Credible Belief

Today we’re looking at the words for belief, religion and related things in Celtic languages.

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Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kreddīti = to believe
Old Irish (Goídelc) creitid [ˈkʲrʲedʲiðʲ] = to believe
creitem = belief, faith
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) creitid, craitid = to believe, trust, give allegiance
creitem = (act of) believing, being converted; belief, faith, religion; credit, credibility, good standing
Irish (Gaeilge) creid [cɾʲɛdʲ / cɾʲɪdʲ] = to believe, give credence to, suppose
creideamh = belief, faith, religion, creed
creidiúint = credit
creidiúnach = creditable, reputable, respectable
creidiúnacht = creditableness, respectability
creidiúnaí = creditor
creidmheach = believer, believing, faithful
creidte = credible
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) creid [krʲedʲ] = (to) believe, suppose
creideadh [krʲedʲəɣ] = belief, creed, faith
creideamh [krʲedʲəv] = belief, creed, faith
creideas [krʲedʲəs] = faith, credit, credibility, credence
creideasachd [krʲedʲəsəxg] = credibility
creideasaiche [krʲedʲəsɪçə] = creditor
creidmheach [krʲedʲvəx] = believer
Manx (Gaelg) cred [kredʲ] = to believe
credjuagh = believer, disciple, believing, believable
credjue = belief, creed, conviction, faith, religion
Proto-Brythonic *krėdid = to believe
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cred, cret, kred = belief, creed, religion, faith
credaduy, credadwy = credible, trustworthy, genuine, authentic, certain sure, believed
credaw, credu, credv = to believe, have faith in, trust
Welsh (Cymraeg) cred = belief, creed, religion, faith, trust, oath, promise, integrity, fidelity, credit
credadwy = credible, trustworthy, genuine, authentic, certain sure, believed
crediniaeth = belief, opinion, religion, creed, faith, confidence, credulity
credu [ˈkrɛdɨ̞ / ˈkreːdi] = to believe, have faith in, trust, give credit, be disposed, feel inclined
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cred, crêd, cresy, cregy = belief, faith
credgyans, credzhans, cregyans = the Creed, belief
Cornish (Kernewek) krysi, kreji = to believe, think
krysadow, kryjus = credible
kryjans, krejyans = belief, religion
kryjyk = religious
Old Breton (Brethonoc) critim = to believe
Middle Breton (Brezonec) cridiff, credyt, credaff = to believe
Breton (Brezhoneg) krediñ [ˈkreː.dĩ] = to believe, dare
kredad = credit
kredañ = credenza, wardrobe
kredapl = believable, likely
kredekaat = to credit
kredenn = belief, superstition
kreder = believer, creditor
kredig, kredik = credulous
kredoniezh = caution

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱreddʰh₁-éh₂ / *ḱréddʰh₁eti (to believe, trust) from *ḱḗr (heart) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include credible, credenza, credit, credo and incredible, in English, credere (to believe, think) in Italian, croire (to believe) in French, and creer (to believe, think, reckon) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Particularly Special

Today we’re looking at the words for special, particular, different and related things in Celtic languages.

Special

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸarekʷennom = extremity, end
Old Irish (Goídelc) airchenn = certain, definite
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) airchenn, airchend = certain, fixed, definite, prominent, leading, chaste, leader, chief
Irish (Gaeilge) airchinneach = hereditary steward of church lands
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) airchinneach = erenagh (monastic role)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) arpennic, arbennyc, arbennig, arbennic = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, chief, prince, leader, head
arbenhicrỽyd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbennigyaỽl, arbenygaul = lord, chieftain, sovereign
arbennedic = generous, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) arbennig [arˈbɛnɪɡ] = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, special, particular, peculiar, distinctive, specific, characteristic
arbenig(i)aeth = speciality, expertise
arbenigo = to make special, specify, denote, specialize
arbenig(i)ol = special, particular, specific, distinct
arbenigrwydd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbenigwr, arbenigydd = specialist, expert, authority
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) arbennec, arbednec = usual, customary
Cornish (Kernewek) arbennik, arbednik = distinctive, particular, special
arbenigel = specialist
arbeniger, arbenigores specialist
arbenikter = specialism, speciality
yn arbennik = especially
Middle Breton (Brezonec) arbennik = soft, tender
Breton (Brezhoneg) arbennik [ar.ˈbɛ.nːik] = special, specialized, expert
arbennigour = specialist, expert
arbennikaat = to specialize
arbennikaat = specialization, expertise, specializing
arbennikaet = specialized, competent
arbennikadur = specialization, expertise, specializing

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic ɸare- (for(e)-) and *kʷennom (head) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include arpent (acre, arpent – an old French unit of area or length) in French [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) ar leith, faoi leith [ɛɾʲˈl̠ʲɛh / fˠiːˈl̠ʲɛh] = apart, separate(ly), several, distinct, remarkable, special
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) air leth = particular(ly), separate(ly), discrete(ly), individual(ly), apart, exceptional(ly)
Manx (Gaelg) er lheh = special, specific, certain, distinctive, aloof, separate

Etymology: from Old Irish leth (side), from Proto-Celtic *letos or from Proto-Celtic *ɸletos (breadth, side). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include lled (breadth, width, part, half) in Welsh, led (wide, large, broad) in Breton, and les (breadth, width) in Cornish [source]. See the Halves and Sides Celtiadur post for more details.

Irish (Gaeilge) speisialta [ˈsˠpʲɛʃiəl̪ˠt̪ˠə] = special
speisialtacht = speciality
speisialtóir = specialist
speisialtóireacht = specializing, specialization
Welsh (Cymraeg) sbesial = special, especially good

Etymology: from Middle English special(e) (exceptional, extraordinary, particular), from Old French especial (special, powerful, mighty), from Latin speciālis (specific), from speci(ēs) (kind, type, seeing, spectacle, appearance, display), from speciō (to observe, watch, look at), from Proto-Italic *spekjō (to observe, see), from Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti (to be looking at) [source].

Proto-Celtic *sani = apart from
*sanis = different
Old Irish (Goídelc) sainredach = characteristic, peculiar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sainredach, sainredaig, sunnarthach = peculiar or belonging to, particular, special, set apart, specific, definite
Irish (Gaeilge) sonrach = particular, specific
sonraigh = particularize, specify, define; to perceive, distinguish
sonraíoch = noticeable, remarkable, peculiar, extraordinary, abnormal,grotesque
sonraíocht = specification
sonrú = specification, notice, perception
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sònraichte [sɔːnrɪçdʲə] = specific, specified, stipulated, certain, special, defined, allocated, assigned, excellent, noted
Manx (Gaelg) sonraghey = to specify
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) han = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Welsh (Cymraeg) hân = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) hanys = from thee
Cornish (Kernewek) ahanav = from me
ahanas = from you (sg)
ahanodho = from him
ahanedhi = from her
ahanan = from us
ahanowgh = from you (pl)
anedha = from them
Old Breton (Brethonoc) han = outside of, other than, different from
Middle Breton (Brezonec) han = outside of, other than, different from
Breton (Brezhoneg) han = outside of, other than, different from

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *senH- (apart, without, for oneself). Words from the same roots possibly include sunder in English, zonder (without) in Dutch, sondern (to separate, sunder) in German, sönder (broken, out of order) in Swedish, senza (without) in Italian, sans (without) in French, sin (without) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Captive Hostages

Words for hostage, pledge and related things in Celtic languages.

Hostage

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *geistlos = hostage, bail
Gaulish geistlus = hostage (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gíall = a human pledge, hostage
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gíall, gial, giall = a human pledge, hostage, jailer, act of yielding homage, obeying
gíallacht, gíallnus = hostageship, captivity
Irish (Gaeilge) giall [ɟiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, (human) pledge
giallach = having or taking hostages
giallacht = hostageship, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) giall [gʲiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, pledge
giallach [gʲiəl̪ˠəx] = pertaining to or abounding in hostages / pledges
Manx (Gaelg) gioal = pledge, pawn, stake, wager, bet, bond
geulys, geuleydys = bondage
Proto-Brythonic *guɨstl = hostage, bail
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gustil, gustel, guyst(e)l, gvystl, gwystyl = pledge, security, surety, guarantee, earnest
guystlvy, gustelau, gusthaf = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlyryaeth, gwystloryaeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwystl [ɡwɨ̞sdl / ɡʊi̯sdl] = pledge, assurance, security, surety, guarantee, earnest, gage, pawn, hostage, wager, stake, bet, mortgage
gwystl(i)ad = a pledging, a pawning
gwystlo = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlchwarae = gambling
gwystledig = pledge, bound, mortgaged
gwystlor(i)aeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
gwystlwr, gwystlydd = mortgagor, pawnbroker
Old Cornish guistel = hostage
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) guistel = hostage, pledge, surety
Cornish (Kernewek) gostel = hostage, riot
gostla = to pawn, wage
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guistl = hostage
Middle Breton (Brezonec) goestl = hostage, pledge
goestlaff = to consecrate, dedicate, pledge, devote
goestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouestl [ˈɡwestl] = hostage, pledge, guarantee, bail, surety
gouestladur = commitment, offering
gouestlaj = mortgage
gouestlañ [ˈɡwestlã] = to bet, wager, guarantee, pledge, consecrate, dedicate, devote
gouestlaoua = to bribe, buy, corrupt, grease the palm of
gouestlaouañ = to bribe, corrupt
gouestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (to yearn for, to desire) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Proto-Germanic *gīslaz (hostage), include gijzelen (to take hostage) in Dutch, Geisel (hostage) in German, gidsel (hostage) in Danish, gisslan (hostage) in Swedish, and kihlata (to betroth) in Finnish [source].

Words from the same PIE root include geisti (to desire, crave, covet, lust after) in Lithuanian, gaidīt (to wait, expect, anticipate) in Latvian, ждать (ždatʹ – to wait for, expect) in Russian, and geizen (to be miserly) in German [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) brága [ˈbraː.ɣɘ] = hostage, captive, prisoner
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brága, brágha, brage [ˈbraːɣə] = captive, prisoner, hostage
brágigdenas, braighdenus, braighdeanas = hostageship, captivity
bráigtechas, braightechus = hostageship
Irish (Gaeilge) brá [bˠɾˠɑː] = captive, hostage
braighdeanach = captive, prisoner
braighdeanas = captivity, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bràigh [braːj] = captive, hostage
bràighdeanas = bondage, captivity, slavery
neach am bràighdeanas = captive, hostage

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *brāgants (neck, throat), from *brāg + *-ants (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (to swallow, devour, eat) [source]. The sense “captive” derives from the Middle Irish phrase gaibid ar brágait (to take captive: lit. “to take by the neck”) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include carnivore, devour, gargle, gorge, gurgle and voracious in English; gurgeln (to gargle, gurgle) in German; voractià (oracity, voraciousness) in Italian, and gerti (to drink, soak up, absorb) in Lithuanian [source].

The word for hostage in Manx is raane, which also means assurance, bail, bond, collateral, guarantee, pledge or surety [source]. Its etymology is not known [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Spring Fountains

Words for spring, fountain, well and related things in Celtic languages.

Fountain

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) topur, topar [ˈto.bər] = source, well, spring
tipra = fountain, spring, well
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) topar, tobar, sopar = well, spring, baptismal font, source
tipra, tiprait = fountain, spring, well, source
Irish (Gaeilge) tobar [ˈt̪ˠɔbˠəɾˠ / ˈt̪ˠʌbˠəɾˠ] = well, fountain, spring, source
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tobar [tobər] = well, spring, source
tobar na h-òige = the fountain of youth
tobar-mhiann = wishing well
tobar naomh = holy well
tobar-sràide = hydrant
Manx (Gaelg) tubbyr = font, fountain, laver
tubbyr niaghan = washtub
tubbyr oonlee = bathtub

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *ber- (to carry, bear), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source].

Proto-Brythonic *funtọn = spring, well, fountain
Old Welsh (Kembraec) finnaun, fynnaun = spring, well, fountain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ffynnawn, ffynnon = spring, well, fountain
ffynnonell, ffynhonnel = source, spring, fount, origin, source
fynhonic = small spring, source, issue
fynonvs, ffynnhonvs, fynhonus = springing, welling, bubbling, gushing
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffynnon [ˈfənɔn] = spring, well, fountain, source, origin, issue, gland
ffynonellu = to spring, originate
ffynhonni, ffynhonna = to well, spring, gush, visit a medicinal spring
ffynhonnell = source, spring, fount, origin, (historical or literary) source
ffynhonnol = original
ffynhonnus = springing, welling, bubbling, gushing
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) fenten, funten = well, fountain
Cornish (Kernewek) fenten = fountain, well, spring
Old Breton (Brethonoc) funton = fountain, spring, font
Middle Breton (Brezonec) feunten = fountain, spring, font
Breton (Brezhoneg) feunteun [ˈfœ̃ntœ̃n] = fountain, spring, font
feunteunier = font maker

Etymology: from Late Latin fontāna (spring, source, fountain), from Latin fons (spring, well, fountain, font, origin, source), from Proto-Italic *fontis (spring, well), from *θontis, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰónh₂-ti-s, from *dʰenh₂- (to flow) [source]. Words from the same roots include font (a receptacle in a church for holy water, especially one used in baptism) in English, fonte (source, spring) in Italian, and fuente (spring, fountain, source, bowl) in Spanish [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)stifflog [əsˈtɪflɔɡ] = cuttlefish, squid
ystiff(i)o = to scour, spurt, jet
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) stifac = cuttlefish
Cornish (Kernewek) stifek = squid
stifella = to spray
stifjyn = jet engine
stiflinder = jet lag
stifliv = jet stream
stifya = to spray
Breton (Brezhoneg) stivell [sti:vɛl] = fountain, gushing spring, water jet, wash house
stivelleg = squid
stivellat = to spring forth (by gushing out), to stick out one’s head

Etymology (Breton): from stiv (spring, source, wash house), perhaps from Latin *stuba, from Proto-Germanic *stubō (room, heated room, living room), which is also the root of the English word stove [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Monastic Monks

Words for monk, nun, monastery and related things in Celtic languages.

For What We're About.....

Old Irish (Goídelc) manach [ˈma.nəx] = monk, tenant of church lands
mainches = nun
mainister = monastery
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) manach, manaig = monk, a tenant of church lands, a kenning for a bee
mainches = nun
mainister, mainistear = monastery
Irish (Gaeilge) manach [ˈmˠanˠəx / mˠəˈn̪ˠɑx] = monk
manachas = monasticism
manachúil = monastic
mainistir = monastery, abbey
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) manach [manəx] = monk
manachalachd [manəxəl̪ˠəxg] = monasticism
manach(d)ail [manəxal] = monastic
manachainn [manəxɪn̪ʲ] = monastery, convent
manaistear [manɪʃdʲər] = monastery, overseer
mainistir [manɪʃdʲɪrʲ] = monastery
Manx (Gaelg) maynagh, monnagh = monk
maynaghoil = monastic, monkish, conventual
mannishter = monastery, minster, abbey, friary, cloister, religious house
Proto-Brythonic *manax = monk
*möstuɨr = monastery
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) manach, menach, mynach = monk
mustuir = monastery
manaches, mynaches = nun
Welsh (Cymraeg) mynach, manach [ˈmənaχ. ˈmanaχ] = monk, friar
mynachaeth = monasticism
mynachaidd = monastic
mynachdy, mynachlog = monastery
mynaches, manaches = nun
Old Cornish manach = monk
manaes = nun
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) manach, manah = monk
manaes, monacha = nun, a female recluse
Cornish (Kernewek) managh = monk
managhek = monastic
managhes = nun
managhti = monastery
Old Breton (Brethonoc) manach = monk
Middle Breton manach = monk
manaches = nun
manachty = monastry
Breton (Brezhoneg) manac’h [ˈmãːnax] = monk, hot water bottle, grey periwinkle
manac’hez = nun
manac’hegezh = monasticism
manac’hek = monastic
manac’hiñ = to appoint a monk
manati [mã.ˈna.tːi] = monastry, cloister, convent

Etymology: from Latin monachus (monk), from Ancient Greek μοναχός (monakhós – single, solitary), from μόνος (mónos – alone, forsaken, solitary, only, unique), from Proto-Hellenic *mónwos. The Goidelic words may have been borrowed from Proto-Brythonic. Words from the same roots include monk and monastery and minster (a monastic church) in English [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Stewards & Mayors

Words for steward, agent, mayor and related things in Celtic languages.

Lord Mayor's Show 2010

Old Irish (Goídelc) maer = steward
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) maer, maor, moer = steward
maeraigecht = the office of a steward, stewardship
maerda, maordha, mærda = stately, of noble or imposing presence
Irish (Gaeilge) maor [mˠiːɾˠ / mˠeːɾˠ] = steward, baliff, warden, keeper, supervisor, herdsman, (school) prefect
ardmhaor = chief steward
banmhaor = stewardess
maorach = supervisory, prefectorial
maoracht = stewardship, wardenship, superinntendence, majorship, prefecture
maorga = stately, dignified, imposting, sedate, quiet
maorgacht = stateliness, dignity
maorathach = bureaucratic
méara = mayor
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) maor [mɯːr] = factor (profession), any middle-ranked officer / official in various capacities
maor-ceartais = justice of the peace (JP)
maor-cladaich = coastguard
maor-sàraidh = baliff
maor-sìthe = constable
maorsainneachd [mɯːr̪ˠsɪn̪ʲəxg] = stewardship, prefecture
mèar [mɛːr] = mayor
Manx (Gaelg) meoir = steward, supervisor, agent, baliff, curator, custodian, keeper, manager, mayor, prefect
meoir shee = constable, policeman
meoiryn shee = constabulary, police (force)
meoiragh = mayoral, prefectorial, supervisory
meoiraght = mayorality, majorship, prefecture, stewardship
Proto-Brythonic *maɨr = steward, agent, officer, official (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) mair = steward, agent, officer, official, husbandman
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) maer = steward, agent, officer, official, husbandman, mayor
maerty, maerdy = summer dwelling for the tending of cattle, dairy, dairy farm, farm-house
Welsh (Cymraeg) maer [maːɨ̯r / mai̯r] = steward, agent, officer, official, husbandman, mayor
maerdy = summer dwelling for the tending of cattle, dairy, dairy farm, farm-house, town hall, mansion house, official residence of the mayor
maeres = farmer’s wife, steward’s wife, dairy woman, mayor’s wife, mayoress
maeriaeth = husbandry, agriculture, mayoralty
maerol = mayoral
maeron = bailiff, dairy farmer
Old Cornish mair = mayor, chief (?)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) mair, maer = mayor, chief
Cornish (Kernewek) maynor(es) = agent
maynorieth = agency
mer(es) = mayor(ess)
merji = home of the mayor
Old Breton (Brethonoc) mair = mayor (?)
Middle Breton mair = mayor
Breton (Brezhoneg) merour, merer(ez) = manager, administor, manager, steward, farmer, grower
mereuri = farmhouse, farm
merouriezh = management, administration, husbandry
maer(ez) [mɛːr] = mayor(ess)
maerded = mayor’s office
maerdi = town hall

Etymology: from Latin māior (mayor; bigger, greater), from Proto-Italic magjōs (bigger, greater) from Proto-Indo-European *meǵh₂- (big, great) [source]. The Irish and Scottish Gaelic words for mayor come from the Old French maire (a senior public official), from Latin māior etc [source].

Words from the same roots include magistrate, major, majesty, majuscule and mayor, master, mister in English, maire (mayor) in French, maestro (master, expert) in Italian, and Mallorca / Majorca in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Nights

A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night
Irish (Gaeilge) oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve
anoíche = late hour of night
meánoíche = midnight
oíchí = nocturnal, nightly
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve
oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night
oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal
oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve
oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve
adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night
Manx (Gaelg) oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening
oieagh = nocturnal
oieoil = nightly
Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa
Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve
Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve
Proto-Brythonic *exuɨð = night (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat
Welsh (Cymraeg) echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ewhe = evening
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest
ehoazaff = to day a midday rest
Breton (Brezhoneg) ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta
ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest
ec’hoaziad = siesta
ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta

Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [source], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [source].

Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [source].

Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu- = night (?)
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Gaulish nox = night (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Irish (Gaeilge) anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
Manx (Gaelg) noght = tonight
Proto-Brythonic *hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nos = night
henoid = tonight
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nos = night
nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night)
nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night
nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Welsh (Cymraeg) nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil
nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night)
nosaidd = nightlike
nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
noson = evening, night
noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Old Cornish nos = night
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nos, nôs = night
haneth = tonight
Cornish (Kernewek) nos = night
nosweyth = night-time, at night
noswiker = smuggler
haneth = tonight
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nos = night
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nos = night
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) noz [ˈnoːs] = night
noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark
nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night
nozik = a little dark
henoazh = tonight
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [source].

Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [source]

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Satisfying Pleasure

Words for satisfaction, pleasure, gratitude and related things in Celtic languages.

Satisfaction

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bodyā = satisfaction, pleasure
Old Irish (Goídelc) buide [buːa̯ðʲ] = benefit, gift, profit, quality, triumph, victory, virtue
búadach = gifted, triumphant, victorious
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) buide, buidhe = good-will, favour, gratification, gratitude, thanks, grateful, gratified, glad
buidech, buidheach = well-disposed, pleased, satisfied, sated, grateful, thankful, pleasing, gratifying, pleasant
buidechus, buidheachas = ripeness, thanks
Irish (Gaeilge) buí [bˠiː/bˠiə] = victory, truimph; gift, talent; virtue merit; special quality
buíoch = thankful, pleased, satisfied
buíochas = thanks, gratitude
buíochasaigh = to thank
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) buidhe [bujə] = gratitude, gratification, thanks, glad, grateful, fortunate, lucky
buaidheach [bujəx] = grateful, thankful, satisfied, content, sated, fed up
buaidheachas [bujəxəs] = gratitude, thanks, thanksgiving, acknowledgement (of an achievement)
buaidheach = victorious, effective
Manx (Gaelg) booise = gratitude, thanks, to content, please
bwooisagh = thankful
bwooisal = gratitude, pleasing, thankful
booisal = acceptable, obliged, pleasing, thankful
cur bwooise da = to thank
Proto-Brythonic *boð = (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) bódláún = contented, satisfied, pleased
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bod, bot, bodd = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure
bodhgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant
boddhan = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented
botlaỽn, bodlavn, bodlawn = contented, satisfied, pleased
Welsh (Cymraeg) bodd [boːð] = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure, wish, desire, will, goodwill, approval, consent, permission
boddgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant, enticing, easily satisfied or pleased, contented
boddgarwch = pleasure, agreeableness, delight, easiness to satisfy or please, contentment
boddhad = satisfaction, contentment, pleasure, enjoyment, agreeableness, delight, atonement, willingness, complacency
boddhadau = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented
boddio = to satisfy, please, make contented, be satisfied
bodlon [ˈbɔdlɔn] = contented, satisfied, pleased
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bodh, bôdh = will, good pleasure
Cornish (Kernewek) bodh = consent, will, wish
bodhegi = to volunteer
bodhek, bodheges = volunteer, voluntary, willing
bodhel = consensual
Old Breton bod = satisfaction, contentment
Breton (Brezhoneg) boz = satisfaction, contentment (rare)
bozek = satisfied
bozleun = satisfied, full of satisfaction

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰed- (to improve, make better), or from PIE *bʰewdʰ- (to be awake, to be aware) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include bet, better and boot in English, besser (better) in German, betur (better) in Icelandic, and baat (profit, advantage) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Cressy

Words for cress, watercress, and related things in Celtic languages.

Watercress

Watercress is a perennial European herb, Nasturtium officinale, that grows in freshwater streams; used in salads and as a garnish, or a similar plant, Nasturtium microphyllum [source].

Cress is a plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic. [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *beruros = watercress
Gaulish berula = cress
Old Irish (Goídelc) birar = watercress
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) birar, biror, bilar, bilur = watercress
biolar Mhuire = brooklime
biolar tragha = scurvy-grass
birarán = clean-topped cress
Irish (Gaeilge) biolar [ˈbʲul̪ˠəɾˠ/ˈbʲɨlˠəɾˠ] = cress, watercress
biolrach = cressy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) biolair [bjul̪ʲɪrʲ] = cress, especially watercress
biolaireach = pertaining to or abouding in watercress
Manx (Gaelg) burley = cress, watercress
Proto-Brythonic *berur = cress (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) berwr, berỽr, berw = cress, watercress
Welsh (Cymraeg) berwr, berw = cress, watercress
Old Cornish beler = watercress
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) beler = watercress
Cornish (Kerneweg) beleren = cress
beleren dhowr = watercress
Old Breton (Brethonog) beror = cress, watercress
Middle Breton (Brezonec) beler = cress, watercress
Breton (Brezhoneg) beler [ˈbeː.lɛr] = cress, watercress
belereg / belerid = watercress bed
belerek = abounding in watercress

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic berus (spring, well), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (to boil, brew), or from PIE *bʰréh₁wr̥ (spring, source). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *berulā and Latin berula (a herb: bittercress or waterparsnip) include berle (water parsnip) in French, Berle (water parsnip) in German, and berro (cress, watercress) in Spanish and Galician [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Ropes & Strings

Words for rope, cord, string and related things in Celtic languages.

Caernarfon

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *tantus, *tantā = cord, string
Old Irish (Goídelc) tét [tʲeːd] = cord, rope, string
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tét, téd, tet [tʲeːd] = rope, cord, string, a spider’s thread
tétaire = harper, lute-player
tétán = rope, cord
téitimnech = the crack, creaking of the ropes
Irish (Gaeilge) téad [tʲiad̪ˠ/tʲeːd̪ˠ] = rope, cable, string, chord, tether
téadach = stringed
téadaire = roper, corder, player of stringed instrument
téadaireacht = (act of) playing on stringed instrument
téadán = short rope, string, cord, line
téadchleasaí = rope-walker, rope-dancer
téadleimneach = (act of) skipping
téadra = cordage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teud [tʲiad] = cord, string
teudach [tʲiadəx] = stringed
teudachadh [tʲiədəxəɣ] = (act of) stringing, tethering
teudag [tʲiədag] = little string/cord, fibre
teudagach [tʲiədagəx] = fibrous, fibery, abounding in fibres
teudaichte [tʲiadɪçdʲə] = stringed, tethered
Manx (Gaelg) tead, tedd, teidd = rope, string, line, guy
teaddey = rope
teaddaght = cordage
Proto-Brythonic *tant = string (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) tantou = string
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tant = string, line, cord, tendril
tennyn = tether, leash, lead, halter, string, cord, rope, noose, snare
Welsh (Cymraeg) tant [tant] = string (of a musical instrument), line, cord, tendril, bowstring, nerve, sinew, tendon
tantio = to string (a musical instrument)
tantiwr = fisherman who stands on the shore holding one end of a salmon net, while two others throw the net into the water from a boat
tantor = player of stringed instruments, harpist
tennyn = tether, leash, lead, halter, string, cord, rope, noose, snare
Old Breton (Brethonoc) tantou = strings
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tant = string
Breton (Brezhoneg) tant [tãnt] = string

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *tén-tu-s/ *tn̥-téw-s, from *ten- (to stretch, extend) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: ndej (to stretch) in Albanian, tenet (an opinion, belief, principle) in English, dehnen (to stretch) in German, tenere (to hold, keep, sustain) in Italian, tit (to wind, reel, coil, wrap) in Latvian, tener (to have, possess, hold, grasp) in Spanish, and tänja (to stretch, bend) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *lomanā = rope, thong
Old Irish (Gaídelc) loman = cord, rope
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) loman, lomna = cord, rope, thong, string, leash, bridle, halter
Irish (Gaeilge) lomhain = rope, halter, leash
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lomhainn [l̪ˠõ.ɪn̪ʲ] = leash, lead, pack, band, gang
Manx (Gaelg) louyn = rope
er louyn = along, by hand, on a rope
Proto-Brythonic *lloβ̃an [be̝ˈrɨːd] = rope, string
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llyfan = string, cord, thin rope
Welsh (Cymraeg) llyfan = string, cord, thin rope
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lovan = rope, cord, string
lovannan = a small rope, cord
Cornish (Kernewek) lovan = rope, lasso
lovan dynn/dydn = tightrope
lovan lemmel = skipping rope
Middle Breton louffan = strap, belt
Breton (Brezhoneg) louan [ˈluːãn] = strap, belt
louaneg = slender (long-legged), clumsy
louangen = skinny, without energy

Etymology: unknown, possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate language [source].

Proto-Celtic *souggo = (?)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) súagán, súgán = (straw) rope
Irish (Gaeilge) súgán = (straw) rope, strawmat, lifeless, inert, spinless person
súgánach = confused
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sùgan [suːgan] = straw rope, horse’s collar (filled with straw)
Manx (Gaelg) suggane = twisted straw rope

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sew- (to bend, cut). The Scots word suggan (light saddle, bedroll), and the Hiberno-English word sugan (a wooden chair with a seat made from woven straw or twine stretched over the frame) both come from the same roots via Irish, as does the word soogan (a bedroll) in American English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) súainem = cord, rope, string, thong
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) súainem, súaineamh, súainimh = cord, rope, string, thong, course (of river)
Irish (Gaeilge) suaineamh = (javelin) cord, amentum (catkin) (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sìoman [ʃiəman] = simmen, rope made from plant fibres (esp. straw, but also coir, heather, grass, twigs or rushes)
Manx (Gaelg) saineen = cord, thong

Etymology: from Old Norse síma (cord, rope) [source], from Proto-Germanic *sīmô (rope, cord), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éy-mn̥/*sh₂i-mén-s, from *sh₂ey- (to bind, fetter) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) róp = rope
Irish (Gaeilge) rópa [ˈɾˠoːpˠə]= rope
rópa = rope
rópadóir = rope-maker
rópadóireacht = rope-making, rope-walking, rope-climbing, working with ropes
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ròp, ròpa [r̪ˠɔːhbə] = rope, bundle of seaweed
ròpach [r̪ˠɔːhbəx] = abounding in ropes, tangled up, jumbled, untidy, messed up, abounding in tall tales/yarns
ròpadh [r̪ˠɔːhbəɣ] = (act of)roping, fastening with a rope, entangling
ròpair [r̪ˠɔːhbɛrʲ] = auctioneer
ròpaireachd [̪rˠɔːbɛrʲəxg] = exaggerated tale, exaggerating, adorning the truth
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) raff, raf = rope, cord, string, line, cable, noose, halter
reffyn, rheffyn = (small) rope, cord, string, (fishing) line, cable, noose, halter
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhaff = rope, cord, string, line, cable, noose, halter
rhaffu, rhaff(i)o = to tie with a rope or cord, to rope, fix a rop on, make a rope, to string or join (words, etc), connect together, link, crumple, spoil, waste, eat eagerly, gobble, snatch
rhaff(i)aid = rope(ful), that which is held by a rope
rhaffol = roped, made of rope(s), funicular
rhaffwr, rhaffydd = rope-maker
rheffyn = (small) rope, cord, string, (fishing) line, cable, noose, halter

Etymology: from Middle English rop(e) (rope), from Old English rāp (rope, cord, cable), from Proto-West-Germanic *raip (string, band), from Proto-Germanic *raipaz (rope, cord, band, ringlet), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁royp-nó-s (band, strip, strap) [source]. The Welsh words are probably cognate, but their origins are not certain.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) corda = cord, rope
Irish (Gaeilge) corda = cord, string, chord
cordach = chordate, corded
cordaigh = to cord
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) còrd = cord, chord
Manx (Gaelg) coard, coyrd, coyrdey = cord
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kord = cord, string, small rope, halter
cort = cord, string, twine, rope
Welsh (Cymraeg) cord = cord, string, small rope, halter
cort = cord, string, twine, rope
cortio = to cord, fasten with cords or strings, twist
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cord = cord
corden = string
Cornish (Kernewek) korden = cord, string
korden an keyn = spinal cord
Middle Breton (Brezonec) corden, cordenn, querdenn, querdeynn = rope
cordenner = tailpiece
Breton (Brezhoneg) kordenn [ˈkɔr.dɛn] = rope
kordennan = to rope, fish with longlines
kordenner = tailpiece
kordennerezh = ropework
kordennig = cord, string

Etymology (Breton): from Middle French corde (rope), from Old French corde (rope), from Latin chorda (tripe, intestine, catgut, string, rope, cord), from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, string of gut, chord, sausage, black pudding), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (bowel) [source].

Etymology (other languages): from Middle English corde (cord, string, sinew), from Old French corde (rope), from Latin chorda (tripe, intestine, catgut, string, rope, cord), from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, string of gut, chord, sausage, black pudding), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (bowel)[source].

Words from the same roots include cord, chord, hernia and yarn in English, corda (rope, chord, string) in Italian, and koord (rope, cord) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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