Deeply Profound

This post peers into the depths of some deeply profound words in the Celtic languages.

Inside the Aar Gorge

Proto-Celtic *dubnos (adj) = deep
*dubnos (noun) = world
*Dubnowalos = a male given name – “world prince / chief”
*Dubnogenos = a male given name – “world born / family”
Gaulish dumnos = deep
Dubnorīx = a male given name – “world king”
Primitive Irish ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚓᚅ (domngen), ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚔᚅᚅ (domnginn) = male given names
Old Irish (Goídelc) domain = deep, profound, depth(s), sea-floor
fudumain = profound(ity), depth
Domnall = a male given name
Domaingen = a male given name
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) domain, doimin, domun, domuin = deep, profound, intense, thoughtful, depth(s)
doimnigid = to deepen, lower
domne, domnae = depth(s)
domun = the world, the earth
Domnall = a male given name
Irish (Gaeilge) domhain [d̪ˠɑinʲ/d̪ˠoːnʲ] = depth, deep, abyss, inmost part, profound, sunken, hollow, low-pitched, far, late
domhainiascaireacht = deep-sea fishing
domhainmhachnamh = deep thought, deep reflection
doimhneacht = depth, deep place
doimhnigh = to deepen
doimhniúchan = (act of) deepening
domhan = earth, world
Domhnall, Dónall = male given names
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) domhain [dõ.ɪn̪ʲ] = deep, profound
domhaineachd [dõ.ɪn̪ʲəxg] = depth, deep, deepness, profundity
domhainteachd [dõ.ɪn̪ʲdʲəxg] = abstruseness
domhan [dõ.an] = universe, world
Dòmhnall = a male given name
Manx (Gaelg) dowin = deep(ly), deep-rooted, involved, low, profound, secretive, thorough, penetrating
diunaghey = to deepen
diunid = deep, depth, gulf, rootedness
dowan = world, earth, universe, cosmos
Proto-Brythonic *duβn/*dumno = deep
*Duβnowal = a male given name
*Duβnoɣen = a male given name
Old Welsh (Kembraec) duuin, dofn = deep
Dumnagual = a male given name
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dowyn, duvin, dwvyn, dwfyn, dwuyn = deep, dense
dyfnu, dyfnaf = to become accustomed (to), be familiar (with)
dyfyn(n)der, dyuynder, dewfynder = depth(s), deepness
dyfnddysc = erudite, profound, erudition, deep learning
dyuynvor = deep sea, main, ocean
dyfynhau = to deepen, dig, excavate, intensify
*Dyuynwal, Dyvynwal, Dyfynwal = male given names
Welsh (Cymraeg) dwfn, dyfn [dʊvn] = deep, dense, mysterious, intense, serious, profound; depth(s), deep waters, abyss, void; world, earth
dyfnu = to become accustomed (to), be familiar (with), suck
dyfnder = depth(s), deepness, bottom, thickness, abyss
dyfnddysg = erudite, profound, erudition, deep learning
dyfnfor = deep sea, main, ocean
dyfnhau = to deepen, dig, excavate, intensify
Dyfnaint = Devon
Dyfnwal = a male given name
Dyfnien = a male given name
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) down = deep, profound, low
downder = depth
Cornish (Kernewek) down = deep
downder = depth
downfria = to deep-fry
downhe = to deepen
downrewi = to deep-freeze
Old Breton (Brethonoc) dumn = deep
Middle Breton (Brezonec) doun, don = deep
dounhat = to deepen
do(u)nder = depth
Breton (Brezhoneg) don [dɔ̃ːn] = deep, hollow (plate, dish), serious (air)
donaat = to deepen
donañ [ˈdɔ̃ː.nã] = to deepen
donded [ˈdɔ̃n.det] = depth
donder [ˈdɔ̃n.dɛr] = depth
Dunvel = a male given name

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós (deep), from *dʰewbʰ- (hazy, unclear, dark, deep) [source]. Words from the same roots include deep and dip in English, tief (deep, low) in German, dopen (to dip, immerse, name) in Dutch, dùgnas (bottom, background) in Lithuanian, дно [dno] (floor, bed, bottom) in Russian, and words for black in Celtic languages

The names Donald and Dunaldur (used in Faroese) come from the Proto-Celtic name *Dubnowalos [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Leader in Chief

Words for chief, leader, prince and related things in Celtic languages.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Irish Taoiseach

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *towissus, *tuwestus *tuwissus = act of leading, beginning, leadership
*towissākos = chief, primary, first
Primitive Irish ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci) = chief (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) tús, tuus [tuːs] = beginning, forefront
toísech [ˈtoːi̯sʲəx] = leader, chief, first, initial, primary
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tús, tuus = act of leading, forefront, precedence, pre-eminence, rank
toísech, tósich, toissech = first, former, prior, first in importance, sooner, leader, chief
toísechda = first
toísecht, taiseachda, taiseachta = chieftainship, act of leading
toísenach, taoisinach = leadership, chieftainship
Irish (Gaeilge) tús [t̪ˠuːsˠ] = beginning, commencement, start, origin, forward, leading, position, precedence, pick, choice
taoiseach [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx] = chieftain, leader, man of substance, important person, decent/generous person ; first, former
Taoiseach = (Irish) Prime Minister, Taoiseach
taoiseacht = chieftainship, leadership
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùs [tuːs] = beginning, origin, inception
tòiseach [tɔʃəx] = beginning, front, van, forefront, bow (of a ship); chief of a clan or tribe
Tòiseach [tɔːʃɪç] = a Macintosh, any member of Clan MacKintosh
tòiseachail [tɔʃəxal] = primitive, rudimentary
tòiseachd [tɔʃəxg] = (act of) beginning, starting, precedence
Manx (Gaelg) tosh = chieftain
toshiagh = chief(tain), leader, premier, offset, toe, forepart
toshiaght = beginning, fore(front), lead, opening, outset, bow (of a ship)
Toshiaght Arree = February (“start of spring”)
Toshiaght Fouyir = August (“start of autumn”)
Toshiaght Gheuree = November (“start of winter”)
toshiaghey = to begin, start, initiate
Proto-Brythonic *togwɨs = leadership
*towɨssọg = leader, chief, king, prince
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywys = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
towys, tywyssav = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
touyssoc, tywyssaỽc, tywyssavc, tywyssawc, tyỽyssaỽc = prince, lore, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tehuyokaet, tywyssogaeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywys [təu̯.ˈis] = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
tywysu, tywys(i)o = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
tywysiad = leading, leadership, guidance, direction, introduction, (water) conduit
tywysog [təu̯.ˈəsɔɡ/ˈtwəsɔɡ] = prince, lord, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tywysog(i)aeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty, supremacy, government
tywysogaidd = princely, royal, noble, splendid
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Old Breton (Brethonoc) toguisoc = ?

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *towissus (leadership), *to- (to(wards)) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from *weyd- (to see) [source]. Words from the same roots include pavilion in English, papillon (butterfly, brilliant, versatile and inconstant person) in French, farfalla (butterfly, bow tie, butterly-shaped pasta) in Italian, papion (bowtie) in Romanian, paipala (quail) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) úachtarán = chief, leader
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úachtarán, uachtarán = head, leader, chief, president, governor, ruler, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) uachtarán [uəxt̪ˠəɾˠɑːnˠ] = president, head, superior, headmaster, landowner (archaic)
Uachtarán = President
uachtaránacht = presidency, authority, power
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uachdaran [uəxgəran] = laird, landowner, proprietor, superior
uachdaranach [uəxgərənəx] = superior, paramount
uachdaranachd [uəxgərənəxg] = dominion, supremacy
uachdaranas [uəxgranəs] = jurisdiction
Manx (Gaelg) eaghtyran(e) = president, superior, chief
eaghtyraneagh = presidential
eaghtyraneys = presidency

Etymology: from Old Irish *úachtar (surface, top, cream), from Proto-Celtic *ouxteros (upper), from *(o)uxs- (up) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewp- (up) [source]. Words for Up Above, etc in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

Proto-Brythonic *penno-tam-īkos = chief, leader
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pendewic, pen(n)deuic, pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendevigiaeth, pendeuigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendevigyeid = aristocratic, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendefigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendefig(i)aidd = aristocratic, noble
pendefiges = queen, lady, peeress, noblewoman
Old Cornish pendeuig = prince, chief, noble(man)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pendevig, pensevic, pednz(h)ivig = prince, chief, noble(man), principal
pednzivigian = nobility, gentry
Cornish (Kernewek) pennseviges, pednsyviges = princess
pennsevigeth = principality
pennsevik, pednsyvik = chief, noble, prince
Old Breton (Brethonoc) *pendemic = rich (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pynuizyc, pinuisic, pinuizic = rich man
pinuizigaez = wealth
pinuizic, pinuzic = rich
pinuizicat = to enrich, to get rich
Breton (Brezhoneg) pinvidik [pĩnˈviːdik] = rich
pinvidikaat = to enrich, to get rich
pinvidikaerezh = enrichment, wealth

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *penno-tamos = the most in chief, from *penn (head), from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (head), the origins of which are not known [source].

More words for prince, chief, ruler, etc can be found in the Celtiadur posts Lord, Ruler and Country and Land.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Honey Wine

Words for mead, wine and related things in Celtic languages.

mead!

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *medu = mead, wine, alcoholic drink
*medwos = drunk
Celtiberian Mezu-kenos = personal name “mead-born”
Gaulish medu = mead
Medu-genos = personal name “mead-born”
Primitive Irish medu = mead
Primitive Irish *ᚋᚓᚇᚒ (*medu) = mead
ᚋᚓᚇᚇᚑᚌᚓᚅᚔ (meddogeni) = personal name “mead-born”
ᚋᚓᚇᚃᚃᚔ (medvvi) = personal name “meady”
Old Irish (Goídelc) mid [mʲið] = mead
Midgen = personal name “mead-born”
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mid, midh = mead
medb = strong, intoxicating (liquor)
Irish (Gaeilge) meá [mʲæh / mʲa(h)] = mead
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) meadh [mjɤɣ] = mead
meadhach = fuddled with mead, like mead, abounding in mead
Manx (Gaelg) meddagh = mead-maker
Proto-Brythonic *með [mɛːð] = mead
Old Welsh (Kembraec) med = mead
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) met, med = mead
meddawt, meddavt, meddwdod = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication
meddfaeth, metveith, meduaeth, medweith = nourished on mead, having feastedon mead, mead-feast
medgell, meddgell = mead-cellar, drink-cellar
met kirn, medgyrn, metgyrn, meddgyrn = mead-horn, drinking-horn
metv, medw, meddw = drunk
medwyt, medwi, meddwi [ˈmɛðwi] = to get drunk
Welsh (Cymraeg) medd [meːð] = mead
meddaidd = like mead, sweet
medd-dod, meddwdod = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication
meddfaeth = luxurious, soft, gentle, delicate, pampered, effeminate
meddw [ˈmɛðu] = drunk, intoxicated, fuddled, tipsy
meddwi [ˈmɛðwi] = to be(come) drunk or tipsy, to be intoxicated or inebriated, to make drunky
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) medh, medu, meddou = mead
medhas = drunkenness, intoxication
medho = drunken, intoxicated
Cornish (Kernewek) medh = mead, hydromel
medhow = drunk, intoxicated
medhwenep = drunkenness, intoxication
medhwi = to intoxicate, make drunk
medhwynsi = drunkenness
Old Breton (Brethonoc) medot = mead
Middle Breton (Brezonec) mez = mead
Breton (Brezhoneg) mez [meː(s)] = mead
mezv [mɛ(z)w] = drunk, wobbly (furniture)
mezventi = alcoholism
mezvier = drunkard
mezvierezh = drunkenness
mezviñ [ˈmɛ(z)vĩ] = to get drunk
mezvus [ˈmɛ(z)vys] = intoxicating, heady

Etymology: from PIE *médʰu (honey, honey wine, mead), possibly related to Proto-Semitic *mataḳ- (sweet) [source].

Words from the same roots include mead in English, mead in English, mjöður (mead) in Icelandic, медведь [mʲɪdˈvʲetʲ] (bear, large clumsy person, lit. “honey eater”) in Russian, mesi (nectar) in Finnish, and possibly (mì / mitsu – honey) in Chinese and Japanese and (mil – beeswax, honey) in Korean [source].

The Irish name Méabh (Maeve) also comes from the same roots [source].

Proto-Celtic *wīnom = wine
Leptonic 𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌌 (uinom) = wine
Old Irish (Goídelc) fín = wine
fín acat = vinegar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fín = wine
fínán = cheap wine
fínda = pertaining to wine
fínmar = having abundance of wine
fíntan = vineyard
Irish (Gaeilge) fíon [fʲiːn̪ˠ] = wine
fíonchaor = grape
fíoncheannaí = wine merchant, vintner
fíonda = vinous, pertaining to wine
fíondaite = wine-coloured
fíonghort [ˈfʲiːnˠˌɣɔɾˠtˠ] = vineyard
fíonmhar = rich in wine, vinous
fíonsaothrú = viticulture
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fìon [fiən] = wine
fìon-chaor [fiən xɯːr] = grape
fìon-chrann = grapevine
fìon-fhoghar = wine harvest, vintage
fìon-geur = vinegar
fìon-lios = vineyard
fìonadair = wine-maker
Manx (Gaelg) feeyn = wine
feeyney = of wine, vinous
feeyneyder = wine-maker, vintner
feeyneydys = viticulture
berrish-feeyney = grape
feeyn geayr = vinegar
fouyr feeyney = vintage
garey feeyney = vineyard
Proto-Brythonic *gwin = wine
Old Welsh (Kembraec) guin = wine
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gvin, guin, gwin = wine
gwinblas = mansion where wine is dispensed in abundance
gwindeveirn = wine-tavern
gwindy, gwin-dŷ = wine-house, wine-tavern, wine-cellar, banqueting house
guinegyr, gwinegyr = vinegar
guinlann, gwinllan(n) = vineyard, vine
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwin [ɡwiːn] = wine, fermented liquor made from the juice of fruits (apples, elderberries, rhubarb, gooseberries, etc), like wine, pleasant, sweet, fine, excellent
gwinbren = vine
gwindy = wine-house, wine-tavern, wine-cellar, banqueting house
gwinegr = vinegar
gwinllan = vineyard, vine, copse, grove, wood, plantation
gwinwr, gwinydd = vintner, vine-grower, vine-dresser, vineyard owner
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gwin, guin = wine
gwinbren, guinbren = vine
Cornish (Kernewek) gwin [ɡwiːn] = wine
gwinbren = vine
gwinlan = vineyard
gwinyer = winemaker
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guin = wine
guiniin = vines
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guin, guyn = wine
guiny, guyni = vines
guynieyer = vineyard
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwin [ɡwĩːn / ɡɥĩːn] = wine
gwinegr [ɡwĩnˈɛk(r)] = vinegar
gwini [ˈɡɥĩːni] = vines
gwinieg [ɡɥĩ.ˈniː.ɛk] = vineyard
gwinier [ɡwĩ.ˈniː.ɛr / ɡɥĩ.ˈniː.ɛr] = winemaker
gwinioniezh [ɡɥĩ.nɔ̃ˈniː.ɛs] = oenology

Etymology: from Latin vīnum (wine, grapes, grapevine), from Proto-Italic *wīnom (wine), from Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom (wine, vine). The Welsh and Cornish words come from Latin via Proto-Celtic, the Breton and Goidelic words were borrowed direct from Latin, and the Leptonic word comes direct from Proto-Italic [source].

Words from the same roots include wine, vine, vinegar and oenology (the scientific study of wines and winemaking) in English, wijn (wine) in Dutch, vino (wine) in Italian, wino (wine) in Polish, and possibly ወይን (wäyn – grape) in Amharic [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Meaty Flesh

Today we’re looking at the words for meat, flesh, breast and related things in Celtic languages.

MEAT

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kīkos = breast
Primitive Irish ᚉᚉᚔᚉᚐ (ccica-) = breast
ᚉᚉᚔᚉᚐᚋᚔᚅᚔ (ccicamini) = male given name
Old Irish (Goídelc) cích [kʲiːx] = breast
Cíchmuine [ˈkʲiːxmunʲe] = male given name
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cích [kʲiːx] = pap, breast, nipple, teat
cíchech, cīgech [ˈkʲiːxʲəx] = big-chested
Cichmuine, Cichmhuine, Cíchmaine = male given name
Irish (Gaeilge) cíoch [ciəx] = breast, pap, papilla, protuberance
cíochach = mammary
cíochbheart = bra(ssiere)
cíoch-chruthach = mammiform
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cìoch [kʲiəx] = breast, pap
cìochach [kʲiəxəx] = mammary, pertainning to breasts, ample-bosomed
cìochag
cìoch [kʲiəxag] = valve, small breast
cìocharan [kʲiəxan] = suckling infant
Manx (Gaelg) keeagh [kiːx] = breast, bud, nipple, pap, teat
keeaghagh = mammary
Proto-Brythonic *kig = meat
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cic, kic = meat
cigva meat market, butcher’s shop, shambles, slaughter-house, carnage
cicbran, cicuran, kigvrain, kicfran = raven
kicawc, kigawc = meaty, fleshy
kiccyd, kygyd, kigydd = butcher
Welsh (Cymraeg) cig [kiːɡ] = meat, flesh
cigaf, cigo = to fatten, become fleshy
cigaidd = meaty, fleshy, bloody, cruel, carnivorous,
cigfa meat market, butcher’s shop, shambles, slaughter-house, carnage
cigfran = raven
cigog = meaty, fleshy
cigydd = butcher
Old Cornish cic, chic = meat, flesh
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cig, kig = meat, flesh
cigliu = flesh-coloured
cigver, kiguer = flesh-fork
Cornish (Kernewek) kig = meat, flesh
kiger, kigores = butcher
kigereth = butchery, slaughterhouse
kigliw = flesh (colour), pink
kigti, kigva = butcher’s, butchery, slaughterhouse
Old Breton cic = meat, flesh
Middle Breton (Brezonec) quic = meat, flesh
quicguec = fleshy, muscled
Breton (Brezhoneg) kig [kiːk] = meat, flesh
kigder = overweight
kigek = fleshy, muscular, plump
kigenn [ˈkiːɡɛn] = complexion, muscule
kigennan, kigennañ = to build muscule, to heal
kigennek [kiˈɡɛnːek] = muscule
kiger [ˈkiːɡɛr] = butcher
kigerezh [ki.ˈɡɛː.rɛs] = butcher’s shop

Etymology: assumed to be of expressive/imitative origin [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) brollach = breast, bosom, chest
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brollach, brothlach = breast, bosom, chest
Irish (Gaeilge) brollach [bˠəɾˠˈl̪ˠax/ˈbˠɾˠɔl̪ˠəx] = breast, bosom, front, beginning, preface, prologue
brollaiocht = close wrestling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) brollach [brɔl̪ˠəx] = bosom, breast, bust, chest, brisket
Manx (Gaelg) brollagh = bosom, breast

Etymology: related to the Old Irish bruinne (breast) and brú (belly) [source]. See also the post about Hills

Proto-Celtic *weɸolis = flesh, meat (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) feóil, féuil [fʲeːu̯lʲ] = flesh, meat
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) feóil, feól = flesh, meat
feólaigid = to make or form flesh
feólairecht = butchery, slaughter
feólamail = the flesh, worldly
feólmar = fleshy
Irish (Gaeilge) feoil [fʲoːlʲ/fʲɔːlʲ] = flesh, meat
feoilteach = carnivorous
feoilteoir = carnivore
feoilséantóir = vegetarian
feoilaire = butcher
feoilmhar = fleshy, fat, flabby
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) feòil [fjɔːl̪ˠ] = flesh, meat
feòil-itheach [fjɔːl̪ˠ içəx] = carnivorous
feòil-itheadair [fjɔːl̪ˠ içədɪrʲ] = carnivore
feòil-sheachnair = vegetarian
Manx (Gaelg) feill [feːlʲ] = flesh, meat
feillagh = fleshy, meaty
feill-eeagh = carnivorous
feilleyder = butcher
feill-haghnagh = vegetarian (adj)
feill-haghneyder = vegetartian (person)

Etymology: uncertain [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) cnes = skin
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cnes, cnis, cneis, cneas = skin, surface, body, flesh, bosom, breast
Irish (Gaeilge) cneas [cnʲasˠ/cɾʲasˠ] = skin, good appearance
cneasach = covered with skin, cutaneous
cneasaí = close companion, spouse, healer
cneasaigh = to cicatrize, heal
cneasluiteach = skintight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cneas [krʲẽs] = skin, bosom
cneasachadh [krʲesəxəɣ] = (act of) squeezing, tightening, pressing, making slender, curing, healing
Proto-Brythonic *knōto- = flesh (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) knaud, cnaut, knaỽt, knawt = flesh
knowdio = to incarnate, gather flesh, be conceived
knaỽtaỽl, knaỽdaỽl, knoawdol = bodily, carnal, physical, sensual, fleshy, plump
Welsh (Cymraeg) cnawd [knau̯d] = flesh
cnawdaidd = pertaining to the flesh, carnal
cnawd(i)edig = fleshy, carnal
cnawdiad = incarnation, putting on of flesh
cnawdiaf, cnawdio = to incarnate, gather flesh, be conceived
cnawdig = fleshy, carnal, fat, plump
cnawdol = bodily, carnal, physical, sensual, fleshy, plump
Cornish (Kernewek) kneus = skin
Breton (Brezhoneg) kneud = carnality, fleshliness (?)

Etymology: possibly from PIE *kneu-t- [source].

More Celtic words for breast and meat can be found on the posts about Hills, Central Hearts, Baskets, Wings, Bones, Fatty Lard and Food

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Ceilidh Companions

Words for companion, ceilidh and related things in Celtic languages.

Cèilidh at Sabhal Mòr Ostaig
Ceilidh at Sabhal Mòr Ostaig in the Isle of Skye / Cèilidh aig Sabhal Mòr Ostaig san Eilean Sgitheanach

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kēlyos = companion, servant
Primitive Irish ᚉᚓᚂᚔ (celi) = follower, devotee (genitive)
Old Irish (Goídelc) céile [ˈkʲeːlʲe] = client, companion, husband, liege, servant, spouse, subject, vassal
céilide [ˈkʲeːlʲiðʲe] = visit, visiting
coicéile = companion, comrade, friend, friendship
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) céile, ceile, céli = servant, bondsman, vassal, subject, fellow, companion, husband
céileachas = adultery
céilide = visit, act of visiting
coicéile, cocéle, coceli = vassal, bondsman, companion, fellow, friend
coicéilsine, cocéilsine, cocélsine = fellowship, clientship
Irish (Gaeilge) céile [ˈceːlʲə] = companion, spouse
céileachas = companionship, cohabitation, copulation
céilí = friend call, visit, social evening, Irish dancing session
céilíoch = person fond of social visits, sociable person
céilíocht = sociableness, companionableness
céiliúil = companionable
coigéile = mate, companion
coigéilsine = fellowship, companionship
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cèile [kʲeːlə] = fellow, partner, significant other, spouse, counterpart
cèile-còmhraige = opponent, antagonist
cèile-pòsta = married partner (husband or wife)
cèileach [kʲeːləx] = entertaining
cèileachadh [kʲeːləxəɣ] = participating/sharing in, twinning, partnering (of a city)
cèiliche [kʲeːlɪçə] = visitor
cèilidh [kʲeːlɪ] = ceilidh, visit, (act of) visiting
cèilidheach [kʲeːlɪjəx] = companionable, fond of company, sociable
Manx (Gaelg) keilley = match
dy cheilley = joined, together
e cheilley = fellow
ry-cheilley = en masse, together, with each other
kaylee = ceilidh
Proto-Brythonic *kuɨlð = servant, companion
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cilit, cilid, kilid, kilyd = servant, companion
Welsh (Cymraeg) cilydd [ˈkɪlɨ̞ð/ˈkiːlɪð] = fellow, companion, neighbour, enemy, other
cilyddol = reciprocal, mutual
at ei gilydd = together
gyda’i gilydd = together
ei gilydd = each other
o bryd i’w gilydd = from time to time
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cele = companion, fellow, one of two
Cornish (Kernewek) kila = companion
Old Breton kiled = friend
Middle Breton (Brezonec) kile = the other (one), friend
Breton (Brezhoneg) kile = associate, stooge, colleague, sidekick

Etymology: possibly the Proto-Celtic word originally meant ‘wayfarer’, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (to settle, to be lying down) [source].

The English word ceilidh [ˈkeɪli] (an informal social gathering where traditional Irish or Scottish folk music is played, with dancing and storytelling; a ceilidh dance; to dance a ceilidh) was borrowed from Scottish Gaelic and/or from Irish [source]. Someone who attends a ceilidh is apparently a ceilidher [source].

The Welsh equivalent of a ceilidh is a twmpath, which also meanings hillock, knoll, mound, pile, gathering or assembly. It’s also a known as a twmpath dawns (folk-dance, barn dance, public dance) or noson lawen (“merry/joyful evening”). In Cornish a ceilidh is a troyll, which also means spiral or swirl, and in Breton they are known as fest-noz [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) comhar [kõːɾˠ] = combined work, mutual assistance, co-operation, partnership
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) coimheart [kɔ̃jəRʃd] = companion
Manx (Gaelg) commeeys = communion, connection, league, mess, participation, partnership, relations (between people)
Proto-Brythonic *kumpar = peer, fellow, spouse, partner, companion
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kymar = peer, fellow, spouse, partner, companion
Welsh (Cymraeg) cymar [ˈkəmar] = equal, peer, companion, mate, fellow, spouse, consort
cymar bywyd = life partner
cymhares = female partner, wife, mate, companion, equal
cymharus = well matched, well paired, corresponding, matching, appropriate, fitting
cymheiriaeth = a coupling together, partnership
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cespar = spouse, married person, mate
Cornish (Kernewek) kespar / kespares = partner
kesplegadow = compatible

Etymology (Brythonic words): from Latin compār (fellow, partner, equal [person], spouse), from con- (used to indicate being or bringing together), from cum (with), and pār (even, equal, like; companion, comrade, mate, spouse) [source]. The Goidelic words may come from different roots.

Words from the same roots include compare, pair, par (equal value) and peer in English, paar (pair, couple, some) in Dutch, and péire (pair) in Irish [source].

Proto-Brythonic *ko-u̯ekt- = companion, comrade, friend (?)
*ko-u̯ektii̯ŏ- = company, band or gathering of companions, troop, host, retinue
Old Welsh (Kembraec) coueidid = company, band or gathering of companions, troop, host, retinue
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kyueith, kyweith = companion, comrade, friend
kiueithad = society, company, partnership
kyweithaed = gathering, company
kyweythas, kyweithas, keuey[th]as = soceity, company, fellowship, companionship
kweithasgar = sociable, gentle, kind(ly), gracious
kyweithit, ky()eithyd, kyweithyd = company, band or gathering of companions, troop, host, retinue
Welsh (Cymraeg) cywaith = companion, comrade, friend; association, harmony
cyweithad = society, company, partnership
cyweithäed = gathering, company
cyweithas = soceity, company, fellowship, companionship, alliance, commerce; sociable, gentle, kindly
cyweithasu = to associate, civilze, treat with courtesy
cyweithasgar = sociable, gentle, kind(ly), gracious
cyweith(i)asol = social, kind, gentle courteous
cyweithydd = company, band or gathering of companions, troop, host, retinue
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) coweth, cowyth = companion, fellow, mate, comrade
cowethas = company, society
cowethe = company, sociery
cowethes = female companion, help-mate
cowetheyans = communion, fellowship
cowethys = acquainted
Cornish (Kernewek) koweth / kowethes = companion, comrade, friend, mate, peer
kowethas = association, society
kowethasek = social
kowethegeth = friendship
kowethek = friendly
kowethus = gregarious
kowethyades, kowethyas = colleague
kowethyadow = socialable
kowethyans = company, organisation

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *ko- (together, equal, similar) u̯ekt- (to move, go) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Nephews

Today we’re looking at the words for nephew and related people in Celtic languages.

My nephew in a hat
My nephew. Mo nia. Mac my shayrey. Fy nai. Ma noy. Ma niz.

Proto-Celtic *neɸūss = nephew
Primitive Irish ᚅᚔᚑᚈᚈᚐ (niotta) = nephew (sister’s son)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nia [ˈn͈ʲi.a] = nephew, sister’s son
Irish (Gaeilge) nia [n̪ʲiə] = nephew
garneacht = great-nephew
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) nia [n̪ʲiə] = nephew (sister’s son)
Manx (Gaelg) neear = nephew
Proto-Brythonic *nei = nephew
Old Welsh nei = nephew
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ney, nei = nephew
Welsh (Cymraeg) nai [nai̯] = nephew, first cousin’s son
nai fab brawd = nephew (brother’s son)
nai fab chwaer = nephew (sister’s son)
mab nai = great-nephew
naigarwch = nepotism
Middle Cornish noi = nephew
Cornish (Kernwek) noy = nephew
Old Breton ny = nephew
Middle Breton ni = nephew
Breton (Brezhoneg) niz = nephew
gourniz = great-nephew

Etymology from the Proto-Indo-European *népōts (grandson, descendent, nephew), possibly from *ne (not) and *pótis (master, lord, husband) [source].

Other words for nephew:

  • Irish: mac deirféar (sister’s son), mac dearthár (brother’s son)
  • Scottish Gaelic: mac-peathar (sister’s son), mac-bràthar (brother’s son)
  • Manx: mac shayrey (sister’s son), mac braarey (brother’s son)

See also the post about sons.

Words in Germanic language that come from the same PIE root, via the Proto-Germanic *nefô (nephew, grandson), include: Neffe (nephew) in German, neef (male cousin, nephew) in Dutch, and the obsolete English word neve (nephew, male cousin, grandson) [source].

The English word nephew comes from the same PIE root, via the Middle English nevew, neveu (nephew, grandson), the Old French neveu (nephew), and the Latin nepos (grandson, granddaughter, nephew, niece, descendent) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Battle

Words for battle and related things in Celtic languages.

St Fagan's National Museum of Wales

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *katus = battle
*Katutigernos = “battle lord/master” (male name)
*Katuwelnāmnos = “battle ruler” (male name)
Gaulish catu, katu = battle
Katutigernos (male name)
Primitive Irish ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ (cattu) = battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) cath [kaθ] = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, warlike
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict (from com (with) and cath)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cath, = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, vehement
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = fighter, warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict, act of waging war
Irish (Gaeilge) cath [kah] = battle, conflict, trial, battalion
cathach = battling, warlike
cathaí = battler, fighter
cathaigh to battle, fight, tempt
cogadh [ˈkɔɡə/ˈkʌɡu] = war, warfare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cath [kah] = battle, fight, contest, struggle, battalion, warfare
cathach = warlike
cath nan con = dogfight
cath-thuagh = battle axe
blàr-catha = battlefield
gairm-chatha = warcry
cogadh [kogəɣ] = war, fighting, warfare
Manx (Gaelg) cah = military action battle
crooseyr cah = battle-cruiser
caggey [ˈkaːɣə] = war, fight, scrap, combat, campaign, clash, battle
Proto-Brythonic *kad = battle
*Kadüdɨɣern (male name)
*Kaduwallọn (male name)
Old Welsh Categern, Catigern (male name)
Cadwallawn (male name)
Categern, Catigern (male name)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kad, kat = battle
Cattegirn (male name)
Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun (male name)
Welsh (Cymraeg) cad [kaːd] = battle, conflict, war, strife, struggle, trouble, army, host, throng, multitude, band
cad ar faes = at loggerheads
cadfan = battlefield
Cadfan (male name) = 6th century Breton missionary to Wales [more details]
Cadeyrn (male name)
Cadwallon (male name)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cad, câs = battle, war
cadlys = camp, intrenchment
cadwur = warrior, soldier, champion
Cornish (Kernewek) kas = armed conflict, battle, war
kasor, kasores = fighter
kasorek = militant
Kaswallawn (male name)
Old Breton Kaduuallon, Catuuallon (male name)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) kad = combat
Breton (Brezhoneg) kad = battle
Kadwallawn (male name)

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (fight), which is also the root of the German words Hader (dispute, quarrel) and hadern (to bicker, quarrel, struggle) [source].

Proto-Celtic *agrom = slaughter, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) ár = slaugter
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ár = slaugter, carnage, defeat, destruction
Irish (Gaeilge) ár [ɑːɾˠ] = slaughter, havoc
ármhá = battlefied, scene of slaughter
ármhach = slaughter
ármhar = slaugterous, destructive
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àr [aːr] = battle, battlefield, slaughter, death
àr-fhaich, àr-mhagh = battlefield
àrmhach = destructive
Manx (Gaelg) haar [ˈhɛːr] = slaughter, slaughtering
Proto-Brythonic *aɨr [aɨ̯r] = battle, carnage
Old Welsh hair = battle, fight, war
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aer = battle, fight, war
aerbeir, aerbair = battle-lord, battle-leader
aerbais = coat of mail
aerbar = battle-spear, spear of slaughter
aerbybyr = bright, fine, valiant, zealous, strong in battle
aerdawelỽch, aerdawelwch = silence after battle
Welsh (Cymraeg) aer [aːɨ̯r / ai̯r] = battle, fight, war, skirmish, carnage, slaughter, army
Old Cornish hair = slaughter, battle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ar, hâr, har = slaughter, battle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) air = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
airma = battlefield
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hair, aer, ár = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
aerva, aerfa, ármag = battlefield
Breton (Brezhoneg) aer [ɛːr] = battle, combat, carnage (archaic)
aergi [ˈɛrɡi] = fighting dog, war dog, warrior (archaic)
aerva [ˈɛr.va] = battlefield (archaic)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵros (field, pasturage), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive). Words from the same roots include act, action, agent and agile in English [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Seasons

Words for seasons in Celtic languages.

Spring

Proto-Celtic *wesrakos / *wesantos = spring
Old Irish (Goídelc) errach [ˈer͈ax] = spring
Irish (Gaeilge) earrach [əˈɾˠax / ˈaɾˠəx / ˈaɾˠa(h)] = spring
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) earrach [jar̪ˠəx] = spring
Manx (Gaelg) arragh [ˈarax] = spring
Proto-Brythonic *wesantēnos = spring
Old Welsh guiannuin = spring
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwaeanhwyn / gwaeannwyn / gwannwyn = spring
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwanwyn [ˈɡwanwɨ̞n / ˈɡwanwɪn] = spring, springtime
Old Cornish guaintoin = spring
Cornish (Kernewek) gwaynten = spring
Breton (Brezhoneg) nevez-amzer = spring

Etymology, from the Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (spring) [source].

Spring Blossom / Blodau y Gwanwyn

Summer

Proto-Celtic *samos = summer
Gaulish samo- = summer
Old Irish (Goídelc) sam [saṽ] / samrad [ˈsaṽrað] = summer
Irish (Gaeilge) samhradh [ˈsˠəuɾˠə / ˈsˠəuɾˠuː / ˈsˠəuɾˠu] = summer, summer garland
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) samhradh [sãũrəɣ] = summer
Manx (Gaelg) sourey [ˈsaurə] = summer
Proto-Brythonic *haβ̃ = summer
Old Welsh ham = summer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) haf = summer
Welsh (Cymraeg) haf [haːv / haː] = summer
Old Cornish haf = summer
Cornish (Kernewek) hav = summer
Old Breton ham = summer
Middle Breton haff = summer
Breton (Brezhoneg) hañv = summer

Etymology, from the Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ó- (summer) [source].

King John's Castle / Caisleán Luimnigh

Autumn

Old Irish (Goídelc) fogamar / fogomur [ˈɡʲaṽʲrʲəð] = autumn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fogamur = harvest
Irish (Gaeilge) fómhar [ˈfˠoːɾˠ / ˈfˠoːvˠəɾˠ / ˈfˠɔːwəɾˠ] = autumn, harvest season, harvest
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) foghar [fo.ər] = autumn, harvest, (act of) harvesting
Manx (Gaelg) fouyr = harvets, autumn
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) heduref / heduueref = autumn
possibly from hydd (stag) &‎ bref (bellow)
Welsh (Cymraeg) hydref [ˈhədrɛ(v) / ˈhədra] = autumn, period of full maturity, rutting season, mating time
Cornish (Kernewek) hedra / kynnyay / kydnyadh = autumn
Breton (Brezhoneg) here / kozhamzer / diskar-amzer = autumn

Etymology (Goidelic languages), from the Proto-Celtic *wo-gamur (under winter) from *gamur (winter) [source].

autumn falls...

Winter

Proto-Celtic *gyemos / *gamur = winter
Gaulish giamos = winter (personal name)
Primitive Irish ᚌᚐᚋᚔ- (gami/gen) = winter
Old Irish (Goídelc) gam / gaim = winter, winter storm
gaimred [ˈɡʲaṽʲrʲəð] = winter
Irish (Gaeilge) geimhreadh [ˈɟiːɾʲə / ˈɟiːvʲɾʲə / ˈɟɛvʲɾʲu] = winter
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geamhradh [gʲãũrəɣ] = winter
Manx (Gaelg) geurey [ˈɡʲeurə / ˈɡʲuːrə] = winter
Old Welsh gaem = winter
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gayaf = winter
Welsh (Cymraeg) gaeaf [ˈɡeɨ̯av / ˈɡei̯av] = winter
Old Cornish goyf = winter
Cornish (Kernewek) gwav / gwâv = winter
Old Breton guoiam = winter
Middle Breton gouaff = winter
Breton (Brezhoneg) goañv [ˈɡwãw / ˈɡwã] = winter

Etymology, from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (winter, year, frost, snow) [source].

Coed efo eira arno

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

The names of the seasons, days and seasons in Celtic languages

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek

Crows and Ravens

Words for crow and raven in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *branos = crow, raven
Gaulish Branodūnon = place name
Primitive Irish ᚁᚏᚐᚅᚐ brana = crow, raven
Old Irish (Goídelc) bran [bran] = crow, raven
Irish (Gaeilge) bran = raven
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bran [bran] = raven (corvus corax)
Proto-Brythonic *bran = crow, raven
Welsh (Cymraeg) brân [braːn] = crow, rook, raven; warrior; crowbar
branos = little crows, young crows; warriors
cigfran = raven
Cornish (Kernewek) bran [bɹæːn] = crow
branvras = raven
Breton (Brezhoneg) bran = raven, crow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *werneh₂- (crow), from *wer- (to burn) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) fennóc = a scald; royston crow (hooded crow)
Irish (Gaeilge) feannóg = (hooded) crow (corvus cornix)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) feannag [fjan̪ˠag] = crow, rook
Manx (Gaelg) fannag = crow, crake

Etymology: unknown [source].

Proto-Celtic *wesākos = raven, grebe
Old Irish (Goídelc) fiach, fíach [fʲi.əx] = raven
Irish (Gaeilge) fiach [ˈfʲiəx] = raven
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fitheach [fi.əx] = raven
Manx (Gaelg) feeagh = crake, raven
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwyach [ɡʊɨ̯.aχ /ɡʊi̯.aχ] = grebe

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Celtic *wes- (to feed, feast) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Raven.

Hound Dogs

Words for dog in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *kū = dog, wolf
Gaulish cuna = dog
Primitive Irish ᚉᚒᚅᚐ (cuna) = hound, wolf
Old Irish (Goídelc) [kuː] = dog
Irish (Gaeilge) [kuː] = dog, hound, greyhound; wolf; hero, champion
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) [kuː] = dog, canine
Manx (Gaelg) coo [kuː] = dog, cur, hound, wolf-dog
Proto-Brythonic ki [kiː] = dog
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ci / ki = dog
Welsh (Cymraeg) ci [kiː] = dog, hound, cur
Old Cornish ci = dog
Cornish (Kernewek) ki [kiː] = dog
Middle Breton ci / qui = dog
Breton (Brezhoneg) ki [kiː] = dog

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (dog), which is also the root of the English words hound and canine [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) madrad, matrad = dog
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) matad = common dog, cur
Irish (Gaeilge) madra [ˈmˠad̪ˠɾˠə] / madadh [ˈmˠad̪ˠə / ˈmˠad̪ˠu] = dog, cur
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) madadh [madəɣ] = dog, mastiff
Manx (Gaelg) moddey [ˈmɔːðə] = dog, tyke
Welsh (Cymraeg) madyn / madog = fox

Etymology: unknown

Old Irish (Goídelc) gagar [ɡaɣər] = beagle, hunting dog
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gadar = beagle, hunting dog
Irish (Gaeilge) gadhar [ɡəiɾˠ] = (hunting) dog, harrier, beagle, cur
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gadhar [gɤ.ər] = lurcher, mastiff, greyhound

Etymology: from the Old Norse gagarr [source].

Proto-Celtic *kulēnos = whelp
Old Irish (Goídelc) cuilén [ˈkulʲeːn] = puppy, cub, kitten
Irish (Gaeilge) coiléan [kɪˈlʲaːn̪ˠ] = pup, cub, whelp; youth, scion; trickster
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cuilean [kulan] = puppy, whelp; cub; seal pup; darling, dear; short/small bone
Manx (Gaelg) quallian = puppy
Welsh (Cymraeg) colwyn [kiː] = whelp, puppy, cub; lap-dog; spaniel
Old Cornish coloin = puppy
Cornish (Kernewek) kolen [ˈkɔlɪn] = puppy, cub
Breton (Brezhoneg) kolen = puppy, fawn, rabbit

Etymology: unknown

Old Irish (Goídelc) cana [ˈkana] = cub, puppy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cana [ˈkana] = cub, puppy
Irish (Gaeilge) cana [ˈkanˠə] = cub, whelp; bardic poet of fourth order
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cana [kanə] = puppy, whelp
Welsh (Cymraeg) cenau / cenaw = cub, whelp, puppy, kitten; son, descendant, scion, young warrior; knave, imp, rascal; catkin, cat’s tail

Etymology: possibly from the Latin canis (dog), from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (dog) [source], or from the Proto-Celtic *kanawo (young animal).

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Irish Wolfhounds