romanian, Melanau, Mele-Fila, Ménik, Menominee, Mentawai, Meriam Mir, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Meyah, Miami, Michif, Midland Mixe, Migaama, Mikasuki, Mi'kmaq, Miju, Minangkabau, Mirandese, Miriwoong, Misantla Totonac, Mising, Miskito, Mixtec, Mixtec (Chayuco), Miya, Mizo, Mmen, Mnong, Moba, Mòcheno, Mochoʼ, Mocoví, Modang, Mohawk, Mohegan, Mohican, Mojave, Mokilese, Molbog, Moloko, Moma, Monégasque, Mongo, Mongondow, Mongsen Ao, Monguor, Mono (California), Mono (Congo), Mono-Alu, Montenegrin, Mopan, Mori Atas, Mori Bawah, Moriori, Moro, Morokodo, Moronene, Mortlockese, Moru, Mossi, Motu, Mozarabic, Mpiemo, Mualang, Mufian, Muinane, Muna, Mundang, Mundari, Munsee, Muong, Murrinh-Patha, Murui Huitoto, Musey, Musi, Muscogee (Creek-Seminole), Mussau-Emira, Mutsun, Mwaghavul, Mwani, Mwotlap, Myene, Naasioi, Naba, Nafanan, Nafsan, Nagamese, Nahavaq, Nahuatl, Nahuatl (Eastern Huasteca), Nahuatl (Guerrero), Nahuatl (Tetelcingo), Namakura, Nambikwara, Nambya, Nancowry, Nande, Nandi, Nanggu, Nanti, Narim, Naro, Narragansett, Naskapi, Natchez, Nateni, Nauruan, Navajo, Nawdm, Naxi, Ndebele (Northern - South Africa), Ndebele (Northern - Zimbabwe), Ndebele (Southern), Ndrumbea, Ndyuka, Nduke, Neapolitan, Neolatin, Nenets, Nengone, Neve‘ei, Neverver, Neyo, Nez Perce, Ngaanyatjarra, Ngadha, Ngaju, Ngangam, Ngiyambaa, Ngizim, Ngoni, Ngwii, Nhangu, Nheengatu, Nias, Nihali, Ninde, Nisgaʼa, Nishi, Nisu, Niuafoʻou, Niuatoputapu-Tafahi, Niuean, Nivaclé, Njebi, Nkonya, Nkore, Nlakaʼpamux (Thompson), Noakhailla, Nobiin, Nobonob, Nogai, Nomatsiguenga, Nooksack, Noon, Noongar, Norfuk, Norn, Norwegian, North Efate, North Slavey, North Teke, Northern Paiute, Northern Pomo, Northern Qiang, Northern Sámi, Northern Sotho, Northwest Maidu / Konkow, Novial, Nso, Ntcham, Nuaulu, Nuer, Nukumanu, Nukuoro, Nukuria, Nume, Numèè, Nùng, Nunggubuyu, Nuosu, Nupe, Nusu, Nuu-Chah-Nulth (Nootka), Nuxalk, Nǁng, Nyabwa, Nyakyusa, Nyamwezi, Nyelâyu, Nyemba, Nyepu, Nyole, Nyoro, Nyungwe, Nzadi, Nzema, Obo, Obolo, Ocaina, Occidental, Occitan, Occitan (Auvergnat), Occitan (Languedocien), Occitan (Limousin), Occitan (Provençal), Ogan, Ogba, Okanagan, Okinawan, Oku, Old Tupi, Olu'bo, Oluta Popoluca, Onge, Onhan, Onondaga, O'odham, Oowekyala, Omaha, Oneida, Old Norse, Old Tupi, Ona, Ontong Java, Oroha, Oroko, Oroqen, Oroshor, OshiWambo, Ososo, Ossetian, Otomi, Ottawa, Owa, Pááfang, Paakantyi, Paama, Paasaal, Páez, Pagibete, Paipai, Paite, Paiwan, Palauan, Palawano, Palenquero, Palikúr, Paluʼe, Panare, Pangasinan, Papantla Totonac, Papapana, Papiamento, Paraujuano, Paresi, Patwin, Pauna, Pawnee, Paya, Pazeh, Pemon, Pendau, Pennsylvania German, Penobscot, Penrhyn, Phom, Piapoco, Picard, Picuris, Piedmontese, Pijin, Pilagá, Pingelapese, Pinyin, Pintupi, Pipil, Pirahã, Pite Sámi, Pitjantjatjara, Pochuri, Pohnpeian, Polci, Polish, Pomo (Central), Pomo (Eastern), Pomo (Southeastern), Pomo (Southern), Ponosakan, Pontic Greek, Poqomam, Poqomchiʼ, Porohanon, Portuguese, Potawatomi, Powhatan, Pukapukan, Puluwatese, Pumi, Punu, Purepecha, Puyuma, Qʼanjobʼal, Qʼeqchiʼ, Quiripi, Quapaw, Quechan, Quechua (Classical), Rade, Raga, Rakahanga-Manihiki, Rama, Rapa, Rapa Nui, Rarotongan, Ratahan, Rawang, Rendille, Rennellese, Réunion Creole, Rinconada Bikol, Riffian, Ripuarian, Rohingya, Romblomanon, Ronga, Rongga, Rongmei, Rotokas, Romani, Romanian, Romanian Tatar, Romániço, Romansh, Rotuman, Roviana, Rukai, Rumsen, Rushani, Sa, Sa'a, Saami/Sámi, Saanich, Saaroa, Sabanê, Sadri, Safaliba, Safen, Safwa, Sahaptin, Saho, Saisiyat, Sakao, Sakapultek, Sakizaya, Salar, Saliba, Salish, Sambas Malay, Sambal, Samoan, Samogitian, San Martín Itunyoso Triqui, Sandawe, Sangirese, Sanglechi, Sango, Sani, Saramaccan, Santa / Dongxiang, Santa Cruz, Santiagueño Quechua, Santo Domingo del Estero Triqui, Sardinian, Sarikoli, Sarnámi Hindustani, Sasak, Satawalese, Sauk, Savosavo, Sawila, Saxwe, Sayula Popoluca, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Secoya, Sedang, Seediq, Sekani, Seki, Selaru, Sena, Seneca, Sengele, Serbian, Serer, Seri, Serrano, Seychelles Creole, Seto, Shatt, Shavante, Shawiya, Shawnee, She, she shashishalhem, Sheko, Shenwa, Shetland(ic), Shilha (Tashelhit), Shilluk, Shipibo, Shompen, Shona, Shoshone, Shuar, Shughni, Shuswap, Siar, Siberian Tatar, Sicilian, Sidama, Sierra Leonean Creole, Sierra Otomi, Sierra Popoluca, Sikaiana, Silesian, Singlish, Sio, Siona (Colombian), Siona (Ecuadorian), Sipakapense, Sisaali, Siwu, Ske, Skolt Sámi, Slovak, Slovenian, Slovio, Sobei, Soga, Sokoro, Somali, Somrai, Songe, Soninke, Sonsorolese, Sorbian, Sorsogon (Southern), South Bolivian Quechua, Southern Oromo, Southern Paiute, Southern Qiang, South Slavey, Southern Sámi, Southern Sotho, Southern Tiwa, Spanish, Squamish, Sranan, Saint Lucian Creole, Stellingwarfs, Stoney, Sukuma, Sumbawa, Supyire, Surigaonon, Sursurunga, Susu, Suwawa, Swabian, Swahili, Swati/Swazi, Swedish, Taa, Tagabawà, Tagalog, Tahitian, Tahltan, Tai Dón, Tai Hongjin, Taíno, Tairoa, Taiwanese, Taiwanese Hakka, Tai Ya Tai Yo, Tajio, Takuu, Talaud, Talinga, Talise, Talysh, Tamahaq, Tamambo, Tamasheq, Tammari, Tami, Tanacross, Tanga, Tangale, Tangkhul Naga, Tangsa, Taos, Tarahumara, Tariana, Tatar, Tausūg, Tawallammat Tamajaq, Tawbuid, Tayart Tamajeq, Tboli, Tchaman, Teanu, Tedim, Tehuelche, Teiwa, Tektitek, Terêna, Tem, Tembo, Temne, Temoaya Otomi, Tepehuán (Northern), Tepehuán (Southeastern), Tepehuán (Southwestern), Terik, Ternate, Teribe, Ter Sámi, Tetela, Tetum, Tewa, Texistepec, Thadou, Ticuna, Tidore, Tigak, Tii, Tiipai, Tikopia, Timbisha, Tirax, Tiriyó, Tiruray, Tiv, Tiwi, Tlahuitoltepec Mixe, Tlapanec, Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib), Tlingit, Toba Qom, Tobelo, Tobian, Tocho, Tojolabal, Tok Pisin, Tokelauan, Tolai, Tolaki, Tolowa, Tombulu, Tondano, Tonga, Tongan, Tongva, Tonkawa, Tonsawang, Tooro, Toposa, Toqabaqita, Toraja-Sa'dan, Totontepec Mixe, Touo, Tsafiki, Torres-Strait Creole, Transylvanian Saxon, Tshiluba, Tsimshian, Tsonga, Tsou, Tsuut'ina (Sarcee), Tswa, Tswana, Tuamotuan, Tuareg, Tucano, Tugen, Tukang Besi, Tumak, Tumbuka, Tumulung Sisaala, Tunica, Turka, Turkana, Turkish, Turkmen, Turoyo, Tuscarora, Tutchone, Tuvaluan, Tuvan, Tuyuca, Twi, Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Tzʼutujiil, Ubang, Ubir, Udege, Udi, Uduk, Ughele, Ulithian, Ulumandaʼ, Uma, Umbundu, Ume Sámi, Umiray Dumaget, Unami (Lenape), Uneapa, Upper Kuskokwim, Upper Tanana, Urarina, Urhobo, Uropi, Uspantek, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vadi, Vaeakau-Taumako, Vai, Valencian, Vamale, Värmlandic, Vatlongos, Venda, Venetian, Vengo, Veps, Vietnamese, Vili, Vitu, Volapük, Võro, Vurës, Vwanji, Wa, Waama, Waata, Wa'di, Waiwai, Wakhi, Wallisian, Walloon, Wambaya, Wamesa, Wancho, Wantoat, Waorani, Wapishana, Warao, Warlpiri, Waray-Waray, Wardaman, Washo, Wayampi, Wayana, Wayuu, Wejewa, Welsh, Wemba Wemba, Wendat, Wenzhounese, West Frisian, Western Fijian, Western Rote, Western Sisaala, Western Subanon, Western Yugur, West Uvean, Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay, Wichí Lhamtés Nocten, Wichí Lhamtés Vojez, Wichita, Wik-Mungkan, Wintu, Wiradjuri, Wiyot, Wobé, Wolaytta, Woleaian, Wolio, Wolof, Wukchumni, Wymysorys, Xârâcùù, Xhosa, Xong, Yaaku, Yabem, Yaghan, Yaghnobi, Yaka, Yakama, Yakan, Yamba, Yamdena, Yami, Yaminawa, Yanesha', Yankunytjatjara, Yang Zhuang, Yansi, Yao, Yapese, Yaqui, Yasa, Yawuru, Yazghulami, Yeʼkuana, Yele, Yelmek, Yemba, Yeyi, Yimchungrü, Yindjibarndi, Yine, Yocoboué Dida, Yogad, Yola, Yolmo, Yolŋu, Yom, Yoruba, Yucatec Maya, Yuchi/Euchee, Yucuna, Yukpa, Yup'ik (Central Alaskan), Yurutí, Yurok, Zaghawa, Zaiwa, Záparo, Zapotec (Aloápam), Zapotec (Choápam), Zapotec (Güilá), Zapotec (Isthmus), Zapotec (Miahuatlán), Zapotec (Rincón), Zapotec (San Dionisio Ocotepec), Zapotec (Zoogocho), Zarma, Zazaki, Zeelandic, Zeme, Zenaga, Zhuang, Zigula, Zinza, Zotung, Zou, Zulu, Zuni, Zuwara Berber
• Lontara: Bugis, Makasarese, Mandar
• Malayalam: Kodava, Konkani, Malayalam, Ravula
• Manchu Daur, Manchu, Xibe
• Mongolian: Alasha, Barin, Buryat, Chakhar, Evenki, Jarud, Khamnigan Mongol, Khorchin, Mongolian
• Mwangwego: Languages of Malawi, including Chibemba, Chichewa, Chilambya, Chilomwe, Chimambwe, Chindali, Chingoni, Chinyiha, Chinyika, Chisena, Chisenga, Chisukwa, Chitonga, Chitumbuka, Chiyao, Kinyakyusa, Kyangonde
• N'ko: Bambara, Dioula
• Odia (Oriya): Bhumij, Chhattisgarhi, Desiya, Halbi, Juang, Kharia, Kurmali, Mundari, Odia, Santali, Sora
• Ogham: Irish, Welsh, Latin, Pictish
• Phags-pa: Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit
• Pollard: A-Hmao, Lipo, Lisu
• Runic: Germanic languages & Latin
• Sharda: Kashmiri, Sanskrit
• Soyombo: Mongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit
• Syriac: Aramaic, Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Neo-Mandaic, Suriyani Malayalam, Turoyo, Western Neo-Aramaic
• Tai Viet: Tai Dam, Tai Dón, Thai Song
• Takri: Bilaspuri, Dogri, Chambeali, Gaddi, Jaunsari, Kullui, Mandeali, Pangwali, Simauri
• Tamil: Irula, Tamil, Toda
• Telugu: Lambadi, Telugu
• Thai: Akha, Bisu, Isan, Kuy, Northern Khmer, Northern Pwo, Nyah Kur, Pali, Sanskrit, Tai Yo, Thai, Thai Song, Urak Lawoiʼ
• Tibetan: Amdo Tibetan, Balti, Bokar, Chocha Ngacha, Choni, Dzongkha (Bhutanese), Jirel, Khams Tibetan, Khengkha, Ladakhi, Sikkimese, Tibetan, Sherpa, Tamang, Tshangla
• Tifinagh: Kabyle, Riffian, Shilha (Tashelhit), Siwi, Tamasheq, Tamazight, Tayart Tamajeq

Index of languages arranged by language family (includes information about each language family)

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Language learning

A collection of advice, suggestions, tips and techniques for learning languages.

• Why learn a language?
• Which language?
• What materials and tools do I need to study a language?
• How can I find time to study a language?
• What is the best way to study?
• General tips
• Motivation
• Learning pronunciation
• Learning vocabulary
• Spaced repetition learning systems (SRS)
• Learning grammar
• Learning a new writing system
• Learning Chinese characters
• Frequently asked questions about learning languages
• Useful phrases in many languages
• Careers using languages
• My language learning experiences

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Multilingual pages

• Useful phrases in many languages
• Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in over 400 languages
• Tower of Babel story in more than 600 languages
• Language names in their own scripts
• Country and region names in their own languages
• Numerals in many different scripts
• Numbers
• Compass directions
• Omniglot in various scripts and languages
• Colour words
• Time words
• Date words
• Weather words
• Family words
• Terms of endearment
• Idioms in various languages
• Tongue twisters in various languages
• Proverbs and sayings in and about languages
• Sounds animals make in various languages
• Celtic languages (common cogates and other information)
• Songs in various languages
• Stories in various languages
• Multilingual computing (how to type accented letters and other characters)

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Useful phrases

Greetings and small talk

Welcome | Hello | Hello (on the phone) | Good morning | Good afternoon | Good evening | Good night | How are you? | Long time no see | Please | Thank you | Excuse me | Sorry | Yes, No | Maybe | Goodbye | Bon voyage

Getting to know people

Pleased to meet you | What's your name? | Where are you from?

Language difficulties

Do you understand? | I understand | I don't understand | Please say that again | Please speak more slowly | Please write it down | Do you speak English? | Do you speak [your language]? | I'm learning [your language] | Do you speak a language other than [your own]? | Speak to me in [your language] | How do you say ... in [your language]? | I don't know

Difficult situations

Go away! | Leave me alone! | Help! | Fire! | Stop! | Call the police!

Special occasions

Merry Christmas | Happy New Year | Happy Easter | Happy Birthday | Congratulations

Other phrases

Good luck | Cheers! | Have a nice day | Have a nice weekend | Bon appetit | I would like ... | How much is this? | Would you like to dance? | Do you come here often? | Where's the toilet? | Get well soon | I miss you | I love you | This gentleman/lady will pay for everything | One language is never enough

Silly phrases

My hovercraft is full of eels | Stop the world, I want to get off! | Say cheese! | Colorless green ideas sleep furiously | I am the king of the chickens | Thingamajig | So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

Multilingual Phrase Finder

The phrase finder enables you to view the useful phrases in any combination of two languages. The phrases are available in over 300 different languages.

Telling the time

Telling the time | Days of the week | Months of the year | Seasons

Weather words | Family words | Terms of endearment | Idioms | Tongue twisters | Proverbs and sayings | Signs | Compass directions | Names of the seven dwarfs | Zodiac signs | Computer parts | Animal sounds

Phrases by language

Index by phrase | Index by language | Index by language family | Multilingual Phrase Finder | Silly phrases

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Articles

Writing systems | Language and languages | Language learning | Pronunciation | Learning vocabulary | Language acquisition | Motivation and reasons to learn languages | Arabic | Basque | Celtic languages | Chinese | English | Esperanto | French | German | Greek | Hebrew | Indonesian | Italian | Japanese | Korean | Latin | Portuguese | Russian | Sign Languages | Spanish | Swedish | Other languages | Minority and endangered languages | Constructed languages (conlangs) | Reviews of language courses and books | Language learning apps | Teaching languages | Languages and careers | Being and becoming bilingual | Language and culture | Language development and disorders | Translation and interpreting | Multilingual websites, databases and coding | History | Travel | Food | Other topics | Spoof articles | How to submit an article

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Writing, writing systems and other visual communication systems

• Spell Check Spectacular
• 5 Tips On Writing My Papers When The Time is Up
• ESL Teaching - Dynamic Writing Classes
• 7 Tips on Writing an Essay In a Foreign Language
• 16 Tips To Improve Your Writing Skills
• Essay writing tips for students
• 5 Ways to Boost Your Mindset for Writing Success
• 5 Tips for Becoming a Better Legal Writer
• Medical Writing Tips That Could Help You Connect Better With Your Readers
• 10 Hacks to Improve Your Writing Skills in Your Foreign Language
• Greatest Challenges of Academic Writing for ESL Students
• Why Do Writers Abandon Their Native Language?
• The Hemingway App and Writing Clear Online Content
• How to write well in a language you're learning
• How to Overcome the Fear of Writing in a Foreign Language
• 5 Types of Awkward Wording to Avoid
• 8 Constructions You Should Avoid in English Writing
• The Importance of Clear Written Communication in Business
• Unlocking The World's Oldest Language Mysteries
• The difference between dashes in the English language
• The Silent Language of Ships at Sea
• The Devanagari Script
• Revolutionary Scripts: The Politics of Writing Systems
• New Perspectives on Digraphia
• Globalization in the Information Age: Western, Chinese and Arabic Writing Systems
• Tips on how to develop strong writing skills

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Language and linguistics

Academic papers / articles

• Philology in Linguistics Studies: Why a Language Changes
• Mastering the rolled R using the Range Mapping technique
• Saussure's Basic Principles of Structural Linguistics
• Reduplication reflects uniqueness and innovation in language, thought and culture
• Can Having Highly Developed Cognitive Skills Stand in the Way of Learning a New Language?
• A Theory of Sentencoids
• Ancient Germanic Languages Documented – A Preliminary Sketch
• Categorisation, Categories and Prototypes
• Bilingualism
• Metaphors and Metonymy in Politics
• Language death and revival

Other articles related to language and linguistics

• The Most In-Demand Languages for Global Business Success
• An In-Depth Look At Clean Verbatim
• The Role of Language in Thought and Persuasion
• How Can You Use Behavioral Linguistics in Your Message
• Cross-Language Plagiarism
• 8 Languages Vital for Global Expansion in Business World
• 20 Kid-friendly Idioms
• Tracing the origins of Indo-European languages
• 7 Creative Ways to Make Money with Your Language Skills
• Languages and Culture
• Languages Are Dying Rapidly; Thousands Are Expected to Extinct in This Century
• Some Interesting Facts About Language
• What languages are used in Spain?
• 12 of The Longest Words in The World
• Sarcasm in different languages
• You are Never too Old to Become Fluent in Foreign Language
• Does Language Play a Significant Role in Nursing?
• A Beginner's Guide to Consonants
• 3 Creative Ways to Make Money with Your Language Skills
• Want to Speak a Foreign Language? Learn How to Meditate
• How to Avoid Phraseme Goofs in Other Languages
• Perfectionism and Language Learning
• 5 Reasons Slang is Important for Language Learning
• How to Start Speaking a Foreign Language
• How to Indicate Language Proficiency on your Resume
• Why math is the universal language
• The Connection between Language and Memory
• The Differences Between Native Speakers And Philologists
• Professional Slang in Web Design
• How The Brain Does Language
• New Era Update for the Centuries-Old Yiddish Language
• Origin of Language
• Selfie and Other Words With -ie
• First Words
• The extreme linguistic diversity of Papua New Guinea
• A quick guide to the language of the Internet
• How Technology Changes the Meaning of Familiar Words
• Astrolinguistics: Is Anybody Out There?
• How the "R" in English differs from other languages
• Multilingual Accessibility in International Communities
• The Psychology of Language: How Humans Convey Emotion through Speech
• Why is a turkey called a turkey? And why is Turkey, too?
• How Similar (and Different) Are European Languages
• About Vietnamese
• How the Language You Speak Affects Your Worldview
• About Pidgins and Creoles
• Cases in Italian, German, English
• Combinese - an international auxiliary language
• Form, Meaning and Use ... oh my!
• On the Origin of Language
• "Tip-of-the-Tongue" Syndrome: What It Reveals About Language
• Speech Errors and What They Reveal About Language
• Still Tongue-tied in America
• Words Upon Words
• The Value of Being a Multilingual Nurse
• Days of the week
• Rhotics Ready: Getting a Handle on the Consonant "r"
• 5 Forecasts for the Future of Turkish
• SLANG - Are you In or Out?
• That Squiggly Dash above an 'n' (and its linguistic significance)
• Medvedev: hard to pronounce for some!
• First language attrition
• A little multilingualism please
• Short words, basic ideas

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Language learning

• Lights, Camera, Action! Unleash the Power of Movies for Language Learning
• 5 Key Benefits of Learning a New Language
• 5 Tricks That Help You Learn Foreign Words Faster
• What Are the Most Marketable Languages to Learn in 2023?
• I Finished 1st in Duolingo's Diamond League
• Tips and Tricks for Learning a New Language Fast
• Creative Ways to Learn a Foreign Language
• Top 5 Tools To Use to Keep Your Language Projects and Resources Organized
• 12 Unexpected Advantages of Learning Foreign Languages
• How to Learn a Language Using Stories
• Choosing a foreign language tutor
• How Transcribing Can Improve Your Listening Skills
• What is the best way to learn a new language?
• Language Difficulties of International Students in the USA
• Why It's Important to Learn a Foreign Language in College
• How to Learn Foreign Languages Online
• 6 Rules for Learning Foreign Languages in Record Time
• How to Practise Your Speaking Skills if You Are an Introvert
• What's helped me learn languages more efficiently
• Why All Language Teachers Should Be Language Learners
• Ways to Get Over Language Learning Difficulties
• How Learning a New Language Changes Your Brain
• How Long Should It Take to Learn a Language?
• Learn a New Language: Expand Your International Business
• How to Master a Foreign Language: Use Your Contextual Memory and Forget About Grammar
• Top 10 Easy Languages You Can Learn
• How You Can Speed up Your Language Learning with the Internet
• The Beauty of the Hungarian Language
• How Does Speaking German and Spanish Help With Your Career?
• Language Learning Is A Numbers Game
• How to Learn Any New Language (Even When You Find It Hard to Remember Two Foreign Words)
• 4 Powerful Ways to Learn a New Language that You Haven't Considered
• Best Videos for Learning and Songs on YouTube
• Reading While Listening
• 5 ways to learn new languages
• How Knowing Greek and Latin Roots Can Help You Learn New Languages
• 5 Tips on How Serials Can Help You to Learn Language Fast
• 5 Simple Language Learning Strategies Guaranteed To Help You
• Great movies and TV shows to help you learn new languages
• Is It Possible to Learn Two Languages at The Same Time?
• How to Achive Native-Like Fluency in Foreign Languages
• The Fastest Ways to Learn a New language
• How Music Can Help You Master a New Foreign Language Fast
• How Learning a New Language Improves Tolerance
• How To Learn a New Language: 7 Easy Tactics To Achieve Fast Results
• How to Learn Foreign Languages While Traveling
• Reasons Why You Should Learn New Languages at College
• How to find the time to learn languages
• How to Embed the Foreign Language to Your Everyday Life
• 6 Languages To Study in 2019
• How To Learn A Language Without Learning Resources
• What does it take to sound like a native in a foreign language?
• Audio courses to learn languages like a pirate
• 12 Tips for Reading in a Foreign Language
• Learning a new language together with your loved one: tips and tricks
• More Language-Learning Resources or Courage? What Do You Really Need?
• Reducing Mother Tongue Influence
• Least difficult languages for English speakers to learn
• If You Can't Say A Word
• Productivity Tips for Learning a New Language
• Why You Need a Language Journal and How to Make the Most Out of It
• The Surprising Benefits of Learning a New Language
• How Introverts Learn Languages
• 5 Ways to Learn a Foreign Language without Investing Much
• The Three Principles of Grammar in Modern Language Learning
• 5 Secrets to Foreign Language Fluency
• 8 ways to expand consciousness by learning languages
• Unique Benefits of Having a Language Exchange Partner
• 3 Ways to Improve Speaking a Foreign Language Online
• Interactive Classes as the Future of Language Learning
• How to make the most of an online language course
• Benefits of Multiple Languages in a Business
• The Best Language Learning Approach from Translators
• It's Never Late to Start Learning Foreign Languages: What Do Scientists Say?
• Which is the easiest language to learn?
• Pros and Cons of Learning More than One Language Simultaneously
• The language map - what it is and how it helps you learn languages
• 10 Corporate Foreign Language Training Trends in 2016
• Learning a foreign language as the best tool to understand yourself
• 4 Reasons Why it is Difficult to Learn a New Language as an Adult
• 5 Cleverly Wicked Ways to Make Learning a Foreign Language Entertaining
• How to Start Thinking in a Language You Are Mastering
• How to speed up your language learning
• How to Improve Your Foreign Language Comprehension
• 10 Ways To Speed Up the Study of Scandinavian Languages
• Why and how to learn minority languages
• Don't know how to find free time for learning a foreign language? These tools will help you
• How do I tell if I can pick up a second language faster than others?
• What Language to Learn? 5 Languages That May Become Useful In The Future
• The 6 Most Popular Myths About Language Learning
• Learning a Foreign Language: Are You Making These 8 Mistakes?
• Language Immersion that Should Work for You
• Accelerated Language Learning: 6 Ways to Boost Learning a New Language
• The Future of Foreign Language Learning?
• How to choose a good book to learn a language
• 7 Fun Language Learning Activities
• Learning the Basics of Any Language Fast - 7 Tips and Tricks
• 10 languages that are easiest for native English speakers to learn
• How Language Learning Helps You Become A Broad-Minded Person
• The Most Valuable Languages for an MBA to Learn
• How Writing Skills Can Help You Master a New Language
• How a Library Membership Can Help Save Money When Learning a Language
• How to Learn New Words By Reading Stories About Them
• Tips for learning languages "on the go"
• Best way to learn a foreign language? Not the usual way
• Social networking sites to help you learn a new language
• How Introverts & Extroverts Learn Second Languages
• Tips for learning languages while on holiday
• Benefits of Learning a Second Language
• Subliminal Language Learning – Fact or Myth?
• Can you successfully learn a language online?
• Learning New Languages Online - An Enriching Experience Indeed
• Language Learning on the Go
• Are you embarrassed by your lack of foreign language skills?
• 5 Ways Language Learning Can Improve Your Life
• Should You Always Go for the Lingua Franca? Niche Languages - Useful or Not?
• Why you can never learn a foreign language the way you have learnt your mother tongue
• The Puzzling Popularity of Languages
• The use of mnemonics in mastering a language
• LINGO 300 - The Miyagi Method
• Can Having Highly Developed Cognitive Skills Stand in the Way of Learning a New Language?
• Worlds Apart? The Deaf and Hard-of-hearing Learn Foreign Languages
• Pros and cons of learning a language "in classroom"
• The benefits of learning a second language
• The Keys to Improving Language Education
• Learning a New Language? Don't Forget the Teacher!
• How Early Should We Teach Kids A Second Language?
• Tips To Get The Most Out Of Paid Language Classes On Skype
• Is it better to learn a language in a class or on your own?
• Learning the Local Language Can Help Immigrants Integrate Into Their New Home
• Language Matters: Is There Still A Case To Study Languages In An English-Dominated World?
• How to Avoid Mixing Up while Learning to Speak Multiple Languages
• The Listening Process: Reception vs Response
• Online Vs. In-Person Language Learning: Who Wins?
• Student Language Exchange
• The Best Way To Learn A Language Is To Have A Personalized And Diverse Approach
• Collecting Foreign Tongues
• Methods that Help You Learn and Retain a Language of Choice
• Learning a Language with Games and a Travel Story
• How to Master a Foreign Language without Enrolling for a Formal Course
• Language School Discounts - How to Save Money When Booking
• How to Learn a Language Through Interaction
• The Link Between Economic Decision-Making and Speaking in a Foreign Language
• Augment Your Language Learning Coursework To Enhance Your Foreign Language Skills
• An Added Reason to Learn a New Language: It Increases Brain Size
• 3 Ways to Maximize Language Learning through a Study Abroad Experience
• How the Internet is Making Learning a Language Easier
• Children's Literature: A Natural Way to Learn New Languages
• 4 Unconventional Ways to Learn a Foreign Language Outside the Classroom
• Free Educational Resources for Language Lovers
• Want to Speak a Foreign Language Better? Learn to Write First!
• Language Immersion and International Volunteering
• The Benefits of Learning a New Language
• 4 Reasons Why Learning a New Language Requires Immersion
• How the Learning of Language in Children Encourages Education Leadership
• The Language-Learning Toolbox for Online Students
• Top 5 Twitter Accounts for Language-Related Information
• Language Learning Methods
• Compulingual: Online Language Programs That Actually Work
• The Importance of Learning the Language in a New Country
• There is nothing impossible in language learning
• Learning through music and the media
• The language learning classroom
• Why do many language courses not work?
• Lang-8 - language learning and social networking
• Spaced repetition learning systems (SRS)
• How Not To Learn A Foreign Language
• The pleasure of learning languages
• Foreign Language Study for Homeschoolers: Problems and Solutions

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Pronunciation

• Learning Accents: A Useful Guide to Sounding Like a Local
• The Color of Language: Why You Should Be Proud Of Having an Accent When Speaking Foreign Languages
• Secrets of Speaking with a Genuine Accent
• Pronunciation and vocabulary practice with homonyms, homographs, homophones
• The Top 5 Techniques For Improving Your American Accent
• How to Improve Your English Pronunciation
• 8 Strategies to Master Russian Pronunciation for Beginners

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Learning vocabulary

• 6 Best Techniques to Learn Vocabulary
• When should language learners focus on the depth of their vocabulary?
• Top 10 Tips for Learning Vocabulary
• Use This Memory Hack to Learn a Language
• Vocabulary Volume: How to Find Your Perfect Word Count for the Day
• WordSteps - personal online vocabulary tutor

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Language acquisition

Articles about how language is acquired, especially by children

• Is there universality to language development?
• From Babbling To Full Sentence: How Children Acquire A Language - Stage By Stage
• Child Language Acquisition: It’s Not Just Baby Talk
• Can A Dog Reach A Toddler's Level of Language Acquisition?
• Three Challenges of Second Language Acquisition

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Motivation and reasons to learn languages

How to motivate yourself and others to learn languages, and reasons to learn languages.

• Motivating Disengaged Learners
• Why Staying Motivated When Learning a Language is So Hard
• How To Stay Motivated When Learning A Second Language: Tips And Quotes
• 10 Reasons to Learn a Second Language
• 5 Reasons to Learn Languages
• 5 Reasons Why you Should Learn a New Language

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Articles about particular languages

Arabic language

• How to Transition from Modern Standard Arabic to Real-Life Lebanese Arabic
• Why should you learn Arabic?,
• Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة)
• 8 Top Reasons to Learn Arabic
• Learning Arabic

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Basque language

• 5 Apps to Help You learn Basque
• Why learn Basque?
• Basque: Not So Exotic, but Uniquely Interesting

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Celtic languages

• The Cardiganshire "Goidelic" numerals and Cantre'r Gwaelod, are they connected?
• The Gaelic dialects of St Kilda
• Gaelic dialects of Arran and Arran's prehistory
• Three Scottish Gaelic dialects and their possible relationship to ancient history
• Ancient language and extra-Indo-European language in Britain
• Gaelic, and ancient language on Ardnamurchan and Rùm
• Pre-Celtic elements in the Goidelic languages
• Reasons to Learn Scottish Gaelic
• Preserving The Irish Language: A Possible Resurgence In Popularity?

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Chinese language(s)

• 单音节词根语文字拼音化问题
• 从音义结构看汉字拼音化问题
• Common Mandarin Learning Errors
• Correct Pronunciation and Stroke Order in Chinese
• How to Speak Mandarin Fluently
• Learning Mandarin through Music and Lyrics
• Improving Reading Ability in Chinese
• The quickest proven way to improve your Chinese listening skills
• The Advantage of Using Elementary Readers to Learn Chinese
• Cantonese and Mandarin in Hong Kong and Taiwan
• Everything you need to know about learning Chinese
• 3 Major Challenges of Learning Chinese
• The Many Dialects and Evolution of the Chinese Marke
• I Want to Learn Chinese, Should I Learn Mandarin or Cantonese?
• Learning Mandarin Chinese: 3 key things to consider
• Chinese Language Myths
• 8 ways to simplify your Chinese language learning
• Why you should learn Chinese for business
• A Chinese Language Journey
• How to Learn Chinese and Not Get Discouraged
• What's in a Name?
• Family Matters
• 5 Tips to improve your Chinese
• Learning Mandarin Chinese for Beginners
• Learning the Value of Chinese Characters
• The Easy Thrills of a Difficult Language: Chinese For All of Us
• How I Became (and Remain) Fluent in Mandarin Chinese
• How foreign teenagers learn Mandarin in Taiwan the natural way!
• Taiwan: probably the best destination in the world for learning Chinese
• Tips to help you learn the Chinese language
• 2008 Beijing Olympic Game Meets Challenge: Chicken without sexual life?
• Why is Chinese so efficient? Good morning East Asia

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English language

• How to keep focused while studying English online
• Learn English Grammar Rules About Pronouns
• Improve Your American English Pronunciation
• English as a Second Language - Tips to Improve your Speaking and Writing
• How to Create Vocabulary Lists: Learning the Vocabulary You Need to Succeed
• How to Improve Communication Skills in English as a High School Student
• What Is Business English?
• Tips on improving English Grammar for language learners
• 9 Tips for Getting an English Accent by Reading Books
• 7 Secrets to Write Like a Native English Speaker
• 5 Things I Wish I Knew Before Running My First English Camp In South Korea
• Learn English - Best Resources for TOEFL Test Preparation
• 7 Words Added to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary in 2017
• How to Really Improve Your Business English Skills
• How Did I Learn English?
• IT project communication: Making sure developers and customers understand each other
• 120+ English Words You Should Never Misuse In Writing
• 7 Reasons Why Moving to USA Is the Best Way to Learn English
• 20 Awesome British Slang Terms You Should Learn Today
• Popular English Acronyms Used in Private and Business Messages
• 6 Funniest Idioms You Never Knew Exist In The English Language
• History of 6 Most Popular English Idioms,
• First Words
• Scientific Babel: Why English Rules
• A Few Tricks to Understanding the Difference between American and British English
• An American Traveling to the UK? Learn a Little Vocabulary
• The Evolution of The English Language
• Unbearable English Sounds for the Japanese “Transplant” to America
• Black English in Washington, D.C.
• Guide to Australian English for tourists
• Beware! English is Tricky
• Category Conquest
• 20 Mistakes For Every English Learner To Avoid
• building a phon'emic alphabet for the english language
• 5 biggest challenges of learning English
• Why Foreign Languages Can Help Us Better Understand English
• 10 Words English Language Wouldn't Have Without Shakespeare
• Advance Your English & Stay Happy
• The Origins Of Pidgin English
• Studying English in the USA
• Good grammar makes you happy
• İngilizce öğrenmek için yapılmaması gerekenler / Errors that Shouldn't be Made While Learning English
• Why learn English in Malta
• How to improve your English if you are an EAL student
• Using etymology in English language learning
• English Evolution Over The Last Millennium And Where It May Be Heading
• The Jabberwocky of English Language
• Are you Enrolled in a Doctoral Program? 3 Ways to Improve your Academic Writing in English
• Common Pitfalls in British Versus American English
• Free Online Resources and Tools to Learn English
• How Can I Improve My English? - A breakthrough answer for Chinese college or university English-language nuts
• Tips to Complement your English Lessons
• Learn English in New York City
• Some tips on learning English
• Simpel-Fonetik Spelling
• English as a Universal Language
• Brief Etymological Review of the English Word-Stock
• Idioms: Piece of Cake or Hard Nut to Crack?
• A Glance at the Chinese 'English Learning Frenzy'
• Tips and advice on learning English conversation and vocabulary
• The wonders of English spelling explained
• Expand your Horizons with a Second Language

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Esperanto language

• Why is inventing global languages doomed to fail? Globalization and the Esperanto lesson
• Is Esperanto a Real Language?
• The Challenge of Esperanto
• Esperanto in Toronto?

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French language

• Multiple Ways to Say “To Visit” in French
• Is Learning French Difficult?
• Learning the Basics of French Language
• How to Practice French with Native Speakers for Free
• The Real Story About How to Learn Spoken French
• 10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals: English vs. French
• 8 Reasons Why You Should Learn French
• Best games to teach children how to speak French
• How To Learn French the Fast Way Before Traveling Abroad
• The Best Way to Study French for Speaking
• The Best Way To Study French For Listening and Understanding
• How to improve your French with French movies
• Tabeetousa? Tufaykoa? The new French language
• How to Find the Best French Language Schools - Reviews, Associations and Awards
• Learn French in Paris
• 5 Great Tips for Learning French
• Learning French, a pleasant adventure for everyone!
• Why learn French in France?

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German language

• How To Learn German For Under $50
• The German dialectal diversity is endangered
• Six Unusual German Words You Should Know
• 5 Tips for Everyone who wants to Learn German
• Learning The German Language: Is It Essential?
• Incredible German Idioms
• Learning German in Berlin
• 5 Reasons to Learn German
• Denglisch - The German language under attack?

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Greek language

• Greek transliteration is all fun and games
• Knowing Your Greek Root Words Can Help You Learn New Languages

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Hebrew language

• Hebrew Dictionary Review: What to look for?
• Learning Hebrew with a Pen Scanner

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Indonesian language

• Colloquial Indonesian Spoken by Papuans
• Bahasa Indonesia
• Malaysian versus Indonesian - divided by a common tongue?
• Learning Bahasa Indonesia the Easy Way!
• Useful Tips on Indonesian Translation
• How to Speak Indonesian
• Some tips on Learning the Indonesian Language

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Italian language

• A review of the “Ripeti con me” Italian course
• Tips to learn Italian fast and easy
• How to wish Merry Christmas in Italian
• 5 Best Films to Watch While Studying Italian
• Studying Italian around the world: what, who and why
• Italian: Not Just for Italians
• Is the Italian language difficult for English speakers to learn?
• Discover Italy, its language and culture in Bologna
• Italian Language School Review - How to Find the Best Courses in Italy
• A homage to Italy: Why Brits love the Italian language
• Learn Italian in Rome
• How to choose a good Italian language school in Italy

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Japanese language

• Why There's a Surge in People Learning Japanese
• 5 Tips for Speaking Japanese
• Informal and casual Japanese language
• Formality in the Japanese language
• Learning Japanese – It Has Become a Social Thing
• 7 Odd Japanese Words Gleaned from Other Languages
• Top apps and books for studying Japanese language
• The Ki to Japanese

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Korean language

• How I learned my first 10,000 words in Korean
• Five Common Misunderstandings About the Korean Language
• Why Korean Hangul (한글) is such an attractive written language
• Studying Korean: The Surprising Joy-Ride of a New Language

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Latin language

• Why Should We Study Latin?
• 7 Best Apps for Learning Latin
• 5 Reasons to Learn Latin

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Polish language

• 7 things that can help you learn Polish
• 12 Things You Should Have in Mind While Learning Polish

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Portuguese language

• A Few Portuguese Idioms
• Portuguese and Spanish: Some Musings
• Língua Estrangeira para Lusófonos
• Comparação Português e Castelhano
• Obrigado - how to express your thanks in Portuguese

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Russian language

• Teaching Russian With Songs
• 10 русских понятий, у которых в английском языке отсутствуют аналоги
• Do borrowed words pollute the Russian language?
• Why is the Russian Language “Great and Mighty”?
• 8 Strategies to Master Russian Pronunciation for Beginners
• Learning Russian: Easy Way to Start
• Путешествуйте вместе с русским языком

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Sign languages

• Does teaching your baby sign language delay speech?
• 5 Reasons Why You Should Teach Your Baby Sign Language
• American Sign Language - More Than Just Hands
• Reasons to Learn Sign Language

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Spanish language

• Decoding Meanings in Spanish Color Expressions
• Unlocking the Power of Online Spanish Language Communities
• What is the Difference Between Mexican Spanish and the Spanish of Spain?
• Differences between European Spanish and South American Spanish
• How the Knowledge of Spanish Can Help You Better Understand English
• Spanish Fluency In Just Six Weeks
• The 7 Best Spanish Apps for Learning Spanish as a Beginner
• Spanish and Arabic and their Striking Similarities
• Common Spanish-English False Friends
• Spanish is the Language of Happiness
• Start Learning Spanish with a Great App
• 5 Creative Writing Exercises Perfect for Spanish Learners
• Listening: A Powerful Tool That Will Make You Go From Walking To Flying On Your Spanish Learning
• Creative Spanish Learning Games - Learning Process Helpers
• Spanish Immersion
• 11 Great Spanish Learning Tools
• Why is Spanish, well, Spanish?
• European Spanish vs. Latin American Spanish: The differences explained
• Top 10 Spanish phrases to get by in Argentina
• Why is Learning Spanish More of a Necessity Than a Choice Today?
• Portuguese and Spanish: Some Musings
• Choosing the Best Spanish Language Schools in Spain - Reviews and Beyond
• Learning Spanish through a cultural immersion experience
• Mexico's Hidden Gem - Querétaro
• Learn Spanish for Free and Improve Employment Opportunities
• Mexican Spanish
• Why choose Argentina to learn Spanish
• What's the best way to learn Spanish?
• Spanish Prepositions - and Why You Need to Get These Right!
• 5 Top Tips For Learning Spanish
• Studying Spanish at Spanish Universities
• Learn Spanish While Studying Abroad to Broaden Your Mind
• Does anyone there speak Spanish?
• Learning Spanish to Improve Your Mind
• Latin American Spanish or Spanish For Latin America

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Swedish language

• Log your language victories: Word Rewards
• Listening Productively
• Linguistic Tourism: Starting a word log with ‘Cultural Tokens’

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Thai language

• 4 Methods For Learning Thai While Social Distancing
• Approaching the Thai Language

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Other languages

• Four Nordic languages around the Baltic Sea
• 10 Longest Finnish Words
• The History and Future of Konkani Language
• Balkan languages - same or different?
• 9 Interesting Danish Phrases
• 11 Fascinating Facts about the Czech Language
• When Nobody Understands: 3 Interesting Endangered Languages in Eastern Europe
• Reviving The Lost Language of Haida Through Film
• The Silbo Gomero Language
• History of Swahili
• How to Learn Māori: Best Resources
• 5 Reasons to Learn Ukrainian
• Catalan Language Today: Between Catalonia of North and South
• Filipino: A new language excursion
• Learning a Slavic Language
• A bit of Sundanese
• Reduplication in Filipino names and words
• Serbo-Croatian language issues
• Konkani, A dialect? NO!
• When Languages Combine
• Four is better than one - bahasa rojak, a uniquely Malaysian treasure

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Minority and endangered languages

• Technology Gives New Spark to Minority Language
• Preserving The Irish Language: A Possible Resurgence In Popularity?
• 5 Interesting Endangered Languages With Fewer Than 10,000 Speakers
• The Last Livonian
• 6 Last Living Speakers of Dying Languages
• Can Minority Languages Be Saved? Globalization vs. Culture

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Constructed languages (conlangs)

• Mohkien (Mohяkienя): A Hokkien Conlang
• 7 Most Popular Invented Languages in Film
• Conlang - It's Not Pig Latin!

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Reviews of language courses and books

• On Language, Thought, and Mind
• Language 101 Review
• The Last Lingua Franca, English Until the Return of Babel - A Review
• Empires of the Word - A review
• Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin - A Review

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Language learning apps

• 10 Apps for Studying Language
• 6 Handy Dictionary Apps You Can Use To Augment Your Linguistic Skills
• 7 Apps for Learning a Foreign Language
• Traveling Abroad? 3 Apps You Need to Download Before Departing
• 5 Language Apps for the iPhone

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Teaching languages (and other things)

• 5 Innovative Approaches to Corporate Language Training
• Will Online Learning Ever Replace Physical Classes?
• Unique Ways to Teach Your Language Classes
• Fun and Effective Learning Techniques for Teaching Languages to Children
• Teaching Languages: Here Are Things You Must Know About Becoming a Language Teacher
• Three Tips to be More Effective in Teaching Your Local Language
• Top 7 Effective Tips to Become an Amazing Language Teacher
• Should Schools Replace Teachers with Online Lessons?
• How to Be a Successful Language Teacher
• Most Creative Methods to Teach a Language
• 7 Simple Rules for Being a Great ESL Teacher
• The Tex Ritter Effect
• How To Succeed At Teaching P. R. China University Academe – Without Really Trying
• Error Correction in Language Oral Practice and Ways to Do It Right
• 5 Best Apps For English Teachers
• The Best Methods to Teach Your Child a Foreign Language
• Essential Tips for Teaching Kids a Foreign Language
• Online Tools for your ESL Classroom
• ESL Pull-out projects vs. Total Immersion - Which Language Learning Method is More Effective?
• Language Teaching in Second Life
• Teaching new languages through video chatting
• Teaching English in China
• 5 Reasons Why You Should Teach English Abroad
• Inexperienced Teachers and EFL
• Should College Students Teach EFL?

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Languages and careers

• Popular Professions that Require Knowledge of Foreign Languages
• Earning Extra Money as a Foreign Language Tutor
• Boosting Your Career Growth with Language Skills
• How Learning a New Language can Open up New Opportunities
• Careers that Enable You to Learn New Languages
• Turning Language Skills Into A Thriving Career
• How Languages Can Help Your Career
• 5 languages to learn for international business
• What can I do with a modern languages degree?
• The top 3 industries that offer the most rewarding careers for multilingual jobseekers
• 5 Outstanding Career Options for Language Studies Graduates
• 6 Tips For Acing a Job Interview in a Foreign Language
• How to Get a Job in Europe as a Non-EU Applicant
• How being multilingual can bring you career success
• Exciting Careers Where Language Skills Are Vital
• Best Careers for French Majors
• Benefits of learning Spanish for career advancement
• Looking for a New Job? Boost your Opportunities by Learning a Second Language
• Start a Dynamic Career by Learning a New Language - Arabic

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Being and becoming bilingual and multilingual

• Unlocking the Mind and World: The Bountiful Benefits of Bilingualism
• 7 Benefits of being Bilingual in the Healthcare Industry
• 5 Benefits of a Multilingual Culture for Businesses in a Post Covid-19 World
• 5 Things You Should Know About Bilingual Education
• Benefits of Bilingualism
• The 5 Best Practices for Raising a Bilingual Baby
• Raising a Bilingual Child - Honoring a Heritage
• Language Starts in the Womb
• A 5 Step Action Plan to Teach Your Child a Foreign Language
• The Business Case For Bilingualism: Why Multilinguals Earn More
• Raising A Child in a Multi-Culture Home
• Is it possible to teach your children two languages at once?
• This is Your Brain on Languages - And It's All Good
• Raising Bilingual Children - 5 Common Myths
• Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Being Bilingual
• Challenges in bilingual families no one tells you about
• Bilingualism Around The World: The Amazon To Siberia
• Warning to New Parents Who Dream of Raising a Bilingual Child
• The Ten Commandments (of Raising a Bilingual Child)
• The Secret to Raising a Bilingual Child
• Fathers' Communication Skills and Why They Matter in Raising Bilingual Children
• Who Receives The Benefits of Bilingual Education?
• Bicultural Identity: What Does That Mean?
• The Benefits of Being Bilingual: People Think You're a Genius
• Parenting Techniques for Bilingual Children to Promote Bilingual Education
• Being Bilingual: Connecting With Others
• Supporting Bilingual Children: A Call to Authors
• Raising Bilingual Children: Is It Too Late?
• Raising Bilingual Children: 10 Tips for Boosting The Minority language
• Raising Bilingual Children: The Different Methods to Success
• Raising Bilingual Children: The Snags
• Raising Bilingual Children: Fact or Fiction?
• Raising Bilingual Children: The First Five Steps to Success
• Why Playing Outside Is Best For Your Kids

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Language and culture

• Punjab Culture
• The Cultural and Language Divide: Practical Tips for Starting a Business Overseas
• Igbo Wedding Traditions
• Talking Without Talking
• Language in International Negotiations - Avoiding Embarrassment
• Cultural Awareness: Know Before You Move to a New Country
• The Geography of Thought ... and Language
• 10 Cultural Differences And Facts That Make The World Interesting
• Japan's Bean-Throwing Ritual
• Islam And The West - We Are Culturally Closer Than We Accept

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Language development and disorders

• How to Ensure Proper Language Development in Children
• What are language disorders?

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Translation, interpreting and localization

• How AI Video Translation Can Support Language Learning and Cultural Exchange
• AI Tools to Boost Your Translation Speed
• 5 Tips to Boost Your Translation Speed
• AI and Legal Translation: Revolutionizing International Law Firm Practices
• How to find the best translation services
• Understanding the Modes of Interpreting
• 5 tips how to translate a website for more SEO traffic
• Translators Struggle with Translating Humor
• 5 Difficulties Faced When Translating Business Documents
• Translation Differences Across Europe
• Accents and dialects: A thorny issue for translators
• 8 Misconceptions About Translation and Communication
• Top 5 benefits of localization for every business
• The Role of Legal Translations in the Digital Era
• Earpiece: The device that is breaking the language barrier
• Best Tools to Use for a Professional Translation Project
• Historical Misunderstandings Due to Poor Translations
• The ultimate guide to CAT tools
• How To Avoid Bad Payers And Scammers As A Freelance Translator
• Google headphones: The new era of translation
• 6 Best Online Translation Tools
• Lost in Machine Translation, Adieu Culture
• 7 Online tools that can help newbie Translators
• 6 Tips to up your game as a Freelance Translator
• How Harry Potter and Anagrams Made for a Tough Translation
• Importance of Interpreters in Court Rooms
• How to find the efficient translator for error-free translation
• 5 Great Resources for Medical Translators
• Importance of Interpreters in Schools
• So-called 'untranslatables' complicate word-for-word equivalent translation while providing unique cultural insight
• New Technology Offers Translation on the Go
• Don't Make This Common Multi-Language Contract Mistake
• The Pitfalls of Literary Translation
• Interpretation through the Ages
• What Free Online Translation Means to Translation Companies
• A Translator's Guide to an International Conference
• How Interpreters Make the World Go Round
• The Future of the Interpretation & Translation Industry
• The Translation Profession
• Four Skills You Pick Up Through Interpretation
• About MT, CT and Getting Lost in Translation
• So you think you have what it takes to become an interpreter?
• Translation Services for Medical Device Companies
• Translators Dictate
• Translating a website: mistakes to avoid
• Difficulties Faced in Legal Document Translation
• The Difficulties Involved in Spanish-English Translation
• What does an interpreter do?
• Google or Bing Translator: Which One Should You Choose?
• Online Context-Specific Translation Programs and Courses
• Lost in translation: traps for translators
• Becoming a nationally certified medical interpreter
• Tales from Eastern Europe: Challenges and Benefits of Running a Translation Company in Poland
• Quebec's New Video Game Language Laws
• Avoid that workplace accident waiting to happen
• Translation Market Statistics (in Russian)
• How Eastern Europe fits into the European Translation Market
• How to get the most from your translation services provider
• Spanish Translation Translates To Higher Profits
• Polish immigrants' growing role in British consumer spending

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Multilingual websites, databases and coding

• Why a business needs a multilingual website
• Building multilingual websites
• Databases, SQL and Foreign Character Sets: It'll be O.K. in the N
• Breaking the Codes: Preparing for Changes to Medical Coding Language

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History

• The First Emperor

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Travel

• 8 Language Learning Tips for Those Studying Abroad
• Discover the Delights of a Pet Sitting, Polyglot Adventure
• How to Survive Studying Abroad
• Traveling To Countries Where You Don't Know the Language
• Visiting the Homeland
• Top 5 Things to Do and See in Argentina
• El Camino de Santiago
• Dubai
• The Vanishing Batak Tribe
• Cham Muslims of Phnom Penh

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Food

• Vietnamese cuisine, gastronomy and beverages
• The language of food
• Shabu Shabu

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Other topics

• 17 best programming languages to learn and use in 2023
• How to Overcome Language Barriers in Customer Care
• Body Language and Common Gestures Across Different Cultures
• Multilingual Blog Strategy: How to Write a Global Blog
• Science-Backed Ways to Boost Memory and Recall
• Book Bindings: Understanding the Different Types

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Spoof articles

• The Vectian Revival
• New letter to be added to the English alphabet
• UKIP to revert to Anglo-Saxon Runic script
• Chinese characters to be phased out in China
• European Parliament to adopt Latin as official language

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Links

• Names - how to write your name in a variety of writing systems
• Translation - online translation sites
• Dictionaries - monolingual, bilingual and multilingual online dictionaries
• Language courses - online language courses and lessons
• Phrases - collections of useful phrases in various languges
• Language and linguistics
• Language learning advice
• Language learning resources
• Language exchange
• Endangered and minority languages
• Writing systems, paleography, alternative writing/notation systems
• Sign languages and manual alphabets
• Fonts - fonts for many different alphabets and writing systems
• News - online newspapers, magazines and other sources of news
• Radio - online foreign language radio stations
• Podcasts - learn and practise languages, and learn about language and linguistics
• Jobs using languages
• Calligraphy
• Bilingual and multilingual resources
• Constructed languages (conlangs)
• Suggest a link

If you find a link that is no longer working or that has moved, or would like to add a new link to this page, please contact me

Links for individual languages

Ancient Egyptian | Arabic | Celtic languages | Chinese | Dutch | English | French | German | Greek | Hebrew | Hindi | Irish | Italian | Japanese | Korean | Latin | Manx | Persian (Farsi) | Portuguese | Russian | Scottish Gaelic | Spanish | Welsh | Tolkien's languages and alphabets

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Offshoots of Omniglot

• Omniglot blog - adventures in the world of words and language
• Radio Omniglot, which features a weekly Adventures in Etymology series, which explores the origins of words, Celtic Pathways series, in which I find connections between Celtic and other languages, and Omniglot News, which summaries the latest developments on Omniglot each Sunday.
• Celtiadur - exploring connections between Celtic languages.
• Facebook - a place to find out about the latest developments on Omniglot.
• Omniglot Facebook fan club - a Facebook group where you can talk about language-related topics, and a good place to post translation requests.
• Mastodon - Polyglot City (Omniglot) - language-related posts
• Instagram (@ieithgi), photos and videos, including some language-related ones.
• Youtube - videos about words, languages, music, etc.
• TikTok (@omniglot) - language-related videos
• Tiktok (@ieithgi) - videos featuring my tunes and songs
• SoundCloud - my tunes and songs, and Radio Omniglot podcasts
• Patreon - support Omniglot, and find news, clues to the weekly language quiz, and occasional behind the scenes posts.Duolingo.
• Quora - I sometimes answer language-related questions on Quora.

What people are saying about Omniglot

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Please note

Omniglot is not affiliated with any academic or other institution. It is the creation of one man, Simon Ager, with corrections, suggestions and additional material provided by visitors. It started way back in 1998 as a hobby which I worked on in my spare time, but since June 2008 I have been working on it full-time and it is now my main source of income.

While I make every effort to ensure that the information is accurate, there will inevitably be some errors and mistakes. If you spot any, please contact me. Your input is always welcome and very much appreciated.

If you would like to use any of the information or images from this site, please contact me.

All the material is available to you free of charge. I also do my best to answer your questions and provide advice on a range of writing and language-related topics.

What people saying about Omniglot

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If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or by contributing in other ways. Omniglot is how I make my living.

 

Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site.

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