Teary Drops

Words for tear, drop and related things in Celtic languages.

Drops.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dakrū / *dakrom = tear, drop (of liquid)
Old Irish (Goídelc) dér, dǽr = tear, teardrop, drop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dér, déor, deór = tear, drop
dérach, derach = tearful, sad, lugubrious
derchoínuid, derchoiniud (verbnoun) = despair, dejection, lamentation
derchoíntech, dérchaintech (adjective) = despairing, tearful, sorrowful
dérfadach = shedding of tears, weeping
Irish (Gaeilge) deoir [dʲoːɾʲ/dʲɔːɾʲ] = tear(-drop), drop
deoirfhliuch = tear-stained
deoirghás = tear-gas
deoirghinteach = lachrymatory
deoircín = little drop, anecdote
deoiríneacht = shedding tears, being tearfully sentimental, tearfulness, maudliness
deorach = tearful, lachrymal
deordradh = (act of) dripping
deoraíl = (act of) weeping
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deòr [dʲɔːr] = drop (of liquid), tear
deur [dʲiər] = drop (of liquid), tear, small amount of liquid
deurach [dʲiərəx] = tearful, weeping
deuran [dʲiəran] = little drop, wee drop, wee tincture
Manx (Gaelg) jeir/jëir = tear, teardrop, spot, lachrymal, lachrymatory
jeir-phianaghey = to agonize
jeiragh = tearful, lachrymal, mournful
jeirnys = lamentation, weeping
Proto-Brythonic *dėgr = tear (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) deigir, deigyr, deigrev = tear, teardrop, drop
Welsh (Cymraeg) deigryn, deigr [ˈdei̯ɡrɨ̞n / ˈdei̯ɡrɪn] = tear, teardrop, drop, raindrop
deigryniad = a distilling, dripping, trickling
deigrynnu = to drip, trickle, distil, exude, ooze, shed tears, drizzle
deigrynnol = apt to shed tears, lachrymose, tearful
Old Cornish dacr-(lon) = tear
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dagren = a small drop, a tear
Cornish (Kernewek) dagren [daːr / dæːr] = drop, tear
dagrewi = to shed tears, weep
derw = oak trees
Old Breton dacrlon = tear, teardrop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dar(rou) = tear(s), teardrop(s)
Breton (Brezhoneg) daer [dɛːr] = tear, teardrop
daeraouus = tearful
daeraouiñ, daerin = to cry, be tearful
daererezh = tearing

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European dáḱru (tear). Words from the same root include δάκρυ (dákry – tear) in Greek, tear and lacrimal/lachrymal (relating to tears, tearful) in English, tår (tear, drop) in Swedish, traan (tear, fish oil) in Dutch, Träne (tear) in German, lágrima (tear, teardrop) in Spanish, and zacchera (mud splash) in Italian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) bráen = rain, moisture, drop, precipitation
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bráen, bróin, bróen = rain, moisture, drop(s)
bráenach, braonach = shedding drops, wet, moist, well-watered
bráenaid = to wet, sprinkle, rain
bráenán = drops, shower
bráenfadach = foaming (of a waterfall)
bráengal = shower, sprinkling
Irish (Gaeilge) braon [bˠɾˠeːn̪ˠ / bˠɾˠiːnˠ] = (single) drop, gathering, pus
braonach = dripping, misty, wet, tearful
braonaíl = dripping, drops
braonán = droplet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) braon [brɯːn] = drop, drizzle
braonach [brɯːnəx] = drizzly, dewy
braonadh [brɯːnəɣ] = (act of) drizzling
braonan [brɯːnan] = small drop (of liquid), dram
Manx (Gaelg) brey = drop

Etymology: unknown. Possibly related to Ancient Greek βρέχω (brékhō – I send rain), Latin rigo (I water, moisten), and English rain [source].

Proto-Celtic *bandyo- = drop
Old Irish (Goídelc) banne = drop, pustule
bannán = small drop, droplet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bannae, bainne, banne = drop, pustule, milk
Irish (Gaeilge) bainne [ˈbˠaɲə / ˈbˠan̠ʲə] = milk
bainniúil = milky, milk-yielding
bainniúilacht = milkiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bainne = milk
boinne [bɔn̪ʲə] = drop, small quantity, liquid measure
boinneag [bɔn̪ʲag] = droplet, little/small drop, (alcoholic) drink
boinnean [bɔn̪ʲan] = droplet, wee drop
Manx (Gaelg) bainney [banʲə] = milk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ban = drop (?)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ban, banna, banné = drop, a jot, the smallest portion of anything
Cornish (Kernewek) banna = bit, drop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) banne, bannhe, bannech = drop, droplet
Breton (Brezhoneg) banne [ˈbã.nːe] = drop, droplet, glass
banneata = to drink shots

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to French bain (bath) in French, baño (bath, bathroom, toilet), bagno (bath, to swin, bathe, bathroom) in Italian, and bania (jug, can, container, churn) in Polish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Sufficiently Enough

This post looks into words for enough, sufficient and related things in the Celtic languages.

天国 Heaven

Proto-Celtic *ɸroweros = many, enough, sufficient
*laweros = many, enough, sufficient
Old Irish (Goídelc) lór = enough, sufficient, sufficiency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lór, loor, lour, leór, lour = enough, sufficient, great, ample, adequate, competent; sufficiently
Irish (Gaeilge) leor [l̠ʲoːɾˠ/l̠ʲɔːɾˠ] = sufficient, ample,
go leor = enough, plenty
leorchúiteamh = indemnification
leordhóthain = sufficiency, plenty
leorgnhíomh = full amends, reparation, restitution
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) leòr [̪lʲɔːr] = satiety, sufficency
gu leòr [gə l̪ʲɔːr] = enough, sufficient(ly), galore
leòr-ghnìomh = satisfaction
leòrachd = amplitude
Manx (Gaelg) liooar = sufficient
dy liooar = adequate, ample, enough, galore, sufficient, umpteen
Proto-Brythonic *llower =
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llauer, llawer = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llauered, llawered, llavered = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
Welsh (Cymraeg) llawer [ˈɬau̯.ɛr] = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llaweredd = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
llawerhau = to multiply
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lower, = many, much
Cornish (Kernewek) lower = many, much
lower gweyth = often

Etymology: the reconstruction of the Proto-Celtic root is disputed – both possibilities are given. *laweros is possibly from *leh₂w- (to seize, to gain, benefit, prize) [source], which is also the root of the English word lucre (money, riches, wealth), the Swedish word lön (reward, salary, wage), the Irish word luach (value, price, reward), and the Welsh word golud (wealth, riches) [source].

The English word galore comes from Irish go leor and/or Scottish Gaelic gu leòr [source].

Proto-Celtic *sātis = sufficiency, fill
*sāss-ā- = to satisfy
Old Irish (Goídelc) sáth [saːθ] = satiety
sáith = fill (of food), sufficiency
sáthech = sated, satiated, satisfied
sáithigid = to satiate, satisfy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sáith, sáth, sāth = sufficiency, as much as one requires, fill (of food), customary meal, appetite
sáthech, sathach, sāithech = satisfied, filled, content, flourishing
sáithigid, saithigudh = to satiate, satisfy
Irish (Gaeilge) sáith [sˠɑː(h)/sˠaːç] = (full) meal, feed, fill, sufficiency, enough
sáithigh = to sate, satiate, saturate
sáithitheach = saturating
sáithiú = satiety, saturation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sàth [saː] = plenty, abundance, fill
sàthach [saː.əx] = filling, satiating; satiated person, bellyful, plenty, enough
sàthachadh [saː.əxəɣ] = (act of) sating
sàthachd [saː.əxg] = satuaration
Manx (Gaelg) saie = satiety, fill, satisfaction, replete, satiated
saiaghey = to satisfy, saturate
saieagh = satiating, satisfied
saieid = satiation, repletion, glut
saieys = satiety, repletion, sufficiency

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (to satiate, satisfy) [source], which is also the root of sad, satisfy and satiety in English; satt (not hungry, satiated, full, done) in German; zat (fed up, drink, sated, full) in Dutch; sazio (sated, full up) in Italian, and sāts (moderation, satiety, fill) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) doíthin = sufficency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) doíthin, doéthain, deothin = a sufficiency, enough
doíthenach = satiated, satisfied
Irish (Gaeilge) dóthain [ˈd̪ˠoːhənʲ/ˈd̪ˠɔhənʲ] = enough, sufficiency
dóthanach = satiated, fed up, tired
dóthanacht = satiety
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) daothain [dɯː.ɪn̪ʲ] = sufficency, fill

Etymology: unknown [source].

Proto-Celtic *dīkāneti = (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) dicone = to do, make, act, perform
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) digaun, digawn, digaunt = enough, sufficiency, plenty
diconher, digoni = to do, make, act, perform
Welsh (Cymraeg) digon [ˈdɪɡɔn] = enough, sufficiency, plenty, abundance, adequate, plentiful, ample
digoni = to do, make, act, perform, to satisfy, suffice, fill, satiate,
digonol = adequate

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Celtic *dī- (from, of) and *kān- (sound) [source].

Breton words for enough, sufficient, etc include:

  • trawalc’h = enough (of), enough!
  • bast = sufficient
  • brasoni = sufficiency
  • sufis = sufficient, adequate

Etymology: unknown.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Deeply Profound

This post peers into the depths of some deeply profound words in the Celtic languages.

Inside the Aar Gorge

Proto-Celtic *dubnos (adj) = deep
*dubnos (noun) = world
*Dubnowalos = a male given name – “world prince / chief”
*Dubnogenos = a male given name – “world born / family”
Gaulish dumnos = deep
Dubnorīx = a male given name – “world king”
Primitive Irish ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚓᚅ (domngen), ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚔᚅᚅ (domnginn) = male given names
Old Irish (Goídelc) domain = deep, profound, depth(s), sea-floor
fudumain = profound(ity), depth
Domnall = a male given name
Domaingen = a male given name
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) domain, doimin, domun, domuin = deep, profound, intense, thoughtful, depth(s)
doimnigid = to deepen, lower
domne, domnae = depth(s)
domun = the world, the earth
Domnall = a male given name
Irish (Gaeilge) domhain [d̪ˠɑinʲ/d̪ˠoːnʲ] = depth, deep, abyss, inmost part, profound, sunken, hollow, low-pitched, far, late
domhainiascaireacht = deep-sea fishing
domhainmhachnamh = deep thought, deep reflection
doimhneacht = depth, deep place
doimhnigh = to deepen
doimhniúchan = (act of) deepening
domhan = earth, world
Domhnall, Dónall = male given names
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) domhain [dõ.ɪn̪ʲ] = deep, profound
domhaineachd [dõ.ɪn̪ʲəxg] = depth, deep, deepness, profundity
domhainteachd [dõ.ɪn̪ʲdʲəxg] = abstruseness
domhan [dõ.an] = universe, world
Dòmhnall = a male given name
Manx (Gaelg) dowin = deep(ly), deep-rooted, involved, low, profound, secretive, thorough, penetrating
diunaghey = to deepen
diunid = deep, depth, gulf, rootedness
dowan = world, earth, universe, cosmos
Proto-Brythonic *duβn/*dumno = deep
*Duβnowal = a male given name
*Duβnoɣen = a male given name
Old Welsh (Kembraec) duuin, dofn = deep
Dumnagual = a male given name
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dowyn, duvin, dwvyn, dwfyn, dwuyn = deep, dense
dyfnu, dyfnaf = to become accustomed (to), be familiar (with)
dyfyn(n)der, dyuynder, dewfynder = depth(s), deepness
dyfnddysc = erudite, profound, erudition, deep learning
dyuynvor = deep sea, main, ocean
dyfynhau = to deepen, dig, excavate, intensify
*Dyuynwal, Dyvynwal, Dyfynwal = male given names
Welsh (Cymraeg) dwfn, dyfn [dʊvn] = deep, dense, mysterious, intense, serious, profound; depth(s), deep waters, abyss, void; world, earth
dyfnu = to become accustomed (to), be familiar (with), suck
dyfnder = depth(s), deepness, bottom, thickness, abyss
dyfnddysg = erudite, profound, erudition, deep learning
dyfnfor = deep sea, main, ocean
dyfnhau = to deepen, dig, excavate, intensify
Dyfnaint = Devon
Dyfnwal = a male given name
Dyfnien = a male given name
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) down = deep, profound, low
downder = depth
Cornish (Kernewek) down = deep
downder = depth
downfria = to deep-fry
downhe = to deepen
downrewi = to deep-freeze
Old Breton (Brethonoc) dumn = deep
Middle Breton (Brezonec) doun, don = deep
dounhat = to deepen
do(u)nder = depth
Breton (Brezhoneg) don [dɔ̃ːn] = deep, hollow (plate, dish), serious (air)
donaat = to deepen
donañ [ˈdɔ̃ː.nã] = to deepen
donded [ˈdɔ̃n.det] = depth
donder [ˈdɔ̃n.dɛr] = depth
Dunvel = a male given name

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós (deep), from *dʰewbʰ- (hazy, unclear, dark, deep) [source]. Words from the same roots include deep and dip in English, tief (deep, low) in German, dopen (to dip, immerse, name) in Dutch, dùgnas (bottom, background) in Lithuanian, дно [dno] (floor, bed, bottom) in Russian, and words for black in Celtic languages

The names Donald and Dunaldur (used in Faroese) come from the Proto-Celtic name *Dubnowalos [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Darkness

Words for dark, gloom and related things in Celtic languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *temeslos = darkness
Old Irish (Goídelc) teimen = dark, obscure
teimel, teimne [ˈtʲeβ̃ʲel] = darkness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) teim. tem = dark
teimen, temen, teimean = dark, obscure
teimel, temel, temul = darkness, gloom, dejection, stain, blemish, fault, death
Irish (Gaeilge) teimheal = darkness, gloom, tarnish, stain, smudge, trace, sign
teimhleach = dark, gloomy, tarnished, stained
teimhleacht = spottiness, smudigness
teimhligh = to darken, obscure, tarnish, stain
teimhlitheach = tarnishing, staining
teimhneach = dark, opaque
teimhneacht = darkness, opacity
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teamhall [tʲiəv] = slight swoon, stun
Proto-Brythonic *temēl(os) = darkness
*tɨβ̃uɨl = darkness
Old Welsh (Kembraec) timuil = darkness, gloom
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywyll, tyỽyll = dark, opaque
tywyllu, tyỽylla = to make or become dark, darken, make or become blind
tewyllvc = to darken, grow dim
tyỽyllỽc, tywyllỽc, tywylluc, tywyllwc = darkness, opacity, blindness, dim-sightedness
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywyll [ˈtəu̯.ɨ̞ɬ/ˈtəu̯.ɪɬ] = dark, opaque, blind, dim (of sight), obscure, neutral, darkness, gloom
tywyllu = to make or become dark, darken, make or become blind
tywyllhau = to darken, grow dim
tywyllwch [ˈtwəɬʊχ/ˈtʊɬʊχ] = darkness, opacity, blindness, dim-sightedness, eclipse
Old Cornish tiwoulgou = darkness
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tewal = dark, dusky, obscure
tewlder, tulder = darkness
tewolgow, tiwulgou = darkness, obscurity
Cornish (Kernewek) tewal, tewl = dark, gloomy, murky, sombre
tewlder = darkness, gloom
tewlhe = to darken
tewlwolow = dusk, half-light
tewolgow = darkness
Old Breton (Brethonoc) temoel = dark, gloomy
Middle Breton (Brezonec) teffoal, teffal, teual = dark, gloomy
teffalhat = to darken, obscure
Breton (Brezhoneg) teñval [ˈtẽː.val] = dark, gloomy, sad, dreary, suspicious, deaf, unintelligible, incomprehensible
teñvalaat [tẽvaˈlɑːt] = to darken, obscure
teñvalded [tẽˈval.det] = darkness
teñvalijenn [tẽ.vaˈliː.ʒɛn] = darkness, shadow
teñvalus [tẽˈvaːlys] = dark, obscure, mysterious, sombre

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (darkness), from *temH- (dark) [source]. Words from the same roots include temerity, tenebrous (dark, gloomy, obscure) in English, tamsa (darkness) in Lithuanian, finster (dark, gloomy) and Dämmerung (twilight) in German, tenebre (darkness, obscurity) in Italian, and tiniebla (shadow) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) dorchae [ˈdorxɘ] = dark, gloomy, obscure, morose
dorchaide = dark, dense
dorchatus = darkness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dorcha(e) = dark, gloomy, obscure, morose
dorchaigid = to grow dark, eclipse, darken, obscure
dorchatu, dorchato = darkness
Irish (Gaeilge) dorcha [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] = darkness, obscurity, dark, obscure, blind, secretive
dorchacht = dark state, darkness
dorchadas = darkness, secrecy, reserve
dorchaigh = to darken, become secretive, reserved
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dorch [dɔrɔx] = dark, black, dusky, mysterious, obscure
dorcha [dɔrɔxə] = dark, dusky, sombre, murky
dorchadas [dɔrɔxədəs] = darkness, obscurity, mysteriousness
dorchaich [dɔrɔxɪç] = darken, make dark
Manx (Gaelg) doorey = obscurity, shade, eclipse
dorraghey = dark, dusk(y), gloomy, enigmatic, mysterious, obscure
dorraghys = blackness, darkness, obscurity

Etymology: uncertain [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Spinning, Twisting & Turning

Words for spin, twist, turn and related things in Celtic languages.

Spinning Wheel

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *snīmus = spinning, weaving
*sniyeti = to turn, twist
Old Irish (Goídelc) sníïd = to twist
sním = spinning, twisting, vexation grief, anxiety
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sníïd, sníit = to twists, bend, tie, contend, struggle, grieve, trouble, vex
sním, snim = twisting, bending, shaping, trouble, care, grief, anxiety
snímaid = to spin, twist
Irish (Gaeilge) sníomh [ʃnʲiːvˠ/ʃnʲiːw] = spinning, twisting, twinning, struggle, strain, wrench, cre, anxiety; to spin, twist, strain, wrench, strive, struggle
sníomhach = spinning, turning, twisting, anxious, concerned
sníomhachán = (act of) spinning
sníomhadán = spinneret
sníomhaí = spinner
sníomhaire = spindle
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) snìomh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃v] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twisting, twining, twist, curl, sprain, wrench
snìomhach [ʃn̪ʲiəvəx] = twisting, winding, spiral, tortuous, twisted
snìomhachan [ʃn̪ʲəvəxan] = spinner (implement)
snìomhadh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vəɣ] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twising
snìomhaire [ʃn̪ʲiəvərʲə] = borer, auger, spinner
snìomhte [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vdʲə] = spin, entwined, twisted
Manx (Gaelg) snee = crossness, offence, vexation
sneeu = spin, spinning
queeyl sneeuee = spinning wheel
sneeuder = spinner
Proto-Brythonic *nɨðid = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nydd = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty
nydu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) nydd [nɨːð/niːð] = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty, honeysuckle, spun
nyddu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
nydd(i)wr = spinner, spinning-machine, nightjar, grasshopper warbler
nyddlin = a spiral
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nedhe, nedhé = to spin, turn, twist
Cornish (Kernewek) nedha = to twist
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nezaff = to spin, trick, fool, purr
Breton (Brezhoneg) nez = twist, twisting
nezadenn = spun thing
nezadur = wiring
nezañ [ˈneː(z)ã] = to spin, trick, fool, purr
nezer = spinner
nezerezh = spinning

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (to spin, sew). Words from the same roots include needle, snood in English, naald (needle, pin) in Dutch, nähen (to sew) in German, snáth (thread, yarn, web) in Irish, and possibly snop (sheaf) in Czech [source].

See also the Pins & Needles post for some Celtic words related to needles, pins and thread.

Proto-Celtic *kassos = curly, twisted, woven
Gaulish *kass- = twist
*kassis = curly (hair)
*kassanos = oak (tree/wood)
Old Irish (Goídelc) cas = curly (haired)
casaid = to twist, turn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cas, cass = curly (hair)
casaid, casaidh = to twist, bend
Irish (Gaeilge) cas [kɑsˠ] = twisted, winding, curly, complicated, intricate, twisty, devious; to twist, turn, wind
casadh [ˈkɑsˠə/ˈkasˠu(ː)] = to twist, turn, wind, spin, reproach
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cas [kas] = twist, bend, wind (up), gnash, oppose, turn against
casadh [kasəɣ] = (act of) opposing, turning against, twisting, bending, gnashing
casta [kasdə] = twisted, twined, curled, complex
Manx (Gaelg) cassit = contorted, distorted, twirled, twisted
cassee = coiling, twisting, winding
cassey = to curl, distort, screw, spin, whirl
cast = curly, curved, intricate, spun, warped, wrapped

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (to scrape, comb) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish kassanos (oak) and Latin casnus, include casse (oak) in Occitan, cassanella (gall) in Catalan and chêne (oak) in French [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include hair in English, коса (kosa – hair) in Bulgarian, and kasa (braid) in Latvian [source].

See the Weaving Words post for some weaving-related Celtic words.

Proto-Brythonic *tro = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tro = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp
troat, troad, troead = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing)
troy, try, troi = to turn, spin
Welsh (Cymraeg) tro [troː] = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp, coil, ringlet
tro(e)ad = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, convolution, hinge
tro(a)f, troi = to turn, spin, whirl, rotate, roll
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tro = turn, circuit, occasion, manner, sort
troillia = to turn, whirl
Cornish (Kernewek) tro = cycle, occasion, round, turn
troyll = spiral, swirl, ceilidh
troyllya = to spin, swirl
troyllyek = spiral
troyllyer plasennow = record player
Old Breton (Brethonoc) tro = movement, turn
tro(u)im = to turn, spin
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tro = round, surround, surroundings
treiff = to turn, move
Breton (Brezhoneg) tro [troː] = round, surround, surroundings
tro-dro [troˈdroː] = around, towards
treiñ = to spin

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to Latin torqueo (I turn) or Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos – a turn) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Voices

Words for voice, word, sound and related things in Celtic languages.

Bangor Community Choir at Bodnant Garden
Bangor Community Choir singing at Bodnant Garden / Côr Cymunedol Bangor yn canu yng Ngardd Bodnant

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *gutus = voice
Gaulish *gutus = voice (?)
GVTVATER / *gutuater = priest / druid
Old Irish (Goídelc) guth [ɡʊθ] = voice, word, sound
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) guth, gotha, gotho = voice, sound, word, vowel, aspersion, blame, censure, slander
Irish (Gaeilge) guth [ɡɯh/ɡʊ(h)] = voice, human voice, blame, reproach, censure
guta = vowel
guthach = vocal, vocalic
guthaigh = to voice, vocalize, sing, censure, reproach
guthaíl = voicing, calling
guthaíocht = vocalization, voice, vote
gutháire = yell(ing), shout(ing)
guthán = telephone
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) guth [guh] = voice, tone of voice, mention, word
guth-cheòl = intonation
guthach [guhəx] = vocal, vocalic, vocied
guathachadh [guhəxəɣ] = (act of) calling, vocalizing, vocalization, voicing (in linguistics)
guthaich [guhɪç] = call, vocalize, voice
guthlag [guhl̪ˠag] = larynx
guthlagail [guhl̪ˠagal] = laryngeal
Manx (Gaelg) goo = voice, word, utterance, reputation, fame
gooagh = loquacious, sonant, vocal, vocalic, voiced, wordy
goolag = larynx

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰuH-tu-s (to call on, invoke), from *ǵʰewH- (to call on, invoke) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include zavêt (to cast a spell) in Latvian, զավեշտ (zavešt – joke, farce) in Armenia, звать (zvatʹ – to call, invite) in Russian, and зова (zova – to call, summon, name) in Bulgarian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) glór [ɡloːr] = voice, sound
glórach = noisy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) glór, glóir, glár = voice, sound, noise
glórach = loud-voiced, noisy, vociferous
glórda = loud, resonant
glúarda = noisy, vociferous
Irish (Gaeilge) glór [ɡl̪ˠoːɾˠ/ɡl̪ˠɔːɾˠ] = voice, human voice, speech, utterance, sound, noise
glórach = loud-voiced, sonorous, noisy, vociferous, voiced (consonant, etc)
glórachán = loud-voiced, vociferous person
glóraí = loudness, sonorousness
glóraigh = to voice, vocalize
glóraíl = sound of voices, vociferation, noisiness
glórmhach = tumult of voice, commotion, clamour
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glòr [gl̪ˠɔːrʲ] = speech, utterance
Manx (Gaelg) glare [ɡlɛːr] = voice, utterance, speech, language
glaraghey = voice
glareydagh = linguistic, linguist

Etymology: possibly from Latin glōria (glory, renown, fame, honour) [source], from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognize). Words from the same roots include canny, cunning, glory and know in English; gloria (glory, praise) in Italian; and glorie (glory, great beauty, renown, splendour) in Dutch [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lew, llef = shout, cry, wail, roar, yell, sound, voice, speech, utterance
llevein, lleuein, llefain = to cry (out), exclaim, shout, lament, call, entreat, weep, shout
leuan = (loud) shout, cry, scream
leueir, lawaraw, llafaro = to speak, utter, say, tell
Welsh (Cymraeg) llef [ɬɛv] = shout, cry, wail, roar, yell, sound, voice, speech, utterance
llefaf, llefain = to cry (out), exclaim, shout, lament, call, entreat, weep, shout
llefair = enunciation, spoken word, speech, talkative
adlef [ˈadlɛv] = echo, reverberation
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lef, lêf = voice, sound, cry
lefa = to cry aloud, shout
Cornish (Kernewek) lev = voice
dre lev = vocal
levbost = voicemail
Old Breton (Brethonoc) lem = complaint, groan, wail
Middle Breton (Brezonec) leff = complaint, groan, wail
leuaff = to cry, moan
Breton (Brezhoneg) leñv, leñ = groan, complaint, plaintive cry, moaning; voice, cry (archaic)
leñvañ [ˈlẽː.vã] = to cry, scream, groan, bleat
leñver = to cry
leñverez = crying

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *laβar (eloquent), from Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros (talkative) [source]. For more related words, see the Celtiadur post Talkative

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lleis = voice
lleisiaf, lleisiaw, lleisio = to use the voice, vocalize, sing
Welsh (Cymraeg) llais [ɬai̯s/ɬai̯ʃ] = voice, vocal capacity, talk, report, tidings, rumour, vote
lleisgar = vociferous, loud-mouthed, resonant
lleisiad = voicing, sounding, tone, intonation
lleisio [ˈɬei̯ʃɔ] = to use the voice, vocalize, sing
lleisiol [ˈɬei̯ʃɔl] = vocal, spoken, oral, voiced
lleisydd [ˈɬei̯sɨ̞ð/ˈɬei̯sɪð] = vocalist, loud hailer, loudspeaker

Etymology: maybe from Welsh llafar (loud, vociferous, sonorous, speech, voice, sound) [source], from Proto-Brythonic *laβar (eloquent), from Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros (talkative), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (to babble) [source]. See also the Celtiadur post Talkative

Old Breton (Brethonoc) *voes = voice
Middle Breton (Brezonec) moez = voice
Breton (Brezhoneg) mouezh = voice, vote
mouezhian = to express oneself, vote
mouezhierezh = election, electorate

Etymology: from Old French voiz (voice), from Latin vōcem (), from vōx (voice, accent, speech, word), from Proto-Italic *wōks, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (speech, voice), from wekʷ- (to speak, sound out) [source]. Words from the same roots include vocal, voice and vowel in English, and voix (voice, vote) in French [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) son = sound, word
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) son, soun, són = sound, word, name
Irish (Gaeilge) son = sound; word, name (literary)
sonach = sonic
sonarach = ringing sound, clangour
sonda = sonant, sonorous
sondáil = to sound
sondas = sonorousness, sonority
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sòn† = sound, voice, word
Manx (Gaelg) sonn = sound
sonnagh = sonic
Proto-Brythonic *son = sound (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) son, sson = report, rumour, mention, word, message, talk, fame, sound, noise, clamour
sonfawr, sonuaỽr, sonuawr = sonorous, noisy, audible, loquacious
sonyo, sonio = to mention, rumour, proclaim, talk, speak, say, utter
Welsh (Cymraeg) sôn [soːn] = report, rumour, mention, word, message, talk, fame, sound, noise, clamour
sonfawr = sonorous, noisy, audible, loquacious
soniaf, sôn, sonio = to mention, rumour, proclaim, talk, speak, say, utter
soniarus = sonorous, resounat, vibrant
sŵn [sʊːn] = sound, noise, clmour, din, report, rumour, talk
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) son, sôn = sound, noise, report, speech
Cornish (Kernewek) son = noise, sound
sonek = sonic
sonlergh = soundtrack
sononieth = acoustics
sononiethel = acoutic
sonskrif = recording
sonskrifa = to record
Middle Breton (Brezonec) soun, son = sound
sounaff = to ring, resound
Breton (Brezhoneg) son [sɔ̃ːn] = sound, song
seniñ [ˈsẽːnĩ] = to ring, resound, honk, sing, rustle (water), play (an instrument)
soner = to ring, say, pronounce
sonerez [sɔ̃.ˈneː.res] = doorbell, bell, horn
sonerezh = music, sound system

Etymology: from Latin sonus (sound, noise, pitch, speech, tone, voice), from Proto-Indo-European *swónh₂os, from *swenh₂- (to sound) [source]. Words from the same roots include resound, sonnet, sonic, sound and swan in English, sonner (to sound, ring) in French, sonar (to sound, ring, play) in Spanish, honni (to allege, claim, assert) in Welsh, and seinn (to sing, play an instrument) in Irish and Scottish Gaelic [source].

The Welsh word sŵn was borrowed from Middle English soun (sound), while sôn comes from Latin via Middle Welsh and Proto-Brythonic. They both ultimately come from the same PIE roots.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Leader in Chief

Words for chief, leader, prince and related things in Celtic languages.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Irish Taoiseach

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *towissus, *tuwestus *tuwissus = act of leading, beginning, leadership
*towissākos = chief, primary, first
Primitive Irish ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci) = chief (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) tús, tuus [tuːs] = beginning, forefront
toísech [ˈtoːi̯sʲəx] = leader, chief, first, initial, primary
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tús, tuus = act of leading, forefront, precedence, pre-eminence, rank
toísech, tósich, toissech = first, former, prior, first in importance, sooner, leader, chief
toísechda = first
toísecht, taiseachda, taiseachta = chieftainship, act of leading
toísenach, taoisinach = leadership, chieftainship
Irish (Gaeilge) tús [t̪ˠuːsˠ] = beginning, commencement, start, origin, forward, leading, position, precedence, pick, choice
taoiseach [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx] = chieftain, leader, man of substance, important person, decent/generous person ; first, former
Taoiseach = (Irish) Prime Minister, Taoiseach
taoiseacht = chieftainship, leadership
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùs [tuːs] = beginning, origin, inception
tòiseach [tɔʃəx] = beginning, front, van, forefront, bow (of a ship); chief of a clan or tribe
Tòiseach [tɔːʃɪç] = a Macintosh, any member of Clan MacKintosh
tòiseachail [tɔʃəxal] = primitive, rudimentary
tòiseachd [tɔʃəxg] = (act of) beginning, starting, precedence
Manx (Gaelg) tosh = chieftain
toshiagh = chief(tain), leader, premier, offset, toe, forepart
toshiaght = beginning, fore(front), lead, opening, outset, bow (of a ship)
Toshiaght Arree = February (“start of spring”)
Toshiaght Fouyir = August (“start of autumn”)
Toshiaght Gheuree = November (“start of winter”)
toshiaghey = to begin, start, initiate
Proto-Brythonic *togwɨs = leadership
*towɨssọg = leader, chief, king, prince
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywys = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
towys, tywyssav = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
touyssoc, tywyssaỽc, tywyssavc, tywyssawc, tyỽyssaỽc = prince, lore, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tehuyokaet, tywyssogaeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywys [təu̯.ˈis] = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
tywysu, tywys(i)o = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
tywysiad = leading, leadership, guidance, direction, introduction, (water) conduit
tywysog [təu̯.ˈəsɔɡ/ˈtwəsɔɡ] = prince, lord, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tywysog(i)aeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty, supremacy, government
tywysogaidd = princely, royal, noble, splendid
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Old Breton (Brethonoc) toguisoc = ?

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *towissus (leadership), *to- (to(wards)) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from *weyd- (to see) [source]. Words from the same roots include pavilion in English, papillon (butterfly, brilliant, versatile and inconstant person) in French, farfalla (butterfly, bow tie, butterly-shaped pasta) in Italian, papion (bowtie) in Romanian, paipala (quail) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) úachtarán = chief, leader
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úachtarán, uachtarán = head, leader, chief, president, governor, ruler, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) uachtarán [uəxt̪ˠəɾˠɑːnˠ] = president, head, superior, headmaster, landowner (archaic)
Uachtarán = President
uachtaránacht = presidency, authority, power
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uachdaran [uəxgəran] = laird, landowner, proprietor, superior
uachdaranach [uəxgərənəx] = superior, paramount
uachdaranachd [uəxgərənəxg] = dominion, supremacy
uachdaranas [uəxgranəs] = jurisdiction
Manx (Gaelg) eaghtyran(e) = president, superior, chief
eaghtyraneagh = presidential
eaghtyraneys = presidency

Etymology: from Old Irish *úachtar (surface, top, cream), from Proto-Celtic *ouxteros (upper), from *(o)uxs- (up) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewp- (up) [source]. Words for Up Above, etc in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

Proto-Brythonic *penno-tam-īkos = chief, leader
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pendewic, pen(n)deuic, pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendevigiaeth, pendeuigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendevigyeid = aristocratic, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendefigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendefig(i)aidd = aristocratic, noble
pendefiges = queen, lady, peeress, noblewoman
Old Cornish pendeuig = prince, chief, noble(man)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pendevig, pensevic, pednz(h)ivig = prince, chief, noble(man), principal
pednzivigian = nobility, gentry
Cornish (Kernewek) pennseviges, pednsyviges = princess
pennsevigeth = principality
pennsevik, pednsyvik = chief, noble, prince
Old Breton (Brethonoc) *pendemic = rich (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pynuizyc, pinuisic, pinuizic = rich man
pinuizigaez = wealth
pinuizic, pinuzic = rich
pinuizicat = to enrich, to get rich
Breton (Brezhoneg) pinvidik [pĩnˈviːdik] = rich
pinvidikaat = to enrich, to get rich
pinvidikaerezh = enrichment, wealth

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *penno-tamos = the most in chief, from *penn (head), from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (head), the origins of which are not known [source].

More words for prince, chief, ruler, etc can be found in the Celtiadur posts Lord, Ruler and Country and Land.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Tented Pavilions

Words for tents, pavilions and related things in Celtic languages.

049_MTV_2004

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) pupall [ˈpubal͈] = tent
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) pupall, pupaill, pupla = tent, pavilion, awning
Irish (Gaeilge) puball [ˈpˠʊbˠəl̪ˠ] = tent, pavilion
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pùball [puːbəl̪ˠ] = marquee, pavilion, tent
pùballach = tented, full of tents or booths
Proto-Brythonic *pėbɨll = tent (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pebyll = tent
Welsh (Cymraeg) pabell, pebyll [ˈpabɛɬ] = tent, dwelling, portable shelter, camp, pavilion, tabernacle, booth, canopy, arbour, bower, sanctuary; mantle, cloak
pabell(i)af, pabelllu, pabellio = to pitch a tent, camp, encamp, dwell
pabellog = held in a tent, full of tents
Cornish (Kernewek) pabel = pavilion
Breton (Brezhoneg) pabell [pɑː.bɛl] = pavilion, large tent, marquee

Etymology: from Vulgar Latin păpiliō, from Latin pāpiliō (butterfly, moth, soul of a dead person, tent), probably a reduplicated form of Proto-Indo-European *pal- (to feel, touch, shake) [source]. The Breton word pabell was borrowed from Welsh [source].

Words from the same roots include pavilion in English, papillon (butterfly, brilliant, versatile and inconstant person) in French, farfalla (butterfly, bow tie, butterly-shaped pasta) in Italian, papion (bowtie) in Romanian, paipala (quail) in Latvian [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) pailliún = tent, pavilion
Irish (Gaeilge) pailliún = pavilion
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pàillean [paːlʲan] = pavilion, tabernacle
pàillean còmhlain = bandstand
Manx (Gaelg) paal = pavilion, pen, hedge, fence, coop, enclosure, ring, enclave
paalan = booth, tent
paalan buillvollee = marquee
paalan clagganagh = bell tent
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pauillon = pavilion, tent
Breton (Brezhoneg) pavilhon = pavilion, tent

Etymology: from Latin palla (cloak, mantle), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (to cover, to wrap, skin, hide, cloth), or possibly a substrate loan. Words from the same roots include camouflage, film, muffle, pall and pelt in English, piel (skin, fur) in Spanish, and peau (skin, hide, fur) in French [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lluesteu, lluest = tent
lluestu = to camp, live under canvas, etc
lluestuy = tent, booth, shieling, cottage, lodge, cabin, hut
Welsh (Cymraeg) lluest [ˈɬɨ.ɛst] = tent
lluestaf, lluestu = to lodge temporarily in the open, in a tent or in tents, live under canvas, accomodate, quarter, billet, pitch tent(s), set up camp
lluestai = quartermaster
lluestfa = camp, encampment, military quarters, barracks
lluesty [ˈɬjɛstɨ̞/ˈɬjɛsti] = tent, booth, shieling, cottage, lodge, cabin, hut

Etymology: from llu (host, multitude) and gwest (lodging) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) tabernacuil [ˈpubal͈] = booth, tabernacle, tent
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tabernacuil, tabernacul = tent, booth, hut, heaven, tabernacle, temple, shrine
Irish (Gaeilge) taibernacal = tabernacle
Manx (Gaelg) tabernacle = tabernacle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tabernacl = tabernacle
Breton (Brezhoneg) tabernakl, tabarlank [taˈbɛr.nak(l)] = tabernacle

Etymology: from Latin tabernāculum (tent, tabernacle), from taberna (shop, store, inn, tavern, saloon, hut, shed), from trabs (timber, beam, rafter, tree trunk), from PIE *treb- (wooden beam). Words from the same roots include tabernacle and tavern in English, taberna (pub, tavern) in Spanish, tafarn (pub, tavern) in Welsh, and other words for tavern / pub in Celtic languages [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Yoked Bonds

Words for yoke, bond and related things in Celtic languages.

Yoked

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *yugom = yoke
*komyungis = (?)
Gaulish *yugom = yoke (?)
*Weryugos = personal name
Old Irish (Goídelc) cuing = yoke
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cuing, coing = yoke, burden, duty, sway, discipline, behaviour
Irish (Gaeilge) cuing [kiːɲɟ/kɪɲ] = yoke, bond, obligation, tie, beam, narrow neck of land (as between two lakes)
cuingealach = jugular
cuingigh = to yoke, enjoin
cuingir = yoke, pair, couple, group, herd
cuingleánach = yoked
cuingrigh = yoke, couple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cuing [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲ] = yoke, asthma, bond, obligation
cuinge [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲə] = narrow place, passage, pass, difficulty, limitation
cuingeach [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲəx] = asthmatic
cuingeachadh [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲəxəɣ] = (act of) yoking, abridgement, constraining, restricting, constraint
cuingeachail [kɯiŋʲgʲəxal] = limiting, restrictive
cuingealach [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲəl̪ˠəx] = restricted, shackled, constricted
Manx (Gaelg) quing = yoke, brace, team of oxen, (balance) beam
quingaghey = to subjugate, yoke
quingey = to yoke
quingit = yoked
Proto-Brythonic *jọw = yoke
Old Welsh (Kembraec) iou = yoke
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) iou, yeu, iau, jav = yoke
Welsh (Cymraeg) iau [jaɨ̯/jai̯] = yoke, pair of oxen, sway, dominion, authority, discipline, oppression
Old Cornish ieu = yoke
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) yeu = yoke
Cornish (Kernewek) yew = yoke
war yew = onward
Middle Breton (Brezonec) yeu, yau = yoke
Breton (Brezhoneg) yev [jew] = yoke, servitude
yevad = yoke, hitch, team, coupling
yevan, yevañ = to yoke, subjugate, enslave

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (yoke) or *yung, from *yewg- (to join, yoke, tie together) [source]. Words from the same roots include adjunct, conjugate, join, jugular, junction, yoga and yoke in English, joindre (to join up, reach, contact) in French, and junto (together, joined, next to) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *wedos = yoke, harness
Old Irish (Goídelc) fedan = band, carrying, company, drawing
feidid [ˈɸʲeðʲiðʲ] = to bring, lead
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fedan, feadhan, fedhain = (act of) carrying, conveying, carriage, harness, band, company, part, some
feidid, fedid = to bring, lead, refer, apply
Irish (Gaeilge) feadhain = band, troop, company
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) feadhain = team of horses
Manx (Gaelg) fwirran = staff, team
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gued, guet, gved, gwedd = yoke, harness
guedu, gwedha = to be coupled with a yoke, be yoked
gwedeu, guedeu = traces, draught-harness
gwedhau = to submit, pay homage
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwedd [ɡweːð] = yoke, harness, team (of horses, oxen, etc), bondage, captivity, submission, humility, homage, offspring, progeny, children
gweddaf, gweddu = to be coupled with a yoke, be yoked, submit, humble oneself
gweddau = traces, draught-harness

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (to bind, secure, pledge, guarantee, lead) [source]. Words from the same roots include gage, wage, wager and wed in English, Wette (bet) in German, and gage (pledge, guarantee, deposit) in French [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) mám [maːm] = yoke
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mám = yoke
Irish (Gaeilge) mám = yoke

Etymology: ? [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Grinding Mills

Words for grind, crush, mill and related things in Celtic languages.

Olive press grinding stones

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *malati = to grind, crush
Old Irish (Goídelc) meilid = to crush, grind, sharpen, eat
con·meil = to grind together
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) melaid, meilid = to grind, crush, sharpen, use, consume (esp. food)
con-meil, coimlid, cuimlid, comlaid = to rub, grind together, attach, consume, destroy
Irish (Gaeilge) meil [mʲɛlʲ] = to grind, crush
meilim = to grind
meilt = grinding, crushing, consuming, spending, wasting, incessant talk
meilteach = grinding, crushing, consuming
meilteoir = grinder, crusher
meilteoireacht = (act of) grinding, crushing
meiltire = incessant talker, chatterer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) meil [mel̪] = (to) grind, mill, pulverize, masticate
meileach [meləx] = grinding, pertaining to or abounding in grinders/mills; finely ground flour
meileadh [mɛl̪ʲɛvadʲ] = grinding, milling, pulverizing, masticating
meilt [meldʲ] = grinding
meilte [meldʲə] = ground, milled, pulverized, masticated
meiltear, meileadair [meldʲər / melədɪrʲ] = grinder
Manx (Gaelg) beihll = to grind, pulverize; pulverization
beihlleyder = grinder, pulverizer
beihllinder = grinder
bleih = grind, grist; duffer, halfling, hobbledehoy, ninny, triffler
bleihit = ground
bleihder = grinder, molar
Proto-Brythonic *malɨd = to grind, crush
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) malu, mâlu = to grind, crush, pulverise, break, shatter, smash
Welsh (Cymraeg) malu [ˈma(ː)li] = to grind, crush, pulverise, break, shatter, smash, trample, chop, sharpen, destroy, utter, speak, recite (poetry)
malu awyr = to talk idly, talk nonsense, blather (“to grind air”)
malaid = finely ground, ground to a powder
malurio = to break into fragments, shatter, smash, grind, crumble, reduce to dust, pulverise
malwr [ˈmalʊr / ˈma(ː)lʊr] = grinder, mincer, molar, miller; speaker, utterer, babbler, chatterer
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) melias = to reduce, power, grind
Cornish (Kernewek) mala = to grind
maler = grinder
melyas = to grind
Old Breton (Brethonoc) malaff = to grind
Middle Breton (Brezonec) malaff = to grind
Breton (Brezhoneg) malañ [ˈmɑːlã] = to grind, cruse, seize
malad = ground things
maladeg, maladur = grinding
maler [ˈmɑːlɛr] = miller
malerez [ma.leː.res] = grinder, vegetable mill

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-é-ti, from *melh₂- (to crush, grind). Words from the same roots include maelstrom (a large and violent whirlpool) and meal (the coarse-ground edible part of various grains often used to feed animals) in English, moudre (to grind), meule (grindstone, millstone) and moulin (mill, windmill) in French, and moler (to grind, mill), and words for mill in Celtic languages – see below [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) muilend = mill
muileóir = miller
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) muilend, muilund = mill
muileóir, moilleóir = miller
Irish (Gaeilge) muileann [ˈmˠɪlʲən̪ˠ] = mill, grinding apparatus, manufactory
muileann uisce = watermill
muileann gaoithe = windmill, pinwheel
muileann iarainn = ironworks
muileann sábhadóireachta = sawmill
muileóir = miller, mill owner
muileóireacht = (act of) milling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) muileann [mul̪ʲən̪ˠ] = mill
muileann-gaoithe = windmill
muileann-sàbhaidh = sawmill
muileann-uisge = watermill
muilear [mul̪ʲər] = miller
muilearachd [mul̪ʲərəxg] = milling, grinding
Manx (Gaelg) mwyllin = mill, factory
mwyllin geayee = windmill
mwyllin saaual = sawmill
mwyllin ushtey = watermill
mwyllar = miller, mill owner
mwyllaragh, mwyllarys = milling
Proto-Brythonic *melɨn = mill
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) melyn, melin = mill
melin wynt = windmill
melina = to grind, mill
melinyt, melinyd, melinid = miller, grinder
Welsh (Cymraeg) melin [ˈmɛlɪn] = mill, factory
melin wynt = windmill
melin lif(anu) = sawmill
melin ddŵr = watermill
melina(f), melino = to grind, mill
melinwr = miller, mill owner
melinydd = miller, grinder, molar
melinyddiaeth = the craft of milling
Old Cornish melin = mill
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) melin, belin = mill
Cornish (Kernewek) melin, belin = mill
melin dhowr = watermill
melin wyns = windmill
meliner / melinores, belender = miller
melinji = millhouse
Old Breton (Brethonoc) molin = mill
Middle Breton (Brezonec) melin = mill
Breton (Brezhoneg) milin, melin [ˈmiː.lĩn] = mill, factory
milin-avel [mi.lĩ.ˈnɑː.vɛl] = windmill
milin-dour, melin-dour [milĩnˈduːr] = watermill
milinan, milinañ = to mill, rotate
miliner, meilher = miller
milinerezh = milling

Etymology: from Late Latin molinum (a mill), from molīnus (mill), molō (to grin or mill), from Proto-Italic *melō (to grind), from Proto-Indo-European *mélh₂-ti, from *melh₂- (to grind, crush) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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