Particularly Special

Today we’re looking at the words for special, particular, different and related things in Celtic languages.

Special

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸarekʷennom = extremity, end
Old Irish (Goídelc) airchenn = certain, definite
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) airchenn, airchend = certain, fixed, definite, prominent, leading, chaste, leader, chief
Irish (Gaeilge) airchinneach = hereditary steward of church lands
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) airchinneach = erenagh (monastic role)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) arpennic, arbennyc, arbennig, arbennic = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, chief, prince, leader, head
arbenhicrỽyd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbennigyaỽl, arbenygaul = lord, chieftain, sovereign
arbennedic = generous, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) arbennig [arˈbɛnɪɡ] = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, special, particular, peculiar, distinctive, specific, characteristic
arbenig(i)aeth = speciality, expertise
arbenigo = to make special, specify, denote, specialize
arbenig(i)ol = special, particular, specific, distinct
arbenigrwydd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbenigwr, arbenigydd = specialist, expert, authority
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) arbennec, arbednec = usual, customary
Cornish (Kernewek) arbennik, arbednik = distinctive, particular, special
arbenigel = specialist
arbeniger, arbenigores specialist
arbenikter = specialism, speciality
yn arbennik = especially
Middle Breton (Brezonec) arbennik = soft, tender
Breton (Brezhoneg) arbennik [ar.ˈbɛ.nːik] = special, specialized, expert
arbennigour = specialist, expert
arbennikaat = to specialize
arbennikaat = specialization, expertise, specializing
arbennikaet = specialized, competent
arbennikadur = specialization, expertise, specializing

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic ɸare- (for(e)-) and *kʷennom (head) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include arpent (acre, arpent – an old French unit of area or length) in French [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) ar leith, faoi leith [ɛɾʲˈl̠ʲɛh / fˠiːˈl̠ʲɛh] = apart, separate(ly), several, distinct, remarkable, special
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) air leth = particular(ly), separate(ly), discrete(ly), individual(ly), apart, exceptional(ly)
Manx (Gaelg) er lheh = special, specific, certain, distinctive, aloof, separate

Etymology: from Old Irish leth (side), from Proto-Celtic *letos or from Proto-Celtic *ɸletos (breadth, side). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include lled (breadth, width, part, half) in Welsh, led (wide, large, broad) in Breton, and les (breadth, width) in Cornish [source]. See the Halves and Sides Celtiadur post for more details.

Irish (Gaeilge) speisialta [ˈsˠpʲɛʃiəl̪ˠt̪ˠə] = special
speisialtacht = speciality
speisialtóir = specialist
speisialtóireacht = specializing, specialization
Welsh (Cymraeg) sbesial = special, especially good

Etymology: from Middle English special(e) (exceptional, extraordinary, particular), from Old French especial (special, powerful, mighty), from Latin speciālis (specific), from speci(ēs) (kind, type, seeing, spectacle, appearance, display), from speciō (to observe, watch, look at), from Proto-Italic *spekjō (to observe, see), from Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti (to be looking at) [source].

Proto-Celtic *sani = apart from
*sanis = different
Old Irish (Goídelc) sainredach = characteristic, peculiar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sainredach, sainredaig, sunnarthach = peculiar or belonging to, particular, special, set apart, specific, definite
Irish (Gaeilge) sonrach = particular, specific
sonraigh = particularize, specify, define; to perceive, distinguish
sonraíoch = noticeable, remarkable, peculiar, extraordinary, abnormal,grotesque
sonraíocht = specification
sonrú = specification, notice, perception
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sònraichte [sɔːnrɪçdʲə] = specific, specified, stipulated, certain, special, defined, allocated, assigned, excellent, noted
Manx (Gaelg) sonraghey = to specify
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) han = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Welsh (Cymraeg) hân = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) hanys = from thee
Cornish (Kernewek) ahanav = from me
ahanas = from you (sg)
ahanodho = from him
ahanedhi = from her
ahanan = from us
ahanowgh = from you (pl)
anedha = from them
Old Breton (Brethonoc) han = outside of, other than, different from
Middle Breton (Brezonec) han = outside of, other than, different from
Breton (Brezhoneg) han = outside of, other than, different from

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *senH- (apart, without, for oneself). Words from the same roots possibly include sunder in English, zonder (without) in Dutch, sondern (to separate, sunder) in German, sönder (broken, out of order) in Swedish, senza (without) in Italian, sans (without) in French, sin (without) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Captive Hostages

Words for hostage, pledge and related things in Celtic languages.

Hostage

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *geistlos = hostage, bail
Gaulish geistlus = hostage (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gíall = a human pledge, hostage
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gíall, gial, giall = a human pledge, hostage, jailer, act of yielding homage, obeying
gíallacht, gíallnus = hostageship, captivity
Irish (Gaeilge) giall [ɟiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, (human) pledge
giallach = having or taking hostages
giallacht = hostageship, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) giall [gʲiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, pledge
giallach [gʲiəl̪ˠəx] = pertaining to or abounding in hostages / pledges
Manx (Gaelg) gioal = pledge, pawn, stake, wager, bet, bond
geulys, geuleydys = bondage
Proto-Brythonic *guɨstl = hostage, bail
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gustil, gustel, guyst(e)l, gvystl, gwystyl = pledge, security, surety, guarantee, earnest
guystlvy, gustelau, gusthaf = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlyryaeth, gwystloryaeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwystl [ɡwɨ̞sdl / ɡʊi̯sdl] = pledge, assurance, security, surety, guarantee, earnest, gage, pawn, hostage, wager, stake, bet, mortgage
gwystl(i)ad = a pledging, a pawning
gwystlo = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlchwarae = gambling
gwystledig = pledge, bound, mortgaged
gwystlor(i)aeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
gwystlwr, gwystlydd = mortgagor, pawnbroker
Old Cornish guistel = hostage
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) guistel = hostage, pledge, surety
Cornish (Kernewek) gostel = hostage, riot
gostla = to pawn, wage
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guistl = hostage
Middle Breton (Brezonec) goestl = hostage, pledge
goestlaff = to consecrate, dedicate, pledge, devote
goestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouestl [ˈɡwestl] = hostage, pledge, guarantee, bail, surety
gouestladur = commitment, offering
gouestlaj = mortgage
gouestlañ [ˈɡwestlã] = to bet, wager, guarantee, pledge, consecrate, dedicate, devote
gouestlaoua = to bribe, buy, corrupt, grease the palm of
gouestlaouañ = to bribe, corrupt
gouestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (to yearn for, to desire) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Proto-Germanic *gīslaz (hostage), include gijzelen (to take hostage) in Dutch, Geisel (hostage) in German, gidsel (hostage) in Danish, gisslan (hostage) in Swedish, and kihlata (to betroth) in Finnish [source].

Words from the same PIE root include geisti (to desire, crave, covet, lust after) in Lithuanian, gaidīt (to wait, expect, anticipate) in Latvian, ждать (ždatʹ – to wait for, expect) in Russian, and geizen (to be miserly) in German [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) brága [ˈbraː.ɣɘ] = hostage, captive, prisoner
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brága, brágha, brage [ˈbraːɣə] = captive, prisoner, hostage
brágigdenas, braighdenus, braighdeanas = hostageship, captivity
bráigtechas, braightechus = hostageship
Irish (Gaeilge) brá [bˠɾˠɑː] = captive, hostage
braighdeanach = captive, prisoner
braighdeanas = captivity, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bràigh [braːj] = captive, hostage
bràighdeanas = bondage, captivity, slavery
neach am bràighdeanas = captive, hostage

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *brāgants (neck, throat), from *brāg + *-ants (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (to swallow, devour, eat) [source]. The sense “captive” derives from the Middle Irish phrase gaibid ar brágait (to take captive: lit. “to take by the neck”) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include carnivore, devour, gargle, gorge, gurgle and voracious in English; gurgeln (to gargle, gurgle) in German; voractià (oracity, voraciousness) in Italian, and gerti (to drink, soak up, absorb) in Lithuanian [source].

The word for hostage in Manx is raane, which also means assurance, bail, bond, collateral, guarantee, pledge or surety [source]. Its etymology is not known [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Buckets & Pails

Words for bucket, pail, pitcher and related things in Celtic languages.

Fire buckets

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kelɸurnos = pail, bucket, pitcher, pot, vat, vessel
Old Irish (Goídelc) cilorn(n) = jug, pitcher
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cilorn(n), cilarn, culorn = pitcher, vessel
Irish (Gaeilge) ciolarn = pitcher (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ciolarn, coilorn, ciolurn = milk pitcher with a handle out of its side, a hand-can
Manx (Gaelg) curn = can, milk can
curn jinnairagh = dinner can
curn spreih = watering can
curn tey = billy, tea caddy
Proto-Brythonic *kelurn = pail, pitcher, bucket (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) cilurnn = pail, pitcher, vessel, bucket, tub
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kelurn, kelwrn, celwrn = pail, pitcher, vessel, bucket, tub
Welsh (Cymraeg) celwrn [ˈkelʊrn] = pail, pitcher, vessel, bucket, tub
celwrn llaeth = milk-pail
Cornish (Kernewek) kelorn = bucket, pail
kelorn-godra = milking pail
Middle Breton (Brezonec) quelorn = bucket
Breton (Brezhoneg) kelorn [ˈkeːlɔrn] = bucket, tub, head
kelorniad [keˈlɔr.njat] = bucket (of), contents of a bucket

Etymology: unknown, probably a Wanderwort. Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *kelp- (cauldron, jar) [source]. Words from the same roots include calpar (vessel for liquids, especially for wine, wine cask, wine picher), and Ancient Greek κάλπις (kálpis – jug urn) [source].

Middle Breton (Brezonec) saill = bucket, cylinder
Breton (Brezhoneg) sailh [ˈsalj/ˈsaʎ] = bucket, cylinder
sailhad = (cylinder) capacity, displacement

Etymology: unknown [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) buicéad [ˈbˠʊceːd̪ˠ / ˈbˠʌkɔdʲ] = bucket
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bucaid [buxgadʲ] = bucket, dustbin
bacaid [baxgadʲ] = pimple, pustule, bucket, dustbin
bucaid-theine = fire bucket
bucaideach [buxgɪdʲəx] = pertaining to or abounding in buckets, booming
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bwcket, bwcet = bucket
Welsh (Cymraeg) bwced = bucket
bwcedaf, bwcedu = to bucket
bwcedaid = bucketful
pwced = bucket
Cornish (Kernewek) boket = bucket

Etymology: from English bucket or Middle English buket, boket (bucket), from Anglo-Norman buket, buquet (tub, pail), a diminutive of Old French buc (abdomen), from Vulgar Latin *būcus, from Frankish *būk (belly, stomach), from Proto-Germanic *būkaz (belly, abdomen, body), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw-go-s, from *bʰew- (to swell, inflate); [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) crúsca, crúisce = little jug, cruet
Irish (Gaeilge) crúsca = jug, jar
crúiscín = small jug, smal jar
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) crùisg [kruːʃgʲ] = jug
crùisgean = oil-lamp, small jug, pitcher
Manx (Gaelg) cruick = bucket, pail
cruick gheayil = scuttle
cruick vlieaun = milking pail
lane cruick = bucketful, pailful
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) krwck = tub, pitcher, bucket, pail
Welsh (Cymraeg) crwc = tub, pitcher, bucket, pail

Etymology: possibly from English crock (a stoneware or earthenware jar or storage container) or from Middle English crok(ke) (crock, pot, cauldron, belly, stomach), from Old English crocc(a) (crock, pot, vessel), from Proto-Germanic *krukkō (vessel), from Proto-Indo-European *growg- (vessel). Related words include krukke (jar) in Danish, kruik (jar, jug) in Dutch, cruche (pitcher, jug) in French, and krukka (pot, jar) in Icelandic [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) pitséar = pitcher
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pidsear = pitcher
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pisser = pitcher, jug, can, (milk) pail
piseret = a pitcherful
Welsh (Cymraeg) pis(i)er = pitcher, jug, can, (milk) pail
piseraid = a pitcherful
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pycher = pitcher
Cornish (Kernewek) pycher = pitcher
Middle Breton (Brezonec) picher = pitcher
Breton (Brezhoneg) picher = pitcher

Etymology: probably from Middle English picher, and/or from Old French pichier, pechier (small jug), from Late/Medieval Latin pīcārium, alteration of bīcārium (drinking glass) possibly from bacarium, bacar (a type of wine glass), or from Ancient Greek βῖκος (bîkos – amphora) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Nights

A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night
Irish (Gaeilge) oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve
anoíche = late hour of night
meánoíche = midnight
oíchí = nocturnal, nightly
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve
oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night
oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal
oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve
oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve
adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night
Manx (Gaelg) oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening
oieagh = nocturnal
oieoil = nightly
Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa
Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve
Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve
Proto-Brythonic *exuɨð = night (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat
Welsh (Cymraeg) echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ewhe = evening
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest
ehoazaff = to day a midday rest
Breton (Brezhoneg) ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta
ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest
ec’hoaziad = siesta
ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta

Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [source], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [source].

Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [source].

Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu- = night (?)
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Gaulish nox = night (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Irish (Gaeilge) anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
Manx (Gaelg) noght = tonight
Proto-Brythonic *hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nos = night
henoid = tonight
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nos = night
nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night)
nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night
nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Welsh (Cymraeg) nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil
nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night)
nosaidd = nightlike
nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
noson = evening, night
noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Old Cornish nos = night
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nos, nôs = night
haneth = tonight
Cornish (Kernewek) nos = night
nosweyth = night-time, at night
noswiker = smuggler
haneth = tonight
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nos = night
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nos = night
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) noz [ˈnoːs] = night
noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark
nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night
nozik = a little dark
henoazh = tonight
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [source].

Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [source]

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Benches

Words for bench and related things in Celtic languages.

Penmaenpool

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) beinnse, beinse, béinse, beindsi = bench, table, the Judicial Bench
Irish (Gaeilge) binse [ˈbʲiːnʲʃə] = bench, seat, the Bench, bank, ledge
binseoir = bencher
binsín = little bench, little bunch of rushes
binse breithimh = judge’s bench, tribunal
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) being [beiŋʲgʲ] = bench, form
being-aghaidh = front bench
being-chùil = back bench
being-dhùbhlain = opposition bench
Manx (Gaelg) bink = bench, base
bink obbree = workbench
bink saaue = sawbench
bink ny bingey = jury box
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bainc, meink, meinc = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench
Welsh (Cymraeg) mainc, maing, bainc, baing [mai̯ŋk, mai̯ŋg, bai̯ŋk, bai̯ŋg] = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench; seat of judge or justice, court of law, bench of judges or magistrates, throne
mainc flaen = front bench (in parliament)
mainciau cefn = back benches (in parliament)
meinciwr cefn = back-bencher
meincia(i)d = benchful, bank (of oars)
meincnod = bench-mark
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) benc, vync = bench
Cornish (Kernewek) bynk, benk = bench, platform, workbench
Breton (Brezhoneg) menk [mɛɲk] = stone bench

Etymology (Irish): from Middle English bench (bench), from Old English benċ, bænc [bentʃ] (bench), from Proto-West-Germanic *banki (bench), from Proto-Germanic *bankiz [ˈbɑŋ.kiz] (a raised surface, bulge, hillock, slope, bench) the Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (to bend, curve, arch) [source].

The Scottish Gaelic word comes from Scots bink (bench, bank, hob), from Middle English bench, etc. The Manx word possibly comes from the same roots [source].

The Welsh words come directly from Old English benċ [source].

Words from the same PIE root include back, bank and bench in English, banc (bench, bank, shoal) in French, bank (bench, couch, sofa) in Dutch, Bank (bench, workbench, bank) in German, and bänk (bench, workbench, desk, worktop) in Swedish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) sceimel = rampart, protective covering
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sceimel, sgeimheal = cover, protective roof covering, roof, wall, rampart
Irish (Gaeilge) sceimheal = eaves, projecting rim, flange, outer, encircling wall, rampart
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgibheal = eaves (of a roof)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) yscauelh, ysgavell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave
Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)sgafell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave
Old Cornish scamell = bench, stool
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scavel = bench, stool
Cornish (Kernewek) skavel = stool
skavel droos = footstool
skavel gronek = mushroom, toadstool
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scabell, scabel, scabeu = stool
Breton (Brezhoneg) skaoñ, skabell [ˈskoːãn / ˈskɑː.bɛl] = stool, stepladder
skabeller = chair maker

Etymology: from Latin scabellum (footstool, a kind of percussion instrument played by the foot,), from scamnum (stool, step, bench, stool, ridge), from *scabnum, from Proto-Italic *skaβnom, from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ-no-m, from *skabʰ- (to hold up, support). [source].

Words from the same roots include sgabello (stool, footstool) in Italian, escabel (footrest, footstool) in Spanish, escabeau (step ladder) in French, shamble(s) in English, and Schemel (footstool, stool) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis


Satisfying Pleasure

Words for satisfaction, pleasure, gratitude and related things in Celtic languages.

Satisfaction

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bodyā = satisfaction, pleasure
Old Irish (Goídelc) buide [buːa̯ðʲ] = benefit, gift, profit, quality, triumph, victory, virtue
búadach = gifted, triumphant, victorious
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) buide, buidhe = good-will, favour, gratification, gratitude, thanks, grateful, gratified, glad
buidech, buidheach = well-disposed, pleased, satisfied, sated, grateful, thankful, pleasing, gratifying, pleasant
buidechus, buidheachas = ripeness, thanks
Irish (Gaeilge) buí [bˠiː/bˠiə] = victory, truimph; gift, talent; virtue merit; special quality
buíoch = thankful, pleased, satisfied
buíochas = thanks, gratitude
buíochasaigh = to thank
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) buidhe [bujə] = gratitude, gratification, thanks, glad, grateful, fortunate, lucky
buaidheach [bujəx] = grateful, thankful, satisfied, content, sated, fed up
buaidheachas [bujəxəs] = gratitude, thanks, thanksgiving, acknowledgement (of an achievement)
buaidheach = victorious, effective
Manx (Gaelg) booise = gratitude, thanks, to content, please
bwooisagh = thankful
bwooisal = gratitude, pleasing, thankful
booisal = acceptable, obliged, pleasing, thankful
cur bwooise da = to thank
Proto-Brythonic *boð = (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) bódláún = contented, satisfied, pleased
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bod, bot, bodd = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure
bodhgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant
boddhan = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented
botlaỽn, bodlavn, bodlawn = contented, satisfied, pleased
Welsh (Cymraeg) bodd [boːð] = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure, wish, desire, will, goodwill, approval, consent, permission
boddgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant, enticing, easily satisfied or pleased, contented
boddgarwch = pleasure, agreeableness, delight, easiness to satisfy or please, contentment
boddhad = satisfaction, contentment, pleasure, enjoyment, agreeableness, delight, atonement, willingness, complacency
boddhadau = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented
boddio = to satisfy, please, make contented, be satisfied
bodlon [ˈbɔdlɔn] = contented, satisfied, pleased
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bodh, bôdh = will, good pleasure
Cornish (Kernewek) bodh = consent, will, wish
bodhegi = to volunteer
bodhek, bodheges = volunteer, voluntary, willing
bodhel = consensual
Old Breton bod = satisfaction, contentment
Breton (Brezhoneg) boz = satisfaction, contentment (rare)
bozek = satisfied
bozleun = satisfied, full of satisfaction

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰed- (to improve, make better), or from PIE *bʰewdʰ- (to be awake, to be aware) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include bet, better and boot in English, besser (better) in German, betur (better) in Icelandic, and baat (profit, advantage) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Birth

Words for to be born, birth and related things in Celtic languages.

IS7DII_19547

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ganyetor = to be born
Old Irish (Goídelc) gein = birth
genemain = birth, generation
gainithir = to be born, arise, beget, originate
ad·gainethar = to be reborn, to restitute
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gein, gene = birth,
genemain, geinemain = coming into existence, birth, generative power, growth, production, race, progeny, source, fountain-head
gainithir, gentair, gēntar = to come to life, be born, produce, arise, originate, beget, procreate, conceive
ad-gainethar, adgainethar = to be reborn, to restitute, make good
Irish (Gaeilge) gin [ˈɟɪnʲ] = to give birth to, beget, procreate, generate, produce; begetting, birth, foetus, chid, offspring, person
giniúint = procreation, conception, birth, reproduction, generation, embryo, progeny, breed
giniúnach = generative
gineadóir = begetter, sower, generator
gineadóireacht = (act of) generating
ginealach = genealogy, pedigree
gineog = little offspring, baby (girl), little sprout, bud, germling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gin [gʲin] = beget, father, create, engender, procreate, reproduce, breed, generate
gineach [gʲinəx] = genetic
gineachas [gʲinəxəs] = genesis
gineadach [gʲinədəx] = creative
gineadachadh = generating, generation
gineadair [gʲinədɪrʲ] = progenitor, procreator, generator
ginealach [gʲinəl̪ˠəx] = generation
Manx (Gaelg) gientyn = to beget, conceive, evolve, generate, procreate, produce; begetting, conceiving, conception, gender, generation, production
giennaghtyn = to beget, develop, generate, procreate; generation, developing, producing
Proto-Brythonic *gėnjed = to be born
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ganed, geny, geni = to be born, give birth to, bring forth, beget, produce; birth
ganedic, ganedig = born, begotten, native, natural, innate, native
ganedigaeth = birth, offspring, procreation, origin, beginning, spiritual regeneration, the act of bringing forth
genedigawl = native, innate, hereditary, natural, born, indigenous, natal
Welsh (Cymraeg) geni [ˈɡɛnɪ/ˈɡeːni] = to be born, give birth to, bring forth, beget, produce; birth
ganedig, genedig = born, begotten, native, natural, innate, native
genedigaeth, ganedigaeth = birth, offspring, procreation, origin, beginning, spiritual regeneration, the act of bringing forth
genedigaethol, ganedigaethol = native (language, etc), pertaining to (a person’s) birth
genedigol, ganedigol = native, innate, hereditary, natural, born, indigenous, natal
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) geny, genys, gynys = to be born
Cornish (Kernewek) genys = born
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ganet, guenell, guenel = to give birth (to), to bring/come into the world, to be born
Breton (Brezhoneg) genel, ganañ, general [ˈɡẽː.nɛl] = to give birth (to), to bring/come into the world, to be born
geneliezh = genesis
genidigezh = natural
gendik = native
adcʼhenel [ad.ˈɣẽː.nɛl] = to be reborn

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁yétor, from *ǵenh₁- (to produce, beget, give birth) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: kind (child) and koning (king, monarch) (gender, sex) in Dutch, cognate, engine(er), gender, gene, general, genesis, genetic, genial, genius, gentle, kin, king, nature, oxygen and progeny in English, Kind (child, kid, offspring) and König (king) in German, nascere (to be born, bud, sprout) in Italian, and gentis (tribe, genus, family, kin) in Lithuanian [source].

Proto-Celtic *bereti = to carry
*ɸarebereti = to use
Old Irish (Gaídelc) beirid [ˈbʲerʲiðʲ] = to carry, bear, bring forth, judge
ar·beir [arˈbʲerʲ] = to live, use, employ, eat, reproach, subdue, express
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) beirid, berid = to carry, infer, bear, bring forth, be born, yield, produce, judge, pass judgement
ar-beir, airbir = to live, eat, use, employ, plead, subdue, express
Irish (Gaeilge) beir [bʲɛɾʲ] = to bear, give birth to; lay (eggs); bear away, win; bring, take; catch, overtake; proceed, advance
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beir [berʲ] = to take hold; bring forth, bear, produce; carry
beirachd [berʲəxg] = bearing (children), giving birth, birthing, bringing forth, birth, nativity, taking hold, holding, catching up with
Manx (Gaelg) behr = to bear (give birth to)
ruggyr = birth, nativity
laa ruggyr, laa ruggyree = birthday
Proto-Brythonic *bėrɨd [be̝ˈrɨːd] = to flow, carry
*ėrβėrɨd [be̝ˈrɨːd] = to make use of, employ, take
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) beru = to flow
Welsh (Cymraeg) beru = to flow, drip; drizzle
arfer [ˈarvɛr] = to use, be used to, be accustomed to; custom, practice, procedure, habit
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) berthy, perthy = to bear, carry, sustain, entertain, take
porthy = to bear (with), carry, endure, sustain, suffer
Cornish (Kernewek) perthi = to bear, endure, put up with, stand, suffer, tolerate
perthyans = endurance, patience, tolerance
Middle Breton beraff = to flow
Breton (Brezhoneg) berañ [ˈbeːrã] = to drip, flow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), from *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source]. Words from the same roots include: barn, barrow, (to) bear, birth, broad and (to) thole (to endure) in English, bie (to bring, deliver) Albanian, բերել (berel – to bring, fetch) Armenian, and berti (to throw, strew, scatter, shed) Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Spindly Axles

Words for axle, axis and related things in Celtic languages.

axles

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *akslā, *aksilā, *axsilā = axis
Old Irish (Goídelc) ais = back, hinder part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ais = back, hinder part
Irish (Gaeilge) ais [aʃ/æʃ/ɛʃ] = back
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aiseal [aʃəl̪ˠ] = axle(-tree), axis
Manx (Gaelg) essyl = axle, axis
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) echel, achel = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
Welsh (Cymraeg) echel [ˈɛχɛl/ˈeːχɛl] = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
echelu = to furnish with an axle, place on an axle
echelbin = linch-pin
echelin = axis, axial, axile
Cornish (Kernewek) aghel = axle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ahel, aël = axle
Breton (Brezhoneg) ahel [ˈɑ(h)ː.ɛl] = axle
ahelan = to centre sth on, to pin (together)
ahelek = axial

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *axsi- (back), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (axis), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: axis and axle in English, as (axis) in Dutch, Achse (axis, axle) in German, ais (board, plank) in French, and eje (axis, axle, shaft, spindle, core, heart, hub) in Spanish [source].

Asciano Drop Spindle

Proto-Celtic *u̯ert-iti-, *u̯er-t- = to turn
Old Irish (Goídelc) fertas = axle, spindle, shaft, rung, ridge, bank
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fertas, fersat = shaft, spoke, axle, shaft, axletree, swingletree
Irish (Gaeilge) fearsaid [ˈfʲaɾˠsˠədʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle(-tree), passage, piece of poetry, verse, ditty
fearsaideach = shafted, spindly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fearsad, feairisid [fjar̪ˠsəd, fɛr̪ʃɪdʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle, rung, spoke, track, rut, sandbar, ripple mark (in sand at low tide)
Manx (Gaelg) fess = spindle
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guerthyt, gwerthyt = spindle, axle, shaft
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwerthyd = spindle, axle, shaft, rung, stave
gwerthydu = to furnish with a spindle or axle, to fashion like a spindle
gwerthydaid = spindleful of yarn
gwerthydwr = spindle-maker
Old Cornish gurhthit = spindle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gurthid, gurhthit, gurthyd = spindle
Cornish (Kernewek) gwerthys = bobbin, cage, spindle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guirtit, guirtitou = spindle, axis
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guerzit = spindle, axis
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwerzhid [ˈɡwɛrzit] = spindle, axis

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wértti (to be turning around), from *wert- (to turn, rotate) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: verse, version, versus, vertebra, vertical, vortex, wierd and worth in English, worden (to become, get, grow, turn) in Dutch, and werden (will, be going to) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *molos = grinder
Old Irish (Goídelc) mol = axle (for a mill-wheel), shaft
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mol, moil, muil = axle, shaft (of a mill-wheel)
Irish (Gaeilge) mol [mˠɔl̪ˠ / mˠʌlˠ] = hub, shaft, pivot, nave, Pole, top, crown
Mol Thuaid = North Pole
Mol Theas = South Pole
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mul [mul̪ˠ] = axis, axle-tree
Manx (Gaelg) moll = nave

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *molh₂ós, from *melh₂- (to grind, crush) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: Mjollnir (Thor’s hammer), mallet, meal, mill, millet, molar, and mull in English, Mühle (mill, grinder) in German, milho (maize, corncob) in Portuguese, and mijo (millet) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Pursuing Followers

Words for to follow, pursue and related things in Celtic languages.

Following mommy

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *sekʷetor = to follow
Old Irish (Goídelc) seichithir = to follow, persue
sechem = following, imitating
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) seichithir sechethar, sechtir = to follow, persue
sechem, sechim = following, imitating
sechimthid, seichteóir, seichthid = follower
Irish (Gaeilge) seicheamh = following, taking after, imitating, sequence, progression
fosheicheamh = subsequence

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sékʷetor (to be following), from *sekʷ- (to follow) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish (?) and Latin segusius (a hunting dog) include: sabuxo (hound) in Galician, segugio (hound, bloodhound, private eye, sleuth) in Spanish, and sabujo (hound, submissive person) in Portuguese [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include: associate, sector, sequence, society, (to) sue, suit, suite and subsequent in English, suivre (to follow) in French, sèkti (to observe, track down, follow, spy on) in Lithuanian, and seguir (to follow, continue, keep (on)) in Spanish [source].

Middle Cornish (Cernewec) sewye, sewé, sywé = to follow, persue
Cornish (Kernewek) sewya = to follow, result
holyans = consequence, outcome, result, sequel

Etymology: from English (to) sue [source], which used to mean to follow or court, and comes from Middle English seuen (to follow, walk behind, be guided), from Anglo-Norman suer, siwer (to follow), from Old French sivre (to follow after), from Vulgar Latin *sequere (to follow), from Latin sequī, from sequor (to follow, pursue, succeed), from Proto-Italic *sekʷōr (to follow, come/go after), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (to follow) [source].

Proto-Celtic *linati = to stick, cling
*ati-linati = to adhere, stick to, cling
Old Irish (Goídelc) lenaid [ˈl͈ʲenɨðʲ] = to stick, cling, follow, remain, continue, survive
lenamain = adhering, clinging, following
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lena(i)d = to remain, continue, survive, pursue, persist, cleave to, cling to, adhere to, stay with, follow
len(a)main = adhering, clinging to, stuck in, following, pursuing
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Irish (Gaeilge) lean [lʲan̪ˠ] = to follow, continue, remain, endure
leantach = consecutive, continuing
leantóir = follower, trailer
leanúint = following, persuit, adherence, continuation
leanúnach = follower, pursuer, successor, continuant, continuous, successive
leanúnachas = continuity, attachment, faithfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lean [l̪ʲɛn] = follow, pursue, ensue, succeed, follow, continue, go on, stick to
leanachd [l̪ʲɛnəxg] = following, pursuing, pursuit, followers, ensuing, succeeding, continuing
leanadail [l̪ʲɛnədal] = attendant
leanailteach [l̪ʲɛnnaldʲəx] = adhesive, sticking, sticky, dogged, persistent, tenacious
leanailteachd [l̪ʲɛnaldʲəxg] = continuity, perseverance, tenacity, adhesiveness, adhesion
leanaltas = perseverance
Manx (Gaelg) lhian(t) = to follow
lhiantag = attachment
lhiantyn = following
lhiantyn da/gys = to cleave (to)
lhiantyn hug = to attach, obsess
lhiantyn huggey = to take after
lhiantyn rish = to cleave, persevere, pursue, stick to, cling
lhiantys = adherence, attachment
lhiantynys = adhesion, attachment
Proto-Brythonic *llɨnad = to stick, cling
Old Welsh (Kembraec) linisant = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynv, eddlynu, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul
Welsh (Cymraeg) llynaf, llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynaf, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (to smear) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include lime, liniment, loam and delete in English, lijm (glue) in Dutch, limon (silt) in French, Leim (glue) in German, limo (mud, slime, silt) in Italian, and lim (glue) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *solgos = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) olhau = to follow, trace
Welsh (Cymraeg) olhaf, olhau = to follow, trace
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) holye = to come after, to follow
Cornish (Kernewek) holya = to follow
holyans = sequence
holyer, holyores = follower
Old Breton (Brethonoc) hol = (act of) following
Middle Breton (Brezonec) heul = following
heultaff = to follow
Breton (Brezhoneg) heul [høːl] = continuation, cortege, parade, escort, procession
heuli(a)ñ [ˈhøljã] = to follow
heul(iad) [ˈhø.ljat] = procession, line, sequence, continuation, series, train
heuliadur = extension
heuliata = to continue
heuliataer = follower
heulier = follower, adept, minion
heulius = conformist

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *selgʰ- (to follow) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Larches

Words for larch (tree) and related things in Celtic languages.

The larch is a coniferous tree of the genus Larix with deciduous leaves in fascicles (bundles, clusters) [source]. There are various species of larches found in Europe, Siberia, Canada, the USA, China and Japan [source].

Conifer Colour

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Irish (Gaeilge) learóg = larch
crann learóige = larch tree
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) learag [l̪ʲɛrag] = larch
craobh-learaig = larch tree
learach [l̪ʲɛrəx] = larch wood
learagach [l̪ʲɛragəx] = abounding in larch trees
Manx (Gaelg) lhiarrag = larch
larsh = larch
Welsh (Cymraeg) lar(t)s = larch (tree), made of larch-wood, larchen, consisting of larches
llarsbren = larch tree
llar(s)wydd = larches, larch trees
Cornish (Kernewek) lar(ch)wedhen = larch

Etymology: from Ancient Greek λάριξ (lárix – larch, Venice turpentine*), possibly from Gaulish *devro (oak?), from Proto-Celtic *daru (oak), from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (tree). The Welsh and Cornish words, and larsh in Manx, come from the same roots via English [source].

*Venice turpentine = A thick substance made from the tree resin of the European larch (Larix decidua), formerly used as a component in the oil paintings to create glossy, translucent glazes [source].

Alternatively, according to Vitruvius (a Roman architect and engineer), larix in Latin was named after Larignum, a town in the Alps surrounded by larch trees which the Romans, lead by Julius Ceasar, beseiged in the 1st century AD when they refused to provide supplies [source].

The English word larch comes from the same roots, via early modern German Larche/Lärche (larch), from Middle High German larche, from Old High German larihha, from Latin larix (larch), from Ancient Greek λάριξ [source].

Words from Latin larix (larch) in other languages include: làrix in Catalan, lariks in Dutch, Lärche in German, ლარიქსი (lariksi) in Georgrian, mélèze in French and lærk in Danish, all of which mean larch (tree) [source].

Larch in Breton is melez, which comes from French mélèze (larch), which comes from Gaulish *mel- (larch) and Latin larix (larch) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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