Scholarly Pupils

A post about words for disciple, pupil, student, school and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Clàrsach class 2017

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) deiscipul [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = disciple, student
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) deiscipul, disgibul, deiscibul = disciple, pupil
Irish (Gaeilge) deisceabal [ˈdʲɛʃcəbˠəlˠ] = disciple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deisciobal [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠ] = disciple
deisciobalachd [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠəxg] = discipleship
Proto-Brythonic *dɨskɨbl = disciple (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) disgybyl, discipl, dyscybl = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgyblaeth, discipliaeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblu, discyblu = to imitate, emulate
Welsh (Cymraeg) disgybl [ˈdɪsɡɨ̞bl/ˈdɪskɪbl̩] = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgybl(i)aeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblaethu = to discipline
disgyblu = to discipline, chastise, instruct, imitate, emulate
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) discebel, desgibl, disgibl, dyscybbl = disciple
Cornish (Kernewek) dyskybel = disciple
dyskybeleth = discipline
Middle Breton (Brezonec) desquebl, disquebl, disquibl = disciple
disquebles = disciple (female)
Breton (Brezhoneg) diskibl, diskiblez = disciple, pupil
diskiblezh = discipline

Etymology: from Latin disculpus (student pupil, disciple, schoolboy, cadet), from dis- (apart, asunder) and Proto-Italic *kapelos (one who takes) [source].

Words from the same roots may include disciple and discipline in English, discepolo (disciple, follower, pupil) in Italian, disciple (disciple) in French, and disciplina (discipline, subject) in Portuguese [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) daltae [ˈdal͈te] = disciple, pupil, foster-child, fosterling
daltacht, daltachas, daltus = fosterage, pupilage
daltán [ˈdal͈taːn] = little foster child, little pupil
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) daltae, daltai, dalta = a foster-son, fosterling, nursling, ward, pupil, disciple
daltán = a little foster-child, a pupil, aterm of endearment
daltachas = quarterage, billeting, military service, hire, tax, tribute, fosterage, guardianship
dailtín = fosterling, a impudent or quarrelsome young man
Irish (Gaeilge) dalta [d̪ˠalˠt̪ˠə] = foster-child, pupil, disciple, student, alumnus, cadet, pet, fondling
daltachas = fosterage, pupilage, discipleship
daltán = (little) foster-child, young pupil
daltas = cadetship
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dalta [dal̪ˠdə] = foster child, fosterling, stepchild
daltachas [dal̪ˠdəxəs] = fosterage
daltachd [dal̪ˠdəxg] = fostering
Manx (Gaelg) doltey = adopted child, ward, fosterling, pupil, protégé, cadet, initiate
doltaghey = foster, fostering
doltaghys = fosterage, pupilage
doltanagh = initiate
dolteynys = adoption, wardship
dolteyder = adopted parent, adopter, fosterer

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-lu-s, from *dʰeh₁(y)- (to suck), which is also the root of words such as figlio (son) in Italian, fils (son) in French, and hijo (son, child) in Spanish [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) meabhraitheoir = reflective, thoughtful, speculative person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) myfyriwr = student, one who meditates
Welsh (Cymraeg) myfyriwr, myfyrwraig [məˈvərjʊr, məˈvərwrai̯ɡ] = student, one who meditates

Etymology: (Welsh) from Welsh myfyrio (to meditate upon, ponder, study), from myfyr (meditation, thought), from Proto-Brythonic *meβ̃ör, from Latin memoria (memory, remembrance), from memor (mindful, remembering), of uncertain origin [source].

The Irish word comes from the same Latin root, via Middle Irish mebair (recollection, memory) and Old Irish mebuir (recollection, memory) [source].

Words from the same roots include memory, memoir and memorial in English, mémoire (memory, memo, dissertation, paper, memoir, brief) in French, memoria (memory, report, document) in Spanish, meabhair (mind, memory, consciousness, awareness, reason, sensation, feeling) in Irish, and meomhair (memory, memorandum, thinking) in Scottish Gaelic [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) scol = school
scolaige = scholar, student
scolóc = disciple, scholar, servant, student, tenant of church
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) scol = school
scolóc, scológ, scolóic = scholar, pupil, student, disciple, follower, servant, youth, lad, tenant of (church) land, farmer
Irish (Gaeilge) scoil = school
scolaíoch = scholastic
scolaíocht = schooling, school education
scoláire = scholar, learned person
scoláireacht = scholarship, learning
scolártha = scholarly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgoil = school
sgoilear [sgɔlər] = scholar, pupil, schoolboy, schoolgirl, school teacher
sgoilearach [sgɔlərəx] = scholarly, scholastic, academic(al)
sgoilearachas [sgɔlərəxəs] = scholarship
sgoilearachd [sgɔlɛrəxg] = scholarship, schooling, (act of) studying
Manx (Gaelg) scoill, schoill = school
scollag = boy, lad, stripling, youngers, scholar
schoillar = scholar, student
scoillar = academic, man of learning, pupil
schoillaragh = scholarly, scholastic
schoillaraght, schoillarys = scholarship
Proto-Brythonic *ɨskol = school
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) escol, iscol, yscol, ysgol = school
escolheyc, yscolheic, ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
escolheyctaut, ysgolhectod, ysgolheictot = scholarship, learning, erudition
ysgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
Welsh (Cymraeg) ysgol [ˈəskɔl] = school
ysgolaidd = scholastic, educational, academic
ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
ysgolheictod = scholarship, learning, erudition
(y)sgolor, (y)sgolar, (y)sgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
prifysgol = university
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scol = school
scolheic = scholar
Cornish (Kernewek) skol [skoːl] = school
skoler = scholar
skolheygel = scholarly, erudite
skolheyk, skolheyges = scholar, student
skolheygieth = scholarship
skolji = schoolhouse
pennskol, pednskol = university
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scol = school
scolaër [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
Breton (Brezhoneg) skol [skoːl/skuːl] = school
skolaer, skolaerez [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
skolaj [ˈskoː.laʃ] = college, high school
skol-veur = university
skoliad [ˈsko.ljat] = pupil, student
skoliañ = to instruct, teach

Etymology: from Latin schola (schooltime, classtime, school, student body, art gallery), from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ – leisure, free time, rest, lecture, disputation, discussion, philosophy, school, lecture hall), from Proto-Hellenic *skʰolā́ (holding back), from Proto-Indo-European *sǵʰ-h₃-léh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (to hold) [source].

Words from the same roots include epoch, hectic, scheme, scholar, school, severe and sketch in English, école (school) in French, scuola (school, class, lesson, grade) in Italian, and Schule (school) in German [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) mac léinn = student
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mac-léighinn = student (archaic)

Etymology: from Old Irish macc (son, child) and légend (act of studying), which comes from Latin legendum, from legō (to choose, appoint, collect, read) [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) stuidear [sdudʲər] = student, study (room)
Manx (Gaelg) studeyr = student
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ystudiwr, astudiwr = student, scholar, academic
Welsh (Cymraeg) (a)studiwr = student, scholar, academic
Cornish (Kernewek) studhyer, studhyores = student
Breton (Brezhoneg) studier = student

Etymology: from English study or Middle French estudier (to study) [source].

Another word for student is oileanach [ɤlanəx] (‘one who is instructed’) in Scottish Gaelic [source]. The word oileánach also exists in Irish, but it means islander, insular or abounding in islands [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Nights

A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night
Irish (Gaeilge) oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve
anoíche = late hour of night
meánoíche = midnight
oíchí = nocturnal, nightly
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve
oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night
oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal
oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve
oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve
adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night
Manx (Gaelg) oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening
oieagh = nocturnal
oieoil = nightly
Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa
Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve
Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve
Proto-Brythonic *exuɨð = night (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat
Welsh (Cymraeg) echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ewhe = evening
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest
ehoazaff = to day a midday rest
Breton (Brezhoneg) ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta
ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest
ec’hoaziad = siesta
ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta

Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [source], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [source].

Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [source].

Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu- = night (?)
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Gaulish nox = night (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Irish (Gaeilge) anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
Manx (Gaelg) noght = tonight
Proto-Brythonic *hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nos = night
henoid = tonight
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nos = night
nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night)
nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night
nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Welsh (Cymraeg) nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil
nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night)
nosaidd = nightlike
nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
noson = evening, night
noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Old Cornish nos = night
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nos, nôs = night
haneth = tonight
Cornish (Kernewek) nos = night
nosweyth = night-time, at night
noswiker = smuggler
haneth = tonight
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nos = night
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nos = night
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) noz [ˈnoːs] = night
noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark
nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night
nozik = a little dark
henoazh = tonight
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [source].

Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [source]

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Benches

Words for bench and related things in Celtic languages.

Penmaenpool

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) beinnse, beinse, béinse, beindsi = bench, table, the Judicial Bench
Irish (Gaeilge) binse [ˈbʲiːnʲʃə] = bench, seat, the Bench, bank, ledge
binseoir = bencher
binsín = little bench, little bunch of rushes
binse breithimh = judge’s bench, tribunal
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) being [beiŋʲgʲ] = bench, form
being-aghaidh = front bench
being-chùil = back bench
being-dhùbhlain = opposition bench
Manx (Gaelg) bink = bench, base
bink obbree = workbench
bink saaue = sawbench
bink ny bingey = jury box
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bainc, meink, meinc = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench
Welsh (Cymraeg) mainc, maing, bainc, baing [mai̯ŋk, mai̯ŋg, bai̯ŋk, bai̯ŋg] = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench; seat of judge or justice, court of law, bench of judges or magistrates, throne
mainc flaen = front bench (in parliament)
mainciau cefn = back benches (in parliament)
meinciwr cefn = back-bencher
meincia(i)d = benchful, bank (of oars)
meincnod = bench-mark
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) benc, vync = bench
Cornish (Kernewek) bynk, benk = bench, platform, workbench
Breton (Brezhoneg) menk [mɛɲk] = stone bench

Etymology (Irish): from Middle English bench (bench), from Old English benċ, bænc [bentʃ] (bench), from Proto-West-Germanic *banki (bench), from Proto-Germanic *bankiz [ˈbɑŋ.kiz] (a raised surface, bulge, hillock, slope, bench) the Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (to bend, curve, arch) [source].

The Scottish Gaelic word comes from Scots bink (bench, bank, hob), from Middle English bench, etc. The Manx word possibly comes from the same roots [source].

The Welsh words come directly from Old English benċ [source].

Words from the same PIE root include back, bank and bench in English, banc (bench, bank, shoal) in French, bank (bench, couch, sofa) in Dutch, Bank (bench, workbench, bank) in German, and bänk (bench, workbench, desk, worktop) in Swedish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) sceimel = rampart, protective covering
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sceimel, sgeimheal = cover, protective roof covering, roof, wall, rampart
Irish (Gaeilge) sceimheal = eaves, projecting rim, flange, outer, encircling wall, rampart
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgibheal = eaves (of a roof)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) yscauelh, ysgavell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave
Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)sgafell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave
Old Cornish scamell = bench, stool
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scavel = bench, stool
Cornish (Kernewek) skavel = stool
skavel droos = footstool
skavel gronek = mushroom, toadstool
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scabell, scabel, scabeu = stool
Breton (Brezhoneg) skaoñ, skabell [ˈskoːãn / ˈskɑː.bɛl] = stool, stepladder
skabeller = chair maker

Etymology: from Latin scabellum (footstool, a kind of percussion instrument played by the foot,), from scamnum (stool, step, bench, stool, ridge), from *scabnum, from Proto-Italic *skaβnom, from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ-no-m, from *skabʰ- (to hold up, support). [source].

Words from the same roots include sgabello (stool, footstool) in Italian, escabel (footrest, footstool) in Spanish, escabeau (step ladder) in French, shamble(s) in English, and Schemel (footstool, stool) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis


Bottles

Words for bottle and related things in Celtic languages.

Bottles

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) buidél, buidel = bottle
Irish (Gaeilge) buidéal [bˠɪˈdʲeːl̪ˠ / ˈbˠʊdʲeːlˠ / ˈbˠɪdʲalˠ] = bottle
buidéalaí = bottler
buidéalaigh = to bottle
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) buideal [budʲəl̪ˠ] = bottle
buidealair [budʲəl̪ʲɛrʲ] = butler
buidealaireachd [budʲəl̪ʲɪrʲəxg] = occupation of a butler
boicheal [bɔçəl̪ˠ] = bottle
botal [bɔhdəl̪ˠ] = bottle
botalaichte [bɔhdəl̪ʲɪçdʲə] = bottled
botalaich [bɔhdəl̪ʲɪç] = bottle!
Manx (Gaelg) boteil = bottle
boteilagh = to bottle, bottlelike
boteilaghey = bottle, bottling
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) potel(l), botel(l) = bottle, wineskin, bottleful, drink, medicine
Welsh (Cymraeg) potel [ˈpɔtal / ˈpɔtɛl] = bottle, wineskin, bottleful, drink, medicine
potelaf, potelu = to bottle
potelaid = bottleful
potelog = characterized by the sound of clinking bottles, pertaining to bottles
Cornish (Kernewek) botel = abbot
botella, botla = to bottle
botellas = bottleful
boteller = butler
Middle Breton (Brezonec) boutaill = bottle
boutaillat = bottled, bottleful
boutoiller = bottler, sommelier
Breton (Brezhoneg) boutailh [ˈbutːaʎ / ˈbutːalj] = bottle
boutailhad [bu.ˈta.ʎ:at] = bottled, bottleful
boutailher = bottler, sommelier
boutailherezh = office of a sommelier

Etymology from Middle English botel (bottle), from Old French botele (bottle), from Late Latin butticula (bottle, flask), a diminutive of buttis (cask), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bew-(to swell) [source].

The Welsh and Cornish words come via Middle English, while the words in the other languages come directly from Old French [source].

Words from the same roots include boot, butt (cask, barrel), and butler in English, botte (barrel, cask) in Italian, botte (boot, oppression) in French, botija (jug, vessel) in Spanish, butoi (barrel, cask) in Romanian, and buta (butt, cask, stock, stocky person) in Irish [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) putraic, potraic, puitric = a vessel or bottle for containing liquor
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) puitric† = bottle

Etymology maybe from Latin pōtiō (drinking, drink draught, potion), from pōtō (to drink), from Proto-Italic *pōtos (drunk), from Proto-Indo-European *ph₃tós (having been drunk, having drunk), from *peh₃- (to drink) [source].

Words from the same roots include beverage, bibacious, bibulous, imbibe, poison, potable, potion and symposium in English, boire (to drink) in French, potabile (drinkable, potable) in Italian, and beber (to drink, draw from) in Spanish [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) searróg = stone bottle (of hay or straw)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) searrag = bottle, flask, phial, stoup, cup, bundle of hay
soireag [sɔrʲag] = small vessel, small flask/bottle, small vase, small sack
Welsh (Cymraeg) jar, jâr = jar, hot water bottle
Cornish (Kernewek) jarrik = jar
Breton (Brezhoneg) jarl = (clay, earthenware) jar

Etymology possibly from English jar [source], from Middle English jarre (jar), from Medieval Latin jarra (jar), or from Middle French jarre (liquid measure), or from Spanish jarra, jarro (jug, pitcher, mug, stein), all from Arabic جَرَّة (jarra – jar, amphora) [source].

Manx (Gaelg) costrayl = bottle, jar, leather bottle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) costrel, kostrele = flagon, bottle, costrel, skin bottle, keg
costreleit, costreled = bottleful, flagonful
Welsh (Cymraeg) costrel [ˈkʰɔstrɛl] = flagon, bottle, costrel, skin bottle, keg, measure of two quarts
costrel win = wine bottle, wine flagon
costrelau’r nefoedd = the bottles of heaven, the clouds
costrelu, costrelo = to bottle, preserve, treasure
costrelaid = bottleful, flagonful
costrelan = phial, ampulla, flask
costreliad = a bottling
costrelig = small costrel, phial, flask
costrelwr, costrelydd = one who carries wine or water in bottles, bottle-maker and seller

Etymology from Middle English costrel(le) (any small container or means of storage for liquids; a costrel), from Old French costerel (container for a liquid), from costeret, from costerez, from Latin costa (rib, side, wall), Proto-Italic *ko(n/r)stā- (rib), of uncertain origin. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kost- [source]. The French word cotret (bundle of sticks, stick, rod) comes from the same roots [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Abbots

Words for abbot and related things in Celtic languages.

Abbot Bernard

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) ap [ab] = abbot, leader, lord
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ap, abb, abbadh, apid = abbot, pope, lord
apdaine = status or office of an abbot or pope
Irish (Gaeilge) ab [abˠ] = abbot
banab, máthairab = abbess
abdaine = abbacy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aba [abə] = abbot
ban-aba [ban abə] = abbes
abachd [abəxg] = abbey
abaid [abɪdʲ] = abbey, abbot
abaideachd [abɪdʲəxg] = abbacy
Manx (Gaelg) abb = abbot, abbey
abb-voir, ben abb, moir abb = abbess
abbaght = abbacy
abban = abbey
Proto-Brythonic *abad = abbot
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) abad, abat = abbot
abad(i)aeth = abbotship, abbotship, abaty
abadaidd = abbatial
abades = abbess
abbatyr = abbey demesne
albate, abattia, abatty = abbey, monastry, priory
Welsh (Cymraeg) âb [ab] = abbot
abad [ˈabad] = abbot
abadwr = abbot
abad(i)aeth = abbotship, abbotship, abaty
abadaidd, abadol = abbatial
abades = abbess
abadesty = abbey for nuns, convent, nunnery
abatir = abbey demesne
abaty = abbey, monastry, priory
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) abat, abbas = abbot
Cornish (Kernewek) abas [ˈabas / ˈæbɐz] = abbot
abasel = abbatial
abases = abbess
abatti = abbey
Middle Breton (Brezonec) abat, abbat = abbot
abades = abbess
Breton (Brezhoneg) abad [ˈɑː.bat] = abbot
abadez = abbess
abadiezh = abbot’s office
abati [aˈbatː.i] = abbey
abatiaj = the benefit of an abbey

Etymology: from Ecclesiastical Latin abbās (abbot), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶ(ς) (abbâ(s) – father, abbot), from Aramaic אַבָּא (’abbā – father, ancestor, progenitor, teacher, chief, leader, author, originator), from Proto-Semitic *ʔabw- (father), from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʔab (?) – ultimately an onomatopoeic nursery word [source].

Words from the same roots include abbot in English, abate (abbot) in Italian, abad (abbot) in Spanish, Abat (abbot) in German, opat (abbot) in Czech, ùbā (father, head, leader, patron) in Hausa, abbá (father, chief, director) in Afar, and אַבָּא (ába – dad, papa) in Hebrew [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Cressy

Words for cress, watercress, and related things in Celtic languages.

Watercress

Watercress is a perennial European herb, Nasturtium officinale, that grows in freshwater streams; used in salads and as a garnish, or a similar plant, Nasturtium microphyllum [source].

Cress is a plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic. [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *beruros = watercress
Gaulish berula = cress
Old Irish (Goídelc) birar = watercress
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) birar, biror, bilar, bilur = watercress
biolar Mhuire = brooklime
biolar tragha = scurvy-grass
birarán = clean-topped cress
Irish (Gaeilge) biolar [ˈbʲul̪ˠəɾˠ/ˈbʲɨlˠəɾˠ] = cress, watercress
biolrach = cressy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) biolair [bjul̪ʲɪrʲ] = cress, especially watercress
biolaireach = pertaining to or abouding in watercress
Manx (Gaelg) burley = cress, watercress
Proto-Brythonic *berur = cress (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) berwr, berỽr, berw = cress, watercress
Welsh (Cymraeg) berwr, berw = cress, watercress
Old Cornish beler = watercress
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) beler = watercress
Cornish (Kerneweg) beleren = cress
beleren dhowr = watercress
Old Breton (Brethonog) beror = cress, watercress
Middle Breton (Brezonec) beler = cress, watercress
Breton (Brezhoneg) beler [ˈbeː.lɛr] = cress, watercress
belereg / belerid = watercress bed
belerek = abounding in watercress

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic berus (spring, well), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (to boil, brew), or from PIE *bʰréh₁wr̥ (spring, source). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *berulā and Latin berula (a herb: bittercress or waterparsnip) include berle (water parsnip) in French, Berle (water parsnip) in German, and berro (cress, watercress) in Spanish and Galician [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Ropes & Strings

Words for rope, cord, string and related things in Celtic languages.

Caernarfon

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *tantus, *tantā = cord, string
Old Irish (Goídelc) tét [tʲeːd] = cord, rope, string
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tét, téd, tet [tʲeːd] = rope, cord, string, a spider’s thread
tétaire = harper, lute-player
tétán = rope, cord
téitimnech = the crack, creaking of the ropes
Irish (Gaeilge) téad [tʲiad̪ˠ/tʲeːd̪ˠ] = rope, cable, string, chord, tether
téadach = stringed
téadaire = roper, corder, player of stringed instrument
téadaireacht = (act of) playing on stringed instrument
téadán = short rope, string, cord, line
téadchleasaí = rope-walker, rope-dancer
téadleimneach = (act of) skipping
téadra = cordage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teud [tʲiad] = cord, string
teudach [tʲiadəx] = stringed
teudachadh [tʲiədəxəɣ] = (act of) stringing, tethering
teudag [tʲiədag] = little string/cord, fibre
teudagach [tʲiədagəx] = fibrous, fibery, abounding in fibres
teudaichte [tʲiadɪçdʲə] = stringed, tethered
Manx (Gaelg) tead, tedd, teidd = rope, string, line, guy
teaddey = rope
teaddaght = cordage
Proto-Brythonic *tant = string (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) tantou = string
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tant = string, line, cord, tendril
tennyn = tether, leash, lead, halter, string, cord, rope, noose, snare
Welsh (Cymraeg) tant [tant] = string (of a musical instrument), line, cord, tendril, bowstring, nerve, sinew, tendon
tantio = to string (a musical instrument)
tantiwr = fisherman who stands on the shore holding one end of a salmon net, while two others throw the net into the water from a boat
tantor = player of stringed instruments, harpist
tennyn = tether, leash, lead, halter, string, cord, rope, noose, snare
Old Breton (Brethonoc) tantou = strings
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tant = string
Breton (Brezhoneg) tant [tãnt] = string

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *tén-tu-s/ *tn̥-téw-s, from *ten- (to stretch, extend) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: ndej (to stretch) in Albanian, tenet (an opinion, belief, principle) in English, dehnen (to stretch) in German, tenere (to hold, keep, sustain) in Italian, tit (to wind, reel, coil, wrap) in Latvian, tener (to have, possess, hold, grasp) in Spanish, and tänja (to stretch, bend) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *lomanā = rope, thong
Old Irish (Gaídelc) loman = cord, rope
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) loman, lomna = cord, rope, thong, string, leash, bridle, halter
Irish (Gaeilge) lomhain = rope, halter, leash
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lomhainn [l̪ˠõ.ɪn̪ʲ] = leash, lead, pack, band, gang
Manx (Gaelg) louyn = rope
er louyn = along, by hand, on a rope
Proto-Brythonic *lloβ̃an [be̝ˈrɨːd] = rope, string
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llyfan = string, cord, thin rope
Welsh (Cymraeg) llyfan = string, cord, thin rope
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lovan = rope, cord, string
lovannan = a small rope, cord
Cornish (Kernewek) lovan = rope, lasso
lovan dynn/dydn = tightrope
lovan lemmel = skipping rope
Middle Breton louffan = strap, belt
Breton (Brezhoneg) louan [ˈluːãn] = strap, belt
louaneg = slender (long-legged), clumsy
louangen = skinny, without energy

Etymology: unknown, possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate language [source].

Proto-Celtic *souggo = (?)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) súagán, súgán = (straw) rope
Irish (Gaeilge) súgán = (straw) rope, strawmat, lifeless, inert, spinless person
súgánach = confused
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sùgan [suːgan] = straw rope, horse’s collar (filled with straw)
Manx (Gaelg) suggane = twisted straw rope

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sew- (to bend, cut). The Scots word suggan (light saddle, bedroll), and the Hiberno-English word sugan (a wooden chair with a seat made from woven straw or twine stretched over the frame) both come from the same roots via Irish, as does the word soogan (a bedroll) in American English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) súainem = cord, rope, string, thong
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) súainem, súaineamh, súainimh = cord, rope, string, thong, course (of river)
Irish (Gaeilge) suaineamh = (javelin) cord, amentum (catkin) (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sìoman [ʃiəman] = simmen, rope made from plant fibres (esp. straw, but also coir, heather, grass, twigs or rushes)
Manx (Gaelg) saineen = cord, thong

Etymology: from Old Norse síma (cord, rope) [source], from Proto-Germanic *sīmô (rope, cord), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éy-mn̥/*sh₂i-mén-s, from *sh₂ey- (to bind, fetter) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) róp = rope
Irish (Gaeilge) rópa [ˈɾˠoːpˠə]= rope
rópa = rope
rópadóir = rope-maker
rópadóireacht = rope-making, rope-walking, rope-climbing, working with ropes
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ròp, ròpa [r̪ˠɔːhbə] = rope, bundle of seaweed
ròpach [r̪ˠɔːhbəx] = abounding in ropes, tangled up, jumbled, untidy, messed up, abounding in tall tales/yarns
ròpadh [r̪ˠɔːhbəɣ] = (act of)roping, fastening with a rope, entangling
ròpair [r̪ˠɔːhbɛrʲ] = auctioneer
ròpaireachd [̪rˠɔːbɛrʲəxg] = exaggerated tale, exaggerating, adorning the truth
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) raff, raf = rope, cord, string, line, cable, noose, halter
reffyn, rheffyn = (small) rope, cord, string, (fishing) line, cable, noose, halter
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhaff = rope, cord, string, line, cable, noose, halter
rhaffu, rhaff(i)o = to tie with a rope or cord, to rope, fix a rop on, make a rope, to string or join (words, etc), connect together, link, crumple, spoil, waste, eat eagerly, gobble, snatch
rhaff(i)aid = rope(ful), that which is held by a rope
rhaffol = roped, made of rope(s), funicular
rhaffwr, rhaffydd = rope-maker
rheffyn = (small) rope, cord, string, (fishing) line, cable, noose, halter

Etymology: from Middle English rop(e) (rope), from Old English rāp (rope, cord, cable), from Proto-West-Germanic *raip (string, band), from Proto-Germanic *raipaz (rope, cord, band, ringlet), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁royp-nó-s (band, strip, strap) [source]. The Welsh words are probably cognate, but their origins are not certain.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) corda = cord, rope
Irish (Gaeilge) corda = cord, string, chord
cordach = chordate, corded
cordaigh = to cord
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) còrd = cord, chord
Manx (Gaelg) coard, coyrd, coyrdey = cord
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kord = cord, string, small rope, halter
cort = cord, string, twine, rope
Welsh (Cymraeg) cord = cord, string, small rope, halter
cort = cord, string, twine, rope
cortio = to cord, fasten with cords or strings, twist
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cord = cord
corden = string
Cornish (Kernewek) korden = cord, string
korden an keyn = spinal cord
Middle Breton (Brezonec) corden, cordenn, querdenn, querdeynn = rope
cordenner = tailpiece
Breton (Brezhoneg) kordenn [ˈkɔr.dɛn] = rope
kordennan = to rope, fish with longlines
kordenner = tailpiece
kordennerezh = ropework
kordennig = cord, string

Etymology (Breton): from Middle French corde (rope), from Old French corde (rope), from Latin chorda (tripe, intestine, catgut, string, rope, cord), from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, string of gut, chord, sausage, black pudding), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (bowel) [source].

Etymology (other languages): from Middle English corde (cord, string, sinew), from Old French corde (rope), from Latin chorda (tripe, intestine, catgut, string, rope, cord), from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, string of gut, chord, sausage, black pudding), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (bowel)[source].

Words from the same roots include cord, chord, hernia and yarn in English, corda (rope, chord, string) in Italian, and koord (rope, cord) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Spindly Axles

Words for axle, axis and related things in Celtic languages.

axles

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *akslā, *aksilā, *axsilā = axis
Old Irish (Goídelc) ais = back, hinder part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ais = back, hinder part
Irish (Gaeilge) ais [aʃ/æʃ/ɛʃ] = back
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aiseal [aʃəl̪ˠ] = axle(-tree), axis
Manx (Gaelg) essyl = axle, axis
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) echel, achel = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
Welsh (Cymraeg) echel [ˈɛχɛl/ˈeːχɛl] = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
echelu = to furnish with an axle, place on an axle
echelbin = linch-pin
echelin = axis, axial, axile
Cornish (Kernewek) aghel = axle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ahel, aël = axle
Breton (Brezhoneg) ahel [ˈɑ(h)ː.ɛl] = axle
ahelan = to centre sth on, to pin (together)
ahelek = axial

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *axsi- (back), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (axis), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: axis and axle in English, as (axis) in Dutch, Achse (axis, axle) in German, ais (board, plank) in French, and eje (axis, axle, shaft, spindle, core, heart, hub) in Spanish [source].

Asciano Drop Spindle

Proto-Celtic *u̯ert-iti-, *u̯er-t- = to turn
Old Irish (Goídelc) fertas = axle, spindle, shaft, rung, ridge, bank
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fertas, fersat = shaft, spoke, axle, shaft, axletree, swingletree
Irish (Gaeilge) fearsaid [ˈfʲaɾˠsˠədʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle(-tree), passage, piece of poetry, verse, ditty
fearsaideach = shafted, spindly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fearsad, feairisid [fjar̪ˠsəd, fɛr̪ʃɪdʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle, rung, spoke, track, rut, sandbar, ripple mark (in sand at low tide)
Manx (Gaelg) fess = spindle
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guerthyt, gwerthyt = spindle, axle, shaft
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwerthyd = spindle, axle, shaft, rung, stave
gwerthydu = to furnish with a spindle or axle, to fashion like a spindle
gwerthydaid = spindleful of yarn
gwerthydwr = spindle-maker
Old Cornish gurhthit = spindle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gurthid, gurhthit, gurthyd = spindle
Cornish (Kernewek) gwerthys = bobbin, cage, spindle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guirtit, guirtitou = spindle, axis
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guerzit = spindle, axis
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwerzhid [ˈɡwɛrzit] = spindle, axis

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wértti (to be turning around), from *wert- (to turn, rotate) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: verse, version, versus, vertebra, vertical, vortex, wierd and worth in English, worden (to become, get, grow, turn) in Dutch, and werden (will, be going to) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *molos = grinder
Old Irish (Goídelc) mol = axle (for a mill-wheel), shaft
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mol, moil, muil = axle, shaft (of a mill-wheel)
Irish (Gaeilge) mol [mˠɔl̪ˠ / mˠʌlˠ] = hub, shaft, pivot, nave, Pole, top, crown
Mol Thuaid = North Pole
Mol Theas = South Pole
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mul [mul̪ˠ] = axis, axle-tree
Manx (Gaelg) moll = nave

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *molh₂ós, from *melh₂- (to grind, crush) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: Mjollnir (Thor’s hammer), mallet, meal, mill, millet, molar, and mull in English, Mühle (mill, grinder) in German, milho (maize, corncob) in Portuguese, and mijo (millet) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Pursuing Followers

Words for to follow, pursue and related things in Celtic languages.

Following mommy

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *sekʷetor = to follow
Old Irish (Goídelc) seichithir = to follow, persue
sechem = following, imitating
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) seichithir sechethar, sechtir = to follow, persue
sechem, sechim = following, imitating
sechimthid, seichteóir, seichthid = follower
Irish (Gaeilge) seicheamh = following, taking after, imitating, sequence, progression
fosheicheamh = subsequence

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sékʷetor (to be following), from *sekʷ- (to follow) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish (?) and Latin segusius (a hunting dog) include: sabuxo (hound) in Galician, segugio (hound, bloodhound, private eye, sleuth) in Spanish, and sabujo (hound, submissive person) in Portuguese [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include: associate, sector, sequence, society, (to) sue, suit, suite and subsequent in English, suivre (to follow) in French, sèkti (to observe, track down, follow, spy on) in Lithuanian, and seguir (to follow, continue, keep (on)) in Spanish [source].

Middle Cornish (Cernewec) sewye, sewé, sywé = to follow, persue
Cornish (Kernewek) sewya = to follow, result
holyans = consequence, outcome, result, sequel

Etymology: from English (to) sue [source], which used to mean to follow or court, and comes from Middle English seuen (to follow, walk behind, be guided), from Anglo-Norman suer, siwer (to follow), from Old French sivre (to follow after), from Vulgar Latin *sequere (to follow), from Latin sequī, from sequor (to follow, pursue, succeed), from Proto-Italic *sekʷōr (to follow, come/go after), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (to follow) [source].

Proto-Celtic *linati = to stick, cling
*ati-linati = to adhere, stick to, cling
Old Irish (Goídelc) lenaid [ˈl͈ʲenɨðʲ] = to stick, cling, follow, remain, continue, survive
lenamain = adhering, clinging, following
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lena(i)d = to remain, continue, survive, pursue, persist, cleave to, cling to, adhere to, stay with, follow
len(a)main = adhering, clinging to, stuck in, following, pursuing
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Irish (Gaeilge) lean [lʲan̪ˠ] = to follow, continue, remain, endure
leantach = consecutive, continuing
leantóir = follower, trailer
leanúint = following, persuit, adherence, continuation
leanúnach = follower, pursuer, successor, continuant, continuous, successive
leanúnachas = continuity, attachment, faithfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lean [l̪ʲɛn] = follow, pursue, ensue, succeed, follow, continue, go on, stick to
leanachd [l̪ʲɛnəxg] = following, pursuing, pursuit, followers, ensuing, succeeding, continuing
leanadail [l̪ʲɛnədal] = attendant
leanailteach [l̪ʲɛnnaldʲəx] = adhesive, sticking, sticky, dogged, persistent, tenacious
leanailteachd [l̪ʲɛnaldʲəxg] = continuity, perseverance, tenacity, adhesiveness, adhesion
leanaltas = perseverance
Manx (Gaelg) lhian(t) = to follow
lhiantag = attachment
lhiantyn = following
lhiantyn da/gys = to cleave (to)
lhiantyn hug = to attach, obsess
lhiantyn huggey = to take after
lhiantyn rish = to cleave, persevere, pursue, stick to, cling
lhiantys = adherence, attachment
lhiantynys = adhesion, attachment
Proto-Brythonic *llɨnad = to stick, cling
Old Welsh (Kembraec) linisant = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynv, eddlynu, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul
Welsh (Cymraeg) llynaf, llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynaf, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (to smear) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include lime, liniment, loam and delete in English, lijm (glue) in Dutch, limon (silt) in French, Leim (glue) in German, limo (mud, slime, silt) in Italian, and lim (glue) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *solgos = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) olhau = to follow, trace
Welsh (Cymraeg) olhaf, olhau = to follow, trace
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) holye = to come after, to follow
Cornish (Kernewek) holya = to follow
holyans = sequence
holyer, holyores = follower
Old Breton (Brethonoc) hol = (act of) following
Middle Breton (Brezonec) heul = following
heultaff = to follow
Breton (Brezhoneg) heul [høːl] = continuation, cortege, parade, escort, procession
heuli(a)ñ [ˈhøljã] = to follow
heul(iad) [ˈhø.ljat] = procession, line, sequence, continuation, series, train
heuliadur = extension
heuliata = to continue
heuliataer = follower
heulier = follower, adept, minion
heulius = conformist

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *selgʰ- (to follow) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Dutiful Laws

Words for duty, debt, law, rule and related things in Celtic languages.

Scottish Parliament
Scottish Parliament / Pàrlamaid na h-Alba / Scots Pairlament

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dligeti = to be entitled to, be obligated to
Old Irish (Goídelc) dligid = to deserve, merit, be entitled to
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dligid, dleagaid = to be entitled to, have a right to, be owed, deserve, merit
Irish (Gaeilge) dligh [dʲlʲɪɟ/dʲlʲiː] = to be entitled to, have a right to, deserve, merit, be incumbent on, be liable to, ought to
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dligh [dli] = owe, be due
dleas [dles] = deserve, merit, due
dleasach [dlesəx] = deserving, meriting
dleasadh [dlesəɣ] = (act of) deserving, meriting
dleasannas [dlesən̪ˠəs] = obligation, duty
dleasanta [dlesən̪ˠdə] = deserving, meriting
dleasnach [dlesn̪ˠəx] = dutiful
dleastanas [dlesdənəs] = obligation, duty
Manx (Gaelg) toill = to deserve, will
toillchin = to deserve, earn, merit, reward; derserving, worthy
toillchinagh = deserving, meritorious
toillchinys = desert, merit
toillchyn = to deserve, merit
toilliu = to deserve, earn, merit; deserving, worthy
Proto-Brythonic *dɨlɣɨd = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) deleu, dyly, dylu = to be obliged to, ought, be indebted, behove, owe, be in debt, have a right to, claim, merit, deserve, posses, claim from
Welsh (Cymraeg) dylu [ˈklɛðɨ̞v/ˈkleːðɪv] = to be obliged to, ought, be indebted, behove, owe, be in debt, have a right to, claim, merit, deserve, posses, claim from (other forms include: dylaf, dylÿaf, dlyaf, dylÿu, dlyu, dleu, deleu)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dely, dylly = to owe, deserve
Cornish (Kernewek) tyli = to owe, pay, reward
tylva = checkout, till
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dleout = must
Breton (Brezhoneg) dleout [ˈdleː.ut] = to have to, must, owe
dleañ = to have to, must, owe; judicious

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *dʰlégʰ-ti/*dʰl̥gʰ-énti, from *dʰlegʰ- (to beat, strike) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots possibly include dolog (thing, object, affair, business, task, fate) in Hungarian, dług (debt, account payable) in Polish, долг (dolg – debt, duty, obligation) in Russian, and dlh (debt) in Slovak [source].

Proto-Celtic *dligetom = duty, debt
Old Irish (Goídelc) dliged, dligeth [ˈdʲlʲiɣʲeð] = law, principle, rule, theory, dictum
dlecht = lawful
dligthech = lawful, right
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dliged, dligeth, dleged = law, principle, rule, norm, dictum, reason, argument, reckoning, nature, condition, kind, manner
dligedach = lawful
dligemnas = lawful right
dligthech = regular, right, lawful, law-abiding, rational, reasonable, just, righteous
dligthe(m)nach, dligtheanuigh = lawgiver
dligtheoir = lawyer, man of law
Irish (Gaeilge) dlí [dʲlʲiː] = law, divine precept, scientific principle, litigation
dlíodóir = lawyer
dlíodóireacht = practice of law, practising law
dlíthí = litigant
dlíthíoch = litigious
dlíthíocht = litigiousness
dlíthiúil = legal, juridicial, lawful, litigious
dlíthiúilacht = legality, lawfulness
dleacht = due, lawful right, royalty, patent
dleathach = lawful, legal, valud, genuine, just, proper
dleathaíocht = legality, justice, propriety
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dlighe [dli.ə] = ordinance (in law), due
dligheach [dli.əx] = lawful, legitimatem rightful, right, due, dutiful, just
dligheachas [dli.əxəs] = lawful right, jurisdiction, validity
dligheachd [dli.əxg] = legality, royalty (payment)
dligheadh [dli.əɣ] = (act of) owing, being due, stipend
dlighear [dli.ər] = lawyer, creditor
dligheil [dli.al] = legitimate, lawful, rightful
Proto-Brythonic *dlɨɣed = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) delehet, deleed, dylyet, dlyet, dylet = debt, due, claim, right, demand, oblitation, duty
dylyedawc, dylyedauc, dylyedaỽc dyledawg = noble, privileged, dignified, illustrious, rightful
dyledogaeth, dlyedogaeth = nobility, lordship, proprietorship
dylyedus, dyledus = due, proper, meet, lawful, worthy, just, necessary, requisite, owing, in debt, indebted
dyledwr = debtor, defaulter, trespasser
Welsh (Cymraeg) dyled [ˈdəlɛd] = debt, due, claim, right, demand, oblitation, duty, service, heritage, estate, worth, privilege, sins, transgressions, trespasses [also written dylêd, dled, dylyed, dlyed]
dyled(i)ach = trifling debts, dribbling debts
dyledu = to owe, be due, debit, make due
dyledog = indebted, in debt, due, noble, privileged, dignified, illustrious, debtor
dyl(y)edus = due, proper, meet, lawful, worthy, just, necessary, requisite, owing, in debt, indebted, noble, privileged, dignified, reasonable, sensible, understanding
dyledwr = debtor, defaulter, trespasser
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dle = due, owing
dleat = moral duty, tax
Breton (Brezhoneg) dle = due, owing, debt
dlead = moral duty, tax
dleatour = debtor
dleapl = liable
dleoniezh = ethics
d(e)leour = debtor, creditor

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *dligeti (to owe, be indebted to) – see above [source].

Proto-Celtic *ká(g)ni- = tribute, law
Old Irish (Goídelc) cáin [kaːnʲ] = law, regulation, rule, fine, tax, tribute, legal due
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cáin, cain = law, regulation, rule, fine, tax, tribute
Irish (Gaeilge) cáin [kɑːnʲ/kaːnʲ] = law, regulation, rule, due, tribute, fine, penalty, impost, tax
cáinaisnéis = budget
cáinaisnéiseach = budgetary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) càin [kaːn̪ʲ] = duty, tariff, tribute, fine; body of laws (archaic)
càin-aisneis = budget
càineach, càinear, càiniche = tax/excise collector, tax gatherer
càineachadh [kaːn̪ʲəxəɣ] = (act of) imposing a tax

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂/₃ǵ-n- [source]. Words from the same root may include kázeň (discipline) in Czech, kaźń (execution, torture, torment) in Polish, and kázeň (sermon, discipline) in Slovak [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) cís = tax, tribute
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cís, cis, cíos = tax, tribute, cess, rent
císach = receiving or exacting tribute
císaige = tributary, rent-payer
císugud = paying tribute
Irish (Gaeilge) cíos [ciːsˠ] = rent, price; tax tribute (historical)
cíosach = rent-paying, tributary
cíosaí = rent-payer
cíosaigh = to rent, pay rent for, compensate for
cíoscháin = tribute
cíoscheannach = hire-purchase
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cìos [kʲiəs] = tribute, tax
cìs [kʲiːʃ] = tax, levy
cìsachadh [kʲiːʃəxəɣ] = taxing, taxation
cìsachas [kʲiːʃəxəs] = taxation
cìseadair [kʲiːʃədɪrʲ] = exciseman
cìsear [kʲiːʃər] = tax/excise collector, tax gatherer
Manx (Gaelg) keesh = custom, duty, tax, toll, tribute, contribution
keeshagh = assessable, taxable, tributary
keeshyn = taxation, taxes, tribute, dues

Etymology: from Latin cēnsus (census, register, rich gifts, presents, wealth), from cēnseō from Proto-Italic *kensēō (to give an opinion), from *kensējō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱenséh₁-ye-ti, from *ḱens- (to announce, proclaim, put in order). Words from the same roots may include census in English, censo (census, wealth) in Italian, Zins (interest, tribute) in German, and czynsz (rent) in Polish [source].

Proto-Celtic *rextus = rule, law
*kom-rextus = law (?)
Celtiberian Retukeno = personal name
Gaulish Rextugenos = personal name
Old Irish (Goídelc) recht, rect [r͈ʲext] = law
rechtach = law-giving
rechtaid = lawgiver
rechtaide = legal
rechtaigid = to legislate
rechtaire = steward
rechtas = stewardship
rechtge = government
rechtmar = lawful
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) recht, rect, reacht = law, authority, rule, right, lawfulness
rechtach = just, equitable, law-giving
rechtaid, rechtaidh = judge, lawgiver
rechtaide = legal, pertaining to the law, lawful
rechtaigid = to legislate
rechtaire, rechtorairge = steward, baliff, administrator, judge (?)
rechtas, rechtus, rechtcus = authority, administration, stewardship
rechtge, rechtga = government, authority, rule, regin
rechtmar = lawful, legitimate
Irish (Gaeilge) reacht [ɾˠaxt̪ˠ] = law, statute, accepted rule
reachtach = law-giving, legislative
reachtaigh = to legislate, enact, decree
reachtaíocht = legislation
reachtaire = controller, administrator, steward, Rector, auditor, master of ceremonies
reachtas = administration, stewardship
reachtmhar = lawful, legitimate
reachtóir = lawgiver, legislator
reachtúil = statutory, statute
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) reachd [r̪ˠɛxg] = decree, statue, edict
reachdach [r̪ˠɛxgəx] = compulsory
reachdachadh [r̪ˠɛxgəxəɣ] = (act of) legislating, law-making, legislature
reachdadair [r̪ˠɛxgədɪrʲ] = lawmaker, legislator
reachdadaireachd [r̪ˠɛxgədɪrʲəxg] = legislature
reachdail [r̪ˠɛxgdal] = legislative, statutory
reachdas [r̪ˠɛxgəs] = legislation
Proto-Brythonic *rreiθ = rule, law
*kuβ̃reiθ = law (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) reyth, reith, rhaith = law, rule, decree, rightness, justice, right (to smth), recompense, atonement, judgement, verdict
cyfreith, kiureith, kefreyth [ˈkəvrai̯θ] = law, rule, decree, rightness, justice, right (to smth), recompense, atonement, judgement, verdict
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhaith [r̥ai̯θ] = law, rule, decree, rightness, justice, right (to smth), recompense, atonement, judgement, verdict
rhaithgor = jury
cyfraith [ˈkəvrai̯θ] = law, legislation, statute, custom, usage, jurisprudence
Cornish (Kernewek) reyth = regular, right, religious law
reythennek, reythednek = statutory
reythen = statute
reythe = to authorise, codify, empower, entitle, qualify
reythes = authorised, empowered, enacted, entitled, qualified
reythyans = enactment, jurispridence, lawmaking, legislation
Old Breton (Brethonoc) reith = law
Middle Breton (Brezonec) rez, reiz = law
rezder = law
Breton (Brezhoneg) reizh = right, just, correct, order, normal
reizhad = regular
reizhadenn = rectification, corrected
reizhadur = adjustment
reizhan = to correct, adapt, regular, initiate
reizhded = correctness, rectitude, normality
reizhder = regularity
reizhegezh = legitimacy
reizhek = legitimate
reizhekaat = to legitimize
reizhennan = to regulate
reizhus = legal


Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (to straighten, to righten) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include rail, rank, realm, regime, rule and regulation in English, rę́žti (to stretch) in Lithuanian, règle (rule, regulation) in French, and regla (rule, ruler) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) ríagal, ríagul = rule
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ríagal, riagoil, riaguil = rule, authority
Irish (Gaeilge) riail [ɾˠiəlʲ] = rule, regulation, principle, sway, authority, order
rialachán = regulation
rialúchán = regulation, control
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) riaghail [r̪ˠiə.al] = rule, govern, administer
riaghailt [r̪ˠiə.əldʲ] = rule, regulation, government
riaghailteach [r̪ˠiə.əl̪ˠdʲəx] = regular, according to rule, orderly
riaghailteachadh [r̪ˠiə.aldʲəxəɣ] = (act of) formulating, regulating, adjusting, adjustment
riaghailteachas [r̪ˠiə.aldʲəxəs] = regulatory
riaghailteachd = regularity, moderation
riaghailtear [r̪ˠiə.aldʲər] = regulator
riaghailtearachd [r̪ˠiə.aldʲərəxg] = administration
riaghal [r̪ˠiə.əl̪ˠ] = rule
Manx (Gaelg) reill = code, dominion, governance, policy, principle, reign; to charge, govern, order, regulate, rule
reilley = to regulate, reign, rule; ruling
reilleyder = governor, regulator, ruler, straight edge
reilt = normal, to rule
reiltagh = director, ordinal, president, rector, ruler; decisive, ruling, regular
reiltys = governance, rule, kingdom, dominion, government
Proto-Brythonic *rreɣol = rule (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ryol, reol, rhwol = rule, regulation, procedure, order, custom, pattern, government, dominion
rhyolaeth, reolaeth = rule, control, management, authority, discipline
rwyoli, reoli, ryoli, rhywoli = to rule, control, direct, govern
roliad = rule, control, government
ryolus, reolus, rheolus, rreolys = regular, orderly, disciplined, moderate, consant
Welsh (Cymraeg) rheol [ˈr̥eː.ɔl] = rule, regulation, procedure, order, custom, pattern, government, dominion
rheol(i)aeth = rule, control, management, authority, discipline
rheoli = to rule, control, direct, govern
rheolaidd = regular, regulated, orderly
rheoliad = rule, control, government
rheolus = regular, orderly, disciplined, moderate, consant
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) reol, rowl, rovle = rule, government
rowler = ruler, governor
Cornish (Kernewek) rewl, rowl = regulation, rule
rewlya, rowlya = to control, regulate, rule
rewlyades, rowlyades = ruler (f)
rewlyas, rowlyas = ruler (m)
rewlys = regular
Old Breton (Brethonoc) regul = rule, regulation
Middle Breton (Brezonec) reul, reol, reoll = rule, regulation
reulenn = rule
reulennaff = to regulate
Breton (Brezhoneg) reol = rule, principle, regime
reolennadur = regulation
reolennan = to regulate
reoliadur = regulation
reoliata = to regulate
reoliek = regular
reolius = regulatory

Etymology: from Latin rēgula (rule, bar, ruler), from regō (I rule, govern, direct, guide, steer, control), from Proto-Italic *regō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (to be straightening, to be setting upright), from *h₃reǵ- (to straighten, to righten) – see above [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lagh [l̪ˠɤɣ] = law
laghachd [l̪ˠɤɣəxg] = legislation
laghadh [l̪ˠɤɣəɣ] = legalising, legalisation
laghaiche [l̪ˠɤɣɪçə] = lawyer, solicitor
laghaichte [l̪ˠɤɣɪçdʲə] = legalised
laghail [l̪ˠɤɣal] = legal, lawful, litigious, argumentative
laghaileachd [l̪ˠɤɣaləxg] = lawfulness, legality
Manx (Gaelg) leigh = enactment, law, respect
leighagh = legal, litigious
leighder = lawyer, advocate, attorney, barrister, council
leighoil = lawful, legal, legislative, legitimate

Etymology: from English law, or Middle English lawe/laȝe (law, regulation, morality), or Old English lagu (law, rule, right), all of which come from Old Norse lǫg (law, rule, right), from Proto-Germanic *lagą (situation, law, a settled amount), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (to lie [down]). The English words lie and lay come from the same roots [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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