Disease

Words for sickness, disease, grief and related things in Celtic languages.

sorrow

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *galarom = a distressing or painful condition, such as disease, illness, grief, sorrow
Old Irish (Goídelc) galar = disease, pain
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) galar, galur, gallra, galara = sickness, disease, (physical) pain, mental suffering, distress, grief
Irish (Gaeilge) galar [ˈɡɑl̪ˠəɾˠ/ˈɡɔlˠəɾˠ] = sickness, disease, affliction, misery, diseased, miserable, worthless
galrach = diseased, infected, sickly, morbid
galrachán = sickly creature or thing
galracht = sickliness, morbidity
galareagla = hypochondria
galareolaí = pathologist
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) galar [gal̪ˠər] = disease, illness, malady, ailment
galar-eòlas = pathology
galar-sgaoilte = epidemic
galarach [gal̪ˠərəx] = diseased, infective
galaraich = infect
Manx (Gaelg) gorley = disease, festering, malady
darrag = oak, beam, cast (fishing), snood, hairline
gorley-oaylleeaght = pathology
gorlagh = diseased, infectious
ym-ghorley = epidemic
Proto-Brythonic *galar = grief, sorrow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) galar = mourning, grief, sorrow, longing (for a deceased person), lament(ation), sighing
galargyrn = horn of mourning
Welsh (Cymraeg) galar [ˈɡalar/ˈɡaːlar] = mourning, grief, sorrow, longing (for a deceased person), lament(ation), sighing
galaraeth = grief, tribulation
galaru = to mourn, grieve, lament, moan, weep, wail
galaraidd = mournful
galargan = elegy, lament
galarnadus = lamented, lamentable, mournful, plaintive
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) galar = grief, sorrow, anguish, a pang, lamentation
galarow = to weep for, bewail, lament
Cornish (Kernewek) galar [daːr / dæːr] = grief
galarek = miserable
galari = to grieve, lament, mourn
galarow = agony
Middle Breton (Brezonec) glachar = sorrow, afflication, pain
Breton (Brezhoneg) glacʼhar [ˈɡlɑːɣar] = sorrow, affliction, pain
glacʼhariñ [ɡlaˈɣɑː.rĩ] = to afflict, grieve
glacʼharus [ɡla.ˈɣɑː.rys] = distressing, heartbreaking, desolate, painful (morally)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-ro-. Possibly related to the English word gall, and the Lithuanian word žalà (damage, harm) [source].

Proto-Celtic *ankus = slaughter
Old Irish (Goídelc) écht = slaying, exploit
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) écht, echt, eacht = a slaying, slaughter, pity, grief, sorrow, mourning, exploit, prowess, deed of valour
Irish (Gaeilge) éacht [d̪ˠaɾʲ] = killing, slaying, slaughter, feat, exploit, achievement
éachtach = full of prowess, powerful, wonderful, extraordinary
éachtaí = wondrousness, extraordinariness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) euchd [iəxg] = exploit, feat, deed
euchdach [iəxgəx] = heroic, daring
euchdmhor = abounding in achievements, deeds or feats
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aeth = pain, woe, grief, sorrow, longing
Welsh (Cymraeg) aeth = pain, woe, grief, sorrow, longing, fear, fright, terror, shock
aethlyd = terrible, dreadful, hideous, horrible, grievous, painful

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱtu, from *neḱ- (to perish, disappear) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include innocent, necropolis, nectar, noxious and nuisance in English, nuocere (to harm, injure, damage) in Italian, nuire (to harm, spoil) in French, anegar (to inundate, flood, drown) in Spanish, éag (Death, numbness) in Irish, angau (death, decease) in Welsh, and related words in the other Celtic languages [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Original Pedigree

Words for origin, basis, nobility and related things in Celtic languages.

Bigglesworth eat your heart out

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bonusedom = lineage, pedigree, origin
Old Irish (Goídelc) bunad = basis, origin, stock
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bunad, bonadh, búnad = origin, basis, source, stock
bunadach, bunadhach = belonging to the original stock
bunadas, bunus = origin, source
bunatta, bunata = original, basic, permanent
Irish (Gaeilge) bunadh [ˈbˠʊn̪ˠə] = origin, stock, kind, native inhabitants, original, fundamental, basic, base
bunaigh = to found, establish
bunaíoch = primitive
bunaíocht = establishment
bunús = origin, basis, substance, essence, wealth, majority
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bunadh [bunəɣ] = origin, stock, rock, foundation
Manx (Gaelg) bunneydagh = basic, elemental, fundamental, original, primitive, radical
bunneydys = basis, foundation, groundwork, origin, root
Proto-Brythonic *bonheð = ?
Old Welsh (Kembraec) boned, bonhed = nobility, nobleness, noble, descent, lingeage, pedigree
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) boned, bonhed = nobility, nobleness, noble, descent, lingeage, pedigree
bon(h)edigeid, bonhedigeit = noble, aristocratic, honourable, gracious, kind, gentle, courteous, polite
bonedigeidrwyd = nobility, nobleness, aristocracy, gentility, chivalry, courtesy
bonhedyc, bonhedic, bonheddig = noble, aristocratic
Welsh (Cymraeg) bonedd = nobility, nobleness, noble, descent, lineage, pedigree
boneddigaidd = noble, aristocratic, honourable, gracious, kind, gentle, courteous, polite
boneddigeiddrwydd = nobility, nobleness, aristocracy, gentility, chivalry, courtesy
bonheddig = noble, aristocratic
bonheddu = to ennoble, dignify
bonheddes = lady, Lady
bonheddwr = nobleman, gentleman, aristocrat

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *bonus (base) + *sedom (seat, sitting) – see also the posts Foundations and Peace and Fairies, and for other words related to nobles, princes, chiefs, etc, see the post Leader in Chief.

Old Irish (Goídelc) cepp = block, (tree) stump
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cepp, cip, cep = tree-stump, log, block, anvil-block genealogical stock, ancestor
ceppach, cepach, cepaig = piece of ground where trees have been felled, slaughter
ceppaid = to shape, form, fashion, confine, restrict
ceppdae = inert
Irish (Gaeilge) ceap [capˠ] = stock, block, base, (shoemaker’s) last, nave, hub, compact body, chief, protector, (flower) bed
ceapadh = fashioning, composition, formation, appointment, assignation, conception
ceapadóir = shaper, moulder, composer, inventor
ceapadóireacht = composition
ceapaire = shaped, moulded, object, shapely person, thing, sandwich
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ceap [kʲɛhb] = block, (shoemaker’s) last, lump, cape, cap, turf, stocks, fret
Manx (Gaelg) kiap = block, butt, log, pad, pillow, snag, stock, trunk
Proto-Brythonic *kɨf = the most in chief
Old Welsh (Kembraec) ciphillion = stock, trunk, box, ancestry, blockhead, dull-witted person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kyf(f), cyff = (tree) trunk, stock, stem, stump, log, trunk (of body), block, blockhead; box, coffer, chest; stocks, kinsfolk, lineage, ancestry, origin, race, source
kyfyll, kiffil, cyffyll = stock, trunk, box, ancestry, blockhead, dull-witted person
Welsh (Cymraeg) cyff [kɨːf/kiːf] = (tree) trunk, stock, stem, stump, log, trunk (of body), block, blockhead; box, coffer, chest; stock, kinsfolk, lineage, ancestry, origin, race, source
cyffyll = stock, trunk, box, ancestry, blockhead, dull-witted person
Cornish (Kernewek) kyf = log
Old Breton (Brethonoc) cepp = stump, stock, log, trunk
Middle Breton (Brezonec) queff = stump, stock, log, trunk
Breton (Brezhoneg) kef [kefː] = trunk, log, box
kefiañ = to make branches, put the irons (on)

Etymology: from Latin cippus / cīpus (stake, post, gravestone, landmark), possibly from Proto-Italic *keipos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱéypos (pole, stick). Words from the same roots include ceppo (stump, log, block of wood), cipo (milestone) in Spanish, and Kipfl (croissant) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *akkā = ?
*akkiyā = proximity, lineage
Old Irish (Goídelc) aicce = nearness, proximity
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) aicce, aicci = nearness, proximity, near, beside, fosterage
Irish (Gaeilge) aice [ˈacɪ] = nearness, proximity
in aice (na/le) = near
aicearra = short-cut, abridgement
aicerrach = short, near, pithy, succinct
aicerracht = shortness, pithiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aice [açgʲə] = proximity
Manx (Gaelg) faare = adjacent, presence, proximity, near, nigh
Proto-Brythonic *ax = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ach = lineage, descent, pedigree, genealogy, ancestry, family origins
achwet = lingeage, descent, pedigree, kindred, family
Welsh (Cymraeg) ach [aːχ] = lineage, descent, pedigree, genealogy, ancestry, family origins
achres(tr) = genealogical table, pedigree, lineage
achwedd = lingeage, descent, pedigree, kindred, family
achwr, achydd, achyddwr = genealogist, herald
achwyddol = genealogical, heraldic
achyddu = to genealogize
achyddiaeth = genealogy, heraldry; lineage, pedigree
Old Cornish ach = offspring, progeny
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ach = offspring, progeny, stock, kindred
Cornish (Kernewek) agh [æːx] = offspring, race
aghel = racial
aghskrif = pedigree
Old Breton (Brethonoc) acom = ?

Etymology: possibly from PIE *h₂ekkeh₂. Words from the same root include अक्का (akkā – mother) in Sanskrit, आक्का (ākkā – older sister, elderly woman) in Marathi and අක්‍කා (akkā – older sister) in Sinhalese [source 1, source 2].

In Cornish, origin, beginning, start, inception or opening = dalleth; noble = nobyl, pennsevik, ughelor or bryntin; lineage or race = linieth (Middle Cornish), and race or ethnicity = hil (Revived Cornish) – see the post about Seeds.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Gritty Gravel

Words for gravel, grit and related things in Celtic languages.

Gravelly

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *griyano- = gravel
Old Irish (Goídelc) grïan [ˈɡʲrʲi.an] = gravel, sand, river bottom, sea floor
grindell = gravel, lake bed, sea bed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) grian, grían = gravel, sand, sea or river bottom, basis, foundation, earth, land
grenach, grenaig = gravel
grindell, grinnell, grinneal = sea or lake bed, gravel, bedrock, foundation, floor, bottom
Irish (Gaeilge) grean [ɟɾʲan̪ˠ] = gravel, grit, coarse sand; to engrave
grian = (sea, lake, river) bottom, earth, surface
grianach = gravelly
greanach = gravel, gravelly spoil, gritty
greanadh = engraving, shapeliness, shape, figure
greanadóir = engraver
greanadóireacht = engraving
greanchloch = gritstone, millstone
grineall = (sea, lake, river) bed, bedrock, depth, foundation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) grean [grʲɛn̪] = (river / lake) bed, gravel, coarse sand
grean-aibhne = riverbed
grinneal [grʲin̪ʲəL] = gravel, grit, (river / sea) bottom
grinnealach = deep, gulfy, gravelly, sabulous (sandy or gritty)
grinnealachd = grittiness
Manx (Gaelg) grineen = bead, granule, grit, pinch
grineenagh = gritty, grained, grainy, granulated, granulous
grineenid = grittiness
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) graean, grayan, graeeyn = gravel, coarse sand, shingle, grit, grain, granule
graenauc, graeanog, graianoc = gravelly, full of gravel, harsh, grating
Welsh (Cymraeg) graean [ˈɡreɨ̯.an / ˈɡrei̯.an] = gravel, coarse sand, shingle, grit, grain, granule
grae(a)nog = gravelly, full of gravel, harsh, grating
graeanu = to (spread) gravel (over), to granulate, scour, grit

Etymology: uncertain, possibly related to Proto-Celtic *grāwā (gravel, pebbles) – see below [source].

Proto-Celtic *grāwā = gravel, pebbles
Irish (Gaeilge) griothal = gravel, gravelly soil
griothalach = gravelly, gritty
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) grothal = gravel
Proto-Brythonic *grọw = gravel, pebbles
Old Welsh (Kembraec) gro = gravel, shingle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gro = gravel, shingle
grodir, gro dir = gravelly land, sandy soil, grave
Welsh (Cymraeg) gro [ɡroː] = gravel, shingle, gravelly shore, strand
grobwll = gravel pit, grave
grodir = gravelly land, sandy soil, grave
Old Cornish grou = gravel, sand
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) grow = gravel, sand
Cornish (Kernewek) grow = gravel
growan = granite
growanen = pebble
growen = gravel
Middle Breton (Brezonec) grean, grouan = gravel
grouanec = gravelly, grave pit
groanenn = piece of gravel
Breton (Brezhoneg) grouan [ˈɡruːãn] = gravel
grouanañ = to engrave
grouaneg = gravelly, grave pit
grouanenn = piece of gravel
grouanus = gravelly

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʰroh₁weh₂, from *gʰreh₁w- (to grind).
Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include grava (gravel) in Catalan, grève (flat, sandy land along the sea or a large river) in French, grava (gravel) in Spanish, and grave (gravel, shore, gravelly ground) in Occitan [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include: grit, groat, grout and gruel in English, Grieß (semolina) in German, grjót (coarse stones, rubble) in Icelandic, gryt (a badger’s sett, a fox’s den) in Swedish, riutta (reef) in Finnish, and grúodas (frozen mud or earth) in Lithuanian [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) graibél = gravel, sand
Irish (Gaeilge) gairbhéal = gravel
gairbhéalach = gravelly
gairbhéalta = gravelled
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) greabhal = gravel
Manx (Gaelg) garvel = gravel
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) grafel, gravael, gravel = gravel
Welsh (Cymraeg) graf(a)el = gravel
grafelu, grafaelio = to sprinkle with gravel, make sore by chafing
graf(a)eliog = gravelly

Etymology: from English gravel or Middle English gravel / gravail(le) (sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles), from Old French gravele (gravel), a diminutive of grave (gravel, seashore), from Medieval Latin grava, possibly from Gaulish grava, from Proto-Celtic grāwā (gravel, pebbles), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰroh₁weh₂, from *gʰreh₁w- (to grind) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Counting Numbers

Words for number, to count and related things in Celtic languages.

Numbers

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *rīmā = number
Old Irish (Goídelc) rím [r͈ʲiːβ̃] = counting, enumerating, number, telling, relating, metrics
rímid [ˈr͈ʲiːβ̃ɨðʲ] = to count, reckon, estimate, impute, compose, recount, relate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rím = counting, enumerating, number, telling, relating
rímid, rímaid = to count, reckon, estimate, recount, relate, compose
Irish (Gaeilge) ríomh [ɾˠiːvˠ/ɾˠiːw] = enumeration, calculation, computation, narration
ríomhaire = counter, enumerator, calculator, computer
ríomhaireacht = counting, enumeration, calculation, computation
ríomhchláraitheoir = computer programmer
ríomheolaíocht = computer science
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rìomh† = reckoning, numbering, computation
rìmh† = number, to reckon, compute
Proto-Brythonic *rriβ̃ = number
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rif, yrif, rhif = sum, number, etc
rhifo, riuaw, riuaỽ = to count
rifed, riued, ryved = number, many, abundance
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhif [r̥iːv] = the sum, number, as many or numerous (as), a (great) many, crowd, host, multitude, large amount, worth, esteem, honour, praise, figure, digit, numeral, count, reckoning, measure
rhifadwy = countable, numerable
rhif(i)o = to count, number, amount to, enumerate, list, recount, enlist, muster
rhifed = number, many, abundance
Cornish (Kernewek) riv = number
riva = to number
riven = digit
Breton (Brezhoneg) riñv = number

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (to count, reason, think) [source]. Words from the same root include arithmetic, rhyme, rite, ritual and ready in Englsh, reic (to sell in Irish, řádný (regular) in Czech, and rinda (row, line, queue) in Latvian [source].

Proto-Celtic *adrīmā = counting, number, reckoning
Old Irish (Goídelc) áirem = number, numeral, quantity. amount, sum, reckoning, repute, account
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) áirem, áram, arim, ārem = counting, reckoning, estimating, number, numeral, amount, sum
comáirem, comairem, comairemh = reckoning, calculating, computation
Irish (Gaeilge) áireamh = enumeration, census, arithmetric, number, portion
comhair = to count, calculate
comhaireamh = to count, calculation, reckoning
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àireamh [aːrʲəv] = number, sum, tally, computation, counting, enumerating; count, enumerate
àireamhach [aːrʲəvəx] = numeral, arithmetician
àireamhachadh [aːrʲəvəxəɣ] = numbering, enumerating, enumeration, calculating, computing, calculation, computation
àireamhail [aːrʲəvəxal] = arithmetical
àireamhachas [aːrʲəvəxəs] = numeracy
àireamhair [aːrʲəvɛrʲ] = calculator (tool), arithmetician
Manx (Gaelg) earroo = number, sum, figure, census, statistics, tell
co-earroo = calculation, computation, counting, telling, to compute, count
earrooaghey = number(ing)
co-earrooaghey = to calculate, calculating, numbering
Proto-Brythonic *ėðriβ̃ = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) eryryw, eiryf, eirif = number, amount, sum, account, reckoning
Welsh (Cymraeg) eirif = number, amount, a large number, many, sum, account, reckoning
Old Breton (Brethonoc) eirimotor = (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *rīmā (number) – see above [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) uimir = number
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) (n)uimir = number
Irish (Gaeilge) uimhir [ˈɪvʲəɾʲ / ˈɨ̞̃vʲəɾʲ] = number, count, aggregate
uimhreoir = numerator
uimhrigh = to number, figure
uimhríocht = arithmetic
uimhríochtúil = arithmetical
uimhriú = numbering, numeration, figuring
uimhriúil = numerical, numeral
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uimhir [ɯvɪrʲ] = quantity, amount, number, so/as much/many
fuimhir [fɯvɪrʲ] = quantity, number
uimhireach [ɯvɪrʲəx] = numerous
uimhireach [ɯvɪrʲɪç] = arithmetician
Proto-Brythonic *niβ̃er = number
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nimer = number
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) niuer, niver, nifer = number host, company, retinue, troop, crowd
nifery = to number, enumerate, count
niveredic = counted, numbered
niferawg, niuerawc, nigerog, niverog = numerous, abundant, having hosts, troops, retinues, etc
nifeiriawl, niferawl, niueiriawl = numerous, abundant, numerical
kyfnifer, kyfniuer = as many, equal number, even number, a great many, large number, host
Welsh (Cymraeg) nifer [ˈnɪvɛr] = number, host, company, retinue, troop, crowd
niferu, nifeirio = to number, enumerate, count
niferedig = counted, numbered
niferadol = numerical, pertaining to a census
nifer(i)og = numerous, abundant, having hosts, troops, retinues, etc
nifer(i)ol = numerous, abundant, numerical
cyfnifer = as many, equal number, even number, a great many, large number, host
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) never, niver = number
nevera, nivera, nyfyrys = to number, count, reckon
cyniver, cynyver, cenifer, cenyver, ceniver = so many, as many as, every, every one
Cornish (Kernewek) niver = number
nivera = to count, number
niverek = numerical
niverell = counter, counting device
niveren = numeral
niverenans, niverednans = numbering
niveronieth = arithmetic
niverus = numerous
niveryans = census, count
keniver = as many, everyone, so many
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nimer = number
Middle Breton (Brezonec) niuer, nyuer = number
niueraff = to enumerate, number
Breton (Brezhoneg) niver [ˈniː.vɛr] = number
niveradeg = census
niveradur = ennumeration
niverenn [ni.ˈveː.rɛn] = number
niverennañ = to number
niverer = numerator
nivererezh = numbering
niveridigezh = enumeration, census
niveriñ [niˈveːrĩ] = to enumerate, number
niveroniezh [ˌni.ve.rɔ̃.ˈniː.ɛs] = arithmetic
niverus [ni.ˈveː.rus] = numerous

Etymology: from Latin numerus (number, collection, quantity, time, rhythm) [source], from Proto-Italic *nomezos, from PIE *nem- (to distribute give, take). Words from the same root economic, numb and number, numeral in English, nemen (to take, grasp, grab) in Dutch, nehmen (to take, hold, grasp), and número (number) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Teary Drops

Words for tear, drop and related things in Celtic languages.

Drops.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dakrū / *dakrom = tear, drop (of liquid)
Old Irish (Goídelc) dér, dǽr = tear, teardrop, drop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dér, déor, deór = tear, drop
dérach, derach = tearful, sad, lugubrious
derchoínuid, derchoiniud (verbnoun) = despair, dejection, lamentation
derchoíntech, dérchaintech (adjective) = despairing, tearful, sorrowful
dérfadach = shedding of tears, weeping
Irish (Gaeilge) deoir [dʲoːɾʲ/dʲɔːɾʲ] = tear(-drop), drop
deoirfhliuch = tear-stained
deoirghás = tear-gas
deoirghinteach = lachrymatory
deoircín = little drop, anecdote
deoiríneacht = shedding tears, being tearfully sentimental, tearfulness, maudliness
deorach = tearful, lachrymal
deordradh = (act of) dripping
deoraíl = (act of) weeping
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deòr [dʲɔːr] = drop (of liquid), tear
deur [dʲiər] = drop (of liquid), tear, small amount of liquid
deurach [dʲiərəx] = tearful, weeping
deuran [dʲiəran] = little drop, wee drop, wee tincture
Manx (Gaelg) jeir/jëir = tear, teardrop, spot, lachrymal, lachrymatory
jeir-phianaghey = to agonize
jeiragh = tearful, lachrymal, mournful
jeirnys = lamentation, weeping
Proto-Brythonic *dėgr = tear (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) deigir, deigyr, deigrev = tear, teardrop, drop
Welsh (Cymraeg) deigryn, deigr [ˈdei̯ɡrɨ̞n / ˈdei̯ɡrɪn] = tear, teardrop, drop, raindrop
deigryniad = a distilling, dripping, trickling
deigrynnu = to drip, trickle, distil, exude, ooze, shed tears, drizzle
deigrynnol = apt to shed tears, lachrymose, tearful
Old Cornish dacr-(lon) = tear
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dagren = a small drop, a tear
Cornish (Kernewek) dagren [daːr / dæːr] = drop, tear
dagrewi = to shed tears, weep
derw = oak trees
Old Breton dacrlon = tear, teardrop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dar(rou) = tear(s), teardrop(s)
Breton (Brezhoneg) daer [dɛːr] = tear, teardrop
daeraouus = tearful
daeraouiñ, daerin = to cry, be tearful
daererezh = tearing

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European dáḱru (tear). Words from the same root include δάκρυ (dákry – tear) in Greek, tear and lacrimal/lachrymal (relating to tears, tearful) in English, tår (tear, drop) in Swedish, traan (tear, fish oil) in Dutch, Träne (tear) in German, lágrima (tear, teardrop) in Spanish, and zacchera (mud splash) in Italian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) bráen = rain, moisture, drop, precipitation
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bráen, bróin, bróen = rain, moisture, drop(s)
bráenach, braonach = shedding drops, wet, moist, well-watered
bráenaid = to wet, sprinkle, rain
bráenán = drops, shower
bráenfadach = foaming (of a waterfall)
bráengal = shower, sprinkling
Irish (Gaeilge) braon [bˠɾˠeːn̪ˠ / bˠɾˠiːnˠ] = (single) drop, gathering, pus
braonach = dripping, misty, wet, tearful
braonaíl = dripping, drops
braonán = droplet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) braon [brɯːn] = drop, drizzle
braonach [brɯːnəx] = drizzly, dewy
braonadh [brɯːnəɣ] = (act of) drizzling
braonan [brɯːnan] = small drop (of liquid), dram
Manx (Gaelg) brey = drop

Etymology: unknown. Possibly related to Ancient Greek βρέχω (brékhō – I send rain), Latin rigo (I water, moisten), and English rain [source].

Proto-Celtic *bandyo- = drop
Old Irish (Goídelc) banne = drop, pustule
bannán = small drop, droplet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bannae, bainne, banne = drop, pustule, milk
Irish (Gaeilge) bainne [ˈbˠaɲə / ˈbˠan̠ʲə] = milk
bainniúil = milky, milk-yielding
bainniúilacht = milkiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bainne = milk
boinne [bɔn̪ʲə] = drop, small quantity, liquid measure
boinneag [bɔn̪ʲag] = droplet, little/small drop, (alcoholic) drink
boinnean [bɔn̪ʲan] = droplet, wee drop
Manx (Gaelg) bainney [banʲə] = milk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ban = drop (?)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ban, banna, banné = drop, a jot, the smallest portion of anything
Cornish (Kernewek) banna = bit, drop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) banne, bannhe, bannech = drop, droplet
Breton (Brezhoneg) banne [ˈbã.nːe] = drop, droplet, glass
banneata = to drink shots

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to French bain (bath) in French, baño (bath, bathroom, toilet), bagno (bath, to swin, bathe, bathroom) in Italian, and bania (jug, can, container, churn) in Polish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Sufficiently Enough

This post looks into words for enough, sufficient and related things in the Celtic languages.

天国 Heaven

Proto-Celtic *ɸroweros = many, enough, sufficient
*laweros = many, enough, sufficient
Old Irish (Goídelc) lór = enough, sufficient, sufficiency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lór, loor, lour, leór, lour = enough, sufficient, great, ample, adequate, competent; sufficiently
Irish (Gaeilge) leor [l̠ʲoːɾˠ/l̠ʲɔːɾˠ] = sufficient, ample,
go leor = enough, plenty
leorchúiteamh = indemnification
leordhóthain = sufficiency, plenty
leorgnhíomh = full amends, reparation, restitution
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) leòr [̪lʲɔːr] = satiety, sufficency
gu leòr [gə l̪ʲɔːr] = enough, sufficient(ly), galore
leòr-ghnìomh = satisfaction
leòrachd = amplitude
Manx (Gaelg) liooar = sufficient
dy liooar = adequate, ample, enough, galore, sufficient, umpteen
Proto-Brythonic *llower =
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llauer, llawer = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llauered, llawered, llavered = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
Welsh (Cymraeg) llawer [ˈɬau̯.ɛr] = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llaweredd = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
llawerhau = to multiply
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lower, = many, much
Cornish (Kernewek) lower = many, much
lower gweyth = often

Etymology: the reconstruction of the Proto-Celtic root is disputed – both possibilities are given. *laweros is possibly from *leh₂w- (to seize, to gain, benefit, prize) [source], which is also the root of the English word lucre (money, riches, wealth), the Swedish word lön (reward, salary, wage), the Irish word luach (value, price, reward), and the Welsh word golud (wealth, riches) [source].

The English word galore comes from Irish go leor and/or Scottish Gaelic gu leòr [source].

Proto-Celtic *sātis = sufficiency, fill
*sāss-ā- = to satisfy
Old Irish (Goídelc) sáth [saːθ] = satiety
sáith = fill (of food), sufficiency
sáthech = sated, satiated, satisfied
sáithigid = to satiate, satisfy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sáith, sáth, sāth = sufficiency, as much as one requires, fill (of food), customary meal, appetite
sáthech, sathach, sāithech = satisfied, filled, content, flourishing
sáithigid, saithigudh = to satiate, satisfy
Irish (Gaeilge) sáith [sˠɑː(h)/sˠaːç] = (full) meal, feed, fill, sufficiency, enough
sáithigh = to sate, satiate, saturate
sáithitheach = saturating
sáithiú = satiety, saturation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sàth [saː] = plenty, abundance, fill
sàthach [saː.əx] = filling, satiating; satiated person, bellyful, plenty, enough
sàthachadh [saː.əxəɣ] = (act of) sating
sàthachd [saː.əxg] = satuaration
Manx (Gaelg) saie = satiety, fill, satisfaction, replete, satiated
saiaghey = to satisfy, saturate
saieagh = satiating, satisfied
saieid = satiation, repletion, glut
saieys = satiety, repletion, sufficiency

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (to satiate, satisfy) [source], which is also the root of sad, satisfy and satiety in English; satt (not hungry, satiated, full, done) in German; zat (fed up, drink, sated, full) in Dutch; sazio (sated, full up) in Italian, and sāts (moderation, satiety, fill) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) doíthin = sufficency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) doíthin, doéthain, deothin = a sufficiency, enough
doíthenach = satiated, satisfied
Irish (Gaeilge) dóthain [ˈd̪ˠoːhənʲ/ˈd̪ˠɔhənʲ] = enough, sufficiency
dóthanach = satiated, fed up, tired
dóthanacht = satiety
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) daothain [dɯː.ɪn̪ʲ] = sufficency, fill

Etymology: unknown [source].

Proto-Celtic *dīkāneti = (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) dicone = to do, make, act, perform
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) digaun, digawn, digaunt = enough, sufficiency, plenty
diconher, digoni = to do, make, act, perform
Welsh (Cymraeg) digon [ˈdɪɡɔn] = enough, sufficiency, plenty, abundance, adequate, plentiful, ample
digoni = to do, make, act, perform, to satisfy, suffice, fill, satiate,
digonol = adequate

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Celtic *dī- (from, of) and *kān- (sound) [source].

Breton words for enough, sufficient, etc include:

  • trawalc’h = enough (of), enough!
  • bast = sufficient
  • brasoni = sufficiency
  • sufis = sufficient, adequate

Etymology: unknown.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Darkness

Words for dark, gloom and related things in Celtic languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *temeslos = darkness
Old Irish (Goídelc) teimen = dark, obscure
teimel, teimne [ˈtʲeβ̃ʲel] = darkness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) teim. tem = dark
teimen, temen, teimean = dark, obscure
teimel, temel, temul = darkness, gloom, dejection, stain, blemish, fault, death
Irish (Gaeilge) teimheal = darkness, gloom, tarnish, stain, smudge, trace, sign
teimhleach = dark, gloomy, tarnished, stained
teimhleacht = spottiness, smudigness
teimhligh = to darken, obscure, tarnish, stain
teimhlitheach = tarnishing, staining
teimhneach = dark, opaque
teimhneacht = darkness, opacity
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teamhall [tʲiəv] = slight swoon, stun
Proto-Brythonic *temēl(os) = darkness
*tɨβ̃uɨl = darkness
Old Welsh (Kembraec) timuil = darkness, gloom
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywyll, tyỽyll = dark, opaque
tywyllu, tyỽylla = to make or become dark, darken, make or become blind
tewyllvc = to darken, grow dim
tyỽyllỽc, tywyllỽc, tywylluc, tywyllwc = darkness, opacity, blindness, dim-sightedness
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywyll [ˈtəu̯.ɨ̞ɬ/ˈtəu̯.ɪɬ] = dark, opaque, blind, dim (of sight), obscure, neutral, darkness, gloom
tywyllu = to make or become dark, darken, make or become blind
tywyllhau = to darken, grow dim
tywyllwch [ˈtwəɬʊχ/ˈtʊɬʊχ] = darkness, opacity, blindness, dim-sightedness, eclipse
Old Cornish tiwoulgou = darkness
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tewal = dark, dusky, obscure
tewlder, tulder = darkness
tewolgow, tiwulgou = darkness, obscurity
Cornish (Kernewek) tewal, tewl = dark, gloomy, murky, sombre
tewlder = darkness, gloom
tewlhe = to darken
tewlwolow = dusk, half-light
tewolgow = darkness
Old Breton (Brethonoc) temoel = dark, gloomy
Middle Breton (Brezonec) teffoal, teffal, teual = dark, gloomy
teffalhat = to darken, obscure
Breton (Brezhoneg) teñval [ˈtẽː.val] = dark, gloomy, sad, dreary, suspicious, deaf, unintelligible, incomprehensible
teñvalaat [tẽvaˈlɑːt] = to darken, obscure
teñvalded [tẽˈval.det] = darkness
teñvalijenn [tẽ.vaˈliː.ʒɛn] = darkness, shadow
teñvalus [tẽˈvaːlys] = dark, obscure, mysterious, sombre

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *témHos (darkness), from *temH- (dark) [source]. Words from the same roots include temerity, tenebrous (dark, gloomy, obscure) in English, tamsa (darkness) in Lithuanian, finster (dark, gloomy) and Dämmerung (twilight) in German, tenebre (darkness, obscurity) in Italian, and tiniebla (shadow) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) dorchae [ˈdorxɘ] = dark, gloomy, obscure, morose
dorchaide = dark, dense
dorchatus = darkness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dorcha(e) = dark, gloomy, obscure, morose
dorchaigid = to grow dark, eclipse, darken, obscure
dorchatu, dorchato = darkness
Irish (Gaeilge) dorcha [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] = darkness, obscurity, dark, obscure, blind, secretive
dorchacht = dark state, darkness
dorchadas = darkness, secrecy, reserve
dorchaigh = to darken, become secretive, reserved
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dorch [dɔrɔx] = dark, black, dusky, mysterious, obscure
dorcha [dɔrɔxə] = dark, dusky, sombre, murky
dorchadas [dɔrɔxədəs] = darkness, obscurity, mysteriousness
dorchaich [dɔrɔxɪç] = darken, make dark
Manx (Gaelg) doorey = obscurity, shade, eclipse
dorraghey = dark, dusk(y), gloomy, enigmatic, mysterious, obscure
dorraghys = blackness, darkness, obscurity

Etymology: uncertain [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Spinning, Twisting & Turning

Words for spin, twist, turn and related things in Celtic languages.

Spinning Wheel

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *snīmus = spinning, weaving
*sniyeti = to turn, twist
Old Irish (Goídelc) sníïd = to twist
sním = spinning, twisting, vexation grief, anxiety
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sníïd, sníit = to twists, bend, tie, contend, struggle, grieve, trouble, vex
sním, snim = twisting, bending, shaping, trouble, care, grief, anxiety
snímaid = to spin, twist
Irish (Gaeilge) sníomh [ʃnʲiːvˠ/ʃnʲiːw] = spinning, twisting, twinning, struggle, strain, wrench, cre, anxiety; to spin, twist, strain, wrench, strive, struggle
sníomhach = spinning, turning, twisting, anxious, concerned
sníomhachán = (act of) spinning
sníomhadán = spinneret
sníomhaí = spinner
sníomhaire = spindle
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) snìomh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃v] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twisting, twining, twist, curl, sprain, wrench
snìomhach [ʃn̪ʲiəvəx] = twisting, winding, spiral, tortuous, twisted
snìomhachan [ʃn̪ʲəvəxan] = spinner (implement)
snìomhadh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vəɣ] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twising
snìomhaire [ʃn̪ʲiəvərʲə] = borer, auger, spinner
snìomhte [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vdʲə] = spin, entwined, twisted
Manx (Gaelg) snee = crossness, offence, vexation
sneeu = spin, spinning
queeyl sneeuee = spinning wheel
sneeuder = spinner
Proto-Brythonic *nɨðid = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nydd = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty
nydu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) nydd [nɨːð/niːð] = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty, honeysuckle, spun
nyddu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
nydd(i)wr = spinner, spinning-machine, nightjar, grasshopper warbler
nyddlin = a spiral
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nedhe, nedhé = to spin, turn, twist
Cornish (Kernewek) nedha = to twist
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nezaff = to spin, trick, fool, purr
Breton (Brezhoneg) nez = twist, twisting
nezadenn = spun thing
nezadur = wiring
nezañ [ˈneː(z)ã] = to spin, trick, fool, purr
nezer = spinner
nezerezh = spinning

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (to spin, sew). Words from the same roots include needle, snood in English, naald (needle, pin) in Dutch, nähen (to sew) in German, snáth (thread, yarn, web) in Irish, and possibly snop (sheaf) in Czech [source].

See also the Pins & Needles post for some Celtic words related to needles, pins and thread.

Proto-Celtic *kassos = curly, twisted, woven
Gaulish *kass- = twist
*kassis = curly (hair)
*kassanos = oak (tree/wood)
Old Irish (Goídelc) cas = curly (haired)
casaid = to twist, turn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cas, cass = curly (hair)
casaid, casaidh = to twist, bend
Irish (Gaeilge) cas [kɑsˠ] = twisted, winding, curly, complicated, intricate, twisty, devious; to twist, turn, wind
casadh [ˈkɑsˠə/ˈkasˠu(ː)] = to twist, turn, wind, spin, reproach
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cas [kas] = twist, bend, wind (up), gnash, oppose, turn against
casadh [kasəɣ] = (act of) opposing, turning against, twisting, bending, gnashing
casta [kasdə] = twisted, twined, curled, complex
Manx (Gaelg) cassit = contorted, distorted, twirled, twisted
cassee = coiling, twisting, winding
cassey = to curl, distort, screw, spin, whirl
cast = curly, curved, intricate, spun, warped, wrapped

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (to scrape, comb) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish kassanos (oak) and Latin casnus, include casse (oak) in Occitan, cassanella (gall) in Catalan and chêne (oak) in French [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include hair in English, коса (kosa – hair) in Bulgarian, and kasa (braid) in Latvian [source].

See the Weaving Words post for some weaving-related Celtic words.

Proto-Brythonic *tro = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tro = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp
troat, troad, troead = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing)
troy, try, troi = to turn, spin
Welsh (Cymraeg) tro [troː] = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp, coil, ringlet
tro(e)ad = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, convolution, hinge
tro(a)f, troi = to turn, spin, whirl, rotate, roll
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tro = turn, circuit, occasion, manner, sort
troillia = to turn, whirl
Cornish (Kernewek) tro = cycle, occasion, round, turn
troyll = spiral, swirl, ceilidh
troyllya = to spin, swirl
troyllyek = spiral
troyllyer plasennow = record player
Old Breton (Brethonoc) tro = movement, turn
tro(u)im = to turn, spin
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tro = round, surround, surroundings
treiff = to turn, move
Breton (Brezhoneg) tro [troː] = round, surround, surroundings
tro-dro [troˈdroː] = around, towards
treiñ = to spin

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to Latin torqueo (I turn) or Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos – a turn) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Voices

Words for voice, word, sound and related things in Celtic languages.

Bangor Community Choir at Bodnant Garden
Bangor Community Choir singing at Bodnant Garden / Côr Cymunedol Bangor yn canu yng Ngardd Bodnant

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *gutus = voice
Gaulish *gutus = voice (?)
GVTVATER / *gutuater = priest / druid
Old Irish (Goídelc) guth [ɡʊθ] = voice, word, sound
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) guth, gotha, gotho = voice, sound, word, vowel, aspersion, blame, censure, slander
Irish (Gaeilge) guth [ɡɯh/ɡʊ(h)] = voice, human voice, blame, reproach, censure
guta = vowel
guthach = vocal, vocalic
guthaigh = to voice, vocalize, sing, censure, reproach
guthaíl = voicing, calling
guthaíocht = vocalization, voice, vote
gutháire = yell(ing), shout(ing)
guthán = telephone
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) guth [guh] = voice, tone of voice, mention, word
guth-cheòl = intonation
guthach [guhəx] = vocal, vocalic, vocied
guathachadh [guhəxəɣ] = (act of) calling, vocalizing, vocalization, voicing (in linguistics)
guthaich [guhɪç] = call, vocalize, voice
guthlag [guhl̪ˠag] = larynx
guthlagail [guhl̪ˠagal] = laryngeal
Manx (Gaelg) goo = voice, word, utterance, reputation, fame
gooagh = loquacious, sonant, vocal, vocalic, voiced, wordy
goolag = larynx

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰuH-tu-s (to call on, invoke), from *ǵʰewH- (to call on, invoke) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include zavêt (to cast a spell) in Latvian, զավեշտ (zavešt – joke, farce) in Armenia, звать (zvatʹ – to call, invite) in Russian, and зова (zova – to call, summon, name) in Bulgarian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) glór [ɡloːr] = voice, sound
glórach = noisy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) glór, glóir, glár = voice, sound, noise
glórach = loud-voiced, noisy, vociferous
glórda = loud, resonant
glúarda = noisy, vociferous
Irish (Gaeilge) glór [ɡl̪ˠoːɾˠ/ɡl̪ˠɔːɾˠ] = voice, human voice, speech, utterance, sound, noise
glórach = loud-voiced, sonorous, noisy, vociferous, voiced (consonant, etc)
glórachán = loud-voiced, vociferous person
glóraí = loudness, sonorousness
glóraigh = to voice, vocalize
glóraíl = sound of voices, vociferation, noisiness
glórmhach = tumult of voice, commotion, clamour
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glòr [gl̪ˠɔːrʲ] = speech, utterance
Manx (Gaelg) glare [ɡlɛːr] = voice, utterance, speech, language
glaraghey = voice
glareydagh = linguistic, linguist

Etymology: possibly from Latin glōria (glory, renown, fame, honour) [source], from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognize). Words from the same roots include canny, cunning, glory and know in English; gloria (glory, praise) in Italian; and glorie (glory, great beauty, renown, splendour) in Dutch [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lew, llef = shout, cry, wail, roar, yell, sound, voice, speech, utterance
llevein, lleuein, llefain = to cry (out), exclaim, shout, lament, call, entreat, weep, shout
leuan = (loud) shout, cry, scream
leueir, lawaraw, llafaro = to speak, utter, say, tell
Welsh (Cymraeg) llef [ɬɛv] = shout, cry, wail, roar, yell, sound, voice, speech, utterance
llefaf, llefain = to cry (out), exclaim, shout, lament, call, entreat, weep, shout
llefair = enunciation, spoken word, speech, talkative
adlef [ˈadlɛv] = echo, reverberation
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lef, lêf = voice, sound, cry
lefa = to cry aloud, shout
Cornish (Kernewek) lev = voice
dre lev = vocal
levbost = voicemail
Old Breton (Brethonoc) lem = complaint, groan, wail
Middle Breton (Brezonec) leff = complaint, groan, wail
leuaff = to cry, moan
Breton (Brezhoneg) leñv, leñ = groan, complaint, plaintive cry, moaning; voice, cry (archaic)
leñvañ [ˈlẽː.vã] = to cry, scream, groan, bleat
leñver = to cry
leñverez = crying

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *laβar (eloquent), from Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros (talkative) [source]. For more related words, see the Celtiadur post Talkative

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lleis = voice
lleisiaf, lleisiaw, lleisio = to use the voice, vocalize, sing
Welsh (Cymraeg) llais [ɬai̯s/ɬai̯ʃ] = voice, vocal capacity, talk, report, tidings, rumour, vote
lleisgar = vociferous, loud-mouthed, resonant
lleisiad = voicing, sounding, tone, intonation
lleisio [ˈɬei̯ʃɔ] = to use the voice, vocalize, sing
lleisiol [ˈɬei̯ʃɔl] = vocal, spoken, oral, voiced
lleisydd [ˈɬei̯sɨ̞ð/ˈɬei̯sɪð] = vocalist, loud hailer, loudspeaker

Etymology: maybe from Welsh llafar (loud, vociferous, sonorous, speech, voice, sound) [source], from Proto-Brythonic *laβar (eloquent), from Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros (talkative), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (to babble) [source]. See also the Celtiadur post Talkative

Old Breton (Brethonoc) *voes = voice
Middle Breton (Brezonec) moez = voice
Breton (Brezhoneg) mouezh = voice, vote
mouezhian = to express oneself, vote
mouezhierezh = election, electorate

Etymology: from Old French voiz (voice), from Latin vōcem (), from vōx (voice, accent, speech, word), from Proto-Italic *wōks, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (speech, voice), from wekʷ- (to speak, sound out) [source]. Words from the same roots include vocal, voice and vowel in English, and voix (voice, vote) in French [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) son = sound, word
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) son, soun, són = sound, word, name
Irish (Gaeilge) son = sound; word, name (literary)
sonach = sonic
sonarach = ringing sound, clangour
sonda = sonant, sonorous
sondáil = to sound
sondas = sonorousness, sonority
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sòn† = sound, voice, word
Manx (Gaelg) sonn = sound
sonnagh = sonic
Proto-Brythonic *son = sound (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) son, sson = report, rumour, mention, word, message, talk, fame, sound, noise, clamour
sonfawr, sonuaỽr, sonuawr = sonorous, noisy, audible, loquacious
sonyo, sonio = to mention, rumour, proclaim, talk, speak, say, utter
Welsh (Cymraeg) sôn [soːn] = report, rumour, mention, word, message, talk, fame, sound, noise, clamour
sonfawr = sonorous, noisy, audible, loquacious
soniaf, sôn, sonio = to mention, rumour, proclaim, talk, speak, say, utter
soniarus = sonorous, resounat, vibrant
sŵn [sʊːn] = sound, noise, clmour, din, report, rumour, talk
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) son, sôn = sound, noise, report, speech
Cornish (Kernewek) son = noise, sound
sonek = sonic
sonlergh = soundtrack
sononieth = acoustics
sononiethel = acoutic
sonskrif = recording
sonskrifa = to record
Middle Breton (Brezonec) soun, son = sound
sounaff = to ring, resound
Breton (Brezhoneg) son [sɔ̃ːn] = sound, song
seniñ [ˈsẽːnĩ] = to ring, resound, honk, sing, rustle (water), play (an instrument)
soner = to ring, say, pronounce
sonerez [sɔ̃.ˈneː.res] = doorbell, bell, horn
sonerezh = music, sound system

Etymology: from Latin sonus (sound, noise, pitch, speech, tone, voice), from Proto-Indo-European *swónh₂os, from *swenh₂- (to sound) [source]. Words from the same roots include resound, sonnet, sonic, sound and swan in English, sonner (to sound, ring) in French, sonar (to sound, ring, play) in Spanish, honni (to allege, claim, assert) in Welsh, and seinn (to sing, play an instrument) in Irish and Scottish Gaelic [source].

The Welsh word sŵn was borrowed from Middle English soun (sound), while sôn comes from Latin via Middle Welsh and Proto-Brythonic. They both ultimately come from the same PIE roots.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Leader in Chief

Words for chief, leader, prince and related things in Celtic languages.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Irish Taoiseach

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *towissus, *tuwestus *tuwissus = act of leading, beginning, leadership
*towissākos = chief, primary, first
Primitive Irish ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci) = chief (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) tús, tuus [tuːs] = beginning, forefront
toísech [ˈtoːi̯sʲəx] = leader, chief, first, initial, primary
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tús, tuus = act of leading, forefront, precedence, pre-eminence, rank
toísech, tósich, toissech = first, former, prior, first in importance, sooner, leader, chief
toísechda = first
toísecht, taiseachda, taiseachta = chieftainship, act of leading
toísenach, taoisinach = leadership, chieftainship
Irish (Gaeilge) tús [t̪ˠuːsˠ] = beginning, commencement, start, origin, forward, leading, position, precedence, pick, choice
taoiseach [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx] = chieftain, leader, man of substance, important person, decent/generous person ; first, former
Taoiseach = (Irish) Prime Minister, Taoiseach
taoiseacht = chieftainship, leadership
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùs [tuːs] = beginning, origin, inception
tòiseach [tɔʃəx] = beginning, front, van, forefront, bow (of a ship); chief of a clan or tribe
Tòiseach [tɔːʃɪç] = a Macintosh, any member of Clan MacKintosh
tòiseachail [tɔʃəxal] = primitive, rudimentary
tòiseachd [tɔʃəxg] = (act of) beginning, starting, precedence
Manx (Gaelg) tosh = chieftain
toshiagh = chief(tain), leader, premier, offset, toe, forepart
toshiaght = beginning, fore(front), lead, opening, outset, bow (of a ship)
Toshiaght Arree = February (“start of spring”)
Toshiaght Fouyir = August (“start of autumn”)
Toshiaght Gheuree = November (“start of winter”)
toshiaghey = to begin, start, initiate
Proto-Brythonic *togwɨs = leadership
*towɨssọg = leader, chief, king, prince
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywys = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
towys, tywyssav = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
touyssoc, tywyssaỽc, tywyssavc, tywyssawc, tyỽyssaỽc = prince, lore, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tehuyokaet, tywyssogaeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywys [təu̯.ˈis] = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
tywysu, tywys(i)o = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
tywysiad = leading, leadership, guidance, direction, introduction, (water) conduit
tywysog [təu̯.ˈəsɔɡ/ˈtwəsɔɡ] = prince, lord, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tywysog(i)aeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty, supremacy, government
tywysogaidd = princely, royal, noble, splendid
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Old Breton (Brethonoc) toguisoc = ?

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *towissus (leadership), *to- (to(wards)) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from *weyd- (to see) [source]. Words from the same roots include pavilion in English, papillon (butterfly, brilliant, versatile and inconstant person) in French, farfalla (butterfly, bow tie, butterly-shaped pasta) in Italian, papion (bowtie) in Romanian, paipala (quail) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) úachtarán = chief, leader
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úachtarán, uachtarán = head, leader, chief, president, governor, ruler, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) uachtarán [uəxt̪ˠəɾˠɑːnˠ] = president, head, superior, headmaster, landowner (archaic)
Uachtarán = President
uachtaránacht = presidency, authority, power
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uachdaran [uəxgəran] = laird, landowner, proprietor, superior
uachdaranach [uəxgərənəx] = superior, paramount
uachdaranachd [uəxgərənəxg] = dominion, supremacy
uachdaranas [uəxgranəs] = jurisdiction
Manx (Gaelg) eaghtyran(e) = president, superior, chief
eaghtyraneagh = presidential
eaghtyraneys = presidency

Etymology: from Old Irish *úachtar (surface, top, cream), from Proto-Celtic *ouxteros (upper), from *(o)uxs- (up) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewp- (up) [source]. Words for Up Above, etc in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

Proto-Brythonic *penno-tam-īkos = chief, leader
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pendewic, pen(n)deuic, pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendevigiaeth, pendeuigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendevigyeid = aristocratic, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendefigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendefig(i)aidd = aristocratic, noble
pendefiges = queen, lady, peeress, noblewoman
Old Cornish pendeuig = prince, chief, noble(man)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pendevig, pensevic, pednz(h)ivig = prince, chief, noble(man), principal
pednzivigian = nobility, gentry
Cornish (Kernewek) pennseviges, pednsyviges = princess
pennsevigeth = principality
pennsevik, pednsyvik = chief, noble, prince
Old Breton (Brethonoc) *pendemic = rich (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pynuizyc, pinuisic, pinuizic = rich man
pinuizigaez = wealth
pinuizic, pinuzic = rich
pinuizicat = to enrich, to get rich
Breton (Brezhoneg) pinvidik [pĩnˈviːdik] = rich
pinvidikaat = to enrich, to get rich
pinvidikaerezh = enrichment, wealth

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *penno-tamos = the most in chief, from *penn (head), from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (head), the origins of which are not known [source].

More words for prince, chief, ruler, etc can be found in the Celtiadur posts Lord, Ruler and Country and Land.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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