Credible Belief

Today we’re looking at the words for belief, religion and related things in Celtic languages.

Inside St. Patrick's Cathedral Midtown Manhattan New York City NY P00620 DSC_1137

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kreddīti = to believe
Old Irish (Goídelc) creitid [ˈkʲrʲedʲiðʲ] = to believe
creitem = belief, faith
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) creitid, craitid = to believe, trust, give allegiance
creitem = (act of) believing, being converted; belief, faith, religion; credit, credibility, good standing
Irish (Gaeilge) creid [cɾʲɛdʲ / cɾʲɪdʲ] = to believe, give credence to, suppose
creideamh = belief, faith, religion, creed
creidiúint = credit
creidiúnach = creditable, reputable, respectable
creidiúnacht = creditableness, respectability
creidiúnaí = creditor
creidmheach = believer, believing, faithful
creidte = credible
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) creid [krʲedʲ] = (to) believe, suppose
creideadh [krʲedʲəɣ] = belief, creed, faith
creideamh [krʲedʲəv] = belief, creed, faith
creideas [krʲedʲəs] = faith, credit, credibility, credence
creideasachd [krʲedʲəsəxg] = credibility
creideasaiche [krʲedʲəsɪçə] = creditor
creidmheach [krʲedʲvəx] = believer
Manx (Gaelg) cred [kredʲ] = to believe
credjuagh = believer, disciple, believing, believable
credjue = belief, creed, conviction, faith, religion
Proto-Brythonic *krėdid = to believe
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cred, cret, kred = belief, creed, religion, faith
credaduy, credadwy = credible, trustworthy, genuine, authentic, certain sure, believed
credaw, credu, credv = to believe, have faith in, trust
Welsh (Cymraeg) cred = belief, creed, religion, faith, trust, oath, promise, integrity, fidelity, credit
credadwy = credible, trustworthy, genuine, authentic, certain sure, believed
crediniaeth = belief, opinion, religion, creed, faith, confidence, credulity
credu [ˈkrɛdɨ̞ / ˈkreːdi] = to believe, have faith in, trust, give credit, be disposed, feel inclined
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cred, crêd, cresy, cregy = belief, faith
credgyans, credzhans, cregyans = the Creed, belief
Cornish (Kernewek) krysi, kreji = to believe, think
krysadow, kryjus = credible
kryjans, krejyans = belief, religion
kryjyk = religious
Old Breton (Brethonoc) critim = to believe
Middle Breton (Brezonec) cridiff, credyt, credaff = to believe
Breton (Brezhoneg) krediñ [ˈkreː.dĩ] = to believe, dare
kredad = credit
kredañ = credenza, wardrobe
kredapl = believable, likely
kredekaat = to credit
kredenn = belief, superstition
kreder = believer, creditor
kredig, kredik = credulous
kredoniezh = caution

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱreddʰh₁-éh₂ / *ḱréddʰh₁eti (to believe, trust) from *ḱḗr (heart) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include credible, credenza, credit, credo and incredible, in English, credere (to believe, think) in Italian, croire (to believe) in French, and creer (to believe, think, reckon) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Particularly Special

Today we’re looking at the words for special, particular, different and related things in Celtic languages.

Special

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸarekʷennom = extremity, end
Old Irish (Goídelc) airchenn = certain, definite
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) airchenn, airchend = certain, fixed, definite, prominent, leading, chaste, leader, chief
Irish (Gaeilge) airchinneach = hereditary steward of church lands
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) airchinneach = erenagh (monastic role)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) arpennic, arbennyc, arbennig, arbennic = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, chief, prince, leader, head
arbenhicrỽyd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbennigyaỽl, arbenygaul = lord, chieftain, sovereign
arbennedic = generous, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) arbennig [arˈbɛnɪɡ] = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, special, particular, peculiar, distinctive, specific, characteristic
arbenig(i)aeth = speciality, expertise
arbenigo = to make special, specify, denote, specialize
arbenig(i)ol = special, particular, specific, distinct
arbenigrwydd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbenigwr, arbenigydd = specialist, expert, authority
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) arbennec, arbednec = usual, customary
Cornish (Kernewek) arbennik, arbednik = distinctive, particular, special
arbenigel = specialist
arbeniger, arbenigores specialist
arbenikter = specialism, speciality
yn arbennik = especially
Middle Breton (Brezonec) arbennik = soft, tender
Breton (Brezhoneg) arbennik [ar.ˈbɛ.nːik] = special, specialized, expert
arbennigour = specialist, expert
arbennikaat = to specialize
arbennikaat = specialization, expertise, specializing
arbennikaet = specialized, competent
arbennikadur = specialization, expertise, specializing

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic ɸare- (for(e)-) and *kʷennom (head) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include arpent (acre, arpent – an old French unit of area or length) in French [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) ar leith, faoi leith [ɛɾʲˈl̠ʲɛh / fˠiːˈl̠ʲɛh] = apart, separate(ly), several, distinct, remarkable, special
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) air leth = particular(ly), separate(ly), discrete(ly), individual(ly), apart, exceptional(ly)
Manx (Gaelg) er lheh = special, specific, certain, distinctive, aloof, separate

Etymology: from Old Irish leth (side), from Proto-Celtic *letos or from Proto-Celtic *ɸletos (breadth, side). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include lled (breadth, width, part, half) in Welsh, led (wide, large, broad) in Breton, and les (breadth, width) in Cornish [source]. See the Halves and Sides Celtiadur post for more details.

Irish (Gaeilge) speisialta [ˈsˠpʲɛʃiəl̪ˠt̪ˠə] = special
speisialtacht = speciality
speisialtóir = specialist
speisialtóireacht = specializing, specialization
Welsh (Cymraeg) sbesial = special, especially good

Etymology: from Middle English special(e) (exceptional, extraordinary, particular), from Old French especial (special, powerful, mighty), from Latin speciālis (specific), from speci(ēs) (kind, type, seeing, spectacle, appearance, display), from speciō (to observe, watch, look at), from Proto-Italic *spekjō (to observe, see), from Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti (to be looking at) [source].

Proto-Celtic *sani = apart from
*sanis = different
Old Irish (Goídelc) sainredach = characteristic, peculiar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sainredach, sainredaig, sunnarthach = peculiar or belonging to, particular, special, set apart, specific, definite
Irish (Gaeilge) sonrach = particular, specific
sonraigh = particularize, specify, define; to perceive, distinguish
sonraíoch = noticeable, remarkable, peculiar, extraordinary, abnormal,grotesque
sonraíocht = specification
sonrú = specification, notice, perception
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sònraichte [sɔːnrɪçdʲə] = specific, specified, stipulated, certain, special, defined, allocated, assigned, excellent, noted
Manx (Gaelg) sonraghey = to specify
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) han = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Welsh (Cymraeg) hân = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) hanys = from thee
Cornish (Kernewek) ahanav = from me
ahanas = from you (sg)
ahanodho = from him
ahanedhi = from her
ahanan = from us
ahanowgh = from you (pl)
anedha = from them
Old Breton (Brethonoc) han = outside of, other than, different from
Middle Breton (Brezonec) han = outside of, other than, different from
Breton (Brezhoneg) han = outside of, other than, different from

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *senH- (apart, without, for oneself). Words from the same roots possibly include sunder in English, zonder (without) in Dutch, sondern (to separate, sunder) in German, sönder (broken, out of order) in Swedish, senza (without) in Italian, sans (without) in French, sin (without) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Spring Fountains

Words for spring, fountain, well and related things in Celtic languages.

Fountain

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) topur, topar [ˈto.bər] = source, well, spring
tipra = fountain, spring, well
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) topar, tobar, sopar = well, spring, baptismal font, source
tipra, tiprait = fountain, spring, well, source
Irish (Gaeilge) tobar [ˈt̪ˠɔbˠəɾˠ / ˈt̪ˠʌbˠəɾˠ] = well, fountain, spring, source
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tobar [tobər] = well, spring, source
tobar na h-òige = the fountain of youth
tobar-mhiann = wishing well
tobar naomh = holy well
tobar-sràide = hydrant
Manx (Gaelg) tubbyr = font, fountain, laver
tubbyr niaghan = washtub
tubbyr oonlee = bathtub

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *ber- (to carry, bear), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source].

Proto-Brythonic *funtọn = spring, well, fountain
Old Welsh (Kembraec) finnaun, fynnaun = spring, well, fountain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ffynnawn, ffynnon = spring, well, fountain
ffynnonell, ffynhonnel = source, spring, fount, origin, source
fynhonic = small spring, source, issue
fynonvs, ffynnhonvs, fynhonus = springing, welling, bubbling, gushing
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffynnon [ˈfənɔn] = spring, well, fountain, source, origin, issue, gland
ffynonellu = to spring, originate
ffynhonni, ffynhonna = to well, spring, gush, visit a medicinal spring
ffynhonnell = source, spring, fount, origin, (historical or literary) source
ffynhonnol = original
ffynhonnus = springing, welling, bubbling, gushing
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) fenten, funten = well, fountain
Cornish (Kernewek) fenten = fountain, well, spring
Old Breton (Brethonoc) funton = fountain, spring, font
Middle Breton (Brezonec) feunten = fountain, spring, font
Breton (Brezhoneg) feunteun [ˈfœ̃ntœ̃n] = fountain, spring, font
feunteunier = font maker

Etymology: from Late Latin fontāna (spring, source, fountain), from Latin fons (spring, well, fountain, font, origin, source), from Proto-Italic *fontis (spring, well), from *θontis, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰónh₂-ti-s, from *dʰenh₂- (to flow) [source]. Words from the same roots include font (a receptacle in a church for holy water, especially one used in baptism) in English, fonte (source, spring) in Italian, and fuente (spring, fountain, source, bowl) in Spanish [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)stifflog [əsˈtɪflɔɡ] = cuttlefish, squid
ystiff(i)o = to scour, spurt, jet
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) stifac = cuttlefish
Cornish (Kernewek) stifek = squid
stifella = to spray
stifjyn = jet engine
stiflinder = jet lag
stifliv = jet stream
stifya = to spray
Breton (Brezhoneg) stivell [sti:vɛl] = fountain, gushing spring, water jet, wash house
stivelleg = squid
stivellat = to spring forth (by gushing out), to stick out one’s head

Etymology (Breton): from stiv (spring, source, wash house), perhaps from Latin *stuba, from Proto-Germanic *stubō (room, heated room, living room), which is also the root of the English word stove [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Buckets & Pails

Words for bucket, pail, pitcher and related things in Celtic languages.

Fire buckets

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kelɸurnos = pail, bucket, pitcher, pot, vat, vessel
Old Irish (Goídelc) cilorn(n) = jug, pitcher
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cilorn(n), cilarn, culorn = pitcher, vessel
Irish (Gaeilge) ciolarn = pitcher (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ciolarn, coilorn, ciolurn = milk pitcher with a handle out of its side, a hand-can
Manx (Gaelg) curn = can, milk can
curn jinnairagh = dinner can
curn spreih = watering can
curn tey = billy, tea caddy
Proto-Brythonic *kelurn = pail, pitcher, bucket (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) cilurnn = pail, pitcher, vessel, bucket, tub
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kelurn, kelwrn, celwrn = pail, pitcher, vessel, bucket, tub
Welsh (Cymraeg) celwrn [ˈkelʊrn] = pail, pitcher, vessel, bucket, tub
celwrn llaeth = milk-pail
Cornish (Kernewek) kelorn = bucket, pail
kelorn-godra = milking pail
Middle Breton (Brezonec) quelorn = bucket
Breton (Brezhoneg) kelorn [ˈkeːlɔrn] = bucket, tub, head
kelorniad [keˈlɔr.njat] = bucket (of), contents of a bucket

Etymology: unknown, probably a Wanderwort. Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *kelp- (cauldron, jar) [source]. Words from the same roots include calpar (vessel for liquids, especially for wine, wine cask, wine picher), and Ancient Greek κάλπις (kálpis – jug urn) [source].

Middle Breton (Brezonec) saill = bucket, cylinder
Breton (Brezhoneg) sailh [ˈsalj/ˈsaʎ] = bucket, cylinder
sailhad = (cylinder) capacity, displacement

Etymology: unknown [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) buicéad [ˈbˠʊceːd̪ˠ / ˈbˠʌkɔdʲ] = bucket
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bucaid [buxgadʲ] = bucket, dustbin
bacaid [baxgadʲ] = pimple, pustule, bucket, dustbin
bucaid-theine = fire bucket
bucaideach [buxgɪdʲəx] = pertaining to or abounding in buckets, booming
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bwcket, bwcet = bucket
Welsh (Cymraeg) bwced = bucket
bwcedaf, bwcedu = to bucket
bwcedaid = bucketful
pwced = bucket
Cornish (Kernewek) boket = bucket

Etymology: from English bucket or Middle English buket, boket (bucket), from Anglo-Norman buket, buquet (tub, pail), a diminutive of Old French buc (abdomen), from Vulgar Latin *būcus, from Frankish *būk (belly, stomach), from Proto-Germanic *būkaz (belly, abdomen, body), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw-go-s, from *bʰew- (to swell, inflate); [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) crúsca, crúisce = little jug, cruet
Irish (Gaeilge) crúsca = jug, jar
crúiscín = small jug, smal jar
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) crùisg [kruːʃgʲ] = jug
crùisgean = oil-lamp, small jug, pitcher
Manx (Gaelg) cruick = bucket, pail
cruick gheayil = scuttle
cruick vlieaun = milking pail
lane cruick = bucketful, pailful
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) krwck = tub, pitcher, bucket, pail
Welsh (Cymraeg) crwc = tub, pitcher, bucket, pail

Etymology: possibly from English crock (a stoneware or earthenware jar or storage container) or from Middle English crok(ke) (crock, pot, cauldron, belly, stomach), from Old English crocc(a) (crock, pot, vessel), from Proto-Germanic *krukkō (vessel), from Proto-Indo-European *growg- (vessel). Related words include krukke (jar) in Danish, kruik (jar, jug) in Dutch, cruche (pitcher, jug) in French, and krukka (pot, jar) in Icelandic [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) pitséar = pitcher
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pidsear = pitcher
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pisser = pitcher, jug, can, (milk) pail
piseret = a pitcherful
Welsh (Cymraeg) pis(i)er = pitcher, jug, can, (milk) pail
piseraid = a pitcherful
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pycher = pitcher
Cornish (Kernewek) pycher = pitcher
Middle Breton (Brezonec) picher = pitcher
Breton (Brezhoneg) picher = pitcher

Etymology: probably from Middle English picher, and/or from Old French pichier, pechier (small jug), from Late/Medieval Latin pīcārium, alteration of bīcārium (drinking glass) possibly from bacarium, bacar (a type of wine glass), or from Ancient Greek βῖκος (bîkos – amphora) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Granular Grains

Words for grain, corn and related things in Celtic languages.

grain

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *grānom = grain
Old Irish (Goídelc) grán [ɡraːn] = grain
gráinne = grain, seed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) grán, gran = level surface, grain
gráinne, grainne = a grain, a seed
Irish (Gaeilge) grán [ɡɾˠɑːnˠ / ɡɾˠaːnˠ] = grain, ball, shot, pellet
gráinne [ˈɡɾˠɑːn̠ʲə] = grain, (hard) particle, pinch (small quantity)
gránach = cereal
gránaigh = to granulate, scratch, scrape, graze
gránlach = grain, grit, shot, pellets, granulated, ground, matter
gránú = granulation
gránúll = pomegranate
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gràn [graːn] = grain (cereal, wood), shot (of lead)
gràinne [graː̪nʲə] = small grain, speck, small pellet, small quantity
grànach [graːnəx] = grained, granular
grànlach = corn, grain, cereal
gràinneach [graːn̪ʲəx] = grained, granulous, granular, gritty, granulated
gràinneanach [graːn̪ˠənəx] = pertaining to grains, grainy, granular
Manx (Gaelg) grine = grain, corn, grapeshot, pellet, foresight
grinaghey = grain
grineagh = cereal, grained, granular
grineeghey = to granulate, powder, granulation
grinneegh = grained, grainy, granular, granulated, granulous, gritty
Proto-Brythonic *grọn [ˈlɔːr] = grain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) graun, graỽnn, grawn = grain
grawnwin, grawn-wîn = grapes, wine made from the juice of grapes
gronyn, gronnyne, gronun = a single grain or pip
Welsh (Cymraeg) grawn [ɡrau̯n] = grain, corn, cereal, seed, grapes, berries, fruit, roe, spawn (of fish), shot, grape-shot, load (of a gun)
grawnafal = pomegranate
grawndy, grawnfa = barn, granary
grawnddwyn = grain-bearing, graniferous, bearing grapes or berries
grawnen = grape
grawnfwyd = cereal, grain-food
grawnffrwyth = grapefruit
grawnwin = grapes, wine made from the juice of grapes
grawnwydd = vines
gronyn = a single grain or pip
Old Cornish gronen = grain
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gronen = grain
Cornish (Kernewek) greun(en) [ɡɹøːn] = grain
greunaval = pomegranate
greunek, greunvos = cereal
greunhe = to form grain
greunji, greunva = granary, grange
greunvosow = barley, cereals, corn, wheat
greunya = to form grain in the ear
Middle Breton (Brezonec) garan, greun(enn), grun = grain
greunyaff = to go to seed, to grain, to seed, to spawn
Breton (Brezhoneg) greun(enn) [ˈɡrœ̃ːn] = grain
greunaval(enn) [grønɑ:val] = pommegranate
greunek = grainy, granular
greunenniñ = to granulate, to be granulated
greuniañ = to go to seed, to grain, to seed, to spawn
greunvaen [ˈɡʁœ̃nvɛn] = granite
greunwin = raisins

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (grain), possibly from *ǵr̥h₂-nós (matured, grown old) from *ǵerh₂- (to grow old, to mature). Words from the same roots include grurë (wheat) in Albanian, corn and grain in English, Korn (kernel, cereal, corn, grain) in German, grano (wheat, corn, grain, peppercorn, money, pin) in Italian, zirnis (pea) in Latvian, зерно (zerno – grain, cereal, seed) in Russian and Ukrainian [source].

Gráinne in Irish, gràinne in Scottish Gaelic, and maybe grine in Manx, come from Old Irish gráinne, from Old French grain (grain), from Latin grānum (grain, seed, small kernel), from Proto-Italic *grānom (grain), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm [source].

Proto-Celtic *arwar = grain
Old Irish (Goídelc) arbar [ˈar.βər] = grain, corn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) arbar, arbor = grain, corn
Irish (Gaeilge) arbhar [ˈaɾˠ(ə)wəɾˠ / əˈɾˠuːɾˠ] = corn, cereals
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) arbhar [aravər] = corn
Manx (Gaelg) arroo = corn, grain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) erwein(t) = meadow-sweet
Welsh (Cymraeg) erwain(t) = meadow-sweet, Queen of the meadows

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃-wr̥/*h₂r̥h₃-wén-s, from *h₂erh₃- (to plough) [source]. Words from the same roots include aratro (plough) in Albanian, arado (plough) in Spanish, aradr (plough) in Welsh, erv (ridge between furrows) in Breton, and arti (to plough) in Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Masters

Words for master and related things in Celtic languages.

Singing in Pontio / Canu ym Mhontio

Old Irish (Goídelc) maigister [ˈmaɣʲisʲtʲer] = master, teacher
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) maigister, maigistir, magistor, magister = teacher, master, lord, owner
Irish (Gaeilge) máistir [ˈmˠɑːʃtʲəɾʲ / ˈmˠaiʃtʲəɾʲ] = master, person in control, teacher, skilled person
máistreacht = mastering, mastery, office of master, mastership
máistreás = mistress, wife
máistrigh = to master, lord it over s.o.
máistriúil = masterful, imperious, masterly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) maighistir [majɪʃdʲɪrʲ] = master
maighstir [maiʃdʲɪrʲ] = master
maighstireachd [maiʃdʲɪrʲəxg] = office of a master, mastery
Maighstir = Mr
maighstir-lagha = magistrate
maor-sìthe = constable
maorsainneachd [mɯːr̪ˠsɪn̪ʲəxg] = mastership, prefecture
maighstireil = masterly, lordly, domineering
Manx (Gaelg) mains(h)tyr, mainshter = boss, master, skipper, taskmaster
mainshtyragh = bossy, domineering, master
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) meistyr = master, ruler, chief, lord#
meistres, mastres = mistress, woman in authority, lady, madam
meistrawl, meistrol = masterly, masterful
meistroli = to master, overcome, defeat, conquer
Welsh (Cymraeg) meistr, ma(e)str = master, ruler, chief, lord, landlord, employer, teacher, instructor, guide
meistr(i)aeth = mastery, authority, supremacy
meistres, ma(e)stres = mistress, woman in authority, lady, madam
meistr(i)ol = masterly, masterful
meistr(i)oli = to master, overcome, defeat, conquer
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) maister = master
Cornish (Kernewek) mester = boss, master, mister, Mr
mester cirk = ringmaster
mestres = boss, mistress, Mrs, Ms
Mestresik = Miss
mestrieth, mestrionieth = master’s degree
mestrynses = dominion
Middle Breton maestr, mestr, mestre = master
Breton (Brezhoneg) mestr [ˈmɛst(r)] = master, chief, champion
kartemestr = quartermaster
mestr-kêr = mayor
mestr-skol = teacher, school master
mestrañ = to dominate, to lead
mestrerezh = preponderance, dominance
mestrez = mistress, (female) boss

Etymology: from Latin magister (master, chief, head, superior, teacher, instructor), from Proto-Italic *magisteros (bigger, greater) from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂- (good, great), or *meǵh₂- (big, great). Words from the same roots include master, maestro (a master in some art, especially a composer or conductor), magistrate and mister in English, maestro (master, expert) in Italian, maître (master, leader, teacher) in French, and мастер (master – master, craftsman, expert, foreman, repairman) in Russian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) ollam [ˈol͈aβ̃] = a master in a particular trade or skill, a professor, the highest rank of fili, chief poet, doctor
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ollam, olloman = the highest grade of fili, an expert in any art or science, a professor, chief
Irish (Gaeilge) ollamh [ˈɔl̪ˠəvˠ / ˈɔl̪ˠuː] = master poet, master, expert, learned man, professor
ollúnacht = professorship
ollúnta = professorial
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ollamh [ɔl̪ˠəv] = professor
ollamhachd [ɔl̪ˠəvəxg] = professorship
ollamhan [ɔl̪ˠəvan] = doctor (of medicine / philosophy), bard of the first order
Manx (Gaelg) olloo = doctor, don, professor, pundit
trong>ollooaght = professorship

Etymology: from Old Irish oll (great, vast and -am (occupational noun-forming suffix) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) múintid, múntith = teacher, instructor
Irish (Gaeilge) múinteoir [mˠuːn̠ʲˈtʲoːɾʲ / ˈmˠuːn̠ʲtʲoːɾʲ] = teacher
múinteoireacht = (act of) teaching

Etymology: from Old Irish múnid (to teach, instruct, learn, show, point out), possibly from Latin moneō (to warn, advise, remind) [source], from Proto-Italic *moneō (to remind, warn), from *monejō, from Proto-Indo-European *moné-ye-ti, from the root *men- (to think). Words from the same roots include monitor in English, muñir (to arrange) in Spanish, and monieren (to criticize, complain about) in German [source].

Other words for teacher can be found on these post Scholarly Pupils and Fathers

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Malt

Words for malt and related things in Celtic languages.

Malt

Proto-Celtic *mrakis = malt
Gaulish bracis = malt (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) mraich = malt
braichles = wort
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) braich = malt, malt liquor
braichles = mash, wort
Irish (Gaeilge) braich = malt
braicheadh = malting
braicheadóir = malster
braichleann = malt liquor
braichlis = wort
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) braich [braç] = malt, fermented grain
brach [brax] = ferment!, malt!, fill with pus!, gather!
mac na bracha/braiche = single malt whisky
Manx (Gaelg) bry, braih = malt
braghee = malted, malty
braghey = to ferment, malt, malted, fermentation
Proto-Brythonic *brag = malt (?)
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) brac, brag = malt, barley grain
bragio, bragv = to brew, malt, scheme, spoil, ruin, germinate, sprout, shoot
Welsh (Cymraeg) brag [braːɡ] = malt, barley grain, alcoholic drink produced by fermentation of malt, ale; a brewing, fermentation; brewery
brag(i)af, bragu, brag(i)o = to brew, malt, scheme, spoil, ruin, germinate, sprout, shoot
braglyn = malt liquor
bragodyn = germ, sprout
bragwr, bragydd = brewer, maltster
brecâf, brecáu = to mash (malt in brewing)
bracty, bragdy = brewery, malthouse
Old Cornish brag = malt
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) brag, brâg = malt
Cornish (Kernewek) brag = malt
Middle Breton braguez = (germ of) grain
Breton (Brezhoneg) bragez [ˈbrɑːɡes] = (germ of) grain

Etymology: uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥ke/o / *morko, from *merk- (to be soaked, be weak). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish bracem and Old French bracier (to brew), include brasser (to brew, intermingle), brasserie (brewery, brasserie, beer parlour), and brasseur (brewer) in French, brasserie in English.

Words from the same PIE roots include marcire (to rot, fester, go bad) in Italian, marchito (wilted, faded) in Spanish, marcir (to wilt) in Catalan, and mer̃kti (to wet, moisten, soak) in Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Breaking the Wind

A post about words for flatulence and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

rising wind

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bragyeti = to fart, flatulate
*braxsman = fart
*brag-(y)o- = to fart
Gaulish *bragiū = to fart (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) braigid [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = to fart
broimm = fart
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) braigid = to fart
broimm, broim = fart(ing)
Irish (Gaeilge) broim [bˠɾˠiːmʲ] = fart, to fart
broimneach = (act of) farting
broimnéis = (of speech) windiness, fury
broimnéiseach = loud-voiced, furious, bellicose
broimseán = windiness, rudeness
broimseánaí = windbag, rude person
broimseánta = rude
bromaire = farter, windbag, boaster
bromaireacht = windiness, (act of) boasting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bram [brãũm] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
braim [brɤim] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
bramag [bramag] = small fart
Manx (Gaelg) breim = fart, raspberry
breimeragh = to fart, farting
breimmey = to fart
Proto-Brythonic *bramm = fart (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bram, bràm = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bremain, brammu = to fart, break wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) bram [bram] = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bramio = to fart, break wind
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bram = fart
bramme = to fart
Cornish (Kernewek) bramm, brabm = fart
bramm an gath!, brabm an gath! = cat’s fart! fiddlesticks!
bramma, brabma = to fart
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bram = fart
brammet = to fart
Breton (Brezhoneg) bramm [brãmː] = fart
brammadenn = fireball
brammañ, brammat = to fart
brammellat = to backfire
brammer = farter

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (to stink, smell, have a strong odour) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *bragiū (fart) and Latin bragiō (to bray, cry, weep), include (to) bray in English, braire (to bray, shout, cry, weep) and brailler (to shout, yell, speak very loudly) in French, sbraitare (to shout, scream, yell, rant) in Italian, and breté in Gallo [source].

Words from the same PIE roots possibly include braña (mire, bog, fen, march, moorland) in Galician, flair, fragrant in English, flairer (to smell, sniff, scent, sense) in French, fragare (to smell) in Italian, cheirar (to smell) in Portuguese, and words for rotten, putrid, foetid, etc in Celtic languages, such as braen (rotten, putrid, corr) in Welsh – see the post Rotten Fragrance for more details [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) tútt = smell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tút(t), túth = smell, stench
Irish (Gaeilge) tuth = odour, stench, funk
tuthóg [ˈt̪ˠʊhoːɡ] = puff, fart
tuthógach = puffing, farting, malodorous
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùd [tuːd] = stink, stench, (silent) fart)
tùdach [tuːdəx] = stinking, farty, abounding in (silent) farts

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic *ɸrikkā, *frikkā = fart
Proto-Brythonic *rrex = fart
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rech, rhêch = fart
rhechain = to fart
rechyaỽc = farting
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhech [r̥eːχ] = fart
rhechu = to fart
rhechiog = farting
rhechwr = farter
dim gwerth rhech dafad = worthless (“not worth a sheep’s fart”)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *perd- (to fart loudly, to pass gas, break wind) [source]. Words from the same roots include fart, partridge in English, pjerdh (to fart) in Albanian, пърдя (pǎrdjá – to fart) in Bulgarian, Furz (fart) in German and fjärta (to fart) in Swedish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Satisfying Pleasure

Words for satisfaction, pleasure, gratitude and related things in Celtic languages.

Satisfaction

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bodyā = satisfaction, pleasure
Old Irish (Goídelc) buide [buːa̯ðʲ] = benefit, gift, profit, quality, triumph, victory, virtue
búadach = gifted, triumphant, victorious
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) buide, buidhe = good-will, favour, gratification, gratitude, thanks, grateful, gratified, glad
buidech, buidheach = well-disposed, pleased, satisfied, sated, grateful, thankful, pleasing, gratifying, pleasant
buidechus, buidheachas = ripeness, thanks
Irish (Gaeilge) buí [bˠiː/bˠiə] = victory, truimph; gift, talent; virtue merit; special quality
buíoch = thankful, pleased, satisfied
buíochas = thanks, gratitude
buíochasaigh = to thank
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) buidhe [bujə] = gratitude, gratification, thanks, glad, grateful, fortunate, lucky
buaidheach [bujəx] = grateful, thankful, satisfied, content, sated, fed up
buaidheachas [bujəxəs] = gratitude, thanks, thanksgiving, acknowledgement (of an achievement)
buaidheach = victorious, effective
Manx (Gaelg) booise = gratitude, thanks, to content, please
bwooisagh = thankful
bwooisal = gratitude, pleasing, thankful
booisal = acceptable, obliged, pleasing, thankful
cur bwooise da = to thank
Proto-Brythonic *boð = (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) bódláún = contented, satisfied, pleased
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bod, bot, bodd = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure
bodhgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant
boddhan = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented
botlaỽn, bodlavn, bodlawn = contented, satisfied, pleased
Welsh (Cymraeg) bodd [boːð] = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure, wish, desire, will, goodwill, approval, consent, permission
boddgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant, enticing, easily satisfied or pleased, contented
boddgarwch = pleasure, agreeableness, delight, easiness to satisfy or please, contentment
boddhad = satisfaction, contentment, pleasure, enjoyment, agreeableness, delight, atonement, willingness, complacency
boddhadau = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented
boddio = to satisfy, please, make contented, be satisfied
bodlon [ˈbɔdlɔn] = contented, satisfied, pleased
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bodh, bôdh = will, good pleasure
Cornish (Kernewek) bodh = consent, will, wish
bodhegi = to volunteer
bodhek, bodheges = volunteer, voluntary, willing
bodhel = consensual
Old Breton bod = satisfaction, contentment
Breton (Brezhoneg) boz = satisfaction, contentment (rare)
bozek = satisfied
bozleun = satisfied, full of satisfaction

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰed- (to improve, make better), or from PIE *bʰewdʰ- (to be awake, to be aware) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include bet, better and boot in English, besser (better) in German, betur (better) in Icelandic, and baat (profit, advantage) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Bishops

A post about words for bishop in Celtic languages.

bishops

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) epscop [ˈebskob] = bishop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) epscop, espoc, escop = bishop, episcopus, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) easpag [ˈɑsˠpˠəɡ / ˈæsˠpˠəɡ / ˈɑsˠpˠək] = bishop
easpagóideach = episcopal
easpagóideacht = bishopric, episcopacy
ardeaspag = archbishop
ardeaspagóideacht = archbishopric
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) easbaig [esbɪgʲ] = bishop
easbaigeach [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopal
easbaigeachd [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopacy, bishop’s see, bishopric
àrd-easbaig / prìomh-easbaig [aːr̪ˠd esbɪgʲ] = archbishop
Manx (Gaelg) aspick, aspit = bishop, prelate
aspickagh = bishop, diocesan, Episcopalian
aspickys = bishopric, diocese, see
ard-aspick = archbishop, primate
fo-aspick = suffragan
Proto-Brythonic *eskob = bishop
Old Welsh (Kembraec) escop = bishop
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) esgob, escip, escyp, esgyb = bishop, prelate, overseer
escobaeth, escopaeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate
esgobaut, escobot, esgobot, esgobavt = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate
escopty, esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese
archescyp, archescop, archescyb, archesgyb, archescob = archbishop
Welsh (Cymraeg) esgob [ˈɛskɔb] = bishop
esgob(i)aeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate
esgobaethu = to perform the duties of a bishop
esgob(i)aethol = pertaining to a bishopric, diocesan, containing a cathedral, episcopal, episcopalian
esgobaidd = bishop-like, episcopal
esgobawd, esgobod = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate
esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese
archesgob = archbishop, primate, metropolitan
Old Cornish escop = bishop
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) escop, epscop = bishop
Cornish (Kernewek) epskop, epskobes = bishop
epskobeth = bishopric
arghepskop = archbishop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) eskop = bishop
Breton (Brezhoneg) eskob [ˈeskop] = bishop, plough pin
eskobaj = episcopate
eskobel = episcopal
eskobelezh = episcopacy
eskopti [esˈkop.ti] = bishopric, diocese, episcopal palace
arc’heskob [arˈɣeskop] = archbishop

Etymology: from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos – overseer), from ἐπί (epí – over) and σκοπός (skopós – watcher, lookout, guardian). Words from the same roots include episcopal in English, évêque (bishop) in French, episcopo (bishop) in Italian, epíscopo (bishop) in Portuguese, peshkop (bishop, bookworm) in Albanian, and piskopos (bishop) in Turkish [source].

The English word bishop also comes from same roots, via Middle English bischop (bishop), Old English bisċop (bishop) from Proto-West-Germanic *biskop (bishop), from Vulgar Latin (e)biscopus (bishop), from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), etc. [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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