Nights

A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night
Irish (Gaeilge) oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve
anoíche = late hour of night
meánoíche = midnight
oíchí = nocturnal, nightly
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve
oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night
oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal
oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve
oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve
adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night
Manx (Gaelg) oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening
oieagh = nocturnal
oieoil = nightly
Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa
Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve
Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve
Proto-Brythonic *exuɨð = night (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat
Welsh (Cymraeg) echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ewhe = evening
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest
ehoazaff = to day a midday rest
Breton (Brezhoneg) ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta
ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest
ec’hoaziad = siesta
ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta

Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [source], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [source].

Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [source].

Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu- = night (?)
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Gaulish nox = night (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Irish (Gaeilge) anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
Manx (Gaelg) noght = tonight
Proto-Brythonic *hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nos = night
henoid = tonight
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nos = night
nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night)
nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night
nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Welsh (Cymraeg) nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil
nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night)
nosaidd = nightlike
nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
noson = evening, night
noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Old Cornish nos = night
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nos, nôs = night
haneth = tonight
Cornish (Kernewek) nos = night
nosweyth = night-time, at night
noswiker = smuggler
haneth = tonight
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nos = night
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nos = night
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) noz [ˈnoːs] = night
noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark
nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night
nozik = a little dark
henoazh = tonight
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [source].

Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [source]

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Benches

Words for bench and related things in Celtic languages.

Penmaenpool

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) beinnse, beinse, béinse, beindsi = bench, table, the Judicial Bench
Irish (Gaeilge) binse [ˈbʲiːnʲʃə] = bench, seat, the Bench, bank, ledge
binseoir = bencher
binsín = little bench, little bunch of rushes
binse breithimh = judge’s bench, tribunal
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) being [beiŋʲgʲ] = bench, form
being-aghaidh = front bench
being-chùil = back bench
being-dhùbhlain = opposition bench
Manx (Gaelg) bink = bench, base
bink obbree = workbench
bink saaue = sawbench
bink ny bingey = jury box
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bainc, meink, meinc = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench
Welsh (Cymraeg) mainc, maing, bainc, baing [mai̯ŋk, mai̯ŋg, bai̯ŋk, bai̯ŋg] = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench; seat of judge or justice, court of law, bench of judges or magistrates, throne
mainc flaen = front bench (in parliament)
mainciau cefn = back benches (in parliament)
meinciwr cefn = back-bencher
meincia(i)d = benchful, bank (of oars)
meincnod = bench-mark
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) benc, vync = bench
Cornish (Kernewek) bynk, benk = bench, platform, workbench
Breton (Brezhoneg) menk [mɛɲk] = stone bench

Etymology (Irish): from Middle English bench (bench), from Old English benċ, bænc [bentʃ] (bench), from Proto-West-Germanic *banki (bench), from Proto-Germanic *bankiz [ˈbɑŋ.kiz] (a raised surface, bulge, hillock, slope, bench) the Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (to bend, curve, arch) [source].

The Scottish Gaelic word comes from Scots bink (bench, bank, hob), from Middle English bench, etc. The Manx word possibly comes from the same roots [source].

The Welsh words come directly from Old English benċ [source].

Words from the same PIE root include back, bank and bench in English, banc (bench, bank, shoal) in French, bank (bench, couch, sofa) in Dutch, Bank (bench, workbench, bank) in German, and bänk (bench, workbench, desk, worktop) in Swedish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) sceimel = rampart, protective covering
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sceimel, sgeimheal = cover, protective roof covering, roof, wall, rampart
Irish (Gaeilge) sceimheal = eaves, projecting rim, flange, outer, encircling wall, rampart
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgibheal = eaves (of a roof)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) yscauelh, ysgavell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave
Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)sgafell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave
Old Cornish scamell = bench, stool
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scavel = bench, stool
Cornish (Kernewek) skavel = stool
skavel droos = footstool
skavel gronek = mushroom, toadstool
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scabell, scabel, scabeu = stool
Breton (Brezhoneg) skaoñ, skabell [ˈskoːãn / ˈskɑː.bɛl] = stool, stepladder
skabeller = chair maker

Etymology: from Latin scabellum (footstool, a kind of percussion instrument played by the foot,), from scamnum (stool, step, bench, stool, ridge), from *scabnum, from Proto-Italic *skaβnom, from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ-no-m, from *skabʰ- (to hold up, support). [source].

Words from the same roots include sgabello (stool, footstool) in Italian, escabel (footrest, footstool) in Spanish, escabeau (step ladder) in French, shamble(s) in English, and Schemel (footstool, stool) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis


Bishops

A post about words for bishop in Celtic languages.

bishops

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) epscop [ˈebskob] = bishop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) epscop, espoc, escop = bishop, episcopus, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) easpag [ˈɑsˠpˠəɡ / ˈæsˠpˠəɡ / ˈɑsˠpˠək] = bishop
easpagóideach = episcopal
easpagóideacht = bishopric, episcopacy
ardeaspag = archbishop
ardeaspagóideacht = archbishopric
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) easbaig [esbɪgʲ] = bishop
easbaigeach [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopal
easbaigeachd [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopacy, bishop’s see, bishopric
àrd-easbaig / prìomh-easbaig [aːr̪ˠd esbɪgʲ] = archbishop
Manx (Gaelg) aspick, aspit = bishop, prelate
aspickagh = bishop, diocesan, Episcopalian
aspickys = bishopric, diocese, see
ard-aspick = archbishop, primate
fo-aspick = suffragan
Proto-Brythonic *eskob = bishop
Old Welsh (Kembraec) escop = bishop
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) esgob, escip, escyp, esgyb = bishop, prelate, overseer
escobaeth, escopaeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate
esgobaut, escobot, esgobot, esgobavt = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate
escopty, esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese
archescyp, archescop, archescyb, archesgyb, archescob = archbishop
Welsh (Cymraeg) esgob [ˈɛskɔb] = bishop
esgob(i)aeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate
esgobaethu = to perform the duties of a bishop
esgob(i)aethol = pertaining to a bishopric, diocesan, containing a cathedral, episcopal, episcopalian
esgobaidd = bishop-like, episcopal
esgobawd, esgobod = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate
esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese
archesgob = archbishop, primate, metropolitan
Old Cornish escop = bishop
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) escop, epscop = bishop
Cornish (Kernewek) epskop, epskobes = bishop
epskobeth = bishopric
arghepskop = archbishop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) eskop = bishop
Breton (Brezhoneg) eskob [ˈeskop] = bishop, plough pin
eskobaj = episcopate
eskobel = episcopal
eskobelezh = episcopacy
eskopti [esˈkop.ti] = bishopric, diocese, episcopal palace
arc’heskob [arˈɣeskop] = archbishop

Etymology: from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos – overseer), from ἐπί (epí – over) and σκοπός (skopós – watcher, lookout, guardian). Words from the same roots include episcopal in English, évêque (bishop) in French, episcopo (bishop) in Italian, epíscopo (bishop) in Portuguese, peshkop (bishop, bookworm) in Albanian, and piskopos (bishop) in Turkish [source].

The English word bishop also comes from same roots, via Middle English bischop (bishop), Old English bisċop (bishop) from Proto-West-Germanic *biskop (bishop), from Vulgar Latin (e)biscopus (bishop), from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), etc. [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Cressy

Words for cress, watercress, and related things in Celtic languages.

Watercress

Watercress is a perennial European herb, Nasturtium officinale, that grows in freshwater streams; used in salads and as a garnish, or a similar plant, Nasturtium microphyllum [source].

Cress is a plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic. [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *beruros = watercress
Gaulish berula = cress
Old Irish (Goídelc) birar = watercress
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) birar, biror, bilar, bilur = watercress
biolar Mhuire = brooklime
biolar tragha = scurvy-grass
birarán = clean-topped cress
Irish (Gaeilge) biolar [ˈbʲul̪ˠəɾˠ/ˈbʲɨlˠəɾˠ] = cress, watercress
biolrach = cressy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) biolair [bjul̪ʲɪrʲ] = cress, especially watercress
biolaireach = pertaining to or abouding in watercress
Manx (Gaelg) burley = cress, watercress
Proto-Brythonic *berur = cress (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) berwr, berỽr, berw = cress, watercress
Welsh (Cymraeg) berwr, berw = cress, watercress
Old Cornish beler = watercress
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) beler = watercress
Cornish (Kerneweg) beleren = cress
beleren dhowr = watercress
Old Breton (Brethonog) beror = cress, watercress
Middle Breton (Brezonec) beler = cress, watercress
Breton (Brezhoneg) beler [ˈbeː.lɛr] = cress, watercress
belereg / belerid = watercress bed
belerek = abounding in watercress

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic berus (spring, well), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (to boil, brew), or from PIE *bʰréh₁wr̥ (spring, source). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *berulā and Latin berula (a herb: bittercress or waterparsnip) include berle (water parsnip) in French, Berle (water parsnip) in German, and berro (cress, watercress) in Spanish and Galician [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Spindly Axles

Words for axle, axis and related things in Celtic languages.

axles

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *akslā, *aksilā, *axsilā = axis
Old Irish (Goídelc) ais = back, hinder part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ais = back, hinder part
Irish (Gaeilge) ais [aʃ/æʃ/ɛʃ] = back
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aiseal [aʃəl̪ˠ] = axle(-tree), axis
Manx (Gaelg) essyl = axle, axis
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) echel, achel = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
Welsh (Cymraeg) echel [ˈɛχɛl/ˈeːχɛl] = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
echelu = to furnish with an axle, place on an axle
echelbin = linch-pin
echelin = axis, axial, axile
Cornish (Kernewek) aghel = axle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ahel, aël = axle
Breton (Brezhoneg) ahel [ˈɑ(h)ː.ɛl] = axle
ahelan = to centre sth on, to pin (together)
ahelek = axial

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *axsi- (back), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (axis), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: axis and axle in English, as (axis) in Dutch, Achse (axis, axle) in German, ais (board, plank) in French, and eje (axis, axle, shaft, spindle, core, heart, hub) in Spanish [source].

Asciano Drop Spindle

Proto-Celtic *u̯ert-iti-, *u̯er-t- = to turn
Old Irish (Goídelc) fertas = axle, spindle, shaft, rung, ridge, bank
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fertas, fersat = shaft, spoke, axle, shaft, axletree, swingletree
Irish (Gaeilge) fearsaid [ˈfʲaɾˠsˠədʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle(-tree), passage, piece of poetry, verse, ditty
fearsaideach = shafted, spindly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fearsad, feairisid [fjar̪ˠsəd, fɛr̪ʃɪdʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle, rung, spoke, track, rut, sandbar, ripple mark (in sand at low tide)
Manx (Gaelg) fess = spindle
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guerthyt, gwerthyt = spindle, axle, shaft
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwerthyd = spindle, axle, shaft, rung, stave
gwerthydu = to furnish with a spindle or axle, to fashion like a spindle
gwerthydaid = spindleful of yarn
gwerthydwr = spindle-maker
Old Cornish gurhthit = spindle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gurthid, gurhthit, gurthyd = spindle
Cornish (Kernewek) gwerthys = bobbin, cage, spindle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guirtit, guirtitou = spindle, axis
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guerzit = spindle, axis
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwerzhid [ˈɡwɛrzit] = spindle, axis

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wértti (to be turning around), from *wert- (to turn, rotate) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: verse, version, versus, vertebra, vertical, vortex, wierd and worth in English, worden (to become, get, grow, turn) in Dutch, and werden (will, be going to) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *molos = grinder
Old Irish (Goídelc) mol = axle (for a mill-wheel), shaft
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mol, moil, muil = axle, shaft (of a mill-wheel)
Irish (Gaeilge) mol [mˠɔl̪ˠ / mˠʌlˠ] = hub, shaft, pivot, nave, Pole, top, crown
Mol Thuaid = North Pole
Mol Theas = South Pole
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mul [mul̪ˠ] = axis, axle-tree
Manx (Gaelg) moll = nave

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *molh₂ós, from *melh₂- (to grind, crush) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: Mjollnir (Thor’s hammer), mallet, meal, mill, millet, molar, and mull in English, Mühle (mill, grinder) in German, milho (maize, corncob) in Portuguese, and mijo (millet) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Gorse & Furze

Words for furze, gorse, whin and related things in Celtic languages.

Gorse / Eithin

Gorse is an evergreen shrub, of the genus Ulex, having thorns, spiny leaves, and yellow flowers, also known as furze or whin [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *axtīnos = furze, gorse
Old Irish (Goídelc) aittenn = furze, gorse
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) aittenn, aiten, aittiun, aitend = furze, gorse
aittnech = furze-like
Irish (Gaeilge) aiteann [ˈætʲən̪ˠ] = furze, gorse, whin
aiteannach = furze, gorse, whins
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aiteann [ahdʲən̪ˠ] = (common) gorse, whin, furze, juniper
aiteannach [ahdʲən̪ˠəx] = place where junipers grow, clump of junipers, pertaining to junipers
Manx (Gaelg) aadjin = gorse
aittin = furse, gorse, whin
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) eithin = gorse, furze, whin
eithinauc, eithinoc, eithinog = full of gorse, furzy, prickly, gorse land
Welsh (Cymraeg) eithin = gorse, furze, whin
eithino = to place furze on top of walls to prevent sheep, etc, from breaking through
eithinog = full of gorse, furzy, prickly, gorse land
llwyn eithin = gorse bush
tân eithin = gorse firse, flash in the pan
aith = furze, gorse
Old Cornish eythinen = furze, gorse
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) eithin, eythinen = furze, gorse
Cornish (Kernewek) eythinen = furze, gorse
Old Breton (Brethonoc) ethin = furze, gorse
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ethin = furze, gorse

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱstis, from *h₂eḱ- (sharp) [source]. Words from the same roots include acid, acute, astute, cute, eager, edge, ear and hear in English, egge (skewed, sharp side, edge, corner) in Dutch, Ecke (corner, edge, region, area, neighbourhood) in German, and aaja (large, wide, board) in Finnish [source].

In Welsh, a dob is an implement for cutting or chopping gorse.

Irish (Gaeilge) conasg = furze, gorse, whin (?)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) conas(g), coineas [kɔnəs(g)/kɔ̪nʲəs] = (common) gorse, whin, furze
conasgach [kɔnəsgəx] = pertaining to or abounding in gorse/whin/furze
Manx (Gaelg) conney = gorse, firewood, combustible, fuel, money
conney frangagh = furze, gorse, whin
conney freoaie = heather

Etymology: uncertain [source].

A word for gorse, furze or whin in Breton is lann, which comes from Middle Breton lann, from Old Breton lann, possibly from Proto-Brythonic *llann (land, area, sacred place), from Proto-Celtic *landā (land), from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (land, heath). It appears in place names such as Landaol, Landagroez, Landnarvili and Landudeg, and may be related to the Welsh word llan (church, parish). See the Celtiadur post about Land, Parishes & Enclosures for more details.

Here’s a Welsh folk song, Gwcw Fach (Little Cuckoo), which mentions eithin. It’s played by some my friends of mine – Irfan Rais on bouzouki, Meinir Olwen on cello and Joshua Smith on mandolin.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Original Pedigree

Words for origin, basis, nobility and related things in Celtic languages.

Bigglesworth eat your heart out

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bonusedom = lineage, pedigree, origin
Old Irish (Goídelc) bunad = basis, origin, stock
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bunad, bonadh, búnad = origin, basis, source, stock
bunadach, bunadhach = belonging to the original stock
bunadas, bunus = origin, source
bunatta, bunata = original, basic, permanent
Irish (Gaeilge) bunadh [ˈbˠʊn̪ˠə] = origin, stock, kind, native inhabitants, original, fundamental, basic, base
bunaigh = to found, establish
bunaíoch = primitive
bunaíocht = establishment
bunús = origin, basis, substance, essence, wealth, majority
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bunadh [bunəɣ] = origin, stock, rock, foundation
Manx (Gaelg) bunneydagh = basic, elemental, fundamental, original, primitive, radical
bunneydys = basis, foundation, groundwork, origin, root
Proto-Brythonic *bonheð = ?
Old Welsh (Kembraec) boned, bonhed = nobility, nobleness, noble, descent, lingeage, pedigree
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) boned, bonhed = nobility, nobleness, noble, descent, lingeage, pedigree
bon(h)edigeid, bonhedigeit = noble, aristocratic, honourable, gracious, kind, gentle, courteous, polite
bonedigeidrwyd = nobility, nobleness, aristocracy, gentility, chivalry, courtesy
bonhedyc, bonhedic, bonheddig = noble, aristocratic
Welsh (Cymraeg) bonedd = nobility, nobleness, noble, descent, lineage, pedigree
boneddigaidd = noble, aristocratic, honourable, gracious, kind, gentle, courteous, polite
boneddigeiddrwydd = nobility, nobleness, aristocracy, gentility, chivalry, courtesy
bonheddig = noble, aristocratic
bonheddu = to ennoble, dignify
bonheddes = lady, Lady
bonheddwr = nobleman, gentleman, aristocrat

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *bonus (base) + *sedom (seat, sitting) – see also the posts Foundations and Peace and Fairies, and for other words related to nobles, princes, chiefs, etc, see the post Leader in Chief.

Old Irish (Goídelc) cepp = block, (tree) stump
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cepp, cip, cep = tree-stump, log, block, anvil-block genealogical stock, ancestor
ceppach, cepach, cepaig = piece of ground where trees have been felled, slaughter
ceppaid = to shape, form, fashion, confine, restrict
ceppdae = inert
Irish (Gaeilge) ceap [capˠ] = stock, block, base, (shoemaker’s) last, nave, hub, compact body, chief, protector, (flower) bed
ceapadh = fashioning, composition, formation, appointment, assignation, conception
ceapadóir = shaper, moulder, composer, inventor
ceapadóireacht = composition
ceapaire = shaped, moulded, object, shapely person, thing, sandwich
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ceap [kʲɛhb] = block, (shoemaker’s) last, lump, cape, cap, turf, stocks, fret
Manx (Gaelg) kiap = block, butt, log, pad, pillow, snag, stock, trunk
Proto-Brythonic *kɨf = the most in chief
Old Welsh (Kembraec) ciphillion = stock, trunk, box, ancestry, blockhead, dull-witted person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kyf(f), cyff = (tree) trunk, stock, stem, stump, log, trunk (of body), block, blockhead; box, coffer, chest; stocks, kinsfolk, lineage, ancestry, origin, race, source
kyfyll, kiffil, cyffyll = stock, trunk, box, ancestry, blockhead, dull-witted person
Welsh (Cymraeg) cyff [kɨːf/kiːf] = (tree) trunk, stock, stem, stump, log, trunk (of body), block, blockhead; box, coffer, chest; stock, kinsfolk, lineage, ancestry, origin, race, source
cyffyll = stock, trunk, box, ancestry, blockhead, dull-witted person
Cornish (Kernewek) kyf = log
Old Breton (Brethonoc) cepp = stump, stock, log, trunk
Middle Breton (Brezonec) queff = stump, stock, log, trunk
Breton (Brezhoneg) kef [kefː] = trunk, log, box
kefiañ = to make branches, put the irons (on)

Etymology: from Latin cippus / cīpus (stake, post, gravestone, landmark), possibly from Proto-Italic *keipos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱéypos (pole, stick). Words from the same roots include ceppo (stump, log, block of wood), cipo (milestone) in Spanish, and Kipfl (croissant) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *akkā = ?
*akkiyā = proximity, lineage
Old Irish (Goídelc) aicce = nearness, proximity
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) aicce, aicci = nearness, proximity, near, beside, fosterage
Irish (Gaeilge) aice [ˈacɪ] = nearness, proximity
in aice (na/le) = near
aicearra = short-cut, abridgement
aicerrach = short, near, pithy, succinct
aicerracht = shortness, pithiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aice [açgʲə] = proximity
Manx (Gaelg) faare = adjacent, presence, proximity, near, nigh
Proto-Brythonic *ax = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ach = lineage, descent, pedigree, genealogy, ancestry, family origins
achwet = lingeage, descent, pedigree, kindred, family
Welsh (Cymraeg) ach [aːχ] = lineage, descent, pedigree, genealogy, ancestry, family origins
achres(tr) = genealogical table, pedigree, lineage
achwedd = lingeage, descent, pedigree, kindred, family
achwr, achydd, achyddwr = genealogist, herald
achwyddol = genealogical, heraldic
achyddu = to genealogize
achyddiaeth = genealogy, heraldry; lineage, pedigree
Old Cornish ach = offspring, progeny
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ach = offspring, progeny, stock, kindred
Cornish (Kernewek) agh [æːx] = offspring, race
aghel = racial
aghskrif = pedigree
Old Breton (Brethonoc) acom = ?

Etymology: possibly from PIE *h₂ekkeh₂. Words from the same root include अक्का (akkā – mother) in Sanskrit, आक्का (ākkā – older sister, elderly woman) in Marathi and අක්‍කා (akkā – older sister) in Sinhalese [source 1, source 2].

In Cornish, origin, beginning, start, inception or opening = dalleth; noble = nobyl, pennsevik, ughelor or bryntin; lineage or race = linieth (Middle Cornish), and race or ethnicity = hil (Revived Cornish) – see the post about Seeds.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Gritty Gravel

Words for gravel, grit and related things in Celtic languages.

Gravelly

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *griyano- = gravel
Old Irish (Goídelc) grïan [ˈɡʲrʲi.an] = gravel, sand, river bottom, sea floor
grindell = gravel, lake bed, sea bed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) grian, grían = gravel, sand, sea or river bottom, basis, foundation, earth, land
grenach, grenaig = gravel
grindell, grinnell, grinneal = sea or lake bed, gravel, bedrock, foundation, floor, bottom
Irish (Gaeilge) grean [ɟɾʲan̪ˠ] = gravel, grit, coarse sand; to engrave
grian = (sea, lake, river) bottom, earth, surface
grianach = gravelly
greanach = gravel, gravelly spoil, gritty
greanadh = engraving, shapeliness, shape, figure
greanadóir = engraver
greanadóireacht = engraving
greanchloch = gritstone, millstone
grineall = (sea, lake, river) bed, bedrock, depth, foundation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) grean [grʲɛn̪] = (river / lake) bed, gravel, coarse sand
grean-aibhne = riverbed
grinneal [grʲin̪ʲəL] = gravel, grit, (river / sea) bottom
grinnealach = deep, gulfy, gravelly, sabulous (sandy or gritty)
grinnealachd = grittiness
Manx (Gaelg) grineen = bead, granule, grit, pinch
grineenagh = gritty, grained, grainy, granulated, granulous
grineenid = grittiness
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) graean, grayan, graeeyn = gravel, coarse sand, shingle, grit, grain, granule
graenauc, graeanog, graianoc = gravelly, full of gravel, harsh, grating
Welsh (Cymraeg) graean [ˈɡreɨ̯.an / ˈɡrei̯.an] = gravel, coarse sand, shingle, grit, grain, granule
grae(a)nog = gravelly, full of gravel, harsh, grating
graeanu = to (spread) gravel (over), to granulate, scour, grit

Etymology: uncertain, possibly related to Proto-Celtic *grāwā (gravel, pebbles) – see below [source].

Proto-Celtic *grāwā = gravel, pebbles
Irish (Gaeilge) griothal = gravel, gravelly soil
griothalach = gravelly, gritty
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) grothal = gravel
Proto-Brythonic *grọw = gravel, pebbles
Old Welsh (Kembraec) gro = gravel, shingle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gro = gravel, shingle
grodir, gro dir = gravelly land, sandy soil, grave
Welsh (Cymraeg) gro [ɡroː] = gravel, shingle, gravelly shore, strand
grobwll = gravel pit, grave
grodir = gravelly land, sandy soil, grave
Old Cornish grou = gravel, sand
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) grow = gravel, sand
Cornish (Kernewek) grow = gravel
growan = granite
growanen = pebble
growen = gravel
Middle Breton (Brezonec) grean, grouan = gravel
grouanec = gravelly, grave pit
groanenn = piece of gravel
Breton (Brezhoneg) grouan [ˈɡruːãn] = gravel
grouanañ = to engrave
grouaneg = gravelly, grave pit
grouanenn = piece of gravel
grouanus = gravelly

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʰroh₁weh₂, from *gʰreh₁w- (to grind).
Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include grava (gravel) in Catalan, grève (flat, sandy land along the sea or a large river) in French, grava (gravel) in Spanish, and grave (gravel, shore, gravelly ground) in Occitan [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include: grit, groat, grout and gruel in English, Grieß (semolina) in German, grjót (coarse stones, rubble) in Icelandic, gryt (a badger’s sett, a fox’s den) in Swedish, riutta (reef) in Finnish, and grúodas (frozen mud or earth) in Lithuanian [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) graibél = gravel, sand
Irish (Gaeilge) gairbhéal = gravel
gairbhéalach = gravelly
gairbhéalta = gravelled
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) greabhal = gravel
Manx (Gaelg) garvel = gravel
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) grafel, gravael, gravel = gravel
Welsh (Cymraeg) graf(a)el = gravel
grafelu, grafaelio = to sprinkle with gravel, make sore by chafing
graf(a)eliog = gravelly

Etymology: from English gravel or Middle English gravel / gravail(le) (sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles), from Old French gravele (gravel), a diminutive of grave (gravel, seashore), from Medieval Latin grava, possibly from Gaulish grava, from Proto-Celtic grāwā (gravel, pebbles), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰroh₁weh₂, from *gʰreh₁w- (to grind) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Teary Drops

Words for tear, drop and related things in Celtic languages.

Drops.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dakrū / *dakrom = tear, drop (of liquid)
Old Irish (Goídelc) dér, dǽr = tear, teardrop, drop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dér, déor, deór = tear, drop
dérach, derach = tearful, sad, lugubrious
derchoínuid, derchoiniud (verbnoun) = despair, dejection, lamentation
derchoíntech, dérchaintech (adjective) = despairing, tearful, sorrowful
dérfadach = shedding of tears, weeping
Irish (Gaeilge) deoir [dʲoːɾʲ/dʲɔːɾʲ] = tear(-drop), drop
deoirfhliuch = tear-stained
deoirghás = tear-gas
deoirghinteach = lachrymatory
deoircín = little drop, anecdote
deoiríneacht = shedding tears, being tearfully sentimental, tearfulness, maudliness
deorach = tearful, lachrymal
deordradh = (act of) dripping
deoraíl = (act of) weeping
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deòr [dʲɔːr] = drop (of liquid), tear
deur [dʲiər] = drop (of liquid), tear, small amount of liquid
deurach [dʲiərəx] = tearful, weeping
deuran [dʲiəran] = little drop, wee drop, wee tincture
Manx (Gaelg) jeir/jëir = tear, teardrop, spot, lachrymal, lachrymatory
jeir-phianaghey = to agonize
jeiragh = tearful, lachrymal, mournful
jeirnys = lamentation, weeping
Proto-Brythonic *dėgr = tear (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) deigir, deigyr, deigrev = tear, teardrop, drop
Welsh (Cymraeg) deigryn, deigr [ˈdei̯ɡrɨ̞n / ˈdei̯ɡrɪn] = tear, teardrop, drop, raindrop
deigryniad = a distilling, dripping, trickling
deigrynnu = to drip, trickle, distil, exude, ooze, shed tears, drizzle
deigrynnol = apt to shed tears, lachrymose, tearful
Old Cornish dacr-(lon) = tear
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dagren = a small drop, a tear
Cornish (Kernewek) dagren [daːr / dæːr] = drop, tear
dagrewi = to shed tears, weep
derw = oak trees
Old Breton dacrlon = tear, teardrop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dar(rou) = tear(s), teardrop(s)
Breton (Brezhoneg) daer [dɛːr] = tear, teardrop
daeraouus = tearful
daeraouiñ, daerin = to cry, be tearful
daererezh = tearing

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European dáḱru (tear). Words from the same root include δάκρυ (dákry – tear) in Greek, tear and lacrimal/lachrymal (relating to tears, tearful) in English, tår (tear, drop) in Swedish, traan (tear, fish oil) in Dutch, Träne (tear) in German, lágrima (tear, teardrop) in Spanish, and zacchera (mud splash) in Italian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) bráen = rain, moisture, drop, precipitation
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bráen, bróin, bróen = rain, moisture, drop(s)
bráenach, braonach = shedding drops, wet, moist, well-watered
bráenaid = to wet, sprinkle, rain
bráenán = drops, shower
bráenfadach = foaming (of a waterfall)
bráengal = shower, sprinkling
Irish (Gaeilge) braon [bˠɾˠeːn̪ˠ / bˠɾˠiːnˠ] = (single) drop, gathering, pus
braonach = dripping, misty, wet, tearful
braonaíl = dripping, drops
braonán = droplet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) braon [brɯːn] = drop, drizzle
braonach [brɯːnəx] = drizzly, dewy
braonadh [brɯːnəɣ] = (act of) drizzling
braonan [brɯːnan] = small drop (of liquid), dram
Manx (Gaelg) brey = drop

Etymology: unknown. Possibly related to Ancient Greek βρέχω (brékhō – I send rain), Latin rigo (I water, moisten), and English rain [source].

Proto-Celtic *bandyo- = drop
Old Irish (Goídelc) banne = drop, pustule
bannán = small drop, droplet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bannae, bainne, banne = drop, pustule, milk
Irish (Gaeilge) bainne [ˈbˠaɲə / ˈbˠan̠ʲə] = milk
bainniúil = milky, milk-yielding
bainniúilacht = milkiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bainne = milk
boinne [bɔn̪ʲə] = drop, small quantity, liquid measure
boinneag [bɔn̪ʲag] = droplet, little/small drop, (alcoholic) drink
boinnean [bɔn̪ʲan] = droplet, wee drop
Manx (Gaelg) bainney [banʲə] = milk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ban = drop (?)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ban, banna, banné = drop, a jot, the smallest portion of anything
Cornish (Kernewek) banna = bit, drop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) banne, bannhe, bannech = drop, droplet
Breton (Brezhoneg) banne [ˈbã.nːe] = drop, droplet, glass
banneata = to drink shots

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to French bain (bath) in French, baño (bath, bathroom, toilet), bagno (bath, to swin, bathe, bathroom) in Italian, and bania (jug, can, container, churn) in Polish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Darkness

Words for dark, gloom and related things in Celtic languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *temeslos = darkness
Old Irish (Goídelc) teimen = dark, obscure
teimel, teimne [ˈtʲeβ̃ʲel] = darkness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) teim. tem = dark
teimen, temen, teimean = dark, obscure
teimel, temel, temul = darkness, gloom, dejection, stain, blemish, fault, death
Irish (Gaeilge) teimheal = darkness, gloom, tarnish, stain, smudge, trace, sign
teimhleach = dark, gloomy, tarnished, stained
teimhleacht = spottiness, smudigness
teimhligh = to darken, obscure, tarnish, stain
teimhlitheach = tarnishing, staining
teimhneach = dark, opaque
teimhneacht = darkness, opacity
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teamhall [tʲiəv] = slight swoon, stun
Proto-Brythonic *temēl(os) = darkness
*tɨβ̃uɨl = darkness
Old Welsh (Kembraec) timuil = darkness, gloom
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywyll, tyỽyll = dark, opaque
tywyllu, tyỽylla = to make or become dark, darken, make or become blind
tewyllvc = to darken, grow dim
tyỽyllỽc, tywyllỽc, tywylluc, tywyllwc = darkness, opacity, blindness, dim-sightedness
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywyll [ˈtəu̯.ɨ̞ɬ/ˈtəu̯.ɪɬ] = dark, opaque, blind, dim (of sight), obscure, neutral, darkness, gloom
tywyllu = to make or become dark, darken, make or become blind
tywyllhau = to darken, grow dim
tywyllwch [ˈtwəɬʊχ/ˈtʊɬʊχ] = darkness, opacity, blindness, dim-sightedness, eclipse
Old Cornish tiwoulgou = darkness
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tewal = dark, dusky, obscure
tewlder, tulder = darkness
tewolgow, tiwulgou = darkness, obscurity
Cornish (Kernewek) tewal, tewl = dark, gloomy, murky, sombre
tewlder = darkness, gloom
tewlhe = to darken
tewlwolow = dusk, half-light
tewolgow = darkness
Old Breton (Brethonoc) temoel = dark, gloomy
Middle Breton (Brezonec) teffoal, teffal, teual = dark, gloomy
teffalhat = to darken, obscure
Breton (Brezhoneg) teñval [ˈtẽː.val] = dark, gloomy, sad, dreary, suspicious, deaf, unintelligible, incomprehensible
teñvalaat [tẽvaˈlɑːt] = to darken, obscure
teñvalded [tẽˈval.det] = darkness
teñvalijenn [tẽ.vaˈliː.ʒɛn] = darkness, shadow
teñvalus [tẽˈvaːlys] = dark, obscure, mysterious, sombre

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (darkness), from *temH- (dark) [source]. Words from the same roots include temerity, tenebrous (dark, gloomy, obscure) in English, tamsa (darkness) in Lithuanian, finster (dark, gloomy) and Dämmerung (twilight) in German, tenebre (darkness, obscurity) in Italian, and tiniebla (shadow) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) dorchae [ˈdorxɘ] = dark, gloomy, obscure, morose
dorchaide = dark, dense
dorchatus = darkness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dorcha(e) = dark, gloomy, obscure, morose
dorchaigid = to grow dark, eclipse, darken, obscure
dorchatu, dorchato = darkness
Irish (Gaeilge) dorcha [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] = darkness, obscurity, dark, obscure, blind, secretive
dorchacht = dark state, darkness
dorchadas = darkness, secrecy, reserve
dorchaigh = to darken, become secretive, reserved
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dorch [dɔrɔx] = dark, black, dusky, mysterious, obscure
dorcha [dɔrɔxə] = dark, dusky, sombre, murky
dorchadas [dɔrɔxədəs] = darkness, obscurity, mysteriousness
dorchaich [dɔrɔxɪç] = darken, make dark
Manx (Gaelg) doorey = obscurity, shade, eclipse
dorraghey = dark, dusk(y), gloomy, enigmatic, mysterious, obscure
dorraghys = blackness, darkness, obscurity

Etymology: uncertain [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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