Birth

Words for to be born, birth and related things in Celtic languages.

IS7DII_19547

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ganyetor = to be born
Old Irish (Goídelc) gein = birth
genemain = birth, generation
gainithir = to be born, arise, beget, originate
ad·gainethar = to be reborn, to restitute
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gein, gene = birth,
genemain, geinemain = coming into existence, birth, generative power, growth, production, race, progeny, source, fountain-head
gainithir, gentair, gēntar = to come to life, be born, produce, arise, originate, beget, procreate, conceive
ad-gainethar, adgainethar = to be reborn, to restitute, make good
Irish (Gaeilge) gin [ˈɟɪnʲ] = to give birth to, beget, procreate, generate, produce; begetting, birth, foetus, chid, offspring, person
giniúint = procreation, conception, birth, reproduction, generation, embryo, progeny, breed
giniúnach = generative
gineadóir = begetter, sower, generator
gineadóireacht = (act of) generating
ginealach = genealogy, pedigree
gineog = little offspring, baby (girl), little sprout, bud, germling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gin [gʲin] = beget, father, create, engender, procreate, reproduce, breed, generate
gineach [gʲinəx] = genetic
gineachas [gʲinəxəs] = genesis
gineadach [gʲinədəx] = creative
gineadachadh = generating, generation
gineadair [gʲinədɪrʲ] = progenitor, procreator, generator
ginealach [gʲinəl̪ˠəx] = generation
Manx (Gaelg) gientyn = to beget, conceive, evolve, generate, procreate, produce; begetting, conceiving, conception, gender, generation, production
giennaghtyn = to beget, develop, generate, procreate; generation, developing, producing
Proto-Brythonic *gėnjed = to be born
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ganed, geny, geni = to be born, give birth to, bring forth, beget, produce; birth
ganedic, ganedig = born, begotten, native, natural, innate, native
ganedigaeth = birth, offspring, procreation, origin, beginning, spiritual regeneration, the act of bringing forth
genedigawl = native, innate, hereditary, natural, born, indigenous, natal
Welsh (Cymraeg) geni [ˈɡɛnɪ/ˈɡeːni] = to be born, give birth to, bring forth, beget, produce; birth
ganedig, genedig = born, begotten, native, natural, innate, native
genedigaeth, ganedigaeth = birth, offspring, procreation, origin, beginning, spiritual regeneration, the act of bringing forth
genedigaethol, ganedigaethol = native (language, etc), pertaining to (a person’s) birth
genedigol, ganedigol = native, innate, hereditary, natural, born, indigenous, natal
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) geny, genys, gynys = to be born
Cornish (Kernewek) genys = born
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ganet, guenell, guenel = to give birth (to), to bring/come into the world, to be born
Breton (Brezhoneg) genel, ganañ, general [ˈɡẽː.nɛl] = to give birth (to), to bring/come into the world, to be born
geneliezh = genesis
genidigezh = natural
gendik = native
adcʼhenel [ad.ˈɣẽː.nɛl] = to be reborn

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁yétor, from *ǵenh₁- (to produce, beget, give birth) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: kind (child) and koning (king, monarch) (gender, sex) in Dutch, cognate, engine(er), gender, gene, general, genesis, genetic, genial, genius, gentle, kin, king, nature, oxygen and progeny in English, Kind (child, kid, offspring) and König (king) in German, nascere (to be born, bud, sprout) in Italian, and gentis (tribe, genus, family, kin) in Lithuanian [source].

Proto-Celtic *bereti = to carry
*ɸarebereti = to use
Old Irish (Gaídelc) beirid [ˈbʲerʲiðʲ] = to carry, bear, bring forth, judge
ar·beir [arˈbʲerʲ] = to live, use, employ, eat, reproach, subdue, express
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) beirid, berid = to carry, infer, bear, bring forth, be born, yield, produce, judge, pass judgement
ar-beir, airbir = to live, eat, use, employ, plead, subdue, express
Irish (Gaeilge) beir [bʲɛɾʲ] = to bear, give birth to; lay (eggs); bear away, win; bring, take; catch, overtake; proceed, advance
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beir [berʲ] = to take hold; bring forth, bear, produce; carry
beirachd [berʲəxg] = bearing (children), giving birth, birthing, bringing forth, birth, nativity, taking hold, holding, catching up with
Manx (Gaelg) behr = to bear (give birth to)
ruggyr = birth, nativity
laa ruggyr, laa ruggyree = birthday
Proto-Brythonic *bėrɨd [be̝ˈrɨːd] = to flow, carry
*ėrβėrɨd [be̝ˈrɨːd] = to make use of, employ, take
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) beru = to flow
Welsh (Cymraeg) beru = to flow, drip; drizzle
arfer [ˈarvɛr] = to use, be used to, be accustomed to; custom, practice, procedure, habit
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) berthy, perthy = to bear, carry, sustain, entertain, take
porthy = to bear (with), carry, endure, sustain, suffer
Cornish (Kernewek) perthi = to bear, endure, put up with, stand, suffer, tolerate
perthyans = endurance, patience, tolerance
Middle Breton beraff = to flow
Breton (Brezhoneg) berañ [ˈbeːrã] = to drip, flow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), from *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source]. Words from the same roots include: barn, barrow, (to) bear, birth, broad and (to) thole (to endure) in English, bie (to bring, deliver) Albanian, բերել (berel – to bring, fetch) Armenian, and berti (to throw, strew, scatter, shed) Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Spindly Axles

Words for axle, axis and related things in Celtic languages.

axles

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *akslā, *aksilā, *axsilā = axis
Old Irish (Goídelc) ais = back, hinder part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ais = back, hinder part
Irish (Gaeilge) ais [aʃ/æʃ/ɛʃ] = back
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aiseal [aʃəl̪ˠ] = axle(-tree), axis
Manx (Gaelg) essyl = axle, axis
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) echel, achel = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
Welsh (Cymraeg) echel [ˈɛχɛl/ˈeːχɛl] = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
echelu = to furnish with an axle, place on an axle
echelbin = linch-pin
echelin = axis, axial, axile
Cornish (Kernewek) aghel = axle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ahel, aël = axle
Breton (Brezhoneg) ahel [ˈɑ(h)ː.ɛl] = axle
ahelan = to centre sth on, to pin (together)
ahelek = axial

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *axsi- (back), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (axis), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: axis and axle in English, as (axis) in Dutch, Achse (axis, axle) in German, ais (board, plank) in French, and eje (axis, axle, shaft, spindle, core, heart, hub) in Spanish [source].

Asciano Drop Spindle

Proto-Celtic *u̯ert-iti-, *u̯er-t- = to turn
Old Irish (Goídelc) fertas = axle, spindle, shaft, rung, ridge, bank
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fertas, fersat = shaft, spoke, axle, shaft, axletree, swingletree
Irish (Gaeilge) fearsaid [ˈfʲaɾˠsˠədʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle(-tree), passage, piece of poetry, verse, ditty
fearsaideach = shafted, spindly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fearsad, feairisid [fjar̪ˠsəd, fɛr̪ʃɪdʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle, rung, spoke, track, rut, sandbar, ripple mark (in sand at low tide)
Manx (Gaelg) fess = spindle
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guerthyt, gwerthyt = spindle, axle, shaft
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwerthyd = spindle, axle, shaft, rung, stave
gwerthydu = to furnish with a spindle or axle, to fashion like a spindle
gwerthydaid = spindleful of yarn
gwerthydwr = spindle-maker
Old Cornish gurhthit = spindle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gurthid, gurhthit, gurthyd = spindle
Cornish (Kernewek) gwerthys = bobbin, cage, spindle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guirtit, guirtitou = spindle, axis
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guerzit = spindle, axis
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwerzhid [ˈɡwɛrzit] = spindle, axis

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wértti (to be turning around), from *wert- (to turn, rotate) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: verse, version, versus, vertebra, vertical, vortex, wierd and worth in English, worden (to become, get, grow, turn) in Dutch, and werden (will, be going to) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *molos = grinder
Old Irish (Goídelc) mol = axle (for a mill-wheel), shaft
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mol, moil, muil = axle, shaft (of a mill-wheel)
Irish (Gaeilge) mol [mˠɔl̪ˠ / mˠʌlˠ] = hub, shaft, pivot, nave, Pole, top, crown
Mol Thuaid = North Pole
Mol Theas = South Pole
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mul [mul̪ˠ] = axis, axle-tree
Manx (Gaelg) moll = nave

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *molh₂ós, from *melh₂- (to grind, crush) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: Mjollnir (Thor’s hammer), mallet, meal, mill, millet, molar, and mull in English, Mühle (mill, grinder) in German, milho (maize, corncob) in Portuguese, and mijo (millet) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Pursuing Followers

Words for to follow, pursue and related things in Celtic languages.

Following mommy

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *sekʷetor = to follow
Old Irish (Goídelc) seichithir = to follow, persue
sechem = following, imitating
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) seichithir sechethar, sechtir = to follow, persue
sechem, sechim = following, imitating
sechimthid, seichteóir, seichthid = follower
Irish (Gaeilge) seicheamh = following, taking after, imitating, sequence, progression
fosheicheamh = subsequence

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sékʷetor (to be following), from *sekʷ- (to follow) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish (?) and Latin segusius (a hunting dog) include: sabuxo (hound) in Galician, segugio (hound, bloodhound, private eye, sleuth) in Spanish, and sabujo (hound, submissive person) in Portuguese [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include: associate, sector, sequence, society, (to) sue, suit, suite and subsequent in English, suivre (to follow) in French, sèkti (to observe, track down, follow, spy on) in Lithuanian, and seguir (to follow, continue, keep (on)) in Spanish [source].

Middle Cornish (Cernewec) sewye, sewé, sywé = to follow, persue
Cornish (Kernewek) sewya = to follow, result
holyans = consequence, outcome, result, sequel

Etymology: from English (to) sue [source], which used to mean to follow or court, and comes from Middle English seuen (to follow, walk behind, be guided), from Anglo-Norman suer, siwer (to follow), from Old French sivre (to follow after), from Vulgar Latin *sequere (to follow), from Latin sequī, from sequor (to follow, pursue, succeed), from Proto-Italic *sekʷōr (to follow, come/go after), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (to follow) [source].

Proto-Celtic *linati = to stick, cling
*ati-linati = to adhere, stick to, cling
Old Irish (Goídelc) lenaid [ˈl͈ʲenɨðʲ] = to stick, cling, follow, remain, continue, survive
lenamain = adhering, clinging, following
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lena(i)d = to remain, continue, survive, pursue, persist, cleave to, cling to, adhere to, stay with, follow
len(a)main = adhering, clinging to, stuck in, following, pursuing
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Irish (Gaeilge) lean [lʲan̪ˠ] = to follow, continue, remain, endure
leantach = consecutive, continuing
leantóir = follower, trailer
leanúint = following, persuit, adherence, continuation
leanúnach = follower, pursuer, successor, continuant, continuous, successive
leanúnachas = continuity, attachment, faithfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lean [l̪ʲɛn] = follow, pursue, ensue, succeed, follow, continue, go on, stick to
leanachd [l̪ʲɛnəxg] = following, pursuing, pursuit, followers, ensuing, succeeding, continuing
leanadail [l̪ʲɛnədal] = attendant
leanailteach [l̪ʲɛnnaldʲəx] = adhesive, sticking, sticky, dogged, persistent, tenacious
leanailteachd [l̪ʲɛnaldʲəxg] = continuity, perseverance, tenacity, adhesiveness, adhesion
leanaltas = perseverance
Manx (Gaelg) lhian(t) = to follow
lhiantag = attachment
lhiantyn = following
lhiantyn da/gys = to cleave (to)
lhiantyn hug = to attach, obsess
lhiantyn huggey = to take after
lhiantyn rish = to cleave, persevere, pursue, stick to, cling
lhiantys = adherence, attachment
lhiantynys = adhesion, attachment
Proto-Brythonic *llɨnad = to stick, cling
Old Welsh (Kembraec) linisant = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynv, eddlynu, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul
Welsh (Cymraeg) llynaf, llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynaf, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (to smear) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include lime, liniment, loam and delete in English, lijm (glue) in Dutch, limon (silt) in French, Leim (glue) in German, limo (mud, slime, silt) in Italian, and lim (glue) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *solgos = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) olhau = to follow, trace
Welsh (Cymraeg) olhaf, olhau = to follow, trace
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) holye = to come after, to follow
Cornish (Kernewek) holya = to follow
holyans = sequence
holyer, holyores = follower
Old Breton (Brethonoc) hol = (act of) following
Middle Breton (Brezonec) heul = following
heultaff = to follow
Breton (Brezhoneg) heul [høːl] = continuation, cortege, parade, escort, procession
heuli(a)ñ [ˈhøljã] = to follow
heul(iad) [ˈhø.ljat] = procession, line, sequence, continuation, series, train
heuliadur = extension
heuliata = to continue
heuliataer = follower
heulier = follower, adept, minion
heulius = conformist

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *selgʰ- (to follow) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Larches

Words for larch (tree) and related things in Celtic languages.

The larch is a coniferous tree of the genus Larix with deciduous leaves in fascicles (bundles, clusters) [source]. There are various species of larches found in Europe, Siberia, Canada, the USA, China and Japan [source].

Conifer Colour

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Irish (Gaeilge) learóg = larch
crann learóige = larch tree
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) learag [l̪ʲɛrag] = larch
craobh-learaig = larch tree
learach [l̪ʲɛrəx] = larch wood
learagach [l̪ʲɛragəx] = abounding in larch trees
Manx (Gaelg) lhiarrag = larch
larsh = larch
Welsh (Cymraeg) lar(t)s = larch (tree), made of larch-wood, larchen, consisting of larches
llarsbren = larch tree
llar(s)wydd = larches, larch trees
Cornish (Kernewek) lar(ch)wedhen = larch

Etymology: from Ancient Greek λάριξ (lárix – larch, Venice turpentine*), possibly from Gaulish *devro (oak?), from Proto-Celtic *daru (oak), from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (tree). The Welsh and Cornish words, and larsh in Manx, come from the same roots via English [source].

*Venice turpentine = A thick substance made from the tree resin of the European larch (Larix decidua), formerly used as a component in the oil paintings to create glossy, translucent glazes [source].

Alternatively, according to Vitruvius (a Roman architect and engineer), larix in Latin was named after Larignum, a town in the Alps surrounded by larch trees which the Romans, lead by Julius Ceasar, beseiged in the 1st century AD when they refused to provide supplies [source].

The English word larch comes from the same roots, via early modern German Larche/Lärche (larch), from Middle High German larche, from Old High German larihha, from Latin larix (larch), from Ancient Greek λάριξ [source].

Words from Latin larix (larch) in other languages include: làrix in Catalan, lariks in Dutch, Lärche in German, ლარიქსი (lariksi) in Georgrian, mélèze in French and lærk in Danish, all of which mean larch (tree) [source].

Larch in Breton is melez, which comes from French mélèze (larch), which comes from Gaulish *mel- (larch) and Latin larix (larch) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Gorse & Furze

Words for furze, gorse, whin and related things in Celtic languages.

Gorse / Eithin

Gorse is an evergreen shrub, of the genus Ulex, having thorns, spiny leaves, and yellow flowers, also known as furze or whin [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *axtīnos = furze, gorse
Old Irish (Goídelc) aittenn = furze, gorse
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) aittenn, aiten, aittiun, aitend = furze, gorse
aittnech = furze-like
Irish (Gaeilge) aiteann [ˈætʲən̪ˠ] = furze, gorse, whin
aiteannach = furze, gorse, whins
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aiteann [ahdʲən̪ˠ] = (common) gorse, whin, furze, juniper
aiteannach [ahdʲən̪ˠəx] = place where junipers grow, clump of junipers, pertaining to junipers
Manx (Gaelg) aadjin = gorse
aittin = furse, gorse, whin
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) eithin = gorse, furze, whin
eithinauc, eithinoc, eithinog = full of gorse, furzy, prickly, gorse land
Welsh (Cymraeg) eithin = gorse, furze, whin
eithino = to place furze on top of walls to prevent sheep, etc, from breaking through
eithinog = full of gorse, furzy, prickly, gorse land
llwyn eithin = gorse bush
tân eithin = gorse firse, flash in the pan
aith = furze, gorse
Old Cornish eythinen = furze, gorse
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) eithin, eythinen = furze, gorse
Cornish (Kernewek) eythinen = furze, gorse
Old Breton (Brethonoc) ethin = furze, gorse
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ethin = furze, gorse

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱstis, from *h₂eḱ- (sharp) [source]. Words from the same roots include acid, acute, astute, cute, eager, edge, ear and hear in English, egge (skewed, sharp side, edge, corner) in Dutch, Ecke (corner, edge, region, area, neighbourhood) in German, and aaja (large, wide, board) in Finnish [source].

In Welsh, a dob is an implement for cutting or chopping gorse.

Irish (Gaeilge) conasg = furze, gorse, whin (?)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) conas(g), coineas [kɔnəs(g)/kɔ̪nʲəs] = (common) gorse, whin, furze
conasgach [kɔnəsgəx] = pertaining to or abounding in gorse/whin/furze
Manx (Gaelg) conney = gorse, firewood, combustible, fuel, money
conney frangagh = furze, gorse, whin
conney freoaie = heather

Etymology: uncertain [source].

A word for gorse, furze or whin in Breton is lann, which comes from Middle Breton lann, from Old Breton lann, possibly from Proto-Brythonic *llann (land, area, sacred place), from Proto-Celtic *landā (land), from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (land, heath). It appears in place names such as Landaol, Landagroez, Landnarvili and Landudeg, and may be related to the Welsh word llan (church, parish). See the Celtiadur post about Land, Parishes & Enclosures for more details.

Here’s a Welsh folk song, Gwcw Fach (Little Cuckoo), which mentions eithin. It’s played by some my friends of mine – Irfan Rais on bouzouki, Meinir Olwen on cello and Joshua Smith on mandolin.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Glory

Words for glory and related things in Celtic languages.

Morning Glories
Morning Glories (Ipomoea nil)

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) glóir [ɡloːrʲ] = glory
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) glóir, glór, gloir = glory, splendour, ornament, triumph, exaltation, uplifting
Irish (Gaeilge) glóir [ɡlˠoːɾʲ / ɡlˠɔːɾʲ] = glory
glóirdhíomhaoineach = vainglorious
glóirigh = to glorify
glóiritheoir = glorifier
glóiriú = glorification
glóirmhian = desire for glory, ambition
glóirmhianach = glory-seeking, ambitious
glóir-réimeach = trumphal, exulting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glòir [gl̪ˠɔːr] = glory
glòir-dhìomhain = vainglorious
glòir-mhiannach = ambitious
glòireachadh [gl̪ˠɔːrʲəxəɣ] = glorifying, glorification
glòiream [gl̪ˠɔːrʲəm] = pomp, pageantry
glòireamach [gl̪ˠɔːrʲəməx] = pompous
glòireiseach [gl̪ˠɔrʲɪʃəx] = boasting, babbling, prating
Manx (Gaelg) gloyr = glory, celebrity, kudos
gloyraghey = glorification, to glorify
gloyreyder = glorifier
gloyrviandagh = ambitious, fond of glory
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gloria = glory, honour, song of praise
Welsh (Cymraeg) gloria = glory, honour, song of praise
Cornish (Kernewek) glori = glory
gloryus = glorious
Middle Breton (Brezonec) gloir, gloar = glory
Breton (Brezhoneg) gloar = glory

Etymology: from Latin glōria (glory, renown, fame, honour), possibly from Proto-Italic *gnōrjā, from *gnoris (knowledge), from PIE *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognize) [source].

Words from the same roots include glory and glorious in English, gloria (glory, praise) in Italian, gloire (glory) in French, glorificar (to glorify, exalt, extol, adore) in Spanish, glorie (glory, great beauty, renown or splendour) in Dutch [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) g(w)ogawn = glory, distinction, honour, joy, brightness
gogaun, gogawn,gogoni = to honour, respect, glorify, gladden
g(w)ogoned, gogonet = glory, honour, fame, glorious, glorified, blessed
gogonedauc = glorious, exalted
gogoned, gogonedd = glory, honour
gogonyant = glory, exaltation, fame, honour
Welsh (Cymraeg) g(w)ogawn = glory, distinction, honour, joy, brightness, satisfaction, fullness, plentitude, capability, energy, strong, manly, capable, full
gogonaid = glorious, exalted, splendid
g(w)ogoned = glory, honour, fame, glorious, glorified, blessed
gogonedd = glory, honour
gogoneddu = to glorify, extol, magnify, praise, bless
gogoni = to honour, respect, glorify, gladden
gogoniant = glory, exaltation, fame, honour

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *u̯o-kān, from *kan-o- (to sing) from PIE *keh₂n- / *kan- (to sing). The Welsh words coned(d) (glory, honour, pride, etc) and coneddus (glorious, exalted) probably come from the same roots [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Counting Numbers

Words for number, to count and related things in Celtic languages.

Numbers

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *rīmā = number
Old Irish (Goídelc) rím [r͈ʲiːβ̃] = counting, enumerating, number, telling, relating, metrics
rímid [ˈr͈ʲiːβ̃ɨðʲ] = to count, reckon, estimate, impute, compose, recount, relate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rím = counting, enumerating, number, telling, relating
rímid, rímaid = to count, reckon, estimate, recount, relate, compose
Irish (Gaeilge) ríomh [ɾˠiːvˠ/ɾˠiːw] = enumeration, calculation, computation, narration
ríomhaire = counter, enumerator, calculator, computer
ríomhaireacht = counting, enumeration, calculation, computation
ríomhchláraitheoir = computer programmer
ríomheolaíocht = computer science
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rìomh† = reckoning, numbering, computation
rìmh† = number, to reckon, compute
Proto-Brythonic *rriβ̃ = number
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rif, yrif, rhif = sum, number, etc
rhifo, riuaw, riuaỽ = to count
rifed, riued, ryved = number, many, abundance
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhif [r̥iːv] = the sum, number, as many or numerous (as), a (great) many, crowd, host, multitude, large amount, worth, esteem, honour, praise, figure, digit, numeral, count, reckoning, measure
rhifadwy = countable, numerable
rhif(i)o = to count, number, amount to, enumerate, list, recount, enlist, muster
rhifed = number, many, abundance
Cornish (Kernewek) riv = number
riva = to number
riven = digit
Breton (Brezhoneg) riñv = number

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (to count, reason, think) [source]. Words from the same root include arithmetic, rhyme, rite, ritual and ready in Englsh, reic (to sell in Irish, řádný (regular) in Czech, and rinda (row, line, queue) in Latvian [source].

Proto-Celtic *adrīmā = counting, number, reckoning
Old Irish (Goídelc) áirem = number, numeral, quantity. amount, sum, reckoning, repute, account
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) áirem, áram, arim, ārem = counting, reckoning, estimating, number, numeral, amount, sum
comáirem, comairem, comairemh = reckoning, calculating, computation
Irish (Gaeilge) áireamh = enumeration, census, arithmetric, number, portion
comhair = to count, calculate
comhaireamh = to count, calculation, reckoning
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àireamh [aːrʲəv] = number, sum, tally, computation, counting, enumerating; count, enumerate
àireamhach [aːrʲəvəx] = numeral, arithmetician
àireamhachadh [aːrʲəvəxəɣ] = numbering, enumerating, enumeration, calculating, computing, calculation, computation
àireamhail [aːrʲəvəxal] = arithmetical
àireamhachas [aːrʲəvəxəs] = numeracy
àireamhair [aːrʲəvɛrʲ] = calculator (tool), arithmetician
Manx (Gaelg) earroo = number, sum, figure, census, statistics, tell
co-earroo = calculation, computation, counting, telling, to compute, count
earrooaghey = number(ing)
co-earrooaghey = to calculate, calculating, numbering
Proto-Brythonic *ėðriβ̃ = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) eryryw, eiryf, eirif = number, amount, sum, account, reckoning
Welsh (Cymraeg) eirif = number, amount, a large number, many, sum, account, reckoning
Old Breton (Brethonoc) eirimotor = (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *rīmā (number) – see above [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) uimir = number
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) (n)uimir = number
Irish (Gaeilge) uimhir [ˈɪvʲəɾʲ / ˈɨ̞̃vʲəɾʲ] = number, count, aggregate
uimhreoir = numerator
uimhrigh = to number, figure
uimhríocht = arithmetic
uimhríochtúil = arithmetical
uimhriú = numbering, numeration, figuring
uimhriúil = numerical, numeral
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uimhir [ɯvɪrʲ] = quantity, amount, number, so/as much/many
fuimhir [fɯvɪrʲ] = quantity, number
uimhireach [ɯvɪrʲəx] = numerous
uimhireach [ɯvɪrʲɪç] = arithmetician
Proto-Brythonic *niβ̃er = number
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nimer = number
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) niuer, niver, nifer = number host, company, retinue, troop, crowd
nifery = to number, enumerate, count
niveredic = counted, numbered
niferawg, niuerawc, nigerog, niverog = numerous, abundant, having hosts, troops, retinues, etc
nifeiriawl, niferawl, niueiriawl = numerous, abundant, numerical
kyfnifer, kyfniuer = as many, equal number, even number, a great many, large number, host
Welsh (Cymraeg) nifer [ˈnɪvɛr] = number, host, company, retinue, troop, crowd
niferu, nifeirio = to number, enumerate, count
niferedig = counted, numbered
niferadol = numerical, pertaining to a census
nifer(i)og = numerous, abundant, having hosts, troops, retinues, etc
nifer(i)ol = numerous, abundant, numerical
cyfnifer = as many, equal number, even number, a great many, large number, host
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) never, niver = number
nevera, nivera, nyfyrys = to number, count, reckon
cyniver, cynyver, cenifer, cenyver, ceniver = so many, as many as, every, every one
Cornish (Kernewek) niver = number
nivera = to count, number
niverek = numerical
niverell = counter, counting device
niveren = numeral
niverenans, niverednans = numbering
niveronieth = arithmetic
niverus = numerous
niveryans = census, count
keniver = as many, everyone, so many
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nimer = number
Middle Breton (Brezonec) niuer, nyuer = number
niueraff = to enumerate, number
Breton (Brezhoneg) niver [ˈniː.vɛr] = number
niveradeg = census
niveradur = ennumeration
niverenn [ni.ˈveː.rɛn] = number
niverennañ = to number
niverer = numerator
nivererezh = numbering
niveridigezh = enumeration, census
niveriñ [niˈveːrĩ] = to enumerate, number
niveroniezh [ˌni.ve.rɔ̃.ˈniː.ɛs] = arithmetic
niverus [ni.ˈveː.rus] = numerous

Etymology: from Latin numerus (number, collection, quantity, time, rhythm) [source], from Proto-Italic *nomezos, from PIE *nem- (to distribute give, take). Words from the same root economic, numb and number, numeral in English, nemen (to take, grasp, grab) in Dutch, nehmen (to take, hold, grasp), and número (number) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Teary Drops

Words for tear, drop and related things in Celtic languages.

Drops.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dakrū / *dakrom = tear, drop (of liquid)
Old Irish (Goídelc) dér, dǽr = tear, teardrop, drop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dér, déor, deór = tear, drop
dérach, derach = tearful, sad, lugubrious
derchoínuid, derchoiniud (verbnoun) = despair, dejection, lamentation
derchoíntech, dérchaintech (adjective) = despairing, tearful, sorrowful
dérfadach = shedding of tears, weeping
Irish (Gaeilge) deoir [dʲoːɾʲ/dʲɔːɾʲ] = tear(-drop), drop
deoirfhliuch = tear-stained
deoirghás = tear-gas
deoirghinteach = lachrymatory
deoircín = little drop, anecdote
deoiríneacht = shedding tears, being tearfully sentimental, tearfulness, maudliness
deorach = tearful, lachrymal
deordradh = (act of) dripping
deoraíl = (act of) weeping
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deòr [dʲɔːr] = drop (of liquid), tear
deur [dʲiər] = drop (of liquid), tear, small amount of liquid
deurach [dʲiərəx] = tearful, weeping
deuran [dʲiəran] = little drop, wee drop, wee tincture
Manx (Gaelg) jeir/jëir = tear, teardrop, spot, lachrymal, lachrymatory
jeir-phianaghey = to agonize
jeiragh = tearful, lachrymal, mournful
jeirnys = lamentation, weeping
Proto-Brythonic *dėgr = tear (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) deigir, deigyr, deigrev = tear, teardrop, drop
Welsh (Cymraeg) deigryn, deigr [ˈdei̯ɡrɨ̞n / ˈdei̯ɡrɪn] = tear, teardrop, drop, raindrop
deigryniad = a distilling, dripping, trickling
deigrynnu = to drip, trickle, distil, exude, ooze, shed tears, drizzle
deigrynnol = apt to shed tears, lachrymose, tearful
Old Cornish dacr-(lon) = tear
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dagren = a small drop, a tear
Cornish (Kernewek) dagren [daːr / dæːr] = drop, tear
dagrewi = to shed tears, weep
derw = oak trees
Old Breton dacrlon = tear, teardrop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dar(rou) = tear(s), teardrop(s)
Breton (Brezhoneg) daer [dɛːr] = tear, teardrop
daeraouus = tearful
daeraouiñ, daerin = to cry, be tearful
daererezh = tearing

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European dáḱru (tear). Words from the same root include δάκρυ (dákry – tear) in Greek, tear and lacrimal/lachrymal (relating to tears, tearful) in English, tår (tear, drop) in Swedish, traan (tear, fish oil) in Dutch, Träne (tear) in German, lágrima (tear, teardrop) in Spanish, and zacchera (mud splash) in Italian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) bráen = rain, moisture, drop, precipitation
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bráen, bróin, bróen = rain, moisture, drop(s)
bráenach, braonach = shedding drops, wet, moist, well-watered
bráenaid = to wet, sprinkle, rain
bráenán = drops, shower
bráenfadach = foaming (of a waterfall)
bráengal = shower, sprinkling
Irish (Gaeilge) braon [bˠɾˠeːn̪ˠ / bˠɾˠiːnˠ] = (single) drop, gathering, pus
braonach = dripping, misty, wet, tearful
braonaíl = dripping, drops
braonán = droplet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) braon [brɯːn] = drop, drizzle
braonach [brɯːnəx] = drizzly, dewy
braonadh [brɯːnəɣ] = (act of) drizzling
braonan [brɯːnan] = small drop (of liquid), dram
Manx (Gaelg) brey = drop

Etymology: unknown. Possibly related to Ancient Greek βρέχω (brékhō – I send rain), Latin rigo (I water, moisten), and English rain [source].

Proto-Celtic *bandyo- = drop
Old Irish (Goídelc) banne = drop, pustule
bannán = small drop, droplet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bannae, bainne, banne = drop, pustule, milk
Irish (Gaeilge) bainne [ˈbˠaɲə / ˈbˠan̠ʲə] = milk
bainniúil = milky, milk-yielding
bainniúilacht = milkiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bainne = milk
boinne [bɔn̪ʲə] = drop, small quantity, liquid measure
boinneag [bɔn̪ʲag] = droplet, little/small drop, (alcoholic) drink
boinnean [bɔn̪ʲan] = droplet, wee drop
Manx (Gaelg) bainney [banʲə] = milk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ban = drop (?)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ban, banna, banné = drop, a jot, the smallest portion of anything
Cornish (Kernewek) banna = bit, drop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) banne, bannhe, bannech = drop, droplet
Breton (Brezhoneg) banne [ˈbã.nːe] = drop, droplet, glass
banneata = to drink shots

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to French bain (bath) in French, baño (bath, bathroom, toilet), bagno (bath, to swin, bathe, bathroom) in Italian, and bania (jug, can, container, churn) in Polish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Sufficiently Enough

This post looks into words for enough, sufficient and related things in the Celtic languages.

天国 Heaven

Proto-Celtic *ɸroweros = many, enough, sufficient
*laweros = many, enough, sufficient
Old Irish (Goídelc) lór = enough, sufficient, sufficiency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lór, loor, lour, leór, lour = enough, sufficient, great, ample, adequate, competent; sufficiently
Irish (Gaeilge) leor [l̠ʲoːɾˠ/l̠ʲɔːɾˠ] = sufficient, ample,
go leor = enough, plenty
leorchúiteamh = indemnification
leordhóthain = sufficiency, plenty
leorgnhíomh = full amends, reparation, restitution
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) leòr [̪lʲɔːr] = satiety, sufficency
gu leòr [gə l̪ʲɔːr] = enough, sufficient(ly), galore
leòr-ghnìomh = satisfaction
leòrachd = amplitude
Manx (Gaelg) liooar = sufficient
dy liooar = adequate, ample, enough, galore, sufficient, umpteen
Proto-Brythonic *llower =
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llauer, llawer = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llauered, llawered, llavered = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
Welsh (Cymraeg) llawer [ˈɬau̯.ɛr] = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llaweredd = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
llawerhau = to multiply
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lower, = many, much
Cornish (Kernewek) lower = many, much
lower gweyth = often

Etymology: the reconstruction of the Proto-Celtic root is disputed – both possibilities are given. *laweros is possibly from *leh₂w- (to seize, to gain, benefit, prize) [source], which is also the root of the English word lucre (money, riches, wealth), the Swedish word lön (reward, salary, wage), the Irish word luach (value, price, reward), and the Welsh word golud (wealth, riches) [source].

The English word galore comes from Irish go leor and/or Scottish Gaelic gu leòr [source].

Proto-Celtic *sātis = sufficiency, fill
*sāss-ā- = to satisfy
Old Irish (Goídelc) sáth [saːθ] = satiety
sáith = fill (of food), sufficiency
sáthech = sated, satiated, satisfied
sáithigid = to satiate, satisfy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sáith, sáth, sāth = sufficiency, as much as one requires, fill (of food), customary meal, appetite
sáthech, sathach, sāithech = satisfied, filled, content, flourishing
sáithigid, saithigudh = to satiate, satisfy
Irish (Gaeilge) sáith [sˠɑː(h)/sˠaːç] = (full) meal, feed, fill, sufficiency, enough
sáithigh = to sate, satiate, saturate
sáithitheach = saturating
sáithiú = satiety, saturation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sàth [saː] = plenty, abundance, fill
sàthach [saː.əx] = filling, satiating; satiated person, bellyful, plenty, enough
sàthachadh [saː.əxəɣ] = (act of) sating
sàthachd [saː.əxg] = satuaration
Manx (Gaelg) saie = satiety, fill, satisfaction, replete, satiated
saiaghey = to satisfy, saturate
saieagh = satiating, satisfied
saieid = satiation, repletion, glut
saieys = satiety, repletion, sufficiency

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (to satiate, satisfy) [source], which is also the root of sad, satisfy and satiety in English; satt (not hungry, satiated, full, done) in German; zat (fed up, drink, sated, full) in Dutch; sazio (sated, full up) in Italian, and sāts (moderation, satiety, fill) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) doíthin = sufficency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) doíthin, doéthain, deothin = a sufficiency, enough
doíthenach = satiated, satisfied
Irish (Gaeilge) dóthain [ˈd̪ˠoːhənʲ/ˈd̪ˠɔhənʲ] = enough, sufficiency
dóthanach = satiated, fed up, tired
dóthanacht = satiety
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) daothain [dɯː.ɪn̪ʲ] = sufficency, fill

Etymology: unknown [source].

Proto-Celtic *dīkāneti = (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) dicone = to do, make, act, perform
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) digaun, digawn, digaunt = enough, sufficiency, plenty
diconher, digoni = to do, make, act, perform
Welsh (Cymraeg) digon [ˈdɪɡɔn] = enough, sufficiency, plenty, abundance, adequate, plentiful, ample
digoni = to do, make, act, perform, to satisfy, suffice, fill, satiate,
digonol = adequate

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Celtic *dī- (from, of) and *kān- (sound) [source].

Breton words for enough, sufficient, etc include:

  • trawalc’h = enough (of), enough!
  • bast = sufficient
  • brasoni = sufficiency
  • sufis = sufficient, adequate

Etymology: unknown.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Deeply Profound

This post peers into the depths of some deeply profound words in the Celtic languages.

Inside the Aar Gorge

Proto-Celtic *dubnos (adj) = deep
*dubnos (noun) = world
*Dubnowalos = a male given name – “world prince / chief”
*Dubnogenos = a male given name – “world born / family”
Gaulish dumnos = deep
Dubnorīx = a male given name – “world king”
Primitive Irish ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚓᚅ (domngen), ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚔᚅᚅ (domnginn) = male given names
Old Irish (Goídelc) domain = deep, profound, depth(s), sea-floor
fudumain = profound(ity), depth
Domnall = a male given name
Domaingen = a male given name
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) domain, doimin, domun, domuin = deep, profound, intense, thoughtful, depth(s)
doimnigid = to deepen, lower
domne, domnae = depth(s)
domun = the world, the earth
Domnall = a male given name
Irish (Gaeilge) domhain [d̪ˠɑinʲ/d̪ˠoːnʲ] = depth, deep, abyss, inmost part, profound, sunken, hollow, low-pitched, far, late
domhainiascaireacht = deep-sea fishing
domhainmhachnamh = deep thought, deep reflection
doimhneacht = depth, deep place
doimhnigh = to deepen
doimhniúchan = (act of) deepening
domhan = earth, world
Domhnall, Dónall = male given names
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) domhain [dõ.ɪn̪ʲ] = deep, profound
domhaineachd [dõ.ɪn̪ʲəxg] = depth, deep, deepness, profundity
domhainteachd [dõ.ɪn̪ʲdʲəxg] = abstruseness
domhan [dõ.an] = universe, world
Dòmhnall = a male given name
Manx (Gaelg) dowin = deep(ly), deep-rooted, involved, low, profound, secretive, thorough, penetrating
diunaghey = to deepen
diunid = deep, depth, gulf, rootedness
dowan = world, earth, universe, cosmos
Proto-Brythonic *duβn/*dumno = deep
*Duβnowal = a male given name
*Duβnoɣen = a male given name
Old Welsh (Kembraec) duuin, dofn = deep
Dumnagual = a male given name
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dowyn, duvin, dwvyn, dwfyn, dwuyn = deep, dense
dyfnu, dyfnaf = to become accustomed (to), be familiar (with)
dyfyn(n)der, dyuynder, dewfynder = depth(s), deepness
dyfnddysc = erudite, profound, erudition, deep learning
dyuynvor = deep sea, main, ocean
dyfynhau = to deepen, dig, excavate, intensify
*Dyuynwal, Dyvynwal, Dyfynwal = male given names
Welsh (Cymraeg) dwfn, dyfn [dʊvn] = deep, dense, mysterious, intense, serious, profound; depth(s), deep waters, abyss, void; world, earth
dyfnu = to become accustomed (to), be familiar (with), suck
dyfnder = depth(s), deepness, bottom, thickness, abyss
dyfnddysg = erudite, profound, erudition, deep learning
dyfnfor = deep sea, main, ocean
dyfnhau = to deepen, dig, excavate, intensify
Dyfnaint = Devon
Dyfnwal = a male given name
Dyfnien = a male given name
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) down = deep, profound, low
downder = depth
Cornish (Kernewek) down = deep
downder = depth
downfria = to deep-fry
downhe = to deepen
downrewi = to deep-freeze
Old Breton (Brethonoc) dumn = deep
Middle Breton (Brezonec) doun, don = deep
dounhat = to deepen
do(u)nder = depth
Breton (Brezhoneg) don [dɔ̃ːn] = deep, hollow (plate, dish), serious (air)
donaat = to deepen
donañ [ˈdɔ̃ː.nã] = to deepen
donded [ˈdɔ̃n.det] = depth
donder [ˈdɔ̃n.dɛr] = depth
Dunvel = a male given name

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós (deep), from *dʰewbʰ- (hazy, unclear, dark, deep) [source]. Words from the same roots include deep and dip in English, tief (deep, low) in German, dopen (to dip, immerse, name) in Dutch, dùgnas (bottom, background) in Lithuanian, дно [dno] (floor, bed, bottom) in Russian, and words for black in Celtic languages

The names Donald and Dunaldur (used in Faroese) come from the Proto-Celtic name *Dubnowalos [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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