Sevenfold

Words for seven and related things in Celtic languages:

seven

Proto-Celtic *sextam = seven
*sextametos = seventh
Old Irish (Goídelc) secht [sʲext] = seven
sechtmad = seventh
sechtae = seven things
sechtmoga = seventy
sechtmain = week
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) secht [ɕext] = seven, seven times, seven things
sechtmad, sechtmet, ṡec[t]maid = seventh, one of seven; a period of seven days
sechtae, sechta = sevenfold, septenary, septenary
sechtmoga, sechtmogo, sechtmogat = seventy
sechtmain(e) = week
Irish (Gaeilge) seacht [ʃaxt̪ˠ/ʃæxt̪ˠ]= seven
seacht déag = seventeen
seachtú = seventh (7ᵗʰ), seventh part
seachtach = seventh (in music)
seachtain = week
seachtainiúil = weekly
seachtar = seven people/things
seachtó = seventy
seachtbhliantúil = septennial (a period or cycle of seven years)
seachtchodach = sevenfold
seachtfhillte = folded in seven, sevenfold
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) seachd [ʃɛxg] = seven
seachdamh [ʃɛxgəv] (7ᵐʰ) = seventh (7ᵗʰ)
seachdnar [ʃɛxgn̪ər] = seven people
seachd-fillte = sevenfold
seachd-shliosach [ʃesgəd] = heptagon(al)
seachd deug = seventeen
seachdad [ʃɛxgəd] = seventy, the 70s
seachdain [ʃɛxgɛn̪ʲ] = week
seachdaineil [ʃɛxgɪn̪ʲal] = weekly
deireadh-seachdain, ceann-seachdain = weekend
Na Seachd-Reultan = the Pleiades, the Seven Sisters
Manx (Gaelg) shiaght [ʃaːxt] = seven, septet
shiaghtoo, (yn) chiaghtoo = seventh
shiaght jeig = seventeen
shiaght jeigoo = seventeenth
shiaght filley = septuple, sevenfold
shiaghtin = week, heptagon
jerrey shiaghtin = weekend
Gaulish sextam = seven
sextametos = seventh
Proto-Brythonic *seiθ [sɛi̯θ] = seven
*seɨθβ̃ed [hwɛˈxɛːd] = seventh
Cumbric mithy, lethera, saites = seven
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) sseith, seith [sei̯θ] = seven
seithued, seythuet, seithuet = seventh
seith dyblyc, saith ddyblyg = sevenfold
seyth nyn, seyth dyn = seven persons, seven men
Welsh (Cymraeg) saith [sai̯θ] = seven, sevenpence
seithfed (7ed) [ˈsei̯θvɛd/ˈsei̯θvad] = seventh
saithdeg = seventy
saithdegau = seventies
saithdegfed = sevenieth
saithddyblyg = sevenfold
seithawd = a group of seven people or things, septet, seventh (in music)
seithblyg = sevenfold, septuple, have 7 parts or arms (candelabrum)
seithliw = seven colours, seven-coloured, iridescent
seithnyn = seven persons, seven men
seithochr = heptagon(al), septangular
Old Cornish syth = seven
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) seith, syth, sŷth = seven
seithvas, sythvas = seventh
seitag, seitek = seventeen
seithun, seithan, sythyn = week
Cornish (Kernewek) seyth [səiθ] = seven
seythves = seventh
seythen = week
seythennyek, seythednek = weekly
pennseythen = weekend
Old Breton (Brethonoc) seith = seven
Middle Breton (Brezonec) seiz, seyz = seven
seizuet, seizüet, seihuit, seizved = seventh
seizdec, seitec, seytecq, zeitec = seventeen
seitêcvèd, seitekved, zeiteget = seventeenth
sizun, syzun, sehun, siun = week
Breton (Brezhoneg) seizh [ˈxwɛx] = seven
seizhved = seventh
seitek = seventeen
seitegvet = seventeenth
sizhun = week

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥ (seven) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include seven, and words beginning with hepta-/sept(a/i)-, such as heptastyle (having 7 columns), septemplex (sevenfold), septasyllabic (having 7 syllables) and septilateral (having 7 sides) in English, and words related to seven in other Indo-European languages [source].

The Old Irish word sechtmain was borrowed from the Late Latin septimāna (week), from septimānus (related to the 7th element of a series), from the Latin septimus (7th) [source]. Words for week in Cornish and Breton probably came from the same roots.

A week in Welsh is wythnos (“8-night”), as weeks in Wales have an extra night. A weekend is penwythnos and a fortnight (2 weeks) is pythefnos (“15-night”).

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Halloween

Words for Halloween, November and related things in Celtic languages.

Happy Halloween Season Flickr!

Proto-Celtic *samonios, *samoni- = assembly, (feast of the) first month of the year
Gaulish samoni- = assembly, (feast of the) first month of the year
Old Irish (Goídelc) samain [ˈsaṽinʲ] = Halloween, November, All Saint’s Day, All Hallows, Samhain
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) samain, samḟuin = first November, the festival held on that date, All Saints’ Day, All Hallows
idchi samna = the eve of samain
Irish (Gaeilge) Samhain [sˠaunʲ/sˠəunʲ/ˈsˠãuwənʲ] = Halloween, November, All Saint’s Day, All Hallows, Samhain
Mí na Samhna = (month of) November
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Lá Samhna = first November, All Hallows
Lá Sean-Samhna = 12th November
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) Samhain [ˈsãũ.ɪn̪ʲ] = All Saints’ Day, All Souls’ Day
An t-Samhain [ən̪ tãũ.ɪn̪ʲ] = November
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
bó-Shamhna = Halloween cow (cow killed at Halloween for a winter supply of beef)
samhnag [sãũnag] = Halloween bonfire
samhnair [sãũnɛrʲ] = Halloween guiser/mummer
Manx (Gaelg) Sauin [ˈsoːɪnʲ] = November, Hollantide
Souney = All Hallow’s Day, Hollantide Day
Laa Souney = November
Mee Houney = November
Oie Houney = All Hallow’s Eve, Hallowe’en, Hollandtide Eve, Hop tu Naa
veih Sauin gys Boaldyn = long-winded (from Samhain to Beltane)
cro souney = horse chestnut

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *sem- (together, one), or from the Proto-Celtic *samo- (summer) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) callan = calends
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) callann = calends, first day of the month
Irish (Gaeilge) caileann = calends
Lá Caille = New Year’s Day
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cailindha = calends (of a month)
Manx (Gaelg) Caillyn = calends
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kalan = first day of the year, New Year’s day, first day of each month, calends
Kalan Gayaf = All hallows’ day, All Saints’ day, first of November
Welsh (Cymraeg) calan [ˈkalan/ˈkaːlan] = first day of the year, New Year’s day, first day of each month, calends
Calan Gaeaf = All hallows’ day, All Saints’ day, first of November
nos Galan Gaeaf = Halloween
calannig [kaˈlɛnɪɡ/ˈklɛnɪɡ] = gift given at New Year, (Christmas) present
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) calan = the calends, first day of the month
Calan gauav = first November
Deu halan gûav = All Saints’ Day, the calends of winter
Dydh Calan = New Year’s Day
Cornish (Kernewek) kalan = calends, first of the month
Kalan Genver = New Year’s Day
Kalan Gwav = All Hallows
Dy’ Halan Gwav = Saint Allan’s Day, Feast of Saint Allan (day of the first day of winter)
Nos Kalan Gwav = Allantide (eve of the first day of winter)
Middle Breton kaland = calends
kal, kala = first day of the month
kala-bloaz = first day of the year
kala-goañv = first November
kal-ar-goañv, Kalar goan, kal ar goañ = All Saints’ Day, first November
Breton (Brezhoneg) kala = calends, first day of the month
kala-bloaz = first day of the year
kala-goañv, Kalan Goañv = first November

Etymology: from the Vulgar Latin calandae (calends, the first day of the month) from the Latin kalendae (calends, the first day of the month), from calō (I call, announce solemnly, call out) from the Proto-Italic *kalēō from the Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (to call, summon) [source].

Words from calendar many languages, including English, come from the same roots, via the Latin calendārium (account book, debt book) [source].

Details of Celtic traditions associated with this time of year:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lá_Samhna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-tu-Naa
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-tu-Naa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gŵyl Calan Gaeaf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allantide

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Seasons

Words for seasons in Celtic languages.

Spring

Proto-Celtic *wesrakos / *wesantos = spring
Old Irish (Goídelc) errach [ˈer͈ax] = spring
Irish (Gaeilge) earrach [əˈɾˠax / ˈaɾˠəx / ˈaɾˠa(h)] = spring
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) earrach [jar̪ˠəx] = spring
Manx (Gaelg) arragh [ˈarax] = spring
Proto-Brythonic *wesantēnos = spring
Old Welsh guiannuin = spring
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwaeanhwyn / gwaeannwyn / gwannwyn = spring
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwanwyn [ˈɡwanwɨ̞n / ˈɡwanwɪn] = spring, springtime
Old Cornish guaintoin = spring
Cornish (Kernewek) gwaynten = spring
Breton (Brezhoneg) nevez-amzer = spring

Etymology, from the Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (spring) [source].

Spring Blossom / Blodau y Gwanwyn

Summer

Proto-Celtic *samos = summer
Gaulish samo- = summer
Old Irish (Goídelc) sam [saṽ] / samrad [ˈsaṽrað] = summer
Irish (Gaeilge) samhradh [ˈsˠəuɾˠə / ˈsˠəuɾˠuː / ˈsˠəuɾˠu] = summer, summer garland
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) samhradh [sãũrəɣ] = summer
Manx (Gaelg) sourey [ˈsaurə] = summer
Proto-Brythonic *haβ̃ = summer
Old Welsh ham = summer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) haf = summer
Welsh (Cymraeg) haf [haːv / haː] = summer
Old Cornish haf = summer
Cornish (Kernewek) hav = summer
Old Breton ham = summer
Middle Breton haff = summer
Breton (Brezhoneg) hañv = summer

Etymology, from the Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ó- (summer) [source].

King John's Castle / Caisleán Luimnigh

Autumn

Old Irish (Goídelc) fogamar / fogomur [ˈɡʲaṽʲrʲəð] = autumn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fogamur = harvest
Irish (Gaeilge) fómhar [ˈfˠoːɾˠ / ˈfˠoːvˠəɾˠ / ˈfˠɔːwəɾˠ] = autumn, harvest season, harvest
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) foghar [fo.ər] = autumn, harvest, (act of) harvesting
Manx (Gaelg) fouyr = harvets, autumn
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) heduref / heduueref = autumn
possibly from hydd (stag) &‎ bref (bellow)
Welsh (Cymraeg) hydref [ˈhədrɛ(v) / ˈhədra] = autumn, period of full maturity, rutting season, mating time
Cornish (Kernewek) hedra / kynnyay / kydnyadh = autumn
Breton (Brezhoneg) here / kozhamzer / diskar-amzer = autumn

Etymology (Goidelic languages), from the Proto-Celtic *wo-gamur (under winter) from *gamur (winter) [source].

autumn falls...

Winter

Proto-Celtic *gyemos / *gamur = winter
Gaulish giamos = winter (personal name)
Primitive Irish ᚌᚐᚋᚔ- (gami/gen) = winter
Old Irish (Goídelc) gam / gaim = winter, winter storm
gaimred [ˈɡʲaṽʲrʲəð] = winter
Irish (Gaeilge) geimhreadh [ˈɟiːɾʲə / ˈɟiːvʲɾʲə / ˈɟɛvʲɾʲu] = winter
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geamhradh [gʲãũrəɣ] = winter
Manx (Gaelg) geurey [ˈɡʲeurə / ˈɡʲuːrə] = winter
Old Welsh gaem = winter
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gayaf = winter
Welsh (Cymraeg) gaeaf [ˈɡeɨ̯av / ˈɡei̯av] = winter
Old Cornish goyf = winter
Cornish (Kernewek) gwav / gwâv = winter
Old Breton guoiam = winter
Middle Breton gouaff = winter
Breton (Brezhoneg) goañv [ˈɡwãw / ˈɡwã] = winter

Etymology, from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (winter, year, frost, snow) [source].

Coed efo eira arno

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

The names of the seasons, days and seasons in Celtic languages

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek

Days

Words for day and related things in Celtic languages.

Days in Celtic languages

Proto-Celtic *dīyos = day
*gdijes = yesterday
*noxt-yēr- = yesterday evening, last night
*se-diwos = today
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Old Irish (Goídelc) día [dʲiːa̯] = day
indé = yesterday
irráir [əˈɾʲeːɾʲ] = yesterday evening, last night
indiu = today
innocht = tonight
i mbárach = tomorrow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) día = day
indé = yesterday
irráir = the time before dawn, last night
indiu = today, the present time
innocht = tonight
i mbárach = tomorrow
Irish (Gaeilge) dia [dʲiə] = day
arú inné = the day before yesterday
inné [əˈn̠ʲeː] = yesterday
aréir [əˈɾʲeːɾʲ] = yesterday evening, last night
inniu [əˈn̠ʲʊ / ɪˈn̠ʲʊv] = today
anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
amárach [əˈmˠaːɾˠəx] = tomorrow
arú amárach = the day after tomorrow
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dia [dʲiə] = day
a’ bhòin-dè [əˈvoːn̪ʲdʲe] = the day before yesterday
an-dè [ən̠ʲ’dʲeː] = yesterday
a-raoir [əˈrɤirʲ] = yesterday evening, last night
an-diugh [əɲˈdʲu] = today
a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
a-màireach [əˈmaːrʲəx] = tomorrow
an-earar [ən̪ʲˈɛrər] = the day after tomorrow
Manx (Gaelg) je/jy = day
arroo y jea = the day before yesterday
jea = yesterday
riyr = yesterday evening, last night
jiu = today, nowadays
noght = tonight
mairagh = tomorrow
moghrey (ny) mairagh = tomorrow morning
oie ny vairagh = tomorrow night
n(h)uyr, laa ny nuyr = the day after tomorrow
Proto-Brythonic *dið = day, daytime
*hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh did = day
heddiw = today
henoid = tonight
yfory = tomorrow
trennid = (on) the day after tomorrow, in two days time
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dit, dyd = day
echtoe, echdoe = the day before yesterday
doe, does = yesterday
neithuir, neithwyr, neithiwyr, naithwyr = yesterday evening, last night
heddiw, hediw, hetiv = today
heno = tonight
auory, a vory, y uory, yfory = tomorrow
drenyd, trenhyd, drennydd = (on) the day after tomorrow, in two days time
trannoeth, dranoeth = (on) the following day, three days hence
Welsh (Cymraeg) dydd [dɨːð / diːð] = day, time of daylight, light
echdoe = the day before yesterday
echnos = the night before last
ddoe [ðoːɨ̯ / ðɔi̯] = yesterday
neithiwr [ˈnei̯θjʊr / ˈnei̯θjʊr] = yesterday evening, last night
heddiw [ˈhɛðɪu̯ / ˈheːðɪu̯] = today
heno [ˈhɛnɔ / ˈheːnɔ] = tonight
yfory [əˈvɔrɨ / əˈvoːri] = tomorrow
trennydd = (on) the day after tomorrow, in two days time
ail trannoeth, ail drannoeth = the day after tomorrow
trannoeth = (on) the following day, three days hence
Old Cornish det = day
doy = yesterday
hetheu = today
aurorou = tomorrow
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dydh, dedh = day
de = yesterday
neiheur, neheur = yesterday evening, last night
hedhyw, hydhew, hithu, hithou, hithyou = today
haneth = tonight
avorow [əˈvɔɾoʊ] = tomorrow
trenja = the day after tomorrow
Cornish (Kernewek) dydh [diːð] = day
dygynsete = the day before yesterday
de = yesterday
de vyttin = yesterday morning
nyhewer = yesterday evening, last night
hedhyw = today
haneth = tonight
a-vorow [əˈvɔɾoʊ] = tomorrow
trenja = the day after tomorrow
Midlde Breton (Brezonec) deiz, dez = day
dec’hm dech, déh = yesterday
neizheur, neizhour, neyzor, neizour / dec’h da noz, deac’h da noz, déh de noz = yesterday evening, last night
hiziv, hidiv, hiniv, hyzium hyziou = today
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
(w)arc’hoazh, oarhoaz, varc’hoaz, warc’hoâ [war.ˈɣwɑːs] = tomorrow
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) deiz [ˈdɛj / ˈdɛjs / ˈdeː] = day
dec’h = yesterday
neizheur / dec’h da noz = yesterday evening, last night
hiziv = today
henoazh = tonight
(w)arc’hoazh [war.ˈɣwɑːs] = tomorrow
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology (day): from the Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (to be bright, sky, heaven) [source].

Etymology (tomorrow): from the Proto-Celtic bāregos (morning), either from *bā-rigos (cow-tying), or from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-h₃reǵos (light-extending) [source].

Proto-Celtic *latyom = day
Old Irish (Goídelc) [l̪ˠaː], laithe = day
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) = day
Irish (Gaeilge) [l̪ˠɑː / l̪ˠæː] = day, daytime; current time; lifetime; point of time
lá breithe = birthday
lá saoire = holiday
an meán lae = midday, noon
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) latha [l̠ˠa.a] = day
an latha an-diugh = the present day, contemporary
beul an latha = early morning
briseadh an latha = daybreak, dawn
ceann-là = date (in calendar), closing date, deadline
co-là-breith = birthday
là-breith = nativity, date of birth, birthday
latha-saor, saor-là = holiday, vacation
leabhar-latha = diary, journal
meadhan-latha = midday, noon
Manx (Gaelg) laa [leː / laː] = day, daytime
brishey laa = dawn
laa bleeaney = anniversary
laa jerinagh = deadline
laa ruggyr(ee) = birthday
laa seyr = day off, holiday
lioar laa = diary, journal

Etymology from the Proto-Indo-European *leh₁t- (warm part of the year) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

The names of the months (and days and seasons) in Celtic languages

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Weeks

Words for week and related words in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) sechtmain = week
Irish (Gaeilge) seachtain [ˈʃaxt̪ˠənʲ] = week
an tseachtain seo caite = last week
an tseachtain seo = this week
an tseachtain seo chugainn = next week
deireadh seachtaine = weekend
coicís = fortnight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) seachdain [ʃɛxgɛn̪ʲ] = week
an t-seachdain sa chaidh = last week
an t-seachdain-sa = this week
an ath-sheachdain = next week
deireadh-seachdain / ceann-seachdain = weekend
cola-deug = fortnight
Manx (Gaelg) shiaghtin = week
yn çhiaghtyn s’jerree, yn çhiaghtyn shoh chaie = last week
yn çhiaghtin shoh = this week
yn çhiaghtin er giyn, yn çhiaghtin shoh çheet = next week
jerrey shiaghtin = weekend
kegeesh = fortnight
Welsh (Cymraeg) wythnos [ˈʊɨ̯θnɔs / ˈʊi̯θnɔs] = week
yr wythnos diwetha(f) = last week
yr wythnos hon = this week
yr wythnos nesa(f) = next week
penwythnos = weekend
pythefnos = fortnight
Cornish (Kernewek) seythen [ˈsəiθən] = week
an seythen diwettha = last week
an seythen ma = this week
an seythen nessa = next week
pennseythen [pɛnsəiθən] = weekend
hanter-mis = fortnight
Breton (Brezhoneg) sizhun [ˈsiː.zỹn] = week
ar sizhun diwezhañ = last week
ar sizhun-mañ = this week
ar sizhun nesañ = next week
diben-sizhun = weekend
pemzektez = fortnight

Weeks in Celtic languages

Etymology (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx): from the Late Latin septimāna (week), from the Latin septimus (seventh) [source]. The Cornish and Breton words are also related to seven.

Etymology (wythnos): from wyth (eight) and nos (night) – so a week in Welsh has eight nights, counting from midnight on Saturday to the following Saturday night.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

The names of the months, days and seasons in Celtic languages

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Globse

Months

Words for month in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *mīns = month
Old Irish (Goídelc) mi = month
Irish (Gaeilge) [mʲiː] = month
an mhí seo cáite = last month
an mhí seo = this month
an mhí seo chugainn = next month
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mìos [miəs] = month
a’ mhìos sa chaidh = last month
a’ mhìos seo = this month
an ath-mhìos = next month
Manx (Gaelg) mee [miː] = month
yn vee shoh chaie = last month
yn vee sho = this month
yn vee shoh çheet = next month
Proto-Brythonic *mis = month
Welsh (Cymraeg) mis [miːs / miːs / miːʃ] = month, oestrus
y mis diwedda(f) = last month
y mis hwn = this month
y mis nesa(f) = next month
Cornish (Kernewek) mis = month
Breton (Brezhoneg) miz = month
ar miz diwezhañ = last month
ar miz-mañ = this month
ar miz kentañ = next month

Etymology (month): possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (moon, month) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

The names of the months (and days and seasons) in Celtic languages

Months in Celtic languages

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek

Years

Words for year and related things in Celtic languages.

Thames Festival fireworks

Proto-Celtic *blēdanī / *bleido = year
*ɸeruti = last year
*se-blidnī = this year
Old Irish (Goídelc) blíadaín = year
uraid [ˈurəðʲ], urid, innurid = last year
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bliadain = year
bliadnach = full of years, long-lived
blíadnaide = year-old, yearling
blíadnamail = yearly, by or for the year
Irish (Gaeilge) bliain [bʲlʲiənʲ] = year
bliainiris = annual, year-book
blianacht = annuity
bliantóg = annual
bliantúil = yearly, annual
anuraidh [əˈn̪ˠɔɾˠə] = last year
i mbliana = this year
an bhliain seo chugainn = next year
athbliain / An Bhliain Nua/Úr = (the) New Year
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bliadhna [bliən̪ˠə] = year, vintage
bliadhnach = yearling
bliadhnachan = annual (a book published yearly)
bliadhnail = annual, yearly
an-uiridh [ˈurəðʲ] = last year
am bliadhna [əm’bliən̪ˠə] = this year
(an) athbhliadhna [(ə’n̪ˠ)aflɪn̪ʲ] = next year
athbliain / A’ Bhliadhna Ùr = (the) New Year
Manx (Gaelg) blein [blʲeːnʲ / blʲiᵈn] = year, twelvemonth
bleinoil = annual, yearly
bleeanagh = annual
bleeanaght = annuity
bleeaney = anniversary, of a year
nurree = last year
mleeaney = this year
yn vlein ry heet, yn vlein shoh çheet = next year
Nollick Veg, Yn Vlein Noa = New Year
Old Welsh bloidin = year
Middle Welsh (Kymreac) blydyn, bluitinet, bluydyned = year
bluyd, blwyd = year (of age)
Welsh (Cymraeg) blwyddyn [ˈblʊɨ̯ðɨ̞n / ˈblʊi̯ðɪn] = year, a long time, ages; lifetime, life
blwydd [bluːɨ̯ð / blʊi̯ð] = year (of age), twelve months (old), birthday, yearling
penblwydd = birthday
llynedd [ˈɬənɛð] = last year
eleni [ɛˈlɛnɪ / ɛˈleːni] = this year
blwyddyn nesaf = next year
blwyddyn Newydd = New Year
Old Cornish bliþen = year
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bledhan, bledhen, bledhyn, blidhen, blythen = year
bloth = year (of age)
Cornish (Kernewek) bledhen = year
bloodh = year (of age)
warlena / warleni = last year
hevlena / hevleni = this year
nessa bledhen = next year
Bledhen Nowydh = New Year
Old Breton blidan, bliden = year
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bliz(i)enn, bliz(i)en, blidan = year
bloavez(h), bloazuez = year
bloavezhiek = annual
bloaz = year (of age)
bloazañ = to date
bloaziadur = annual, year-book
Breton (Brezhoneg) bloavezh = year
bloaz = year (of age)
bloaziadur = annual, year-book
bloazieg = annual journal
bloaziek = annual
bloaziekaat = to annualize
ar bloaz a zeu = last year
hevlene = this year
ar bloaz tremen(et) / paseet = next year
kala-bloaz = New Year

Etymology (year): possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰloyd- (pale) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include бледный (pale) in Russian, бледен (pale, pallied, insignificant) in Bulgarian, and bledý (pale) in Czech [source].

Etymology (last year – Goidelic languages): from the Proto-Indo-European *péruti (last year) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Athbhliain faoi mhaise duit, Bliadhna mhath ùr, Blein Vie Noa, Blwyddyn newydd dda, Bledhen Nowydh Da, Bloavezh mat, Happy New Year!

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Time & Weather

Words for time and weather in Celtic languages.

DUBLIN

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ammen-, *amo- = time
Old Irish (Goídelc) amm = time
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) amm = time, point of time
Irish (Gaeilge) am [aumˠ / ɑːmˠ / amˠ] = time, point of time, occasion, usual, due, proper, opportune, season, period
am ar bith = at any time
ó am go ham = from time to time
amadóir = timepiece, timer
amchlár, clár ama = time-table
amchrios = time zone
amscála = time scale
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àm [ãũm/amə] = time, occasion, period
àm air bith = whenever
àm-latha = daytime
àm nam pòg = honeymoon (“time of kissing”)
Manx (Gaelg) am = time
ec yn am = in the nick of time

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂etmn̥ (wandering), from *h₂et- (to go), which is also the root of words such as annual in English, an(née) (year) in French and año (year, age) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *amsterā = time, moment
Old Irish (Goídelc) aimser [ˈamʲsʲer] = time, age, period, season
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) aimser [ˈamʲɕər] = point of time, period of time, span, spell, period, age, epoch, season. weather
aimseradt = period, duration
aimserdae = belonging to time, temporal
Irish (Gaeilge) aimsir [ˈamʲʃəɾʲ / ˈæːmʲʃəɾʲ] = mind, mental state, disposition, attention, spirits, intention, accord
aimseartha = temporal
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aimsir [ɛmɛʃɪrʲ] = climate, weather, season, era, time, reign
aimsireil [ɛmɛʃɪrʲal] = of this world, temporal
Manx (Gaelg) emshir [ˈɛmʃər] = weather, weather conditions, tense, time
Old Welsh amser = time
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) amser [ˈamser] = time
amserav = to time, date
amserawl, amseraỽl = timely
Welsh (Cymraeg) amser [ˈamsɛr / ˈamsar] = time, occasion, date, opportunity
amseraf, amseru = to time, date, occur, come to pass
amseriad = date, a timing, time, tempo (in music)
amserlen = timetable
amserlin = timeline, schedule
amsernod = noteworty, epoch, period, era, time signature
amserol = timely, well-timed, topical, seasonable, opportune, suitable, temporal, transient, temporary
amserolder = timeliness, seasonableness
Old Cornish anser = time
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) amser = time
Cornish (Kernewek) amser = (grammatical) tense
amseryow = menstruation, period
Middle Breton (Brezonec) amser, amzer = time, weather
Breton (Brezhoneg) amzer [ˈãm.zɛr] = time, weather
amzeran, amzerañ = to delay, to fix (in time)
amzereg = timer
amzeroni = chronology
amzervezh = time, era

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂meh₁- (to mow, reap, harvest), from Proto-Celtic *amm (time) – see above [source].

Proto-Celtic *trātu = time, hour
Old Irish (Goídelc) tráth [traːθ] = time, hour, period (of time)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tráth [traːθ] = period of time, hour, point in time, day
tráthach = timely
tráthamail = timely
Irish (Gaeilge) tráth [t̪ˠɾˠɑː / t̪ˠɾˠæː] = hour, time, occasion, day, period
tráthaí = person who keeps regular hours
tráthchlár = timetable
tráthchuid = instalment
tráthnóna = afternoon, evening (up to nightfall)
tráthrialta = at regular times, regularly, punctually
tráthúil = timely, opportune, apt, felicitous, witty
tráthúlacht = timeliness, opportuneness, aptness, wittiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tràth [traː] = time, meal, (grammatical) tense, when, phrase, season
Manx (Gaelg) traa = duration, time, period, occasion, tempo
Proto-Brythonic *trọd = course, voyage
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) traỽt, traỽd, trawt, trawd = course, way, journey, career, movement, gait, assault, attack
Welsh (Cymraeg) trawd, trawdd = course, way, journey, career, movement, gait, assault, attack
trawenaf, trawenu = to go (over/through), cross, travel
Cornish (Kernewek) trad = trade, way

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (to cross over, pass through, overcome) [source]. Words from the same roots include enter, term, terminal, thorough, through and transaction in English, and tarddu (to emerge, sprout, explode) in Welsh [source].

Proto-Celtic *kʷritus = time, movement, shape, magical transformation
Old Irish (Goídelc) cruth [kruθ] / crud [kruð] = form, shape, manner, way
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cruth = form, shape, appearance, shapeliness
cruthach = shapely, fair, beautiful
cruthaid = to create, form
cruthaigidir = to create, shape, form, produce
cruthmar = shapely
Irish (Gaeilge) cruth [kɾˠʊ(h)] = shape, appearance, state, condition, manner, mode
cruthach = shapely
cruthaigh = to create, form, prove
cruthaíocht = shape, appearance, good physique
cruthaitheach = creative
cruthú = creation, proof, testimony
cruthúil = shapely, beautiful, likely, plausible
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cruth [kruh] = form, shape, figure
cruthach [kruhəx] = real, shapely, well-formed
cruthachadh [kruhəxəɣ] = (act of) creating, creation, (act of) forming
cruthachas [kruhəxəs] = creativity
cruthachd [kruhəxg] = form, complexion, creation
cruthadair [kruhədɪrʲ] = creator
Manx (Gaelg) croo = shape, appearance, format, coinage, creation, create, coining, form, build
crooaghey = shape
crootagh = creative, creator
crootaght = creativity
Proto-Brythonic *prɨd = shape, form
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pryd, prid, pryt = sight, appearance
prydu, prydaf = to compose poetry
prydaw = beautiful, lovely
prydfawr, pryduawr = very beautiful or graceful, splendid, inspired
pryduerth, prytuerth = beautiful, splendid, handsome, fine, fair, seemly, decent
Welsh (Cymraeg) pryd [prɨːd / priːd] = sight, appearance, aspect, complexion, colouring, face, shape, form, comeliness, beauty
prydaf, prydu = to compose poetry, versify, write (a poem), to devise, compose
prydaw = beautiful, lovely
prydfawr = very beautiful or graceful, splendid, inspired
prydferth = beautiful, splendid, handsome, fine,
fair, seemly, decent
prydferthaf, prydferthu = to make beautiful, beautify, grace, adorn, embellish, flourish
Proto-Celtic *kʷritus = time, movement, shape, magical transformation
Proto-Brythonic *prɨd = time
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pryt, pryd = time. occasion, period, season
Welsh (Cymraeg) pryd [prɨːd / priːd] = time, occasion, period, season, day, meal(time), when, while
prydlon = punctual, prompt, timely, seasonable; suitable, appropriate, proper
prydlondeb, prydlonder, prydlonedd = punctuality, timeliness, seasonableness
pryd(i)ol = timely, seasonable, punctual
Old Cornish prit = hour, time
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) prys, prês, preys = a stated time, a while, time, season, mealtime, a meal
Cornish (Kernewek) prys = season, time, while
prysweyth = instant, occasion
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pret = moment
Breton (Brezhoneg) pred = moment, meal
predadenn = (good) meal

Etymology (of both the above words): from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (to do, make, build). Words from the same roots include Britain, Brittany and karma in English, and words for cauldron in Celtic languages [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywyd = weather
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywydd [ˈtəu̯.ɨ̞ð / ˈtəu̯.ɪð] = weather, bad or stormy weather
tywyddiant = meterology
tywyddol = pertaining to the weather
Cornish (Kernewek) tewedh = storm
tewedha = to weather

Etymology: unknown

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic