Credible Belief

Today we’re looking at the words for belief, religion and related things in Celtic languages.

Inside St. Patrick's Cathedral Midtown Manhattan New York City NY P00620 DSC_1137

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kreddīti = to believe
Old Irish (Goídelc) creitid [ˈkʲrʲedʲiðʲ] = to believe
creitem = belief, faith
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) creitid, craitid = to believe, trust, give allegiance
creitem = (act of) believing, being converted; belief, faith, religion; credit, credibility, good standing
Irish (Gaeilge) creid [cɾʲɛdʲ / cɾʲɪdʲ] = to believe, give credence to, suppose
creideamh = belief, faith, religion, creed
creidiúint = credit
creidiúnach = creditable, reputable, respectable
creidiúnacht = creditableness, respectability
creidiúnaí = creditor
creidmheach = believer, believing, faithful
creidte = credible
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) creid [krʲedʲ] = (to) believe, suppose
creideadh [krʲedʲəɣ] = belief, creed, faith
creideamh [krʲedʲəv] = belief, creed, faith
creideas [krʲedʲəs] = faith, credit, credibility, credence
creideasachd [krʲedʲəsəxg] = credibility
creideasaiche [krʲedʲəsɪçə] = creditor
creidmheach [krʲedʲvəx] = believer
Manx (Gaelg) cred [kredʲ] = to believe
credjuagh = believer, disciple, believing, believable
credjue = belief, creed, conviction, faith, religion
Proto-Brythonic *krėdid = to believe
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cred, cret, kred = belief, creed, religion, faith
credaduy, credadwy = credible, trustworthy, genuine, authentic, certain sure, believed
credaw, credu, credv = to believe, have faith in, trust
Welsh (Cymraeg) cred = belief, creed, religion, faith, trust, oath, promise, integrity, fidelity, credit
credadwy = credible, trustworthy, genuine, authentic, certain sure, believed
crediniaeth = belief, opinion, religion, creed, faith, confidence, credulity
credu [ˈkrɛdɨ̞ / ˈkreːdi] = to believe, have faith in, trust, give credit, be disposed, feel inclined
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cred, crêd, cresy, cregy = belief, faith
credgyans, credzhans, cregyans = the Creed, belief
Cornish (Kernewek) krysi, kreji = to believe, think
krysadow, kryjus = credible
kryjans, krejyans = belief, religion
kryjyk = religious
Old Breton (Brethonoc) critim = to believe
Middle Breton (Brezonec) cridiff, credyt, credaff = to believe
Breton (Brezhoneg) krediñ [ˈkreː.dĩ] = to believe, dare
kredad = credit
kredañ = credenza, wardrobe
kredapl = believable, likely
kredekaat = to credit
kredenn = belief, superstition
kreder = believer, creditor
kredig, kredik = credulous
kredoniezh = caution

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱreddʰh₁-éh₂ / *ḱréddʰh₁eti (to believe, trust) from *ḱḗr (heart) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include credible, credenza, credit, credo and incredible, in English, credere (to believe, think) in Italian, croire (to believe) in French, and creer (to believe, think, reckon) in Spanish [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Captive Hostages

Words for hostage, pledge and related things in Celtic languages.

Hostage

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *geistlos = hostage, bail
Gaulish geistlus = hostage (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gíall = a human pledge, hostage
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gíall, gial, giall = a human pledge, hostage, jailer, act of yielding homage, obeying
gíallacht, gíallnus = hostageship, captivity
Irish (Gaeilge) giall [ɟiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, (human) pledge
giallach = having or taking hostages
giallacht = hostageship, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) giall [gʲiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, pledge
giallach [gʲiəl̪ˠəx] = pertaining to or abounding in hostages / pledges
Manx (Gaelg) gioal = pledge, pawn, stake, wager, bet, bond
geulys, geuleydys = bondage
Proto-Brythonic *guɨstl = hostage, bail
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gustil, gustel, guyst(e)l, gvystl, gwystyl = pledge, security, surety, guarantee, earnest
guystlvy, gustelau, gusthaf = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlyryaeth, gwystloryaeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwystl [ɡwɨ̞sdl / ɡʊi̯sdl] = pledge, assurance, security, surety, guarantee, earnest, gage, pawn, hostage, wager, stake, bet, mortgage
gwystl(i)ad = a pledging, a pawning
gwystlo = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlchwarae = gambling
gwystledig = pledge, bound, mortgaged
gwystlor(i)aeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
gwystlwr, gwystlydd = mortgagor, pawnbroker
Old Cornish guistel = hostage
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) guistel = hostage, pledge, surety
Cornish (Kernewek) gostel = hostage, riot
gostla = to pawn, wage
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guistl = hostage
Middle Breton (Brezonec) goestl = hostage, pledge
goestlaff = to consecrate, dedicate, pledge, devote
goestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouestl [ˈɡwestl] = hostage, pledge, guarantee, bail, surety
gouestladur = commitment, offering
gouestlaj = mortgage
gouestlañ [ˈɡwestlã] = to bet, wager, guarantee, pledge, consecrate, dedicate, devote
gouestlaoua = to bribe, buy, corrupt, grease the palm of
gouestlaouañ = to bribe, corrupt
gouestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (to yearn for, to desire) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Proto-Germanic *gīslaz (hostage), include gijzelen (to take hostage) in Dutch, Geisel (hostage) in German, gidsel (hostage) in Danish, gisslan (hostage) in Swedish, and kihlata (to betroth) in Finnish [source].

Words from the same PIE root include geisti (to desire, crave, covet, lust after) in Lithuanian, gaidīt (to wait, expect, anticipate) in Latvian, ждать (ždatʹ – to wait for, expect) in Russian, and geizen (to be miserly) in German [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) brága [ˈbraː.ɣɘ] = hostage, captive, prisoner
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brága, brágha, brage [ˈbraːɣə] = captive, prisoner, hostage
brágigdenas, braighdenus, braighdeanas = hostageship, captivity
bráigtechas, braightechus = hostageship
Irish (Gaeilge) brá [bˠɾˠɑː] = captive, hostage
braighdeanach = captive, prisoner
braighdeanas = captivity, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bràigh [braːj] = captive, hostage
bràighdeanas = bondage, captivity, slavery
neach am bràighdeanas = captive, hostage

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *brāgants (neck, throat), from *brāg + *-ants (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (to swallow, devour, eat) [source]. The sense “captive” derives from the Middle Irish phrase gaibid ar brágait (to take captive: lit. “to take by the neck”) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include carnivore, devour, gargle, gorge, gurgle and voracious in English; gurgeln (to gargle, gurgle) in German; voractià (oracity, voraciousness) in Italian, and gerti (to drink, soak up, absorb) in Lithuanian [source].

The word for hostage in Manx is raane, which also means assurance, bail, bond, collateral, guarantee, pledge or surety [source]. Its etymology is not known [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Saponaceous Soap

Words for soap and related things in Celtic languages.

SOAP

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) siabann [ʃiəbən̪ˠ] = soap. soap opera
siabann-bearraidh = shaving soap
siabannach [ʃiəbən̪ˠəx] = soapy
Manx (Gaelg) sheeabin, sheeabyn = soap
sheeabinagh = soapy, lathery
sheeabinaghey = to lather, soap
sheeabineyr = soap-maker
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) sebon = soap, flattery, cajolery, semen
sebonllys = soapwort, soapberry
sebonyd = soap-maker, soap-seller, flatterer, fawner
Welsh (Cymraeg) sebon [ˈsɛbɔn] = soap, flattery, cajolery
sebonaidd = soapy, saponaceous, soap-operatic
sebondrwyth = lather, suds
seboneiddiad, seboniant = saponification
seboneiddio = to saponify, soft-soap, flatter, fawn (upon)
seboni = to soap, lather, soft-soap, flatter, fawn (upon)
sebonllyd, sebonlyd, sebonog = soapy, sapnonaceous, sudsy, flattering, fawning, obsequious
sebonllys, sebonlys = soapwort, soapberry
sebonwr, sebonydd = soap-maker, soap-seller, flatterer, fawner
Cornish (Kernewek) sebon = soap
seboni = to soap
sebonles = soapwort
sebonus = soapy
Middle Breton (Brezonec) soauon, saoün = soap
Breton (Brezhoneg) soavon [ˈswɑːvɔ̃n] = soap
soavonadur, saovonaj = soaping
soavonek, soavonus = soapy
soavoniñ = to soap

Etymology: possibly from Latin sāpōn(is) (an ancient hair product) from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ (soap), maybe from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (to pour out, dribble, strain, trickle) [source]. Words from the same roots include soap in English, savon (soap) in French, jabón (soap) in Spanish, sapone (soap) in Italian, sabão (soap) in Portuguese [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) síobán [ɡɾˠɑːnˠ / ɡɾˠaːnˠ] = drift
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) siaban [ʃiəban] = sand-drift, spindrift, blown sand
siaban gaoithe = a strong wind (strong enough to whip up sand)

Etymology: from Latin sāpōn(is) (an ancient hair product) from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ (soap), from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (to pour out, dribble, strain, trickle) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sóp = soap
Irish (Gaeilge) sópa = soap
Welsh sôp = soap (opera)

Etymology: from English soap or from Middle English sope, sape (soap), from Old English sāpe (soap, salve), from Proto-West Germanic *saipā (soap, resin), from Proto-Germanic *saipǭ (soap), from Proto-Indo-European *seyb-, *seyp- (to pour out, drip, trickle, strain) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gallúinech, galluineach = soap
Irish (Gaeilge) gallúnach [ɡəˈl̪ˠuːnˠəx / ˈɡalˠuːnˠa(x)] = soap, flattery, cajolery
gallúnaigh = to saponify (convert into soap)
gallúnú = saponification
gallúnúil = saponaceous (soapy, slippery, evasive)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gallanach = soap

Etymology: unknown [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Monastic Monks

Words for monk, nun, monastery and related things in Celtic languages.

For What We're About.....

Old Irish (Goídelc) manach [ˈma.nəx] = monk, tenant of church lands
mainches = nun
mainister = monastery
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) manach, manaig = monk, a tenant of church lands, a kenning for a bee
mainches = nun
mainister, mainistear = monastery
Irish (Gaeilge) manach [ˈmˠanˠəx / mˠəˈn̪ˠɑx] = monk
manachas = monasticism
manachúil = monastic
mainistir = monastery, abbey
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) manach [manəx] = monk
manachalachd [manəxəl̪ˠəxg] = monasticism
manach(d)ail [manəxal] = monastic
manachainn [manəxɪn̪ʲ] = monastery, convent
manaistear [manɪʃdʲər] = monastery, overseer
mainistir [manɪʃdʲɪrʲ] = monastery
Manx (Gaelg) maynagh, monnagh = monk
maynaghoil = monastic, monkish, conventual
mannishter = monastery, minster, abbey, friary, cloister, religious house
Proto-Brythonic *manax = monk
*möstuɨr = monastery
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) manach, menach, mynach = monk
mustuir = monastery
manaches, mynaches = nun
Welsh (Cymraeg) mynach, manach [ˈmənaχ. ˈmanaχ] = monk, friar
mynachaeth = monasticism
mynachaidd = monastic
mynachdy, mynachlog = monastery
mynaches, manaches = nun
Old Cornish manach = monk
manaes = nun
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) manach, manah = monk
manaes, monacha = nun, a female recluse
Cornish (Kernewek) managh = monk
managhek = monastic
managhes = nun
managhti = monastery
Old Breton (Brethonoc) manach = monk
Middle Breton manach = monk
manaches = nun
manachty = monastry
Breton (Brezhoneg) manac’h [ˈmãːnax] = monk, hot water bottle, grey periwinkle
manac’hez = nun
manac’hegezh = monasticism
manac’hek = monastic
manac’hiñ = to appoint a monk
manati [mã.ˈna.tːi] = monastry, cloister, convent

Etymology: from Latin monachus (monk), from Ancient Greek μοναχός (monakhós – single, solitary), from μόνος (mónos – alone, forsaken, solitary, only, unique), from Proto-Hellenic *mónwos. The Goidelic words may have been borrowed from Proto-Brythonic. Words from the same roots include monk and monastery and minster (a monastic church) in English [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Masters

Words for master and related things in Celtic languages.

Singing in Pontio / Canu ym Mhontio

Old Irish (Goídelc) maigister [ˈmaɣʲisʲtʲer] = master, teacher
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) maigister, maigistir, magistor, magister = teacher, master, lord, owner
Irish (Gaeilge) máistir [ˈmˠɑːʃtʲəɾʲ / ˈmˠaiʃtʲəɾʲ] = master, person in control, teacher, skilled person
máistreacht = mastering, mastery, office of master, mastership
máistreás = mistress, wife
máistrigh = to master, lord it over s.o.
máistriúil = masterful, imperious, masterly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) maighistir [majɪʃdʲɪrʲ] = master
maighstir [maiʃdʲɪrʲ] = master
maighstireachd [maiʃdʲɪrʲəxg] = office of a master, mastery
Maighstir = Mr
maighstir-lagha = magistrate
maor-sìthe = constable
maorsainneachd [mɯːr̪ˠsɪn̪ʲəxg] = mastership, prefecture
maighstireil = masterly, lordly, domineering
Manx (Gaelg) mains(h)tyr, mainshter = boss, master, skipper, taskmaster
mainshtyragh = bossy, domineering, master
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) meistyr = master, ruler, chief, lord#
meistres, mastres = mistress, woman in authority, lady, madam
meistrawl, meistrol = masterly, masterful
meistroli = to master, overcome, defeat, conquer
Welsh (Cymraeg) meistr, ma(e)str = master, ruler, chief, lord, landlord, employer, teacher, instructor, guide
meistr(i)aeth = mastery, authority, supremacy
meistres, ma(e)stres = mistress, woman in authority, lady, madam
meistr(i)ol = masterly, masterful
meistr(i)oli = to master, overcome, defeat, conquer
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) maister = master
Cornish (Kernewek) mester = boss, master, mister, Mr
mester cirk = ringmaster
mestres = boss, mistress, Mrs, Ms
Mestresik = Miss
mestrieth, mestrionieth = master’s degree
mestrynses = dominion
Middle Breton maestr, mestr, mestre = master
Breton (Brezhoneg) mestr [ˈmɛst(r)] = master, chief, champion
kartemestr = quartermaster
mestr-kêr = mayor
mestr-skol = teacher, school master
mestrañ = to dominate, to lead
mestrerezh = preponderance, dominance
mestrez = mistress, (female) boss

Etymology: from Latin magister (master, chief, head, superior, teacher, instructor), from Proto-Italic *magisteros (bigger, greater) from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂- (good, great), or *meǵh₂- (big, great). Words from the same roots include master, maestro (a master in some art, especially a composer or conductor), magistrate and mister in English, maestro (master, expert) in Italian, maître (master, leader, teacher) in French, and мастер (master – master, craftsman, expert, foreman, repairman) in Russian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) ollam [ˈol͈aβ̃] = a master in a particular trade or skill, a professor, the highest rank of fili, chief poet, doctor
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ollam, olloman = the highest grade of fili, an expert in any art or science, a professor, chief
Irish (Gaeilge) ollamh [ˈɔl̪ˠəvˠ / ˈɔl̪ˠuː] = master poet, master, expert, learned man, professor
ollúnacht = professorship
ollúnta = professorial
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ollamh [ɔl̪ˠəv] = professor
ollamhachd [ɔl̪ˠəvəxg] = professorship
ollamhan [ɔl̪ˠəvan] = doctor (of medicine / philosophy), bard of the first order
Manx (Gaelg) olloo = doctor, don, professor, pundit
trong>ollooaght = professorship

Etymology: from Old Irish oll (great, vast and -am (occupational noun-forming suffix) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) múintid, múntith = teacher, instructor
Irish (Gaeilge) múinteoir [mˠuːn̠ʲˈtʲoːɾʲ / ˈmˠuːn̠ʲtʲoːɾʲ] = teacher
múinteoireacht = (act of) teaching

Etymology: from Old Irish múnid (to teach, instruct, learn, show, point out), possibly from Latin moneō (to warn, advise, remind) [source], from Proto-Italic *moneō (to remind, warn), from *monejō, from Proto-Indo-European *moné-ye-ti, from the root *men- (to think). Words from the same roots include monitor in English, muñir (to arrange) in Spanish, and monieren (to criticize, complain about) in German [source].

Other words for teacher can be found on these post Scholarly Pupils and Fathers

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Stewards & Mayors

Words for steward, agent, mayor and related things in Celtic languages.

Lord Mayor's Show 2010

Old Irish (Goídelc) maer = steward
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) maer, maor, moer = steward
maeraigecht = the office of a steward, stewardship
maerda, maordha, mærda = stately, of noble or imposing presence
Irish (Gaeilge) maor [mˠiːɾˠ / mˠeːɾˠ] = steward, baliff, warden, keeper, supervisor, herdsman, (school) prefect
ardmhaor = chief steward
banmhaor = stewardess
maorach = supervisory, prefectorial
maoracht = stewardship, wardenship, superinntendence, majorship, prefecture
maorga = stately, dignified, imposting, sedate, quiet
maorgacht = stateliness, dignity
maorathach = bureaucratic
méara = mayor
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) maor [mɯːr] = factor (profession), any middle-ranked officer / official in various capacities
maor-ceartais = justice of the peace (JP)
maor-cladaich = coastguard
maor-sàraidh = baliff
maor-sìthe = constable
maorsainneachd [mɯːr̪ˠsɪn̪ʲəxg] = stewardship, prefecture
mèar [mɛːr] = mayor
Manx (Gaelg) meoir = steward, supervisor, agent, baliff, curator, custodian, keeper, manager, mayor, prefect
meoir shee = constable, policeman
meoiryn shee = constabulary, police (force)
meoiragh = mayoral, prefectorial, supervisory
meoiraght = mayorality, majorship, prefecture, stewardship
Proto-Brythonic *maɨr = steward, agent, officer, official (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) mair = steward, agent, officer, official, husbandman
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) maer = steward, agent, officer, official, husbandman, mayor
maerty, maerdy = summer dwelling for the tending of cattle, dairy, dairy farm, farm-house
Welsh (Cymraeg) maer [maːɨ̯r / mai̯r] = steward, agent, officer, official, husbandman, mayor
maerdy = summer dwelling for the tending of cattle, dairy, dairy farm, farm-house, town hall, mansion house, official residence of the mayor
maeres = farmer’s wife, steward’s wife, dairy woman, mayor’s wife, mayoress
maeriaeth = husbandry, agriculture, mayoralty
maerol = mayoral
maeron = bailiff, dairy farmer
Old Cornish mair = mayor, chief (?)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) mair, maer = mayor, chief
Cornish (Kernewek) maynor(es) = agent
maynorieth = agency
mer(es) = mayor(ess)
merji = home of the mayor
Old Breton (Brethonoc) mair = mayor (?)
Middle Breton mair = mayor
Breton (Brezhoneg) merour, merer(ez) = manager, administor, manager, steward, farmer, grower
mereuri = farmhouse, farm
merouriezh = management, administration, husbandry
maer(ez) [mɛːr] = mayor(ess)
maerded = mayor’s office
maerdi = town hall

Etymology: from Latin māior (mayor; bigger, greater), from Proto-Italic magjōs (bigger, greater) from Proto-Indo-European *meǵh₂- (big, great) [source]. The Irish and Scottish Gaelic words for mayor come from the Old French maire (a senior public official), from Latin māior etc [source].

Words from the same roots include magistrate, major, majesty, majuscule and mayor, master, mister in English, maire (mayor) in French, maestro (master, expert) in Italian, and Mallorca / Majorca in Spanish [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Malt

Words for malt and related things in Celtic languages.

Malt

Proto-Celtic *mrakis = malt
Gaulish bracis = malt (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) mraich = malt
braichles = wort
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) braich = malt, malt liquor
braichles = mash, wort
Irish (Gaeilge) braich = malt
braicheadh = malting
braicheadóir = malster
braichleann = malt liquor
braichlis = wort
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) braich [braç] = malt, fermented grain
brach [brax] = ferment!, malt!, fill with pus!, gather!
mac na bracha/braiche = single malt whisky
Manx (Gaelg) bry, braih = malt
braghee = malted, malty
braghey = to ferment, malt, malted, fermentation
Proto-Brythonic *brag = malt (?)
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) brac, brag = malt, barley grain
bragio, bragv = to brew, malt, scheme, spoil, ruin, germinate, sprout, shoot
Welsh (Cymraeg) brag [braːɡ] = malt, barley grain, alcoholic drink produced by fermentation of malt, ale; a brewing, fermentation; brewery
brag(i)af, bragu, brag(i)o = to brew, malt, scheme, spoil, ruin, germinate, sprout, shoot
braglyn = malt liquor
bragodyn = germ, sprout
bragwr, bragydd = brewer, maltster
brecâf, brecáu = to mash (malt in brewing)
bracty, bragdy = brewery, malthouse
Old Cornish brag = malt
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) brag, brâg = malt
Cornish (Kernewek) brag = malt
Middle Breton braguez = (germ of) grain
Breton (Brezhoneg) bragez [ˈbrɑːɡes] = (germ of) grain

Etymology: uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥ke/o / *morko, from *merk- (to be soaked, be weak). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish bracem and Old French bracier (to brew), include brasser (to brew, intermingle), brasserie (brewery, brasserie, beer parlour), and brasseur (brewer) in French, brasserie in English.

Words from the same PIE roots include marcire (to rot, fester, go bad) in Italian, marchito (wilted, faded) in Spanish, marcir (to wilt) in Catalan, and mer̃kti (to wet, moisten, soak) in Lithuanian [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Breaking the Wind

A post about words for flatulence and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

rising wind

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bragyeti = to fart, flatulate
*braxsman = fart
*brag-(y)o- = to fart
Gaulish *bragiū = to fart (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) braigid [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = to fart
broimm = fart
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) braigid = to fart
broimm, broim = fart(ing)
Irish (Gaeilge) broim [bˠɾˠiːmʲ] = fart, to fart
broimneach = (act of) farting
broimnéis = (of speech) windiness, fury
broimnéiseach = loud-voiced, furious, bellicose
broimseán = windiness, rudeness
broimseánaí = windbag, rude person
broimseánta = rude
bromaire = farter, windbag, boaster
bromaireacht = windiness, (act of) boasting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bram [brãũm] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
braim [brɤim] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
bramag [bramag] = small fart
Manx (Gaelg) breim = fart, raspberry
breimeragh = to fart, farting
breimmey = to fart
Proto-Brythonic *bramm = fart (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bram, bràm = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bremain, brammu = to fart, break wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) bram [bram] = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bramio = to fart, break wind
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bram = fart
bramme = to fart
Cornish (Kernewek) bramm, brabm = fart
bramm an gath!, brabm an gath! = cat’s fart! fiddlesticks!
bramma, brabma = to fart
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bram = fart
brammet = to fart
Breton (Brezhoneg) bramm [brãmː] = fart
brammadenn = fireball
brammañ, brammat = to fart
brammellat = to backfire
brammer = farter

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (to stink, smell, have a strong odour) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *bragiū (fart) and Latin bragiō (to bray, cry, weep), include (to) bray in English, braire (to bray, shout, cry, weep) and brailler (to shout, yell, speak very loudly) in French, sbraitare (to shout, scream, yell, rant) in Italian, and breté in Gallo [source].

Words from the same PIE roots possibly include braña (mire, bog, fen, march, moorland) in Galician, flair, fragrant in English, flairer (to smell, sniff, scent, sense) in French, fragare (to smell) in Italian, cheirar (to smell) in Portuguese, and words for rotten, putrid, foetid, etc in Celtic languages, such as braen (rotten, putrid, corr) in Welsh – see the post Rotten Fragrance for more details [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) tútt = smell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tút(t), túth = smell, stench
Irish (Gaeilge) tuth = odour, stench, funk
tuthóg [ˈt̪ˠʊhoːɡ] = puff, fart
tuthógach = puffing, farting, malodorous
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùd [tuːd] = stink, stench, (silent) fart)
tùdach [tuːdəx] = stinking, farty, abounding in (silent) farts

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic *ɸrikkā, *frikkā = fart
Proto-Brythonic *rrex = fart
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rech, rhêch = fart
rhechain = to fart
rechyaỽc = farting
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhech [r̥eːχ] = fart
rhechu = to fart
rhechiog = farting
rhechwr = farter
dim gwerth rhech dafad = worthless (“not worth a sheep’s fart”)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *perd- (to fart loudly, to pass gas, break wind) [source]. Words from the same roots include fart, partridge in English, pjerdh (to fart) in Albanian, пърдя (pǎrdjá – to fart) in Bulgarian, Furz (fart) in German and fjärta (to fart) in Swedish [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Scholarly Pupils

A post about words for disciple, pupil, student, school and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Clàrsach class 2017

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) deiscipul [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = disciple, student
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) deiscipul, disgibul, deiscibul = disciple, pupil
Irish (Gaeilge) deisceabal [ˈdʲɛʃcəbˠəlˠ] = disciple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deisciobal [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠ] = disciple
deisciobalachd [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠəxg] = discipleship
Proto-Brythonic *dɨskɨbl = disciple (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) disgybyl, discipl, dyscybl = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgyblaeth, discipliaeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblu, discyblu = to imitate, emulate
Welsh (Cymraeg) disgybl [ˈdɪsɡɨ̞bl/ˈdɪskɪbl̩] = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgybl(i)aeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblaethu = to discipline
disgyblu = to discipline, chastise, instruct, imitate, emulate
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) discebel, desgibl, disgibl, dyscybbl = disciple
Cornish (Kernewek) dyskybel = disciple
dyskybeleth = discipline
Middle Breton (Brezonec) desquebl, disquebl, disquibl = disciple
disquebles = disciple (female)
Breton (Brezhoneg) diskibl, diskiblez = disciple, pupil
diskiblezh = discipline

Etymology: from Latin disculpus (student pupil, disciple, schoolboy, cadet), from dis- (apart, asunder) and Proto-Italic *kapelos (one who takes) [source].

Words from the same roots may include disciple and discipline in English, discepolo (disciple, follower, pupil) in Italian, disciple (disciple) in French, and disciplina (discipline, subject) in Portuguese [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) daltae [ˈdal͈te] = disciple, pupil, foster-child, fosterling
daltacht, daltachas, daltus = fosterage, pupilage
daltán [ˈdal͈taːn] = little foster child, little pupil
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) daltae, daltai, dalta = a foster-son, fosterling, nursling, ward, pupil, disciple
daltán = a little foster-child, a pupil, aterm of endearment
daltachas = quarterage, billeting, military service, hire, tax, tribute, fosterage, guardianship
dailtín = fosterling, a impudent or quarrelsome young man
Irish (Gaeilge) dalta [d̪ˠalˠt̪ˠə] = foster-child, pupil, disciple, student, alumnus, cadet, pet, fondling
daltachas = fosterage, pupilage, discipleship
daltán = (little) foster-child, young pupil
daltas = cadetship
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dalta [dal̪ˠdə] = foster child, fosterling, stepchild
daltachas [dal̪ˠdəxəs] = fosterage
daltachd [dal̪ˠdəxg] = fostering
Manx (Gaelg) doltey = adopted child, ward, fosterling, pupil, protégé, cadet, initiate
doltaghey = foster, fostering
doltaghys = fosterage, pupilage
doltanagh = initiate
dolteynys = adoption, wardship
dolteyder = adopted parent, adopter, fosterer

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-lu-s, from *dʰeh₁(y)- (to suck), which is also the root of words such as figlio (son) in Italian, fils (son) in French, and hijo (son, child) in Spanish [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) meabhraitheoir = reflective, thoughtful, speculative person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) myfyriwr = student, one who meditates
Welsh (Cymraeg) myfyriwr, myfyrwraig [məˈvərjʊr, məˈvərwrai̯ɡ] = student, one who meditates

Etymology: (Welsh) from Welsh myfyrio (to meditate upon, ponder, study), from myfyr (meditation, thought), from Proto-Brythonic *meβ̃ör, from Latin memoria (memory, remembrance), from memor (mindful, remembering), of uncertain origin [source].

The Irish word comes from the same Latin root, via Middle Irish mebair (recollection, memory) and Old Irish mebuir (recollection, memory) [source].

Words from the same roots include memory, memoir and memorial in English, mémoire (memory, memo, dissertation, paper, memoir, brief) in French, memoria (memory, report, document) in Spanish, meabhair (mind, memory, consciousness, awareness, reason, sensation, feeling) in Irish, and meomhair (memory, memorandum, thinking) in Scottish Gaelic [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) scol = school
scolaige = scholar, student
scolóc = disciple, scholar, servant, student, tenant of church
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) scol = school
scolóc, scológ, scolóic = scholar, pupil, student, disciple, follower, servant, youth, lad, tenant of (church) land, farmer
Irish (Gaeilge) scoil = school
scolaíoch = scholastic
scolaíocht = schooling, school education
scoláire = scholar, learned person
scoláireacht = scholarship, learning
scolártha = scholarly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgoil = school
sgoilear [sgɔlər] = scholar, pupil, schoolboy, schoolgirl, school teacher
sgoilearach [sgɔlərəx] = scholarly, scholastic, academic(al)
sgoilearachas [sgɔlərəxəs] = scholarship
sgoilearachd [sgɔlɛrəxg] = scholarship, schooling, (act of) studying
Manx (Gaelg) scoill, schoill = school
scollag = boy, lad, stripling, youngers, scholar
schoillar = scholar, student
scoillar = academic, man of learning, pupil
schoillaragh = scholarly, scholastic
schoillaraght, schoillarys = scholarship
Proto-Brythonic *ɨskol = school
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) escol, iscol, yscol, ysgol = school
escolheyc, yscolheic, ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
escolheyctaut, ysgolhectod, ysgolheictot = scholarship, learning, erudition
ysgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
Welsh (Cymraeg) ysgol [ˈəskɔl] = school
ysgolaidd = scholastic, educational, academic
ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
ysgolheictod = scholarship, learning, erudition
(y)sgolor, (y)sgolar, (y)sgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
prifysgol = university
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scol = school
scolheic = scholar
Cornish (Kernewek) skol [skoːl] = school
skoler = scholar
skolheygel = scholarly, erudite
skolheyk, skolheyges = scholar, student
skolheygieth = scholarship
skolji = schoolhouse
pennskol, pednskol = university
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scol = school
scolaër [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
Breton (Brezhoneg) skol [skoːl/skuːl] = school
skolaer, skolaerez [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
skolaj [ˈskoː.laʃ] = college, high school
skol-veur = university
skoliad [ˈsko.ljat] = pupil, student
skoliañ = to instruct, teach

Etymology: from Latin schola (schooltime, classtime, school, student body, art gallery), from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ – leisure, free time, rest, lecture, disputation, discussion, philosophy, school, lecture hall), from Proto-Hellenic *skʰolā́ (holding back), from Proto-Indo-European *sǵʰ-h₃-léh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (to hold) [source].

Words from the same roots include epoch, hectic, scheme, scholar, school, severe and sketch in English, école (school) in French, scuola (school, class, lesson, grade) in Italian, and Schule (school) in German [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) mac léinn = student
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mac-léighinn = student (archaic)

Etymology: from Old Irish macc (son, child) and légend (act of studying), which comes from Latin legendum, from legō (to choose, appoint, collect, read) [source].

Proto-Celtic *suwits = wise, knowledgeable person
Old Irish (Goídelc) suí [ˈsui̯] = sage, scholar, expert, learned man, master, wise man
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) suí, sui, súid = man of learning, scholar, wise man, sage, head of a monastic or poetic school
suíthemail, saithemail, saothamail = skilled, accomplished, learned, wise, fair, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable
Irish (Gaeilge) saoi [sˠiː] = head of a monastic or poetic school, wise man, learned man, master, expert, eminent, distinguished, person
saíocht = learning, erudition, mastery, accomplishment
saoithiúil [ˈsiːhwəlʲ] = learned, wise, skilled, accomplished, humorous, entertaining, pleasant, agreeable, funny, peculiar
saoithiúilacht = learning, wisdom, skill, accomplishment, humorousness, pleasantness, mirth, oddness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) saoidh [sɤj] = worthy, righteous person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) syw, syỽ = excellent, splendid, elegant, smart, neat, merry, joyful
sywedyt, sywyedyd, sywedydd = astronomer, seer, soothsayer, wizard, wise or learned man, teacher
Welsh (Cymraeg) syw = excellent, splendid, elegant, smart, neat, merry, joyful, wise, learned, skilful, dexterous
sywder = elegance, neatness, smartness
syw(i)edydd = astronomer, seer, soothsayer, wizard, wise or learned man, teacher

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *su- (good) and *wid- (to know) [source]. Words from the same roots include euphoria, euphemism and other words beginning with eu- in English [source]

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) stuidear [sdudʲər] = student, study (room)
Manx (Gaelg) studeyr = student
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ystudiwr, astudiwr = student, scholar, academic
Welsh (Cymraeg) (a)studiwr = student, scholar, academic
Cornish (Kernewek) studhyer, studhyores = student
Breton (Brezhoneg) studier = student

Etymology: from English study or Middle French estudier (to study) [source].

Another word for student is oileanach [ɤlanəx] (‘one who is instructed’) in Scottish Gaelic [source]. The word oileánach also exists in Irish, but it means islander, insular or abounding in islands [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Nights

A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night
Irish (Gaeilge) oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve
anoíche = late hour of night
meánoíche = midnight
oíchí = nocturnal, nightly
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve
oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night
oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal
oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve
oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve
adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night
Manx (Gaelg) oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening
oieagh = nocturnal
oieoil = nightly
Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa
Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve
Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve
Proto-Brythonic *exuɨð = night (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat
Welsh (Cymraeg) echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ewhe = evening
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest
ehoazaff = to day a midday rest
Breton (Brezhoneg) ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta
ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest
ec’hoaziad = siesta
ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta

Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [source], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [source].

Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [source].

Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu- = night (?)
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Gaulish nox = night (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Irish (Gaeilge) anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
Manx (Gaelg) noght = tonight
Proto-Brythonic *hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nos = night
henoid = tonight
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nos = night
nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night)
nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night
nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Welsh (Cymraeg) nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil
nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night)
nosaidd = nightlike
nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
noson = evening, night
noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Old Cornish nos = night
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nos, nôs = night
haneth = tonight
Cornish (Kernewek) nos = night
nosweyth = night-time, at night
noswiker = smuggler
haneth = tonight
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nos = night
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nos = night
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) noz [ˈnoːs] = night
noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark
nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night
nozik = a little dark
henoazh = tonight
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [source].

Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [source]

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis