Abbots

Words for abbot and related things in Celtic languages.

Abbot Bernard

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) ap [ab] = abbot, leader, lord
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ap, abb, abbadh, apid = abbot, pope, lord
apdaine = status or office of an abbot or pope
Irish (Gaeilge) ab [abˠ] = abbot
banab, máthairab = abbess
abdaine = abbacy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aba [abə] = abbot
ban-aba [ban abə] = abbes
abachd [abəxg] = abbey
abaid [abɪdʲ] = abbey, abbot
abaideachd [abɪdʲəxg] = abbacy
Manx (Gaelg) abb = abbot, abby
abb-voir, ben abb, moir abb = abbess
abbaght = abbacy
abban =
Proto-Brythonic *abad = abbot
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) abad, abat = abbot
abad(i)aeth = abbotship, abbotship, abaty
abadaidd = abbatial
abades = abbess
abbatyr = abbey demesne
albate, abattia, abatty = abbey, monastry, priory
Welsh (Cymraeg) âb [ab] = abbot
abad [ˈabad] = abbot
abadwr = abbot
abad(i)aeth = abbotship, abbotship, abaty
abadaidd, abadol = abbatial
abades = abbess
abadesty = abbey for nuns, convent, nunnery
abatir = abbey demesne
abaty = abbey, monastry, priory
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) abat, abbas = abbot
Cornish (Kernewek) abas [ˈabas / ˈæbɐz] = abbot
abasel = abbatial
abases = abbess
abatti = abbey
Middle Breton (Brezonec) abat, abbat = abbot
abades = abbess
Breton (Brezhoneg) abad [ˈɑː.bat] = abbot
abadez = abbess
abadiezh = abbot’s office
abati [aˈbatː.i] = abbey
abatiaj = the benefit of an abbey

Etymology: from Ecclesiastical Latin abbās (abbot), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶ(ς) (abbâ(s) – father, abbot), from Aramaic אַבָּא (’abbā – father, ancestor, progenitor, teacher, chief, leader, author, originator), from Proto-Semitic *ʔabw- (father), from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʔab (?) – ultimately an onomatopoeic nursery word [source].

Words from the same roots include abbot in English, abate (abbot) in Italian, abad (abbot) in Spanish, Abat (abbot) in German, opat (abbot) in Czech, ùbā (father, head, leader, patron) in Hausa, abbá (father, chief, director) in Afar, and אַבָּא (ába – father) in Hebrew [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Ropes & Strings

Words for rope, cord, string and related things in Celtic languages.

Caernarfon

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *tantus, *tantā = cord, string
Old Irish (Goídelc) tét [tʲeːd] = cord, rope, string
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tét, téd, tet [tʲeːd] = rope, cord, string, a spider’s thread
tétaire = harper, lute-player
tétán = rope, cord
téitimnech = the crack, creaking of the ropes
Irish (Gaeilge) téad [tʲiad̪ˠ/tʲeːd̪ˠ] = rope, cable, string, chord, tether
téadach = stringed
téadaire = roper, corder, player of stringed instrument
téadaireacht = (act of) playing on stringed instrument
téadán = short rope, string, cord, line
téadchleasaí = rope-walker, rope-dancer
téadleimneach = (act of) skipping
téadra = cordage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teud [tʲiad] = cord, string
teudach [tʲiadəx] = stringed
teudachadh [tʲiədəxəɣ] = (act of) stringing, tethering
teudag [tʲiədag] = little string/cord, fibre
teudagach [tʲiədagəx] = fibrous, fibery, abounding in fibres
teudaichte [tʲiadɪçdʲə] = stringed, tethered
Manx (Gaelg) tead, tedd, teidd = rope, string, line, guy
teaddey = rope
teaddaght = cordage
Proto-Brythonic *tant = string (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) tantou = string
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tant = string, line, cord, tendril
tennyn = tether, leash, lead, halter, string, cord, rope, noose, snare
Welsh (Cymraeg) tant [tant] = string (of a musical instrument), line, cord, tendril, bowstring, nerve, sinew, tendon
tantio = to string (a musical instrument)
tantiwr = fisherman who stands on the shore holding one end of a salmon net, while two others throw the net into the water from a boat
tantor = player of stringed instruments, harpist
tennyn = tether, leash, lead, halter, string, cord, rope, noose, snare
Old Breton (Brethonoc) tantou = strings
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tant = string
Breton (Brezhoneg) tant [tãnt] = string

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *tén-tu-s/ *tn̥-téw-s, from *ten- (to stretch, extend) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: ndej (to stretch) in Albanian, tenet (an opinion, belief, principle) in English, dehnen (to stretch) in German, tenere (to hold, keep, sustain) in Italian, tit (to wind, reel, coil, wrap) in Latvian, tener (to have, possess, hold, grasp) in Spanish, and tänja (to stretch, bend) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *lomanā = rope, thong
Old Irish (Gaídelc) loman = cord, rope
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) loman, lomna = cord, rope, thong, string, leash, bridle, halter
Irish (Gaeilge) lomhain = rope, halter, leash
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lomhainn [l̪ˠõ.ɪn̪ʲ] = leash, lead, pack, band, gang
Manx (Gaelg) louyn = rope
er louyn = along, by hand, on a rope
Proto-Brythonic *lloβ̃an [be̝ˈrɨːd] = rope, string
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llyfan = string, cord, thin rope
Welsh (Cymraeg) llyfan = string, cord, thin rope
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lovan = rope, cord, string
lovannan = a small rope, cord
Cornish (Kernewek) lovan = rope, lasso
lovan dynn/dydn = tightrope
lovan lemmel = skipping rope
Middle Breton louffan = strap, belt
Breton (Brezhoneg) louan [ˈluːãn] = strap, belt
louaneg = slender (long-legged), clumsy
louangen = skinny, without energy

Etymology: unknown, possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate language [source].

Proto-Celtic *souggo = (?)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) súagán, súgán = (straw) rope
Irish (Gaeilge) súgán = (straw) rope, strawmat, lifeless, inert, spinless person
súgánach = confused
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sùgan [suːgan] = straw rope, horse’s collar (filled with straw)
Manx (Gaelg) suggane = twisted straw rope

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sew- (to bend, cut). The Scots word suggan (light saddle, bedroll), and the Hiberno-English word sugan (a wooden chair with a seat made from woven straw or twine stretched over the frame) both come from the same roots via Irish, as does the word soogan (a bedroll) in American English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) súainem = cord, rope, string, thong
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) súainem, súaineamh, súainimh = cord, rope, string, thong, course (of river)
Irish (Gaeilge) suaineamh = (javelin) cord, amentum (catkin) (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sìoman [ʃiəman] = simmen, rope made from plant fibres (esp. straw, but also coir, heather, grass, twigs or rushes)
Manx (Gaelg) saineen = cord, thong

Etymology: from Old Norse síma (cord, rope) [source], from Proto-Germanic *sīmô (rope, cord), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éy-mn̥/*sh₂i-mén-s, from *sh₂ey- (to bind, fetter) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) róp = rope
Irish (Gaeilge) rópa [ˈɾˠoːpˠə]= rope
rópa = rope
rópadóir = rope-maker
rópadóireacht = rope-making, rope-walking, rope-climbing, working with ropes
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ròp, ròpa [r̪ˠɔːhbə] = rope, bundle of seaweed
ròpach [r̪ˠɔːhbəx] = abounding in ropes, tangled up, jumbled, untidy, messed up, abounding in tall tales/yarns
ròpadh [r̪ˠɔːhbəɣ] = (act of)roping, fastening with a rope, entangling
ròpair [r̪ˠɔːhbɛrʲ] = auctioneer
ròpaireachd [̪rˠɔːbɛrʲəxg] = exaggerated tale, exaggerating, adorning the truth
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) raff, raf = rope, cord, string, line, cable, noose, halter
reffyn, rheffyn = (small) rope, cord, string, (fishing) line, cable, noose, halter
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhaff = rope, cord, string, line, cable, noose, halter
rhaffu, rhaff(i)o = to tie with a rope or cord, to rope, fix a rop on, make a rope, to string or join (words, etc), connect together, link, crumple, spoil, waste, eat eagerly, gobble, snatch
rhaff(i)aid = rope(ful), that which is held by a rope
rhaffol = roped, made of rope(s), funicular
rhaffwr, rhaffydd = rope-maker
rheffyn = (small) rope, cord, string, (fishing) line, cable, noose, halter

Etymology: from Middle English rop(e) (rope), from Old English rāp (rope, cord, cable), from Proto-West-Germanic *raip (string, band), from Proto-Germanic *raipaz (rope, cord, band, ringlet), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁royp-nó-s (band, strip, strap) [source]. The Welsh words are probably cognate, but their origins are not certain.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) corda = cord, rope
Irish (Gaeilge) corda = cord, string, chord
cordach = chordate, corded
cordaigh = to cord
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) còrd = cord, chord
Manx (Gaelg) coard, coyrd, coyrdey = cord
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kord = cord, string, small rope, halter
cort = cord, string, twine, rope
Welsh (Cymraeg) cord = cord, string, small rope, halter
cort = cord, string, twine, rope
cortio = to cord, fasten with cords or strings, twist
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cord = cord
corden = string
Cornish (Kernewek) korden = cord, string
korden an keyn = spinal cord
Middle Breton (Brezonec) corden, cordenn, querdenn, querdeynn = rope
cordenner = tailpiece
Breton (Brezhoneg) kordenn [ˈkɔr.dɛn] = rope
kordennan = to rope, fish with longlines
kordenner = tailpiece
kordennerezh = ropework
kordennig = cord, string

Etymology (Breton): from Middle French corde (rope), from Old French corde (rope), from Latin chorda (tripe, intestine, catgut, string, rope, cord), from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, string of gut, chord, sausage, black pudding), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (bowel) [source].

Etymology (other languages): from Middle English corde (cord, string, sinew), from Old French corde (rope), from Latin chorda (tripe, intestine, catgut, string, rope, cord), from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, string of gut, chord, sausage, black pudding), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (bowel)[source].

Words from the same roots include cord, chord, hernia and yarn in English, corda (rope, chord, string) in Italian, and koord (rope, cord) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Birth

Words for to be born, birth and related things in Celtic languages.

IS7DII_19547

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ganyetor = to be born
Old Irish (Goídelc) gein = birth
genemain = birth, generation
gainithir = to be born, arise, beget, originate
ad·gainethar = to be reborn, to restitute
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gein, gene = birth,
genemain, geinemain = coming into existence, birth, generative power, growth, production, race, progeny, source, fountain-head
gainithir, gentair, gēntar = to come to life, be born, produce, arise, originate, beget, procreate, conceive
ad-gainethar, adgainethar = to be reborn, to restitute, make good
Irish (Gaeilge) gin [ˈɟɪnʲ] = to give birth to, beget, procreate, generate, produce; begetting, birth, foetus, chid, offspring, person
giniúint = procreation, conception, birth, reproduction, generation, embryo, progeny, breed
giniúnach = generative
gineadóir = begetter, sower, generator
gineadóireacht = (act of) generating
ginealach = genealogy, pedigree
gineog = little offspring, baby (girl), little sprout, bud, germling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gin [gʲin] = beget, father, create, engender, procreate, reproduce, breed, generate
gineach [gʲinəx] = genetic
gineachas [gʲinəxəs] = genesis
gineadach [gʲinədəx] = creative
gineadachadh = generating, generation
gineadair [gʲinədɪrʲ] = progenitor, procreator, generator
ginealach [gʲinəl̪ˠəx] = generation
Manx (Gaelg) gientyn = to beget, conceive, evolve, generate, procreate, produce; begetting, conceiving, conception, gender, generation, production
giennaghtyn = to beget, develop, generate, procreate; generation, developing, producing
Proto-Brythonic *gėnjed = to be born
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ganed, geny, geni = to be born, give birth to, bring forth, beget, produce; birth
ganedic, ganedig = born, begotten, native, natural, innate, native
ganedigaeth = birth, offspring, procreation, origin, beginning, spiritual regeneration, the act of bringing forth
genedigawl = native, innate, hereditary, natural, born, indigenous, natal
Welsh (Cymraeg) geni [ˈɡɛnɪ/ˈɡeːni] = to be born, give birth to, bring forth, beget, produce; birth
ganedig, genedig = born, begotten, native, natural, innate, native
genedigaeth, ganedigaeth = birth, offspring, procreation, origin, beginning, spiritual regeneration, the act of bringing forth
genedigaethol, ganedigaethol = native (language, etc), pertaining to (a person’s) birth
genedigol, ganedigol = native, innate, hereditary, natural, born, indigenous, natal
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) geny, genys, gynys = to be born
Cornish (Kernewek) genys = born
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ganet, guenell, guenel = to give birth (to), to bring/come into the world, to be born
Breton (Brezhoneg) genel, ganañ, general [ˈɡẽː.nɛl] = to give birth (to), to bring/come into the world, to be born
geneliezh = genesis
genidigezh = natural
gendik = native
adcʼhenel [ad.ˈɣẽː.nɛl] = to be reborn

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁yétor, from *ǵenh₁- (to produce, beget, give birth) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: kind (child) and koning (king, monarch) (gender, sex) in Dutch, cognate, engine(er), gender, gene, general, genesis, genetic, genial, genius, gentle, kin, king, nature, oxygen and progeny in English, Kind (child, kid, offspring) and König (king) in German, nascere (to be born, bud, sprout) in Italian, and gentis (tribe, genus, family, kin) in Lithuanian [source].

Proto-Celtic *bereti = to carry
*ɸarebereti = to use
Old Irish (Gaídelc) beirid [ˈbʲerʲiðʲ] = to carry, bear, bring forth, judge
ar·beir [arˈbʲerʲ] = to live, use, employ, eat, reproach, subdue, express
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) beirid, berid = to carry, infer, bear, bring forth, be born, yield, produce, judge, pass judgement
ar-beir, airbir = to live, eat, use, employ, plead, subdue, express
Irish (Gaeilge) beir [bʲɛɾʲ] = to bear, give birth to; lay (eggs); bear away, win; bring, take; catch, overtake; proceed, advance
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beir [berʲ] = to take hold; bring forth, bear, produce; carry
beirachd [berʲəxg] = bearing (children), giving birth, birthing, bringing forth, birth, nativity, taking hold, holding, catching up with
Manx (Gaelg) behr = to bear (give birth to)
ruggyr = birth, nativity
laa ruggyr, laa ruggyree = birthday
Proto-Brythonic *bėrɨd [be̝ˈrɨːd] = to flow, carry
*ėrβėrɨd [be̝ˈrɨːd] = to make use of, employ, take
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) beru = to flow
Welsh (Cymraeg) beru = to flow, drip; drizzle
arfer [ˈarvɛr] = to use, be used to, be accustomed to; custom, practice, procedure, habit
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) berthy, perthy = to bear, carry, sustain, entertain, take
porthy = to bear (with), carry, endure, sustain, suffer
Cornish (Kernewek) perthi = to bear, endure, put up with, stand, suffer, tolerate
perthyans = endurance, patience, tolerance
Middle Breton beraff = to flow
Breton (Brezhoneg) berañ [ˈbeːrã] = to drip, flow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), from *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source]. Words from the same roots include: barn, barrow, (to) bear, birth, broad and (to) thole (to endure) in English, bie (to bring, deliver) Albanian, բերել (berel – to bring, fetch) Armenian, and berti (to throw, strew, scatter, shed) Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Pursuing Followers

Words for to follow, pursue and related things in Celtic languages.

Following mommy

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *sekʷetor = to follow
Old Irish (Goídelc) seichithir = to follow, persue
sechem = following, imitating
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) seichithir sechethar, sechtir = to follow, persue
sechem, sechim = following, imitating
sechimthid, seichteóir, seichthid = follower
Irish (Gaeilge) seicheamh = following, taking after, imitating, sequence, progression
fosheicheamh = subsequence

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sékʷetor (to be following), from *sekʷ- (to follow) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish (?) and Latin segusius (a hunting dog) include: sabuxo (hound) in Galician, segugio (hound, bloodhound, private eye, sleuth) in Spanish, and sabujo (hound, submissive person) in Portuguese [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include: associate, sector, sequence, society, (to) sue, suit, suite and subsequent in English, suivre (to follow) in French, sèkti (to observe, track down, follow, spy on) in Lithuanian, and seguir (to follow, continue, keep (on)) in Spanish [source].

Middle Cornish (Cernewec) sewye, sewé, sywé = to follow, persue
Cornish (Kernewek) sewya = to follow, result
holyans = consequence, outcome, result, sequel

Etymology: from English (to) sue [source], which used to mean to follow or court, and comes from Middle English seuen (to follow, walk behind, be guided), from Anglo-Norman suer, siwer (to follow), from Old French sivre (to follow after), from Vulgar Latin *sequere (to follow), from Latin sequī, from sequor (to follow, pursue, succeed), from Proto-Italic *sekʷōr (to follow, come/go after), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (to follow) [source].

Proto-Celtic *linati = to stick, cling
*ati-linati = to adhere, stick to, cling
Old Irish (Goídelc) lenaid [ˈl͈ʲenɨðʲ] = to stick, cling, follow, remain, continue, survive
lenamain = adhering, clinging, following
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lena(i)d = to remain, continue, survive, pursue, persist, cleave to, cling to, adhere to, stay with, follow
len(a)main = adhering, clinging to, stuck in, following, pursuing
ad·len = to follow, adhere
Irish (Gaeilge) lean [lʲan̪ˠ] = to follow, continue, remain, endure
leantach = consecutive, continuing
leantóir = follower, trailer
leanúint = following, persuit, adherence, continuation
leanúnach = follower, pursuer, successor, continuant, continuous, successive
leanúnachas = continuity, attachment, faithfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lean [l̪ʲɛn] = follow, pursue, ensue, succeed, follow, continue, go on, stick to
leanachd [l̪ʲɛnəxg] = following, pursuing, pursuit, followers, ensuing, succeeding, continuing
leanadail [l̪ʲɛnədal] = attendant
leanailteach [l̪ʲɛnnaldʲəx] = adhesive, sticking, sticky, dogged, persistent, tenacious
leanailteachd [l̪ʲɛnaldʲəxg] = continuity, perseverance, tenacity, adhesiveness, adhesion
leanaltas = perseverance
Manx (Gaelg) lhian(t) = to follow
lhiantag = attachment
lhiantyn = following
lhiantyn da/gys = to cleave (to)
lhiantyn hug = to attach, obsess
lhiantyn huggey = to take after
lhiantyn rish = to cleave, persevere, pursue, stick to, cling
lhiantys = adherence, attachment
lhiantynys = adhesion, attachment
Proto-Brythonic *llɨnad = to stick, cling
Old Welsh (Kembraec) linisant = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynv, eddlynu, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul
Welsh (Cymraeg) llynaf, llynu = to infect, defile, corrupt, be infectious, smear
edlynaf, edlynu = to smear, besmear, daub, slabber, befoul

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (to smear) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include lime, liniment, loam and delete in English, lijm (glue) in Dutch, limon (silt) in French, Leim (glue) in German, limo (mud, slime, silt) in Italian, and lim (glue) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *solgos = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) olhau = to follow, trace
Welsh (Cymraeg) olhaf, olhau = to follow, trace
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) holye = to come after, to follow
Cornish (Kernewek) holya = to follow
holyans = sequence
holyer, holyores = follower
Old Breton (Brethonoc) hol = (act of) following
Middle Breton (Brezonec) heul = following
heultaff = to follow
Breton (Brezhoneg) heul [høːl] = continuation, cortege, parade, escort, procession
heuli(a)ñ [ˈhøljã] = to follow
heul(iad) [ˈhø.ljat] = procession, line, sequence, continuation, series, train
heuliadur = extension
heuliata = to continue
heuliataer = follower
heulier = follower, adept, minion
heulius = conformist

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *selgʰ- (to follow) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Dutiful Laws

Words for duty, debt, law, rule and related things in Celtic languages.

Scottish Parliament
Scottish Parliament / Pàrlamaid na h-Alba / Scots Pairlament

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dligeti = to be entitled to, be obligated to
Old Irish (Goídelc) dligid = to deserve, merit, be entitled to
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dligid, dleagaid = to be entitled to, have a right to, be owed, deserve, merit
Irish (Gaeilge) dligh [dʲlʲɪɟ/dʲlʲiː] = to be entitled to, have a right to, deserve, merit, be incumbent on, be liable to, ought to
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dligh [dli] = owe, be due
dleas [dles] = deserve, merit, due
dleasach [dlesəx] = deserving, meriting
dleasadh [dlesəɣ] = (act of) deserving, meriting
dleasannas [dlesən̪ˠəs] = obligation, duty
dleasanta [dlesən̪ˠdə] = deserving, meriting
dleasnach [dlesn̪ˠəx] = dutiful
dleastanas [dlesdənəs] = obligation, duty
Manx (Gaelg) toill = to deserve, will
toillchin = to deserve, earn, merit, reward; derserving, worthy
toillchinagh = deserving, meritorious
toillchinys = desert, merit
toillchyn = to deserve, merit
toilliu = to deserve, earn, merit; deserving, worthy
Proto-Brythonic *dɨlɣɨd = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) deleu, dyly, dylu = to be obliged to, ought, be indebted, behove, owe, be in debt, have a right to, claim, merit, deserve, posses, claim from
Welsh (Cymraeg) dylu [ˈklɛðɨ̞v/ˈkleːðɪv] = to be obliged to, ought, be indebted, behove, owe, be in debt, have a right to, claim, merit, deserve, posses, claim from (other forms include: dylaf, dylÿaf, dlyaf, dylÿu, dlyu, dleu, deleu)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dely, dylly = to owe, deserve
Cornish (Kernewek) tyli = to owe, pay, reward
tylva = checkout, till
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dleout = must
Breton (Brezhoneg) dleout [ˈdleː.ut] = to have to, must, owe
dleañ = to have to, must, owe; judicious

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *dʰlégʰ-ti/*dʰl̥gʰ-énti, from *dʰlegʰ- (to beat, strike) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots possibly include dolog (thing, object, affair, business, task, fate) in Hungarian, dług (debt, account payable) in Polish, долг (dolg – debt, duty, obligation) in Russian, and dlh (debt) in Slovak [source].

Proto-Celtic *dligetom = duty, debt
Old Irish (Goídelc) dliged, dligeth [ˈdʲlʲiɣʲeð] = law, principle, rule, theory, dictum
dlecht = lawful
dligthech = lawful, right
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dliged, dligeth, dleged = law, principle, rule, norm, dictum, reason, argument, reckoning, nature, condition, kind, manner
dligedach = lawful
dligemnas = lawful right
dligthech = regular, right, lawful, law-abiding, rational, reasonable, just, righteous
dligthe(m)nach, dligtheanuigh = lawgiver
dligtheoir = lawyer, man of law
Irish (Gaeilge) dlí [dʲlʲiː] = law, divine precept, scientific principle, litigation
dlíodóir = lawyer
dlíodóireacht = practice of law, practising law
dlíthí = litigant
dlíthíoch = litigious
dlíthíocht = litigiousness
dlíthiúil = legal, juridicial, lawful, litigious
dlíthiúilacht = legality, lawfulness
dleacht = due, lawful right, royalty, patent
dleathach = lawful, legal, valud, genuine, just, proper
dleathaíocht = legality, justice, propriety
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dlighe [dli.ə] = ordinance (in law), due
dligheach [dli.əx] = lawful, legitimatem rightful, right, due, dutiful, just
dligheachas [dli.əxəs] = lawful right, jurisdiction, validity
dligheachd [dli.əxg] = legality, royalty (payment)
dligheadh [dli.əɣ] = (act of) owing, being due, stipend
dlighear [dli.ər] = lawyer, creditor
dligheil [dli.al] = legitimate, lawful, rightful
Proto-Brythonic *dlɨɣed = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) delehet, deleed, dylyet, dlyet, dylet = debt, due, claim, right, demand, oblitation, duty
dylyedawc, dylyedauc, dylyedaỽc dyledawg = noble, privileged, dignified, illustrious, rightful
dyledogaeth, dlyedogaeth = nobility, lordship, proprietorship
dylyedus, dyledus = due, proper, meet, lawful, worthy, just, necessary, requisite, owing, in debt, indebted
dyledwr = debtor, defaulter, trespasser
Welsh (Cymraeg) dyled [ˈdəlɛd] = debt, due, claim, right, demand, oblitation, duty, service, heritage, estate, worth, privilege, sins, transgressions, trespasses [also written dylêd, dled, dylyed, dlyed]
dyled(i)ach = trifling debts, dribbling debts
dyledu = to owe, be due, debit, make due
dyledog = indebted, in debt, due, noble, privileged, dignified, illustrious, debtor
dyl(y)edus = due, proper, meet, lawful, worthy, just, necessary, requisite, owing, in debt, indebted, noble, privileged, dignified, reasonable, sensible, understanding
dyledwr = debtor, defaulter, trespasser
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dle = due, owing
dleat = moral duty, tax
Breton (Brezhoneg) dle = due, owing, debt
dlead = moral duty, tax
dleatour = debtor
dleapl = liable
dleoniezh = ethics
d(e)leour = debtor, creditor

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *dligeti (to owe, be indebted to) – see above [source].

Proto-Celtic *ká(g)ni- = tribute, law
Old Irish (Goídelc) cáin [kaːnʲ] = law, regulation, rule, fine, tax, tribute, legal due
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cáin, cain = law, regulation, rule, fine, tax, tribute
Irish (Gaeilge) cáin [kɑːnʲ/kaːnʲ] = law, regulation, rule, due, tribute, fine, penalty, impost, tax
cáinaisnéis = budget
cáinaisnéiseach = budgetary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) càin [kaːn̪ʲ] = duty, tariff, tribute, fine; body of laws (archaic)
càin-aisneis = budget
càineach, càinear, càiniche = tax/excise collector, tax gatherer
càineachadh [kaːn̪ʲəxəɣ] = (act of) imposing a tax

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂/₃ǵ-n- [source]. Words from the same root may include kázeň (discipline) in Czech, kaźń (execution, torture, torment) in Polish, and kázeň (sermon, discipline) in Slovak [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) cís = tax, tribute
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cís, cis, cíos = tax, tribute, cess, rent
císach = receiving or exacting tribute
císaige = tributary, rent-payer
císugud = paying tribute
Irish (Gaeilge) cíos [ciːsˠ] = rent, price; tax tribute (historical)
cíosach = rent-paying, tributary
cíosaí = rent-payer
cíosaigh = to rent, pay rent for, compensate for
cíoscháin = tribute
cíoscheannach = hire-purchase
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cìos [kʲiəs] = tribute, tax
cìs [kʲiːʃ] = tax, levy
cìsachadh [kʲiːʃəxəɣ] = taxing, taxation
cìsachas [kʲiːʃəxəs] = taxation
cìseadair [kʲiːʃədɪrʲ] = exciseman
cìsear [kʲiːʃər] = tax/excise collector, tax gatherer
Manx (Gaelg) keesh = custom, duty, tax, toll, tribute, contribution
keeshagh = assessable, taxable, tributary
keeshyn = taxation, taxes, tribute, dues

Etymology: from Latin cēnsus (census, register, rich gifts, presents, wealth), from cēnseō from Proto-Italic *kensēō (to give an opinion), from *kensējō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱenséh₁-ye-ti, from *ḱens- (to announce, proclaim, put in order). Words from the same roots may include census in English, censo (census, wealth) in Italian, Zins (interest, tribute) in German, and czynsz (rent) in Polish [source].

Proto-Celtic *rextus = rule, law
*kom-rextus = law (?)
Celtiberian Retukeno = personal name
Gaulish Rextugenos = personal name
Old Irish (Goídelc) recht, rect [r͈ʲext] = law
rechtach = law-giving
rechtaid = lawgiver
rechtaide = legal
rechtaigid = to legislate
rechtaire = steward
rechtas = stewardship
rechtge = government
rechtmar = lawful
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) recht, rect, reacht = law, authority, rule, right, lawfulness
rechtach = just, equitable, law-giving
rechtaid, rechtaidh = judge, lawgiver
rechtaide = legal, pertaining to the law, lawful
rechtaigid = to legislate
rechtaire, rechtorairge = steward, baliff, administrator, judge (?)
rechtas, rechtus, rechtcus = authority, administration, stewardship
rechtge, rechtga = government, authority, rule, regin
rechtmar = lawful, legitimate
Irish (Gaeilge) reacht [ɾˠaxt̪ˠ] = law, statute, accepted rule
reachtach = law-giving, legislative
reachtaigh = to legislate, enact, decree
reachtaíocht = legislation
reachtaire = controller, administrator, steward, Rector, auditor, master of ceremonies
reachtas = administration, stewardship
reachtmhar = lawful, legitimate
reachtóir = lawgiver, legislator
reachtúil = statutory, statute
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) reachd [r̪ˠɛxg] = decree, statue, edict
reachdach [r̪ˠɛxgəx] = compulsory
reachdachadh [r̪ˠɛxgəxəɣ] = (act of) legislating, law-making, legislature
reachdadair [r̪ˠɛxgədɪrʲ] = lawmaker, legislator
reachdadaireachd [r̪ˠɛxgədɪrʲəxg] = legislature
reachdail [r̪ˠɛxgdal] = legislative, statutory
reachdas [r̪ˠɛxgəs] = legislation
Proto-Brythonic *rreiθ = rule, law
*kuβ̃reiθ = law (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) reyth, reith, rhaith = law, rule, decree, rightness, justice, right (to smth), recompense, atonement, judgement, verdict
cyfreith, kiureith, kefreyth [ˈkəvrai̯θ] = law, rule, decree, rightness, justice, right (to smth), recompense, atonement, judgement, verdict
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhaith [r̥ai̯θ] = law, rule, decree, rightness, justice, right (to smth), recompense, atonement, judgement, verdict
rhaithgor = jury
cyfraith [ˈkəvrai̯θ] = law, legislation, statute, custom, usage, jurisprudence
Cornish (Kernewek) reyth = regular, right, religious law
reythennek, reythednek = statutory
reythen = statute
reythe = to authorise, codify, empower, entitle, qualify
reythes = authorised, empowered, enacted, entitled, qualified
reythyans = enactment, jurispridence, lawmaking, legislation
Old Breton (Brethonoc) reith = law
Middle Breton (Brezonec) rez, reiz = law
rezder = law
Breton (Brezhoneg) reizh = right, just, correct, order, normal
reizhad = regular
reizhadenn = rectification, corrected
reizhadur = adjustment
reizhan = to correct, adapt, regular, initiate
reizhded = correctness, rectitude, normality
reizhder = regularity
reizhegezh = legitimacy
reizhek = legitimate
reizhekaat = to legitimize
reizhennan = to regulate
reizhus = legal


Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (to straighten, to righten) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include rail, rank, realm, regime, rule and regulation in English, rę́žti (to stretch) in Lithuanian, règle (rule, regulation) in French, and regla (rule, ruler) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) ríagal, ríagul = rule
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ríagal, riagoil, riaguil = rule, authority
Irish (Gaeilge) riail [ɾˠiəlʲ] = rule, regulation, principle, sway, authority, order
rialachán = regulation
rialúchán = regulation, control
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) riaghail [r̪ˠiə.al] = rule, govern, administer
riaghailt [r̪ˠiə.əldʲ] = rule, regulation, government
riaghailteach [r̪ˠiə.əl̪ˠdʲəx] = regular, according to rule, orderly
riaghailteachadh [r̪ˠiə.aldʲəxəɣ] = (act of) formulating, regulating, adjusting, adjustment
riaghailteachas [r̪ˠiə.aldʲəxəs] = regulatory
riaghailteachd = regularity, moderation
riaghailtear [r̪ˠiə.aldʲər] = regulator
riaghailtearachd [r̪ˠiə.aldʲərəxg] = administration
riaghal [r̪ˠiə.əl̪ˠ] = rule
Manx (Gaelg) reill = code, dominion, governance, policy, principle, reign; to charge, govern, order, regulate, rule
reilley = to regulate, reign, rule; ruling
reilleyder = governor, regulator, ruler, straight edge
reilt = normal, to rule
reiltagh = director, ordinal, president, rector, ruler; decisive, ruling, regular
reiltys = governance, rule, kingdom, dominion, government
Proto-Brythonic *rreɣol = rule (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ryol, reol, rhwol = rule, regulation, procedure, order, custom, pattern, government, dominion
rhyolaeth, reolaeth = rule, control, management, authority, discipline
rwyoli, reoli, ryoli, rhywoli = to rule, control, direct, govern
roliad = rule, control, government
ryolus, reolus, rheolus, rreolys = regular, orderly, disciplined, moderate, consant
Welsh (Cymraeg) rheol [ˈr̥eː.ɔl] = rule, regulation, procedure, order, custom, pattern, government, dominion
rheol(i)aeth = rule, control, management, authority, discipline
rheoli = to rule, control, direct, govern
rheolaidd = regular, regulated, orderly
rheoliad = rule, control, government
rheolus = regular, orderly, disciplined, moderate, consant
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) reol, rowl, rovle = rule, government
rowler = ruler, governor
Cornish (Kernewek) rewl, rowl = regulation, rule
rewlya, rowlya = to control, regulate, rule
rewlyades, rowlyades = ruler (f)
rewlyas, rowlyas = ruler (m)
rewlys = regular
Old Breton (Brethonoc) regul = rule, regulation
Middle Breton (Brezonec) reul, reol, reoll = rule, regulation
reulenn = rule
reulennaff = to regulate
Breton (Brezhoneg) reol = rule, principle, regime
reolennadur = regulation
reolennan = to regulate
reoliadur = regulation
reoliata = to regulate
reoliek = regular
reolius = regulatory

Etymology: from Latin rēgula (rule, bar, ruler), from regō (I rule, govern, direct, guide, steer, control), from Proto-Italic *regō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (to be straightening, to be setting upright), from *h₃reǵ- (to straighten, to righten) – see above [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lagh [l̪ˠɤɣ] = law
laghachd [l̪ˠɤɣəxg] = legislation
laghadh [l̪ˠɤɣəɣ] = legalising, legalisation
laghaiche [l̪ˠɤɣɪçə] = lawyer, solicitor
laghaichte [l̪ˠɤɣɪçdʲə] = legalised
laghail [l̪ˠɤɣal] = legal, lawful, litigious, argumentative
laghaileachd [l̪ˠɤɣaləxg] = lawfulness, legality
Manx (Gaelg) leigh = enactment, law, respect
leighagh = legal, litigious
leighder = lawyer, advocate, attorney, barrister, council
leighoil = lawful, legal, legislative, legitimate

Etymology: from English law, or Middle English lawe/laȝe (law, regulation, morality), or Old English lagu (law, rule, right), all of which come from Old Norse lǫg (law, rule, right), from Proto-Germanic *lagą (situation, law, a settled amount), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (to lie [down]). The English words lie and lay come from the same roots [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Swords & Spikes

Words for sword and related things in Celtic languages.

Celtic Swords, Edinburgh

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kladiwos = sword
Gaulish *kladyos = sword
Old Irish (Goídelc) claideb = sword
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) claideb, claidem, claidhmhe, cloideb = (slashing) sword
Irish (Gaeilge) claíomh [kl̪ˠiːvˠ/kl̪ˠiːw] = sword
claíomhchruthach = sword-shaped, xiphoid
claíomhóir = swordsman
claíomhóireacht = swordsmanship
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) claidheamh [kl̪ˠajəv] = sword
claidheamhach [kl̪ˠajəvəx] = pertaining to or abounding in swords
claidheamhair [kl̪ˠajəvɛrʲ] = swordsman
claidheamhaireachd [kl̪ˠajəvɛrʲəxg] = fencing, sword-fighting, swordsmanship, sparring
claidheamhan [kl̪ˠajəvan] = little sword, icicle, snot, door-bolt, latch
Manx (Gaelg) cliwe = sword
cliweagh = sword-like, ensiform
cliweaght = swordplay
cliweder = swordsman
cliwederahgt = fencing
cliwederys = swordmanship
cliwedeyr = fencer
cliwenys = swordsmithing, sword-making
Proto-Brythonic *klėðɨβ̃ = sword
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) clety(u)w, cled(d)yf = sword
cledyual, cledyf(u)al = sword-stroke or thrust
cletifhir, cledyfhir = having a long sword
cledyfawt, cleddyfawd = sword-stroke or thrust, gash, wound
cletyuawc, cledyfawc = armed with sword(s), swords, sharp, cruel
Welsh (Cymraeg) cleddyf [ˈklɛðɨ̞v/ˈkleːðɪv] = sword, blade, brace (on a door or wall)
cleddyfaeth = swordsmanship, fencing
cleddyfu, cleddyfa(f) = to slay with the sword, to put to the sword
cleddyfal = sword-stroke or thrust
cleddyfan = dagger, poniard, hanger
cleddyfod = sword-stroke
cleddyfwr = swordsman
cleddyfydd = sword-cutler, sword-smith, swordsman
cleddyfyddiaeth = swordsmanship, art of fencing
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cledhe, cledhé, cledha = sword
Cornish (Kernewek) kledha = sword
kledhya = fencing
Middle Breton (Brezonec) clezef(f), cleze = sword
Breton (Brezhoneg) kleze [ˈkleː.ze] = sword, glaive
klezen/klezeñ = sword
klezeiad = ironworker, gladiator
klezeniata = ironworker
klezenour = swordsman


Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kladeti (to stab, dig), from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂dʰ-é-ti, from *kelh₂- (to beat, strike) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *kladyos, possibly include gladius (sword, murder, death, a gladiatorial contest, swordfish) in Latin, gladiator, gladiolus and glaive (a light lance with a long, sharp-pointed head) in English, esglai (fright) in Catalan, ghiado (sword, dagger, knife, frost, cold) in Italian, gládio (sword, power, strength) in Portuguese, and gladio (bulrush, cattail) in Spanish [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include calamity, clade, clergy, cleric, clerk, coup, and glaive in English, clava (club) in Spanish, колоть (to split, cleave, break, stab) in Russian, and words for to dig and bury and related things in Celtic languages [source].

Proto-Celtic *kolgā = a stabbing weapon, like a dagger
Old Irish (Goídelc) colg = sword, pointed thing
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) colg, calg, cailg = anything pointed, piercing instrument, sword, rapier, sting, stabe, thrust, awn of barley or wheat
colgach = fierce, bristling
colgad = act of piercing
colgdae = pointed, fierce
Irish (Gaeilge) colg [ˈkɔl̪ˠəɡ] = sword (literary), blade, point (of sword), beard, awn, bristle, dorsal fin
colgach = bearded, bristling, angry
colgaí = prickliness, irritability
colgán = sharp point, prickle, bristle, sword-fish
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) colg [kɔl̪ˠɔg] = pig bristle, beard of barley, needle (of conifer), prickle
colgach [kɔl̪ˠɔgəx] = bristly, prickly
colgachd [kɔl̪ˠɔgəxg] = prickliness
Manx (Gaelg) caulg = barb, bristle, prickle, ruffle
caulgagh = barbed, bearded, bristly, prickly
caulgid = bristliness, prickliness; snappish, snappishness
Proto-Brythonic *kolɣ = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) col, coly, kola = awn, beard of corn, husks, chaff, spike, prickles, sting, hinge
Welsh (Cymraeg) col, coly, cola [kɔl] = awn, beard of corn, husks, chaff, spike, prickles, sting, hinge
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) col, culu, culhu = any projecting body or pointed hill, a peak, promintory, awn, beard of corn
Cornish (Kernewek) kolgh = spike
Middle Breton (Brezonec) colch = awn, beards of cereal
Breton (Brezhoneg) kolc’h = awn, beards of cereal

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (to beat, break) – see above [source].

Awn [ɔːn] = the bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc. or any similar bristlelike appendage – see below [source].

awn

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Offices

Words for office and related things in Celtic languages.

My home office / Fy swyddfa gatref
My home office

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) oific = office
oificech = official, officer
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) oific, oifig, oiffic = office, calling, employment, function, relgious service, ritual
oificech, oifigeacha = official, functional, officer
Irish (Gaeilge) oifig [ˈɛfʲɪɟ / ˈɛfʲɪc / ˈɔfʲɪc] = office, bureau
oifigeach = officier, official
oifigeacht = office, function (literary)
oifigiúil [ɪfʲɪˈɟuːlʲ / ˈɛfʲɪɟuːlʲ] = official
oifigiúilachas = officialism
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oifig [ɔfɪgʲ] = office
oifis [ɔfɪʃ] = office (place)
oifigear [ɔfɪgʲər] = officer
oifigeach [ɔfɪgʲəx] = official
Manx (Gaelg) oik = office, bureau, post, board, bishopric
offish = office
offishear = officer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) offis = position, post, duty, duties, work, task, service
offisial, officyall = official
Welsh (Cymraeg) offis = office, position, post, duty, duties, work, task, service
offiser = (army, police, etc) officer
offis(i)al, offisel = official
Cornish (Kernewek) offis = function, office, position
officer = officer
Middle Breton (Brezonec) officc = office
officer = officer
official = official
Breton (Brezhoneg) ofis = office
ofiser = officer
ofisial = officical
ofisalded = officiality
ofisiel = official
ofisin = to officiate, preside, pontificate

Etymology (Goidelic languages and Breton): from Latin officium (duty, service, office, obligation), from opificium, from Proto-Italic *opifakjom, from op(i)s (power, ability, resources), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep-(i)-/*h₃op-(i)- (force, ability), from *h₃ep- (to work, toil, make; ability, force). The Welsh and Cornish words come from the same roots via Middle English office (office, employment, task, chore, etc) and Old French office (office, service) [source].

Words from the same roots include copious, copy, cornucopia, manure, omnibus, omnipotent, opera, operate and opus in English, copia (to copy, print) in Italian, oficio (profession, occupation, [religious] office) in Spanish, and office (charge, task, mandate, department, religious service, liturgical office) in French [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) swyddfa = office, place of business
swyddfaol = pertaining to, or characteristic of, an office
Cornish (Kernewek) sodhva = bureau, office

Etymology: from swydd / sodh (job) and -fa / -va (place) [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) biwrô, biwro = bureau
biwrocrasi, b(i)wrocratiaeth = bureaucracy
biwrocrat = bureaucrat
b(i)wrocrataidd, biwricratig = bureaucratic
biwrocrateiddio = to bureaucratize
Cornish (Kernewek) buro = bureau, office
Breton (Brezhoneg) burev [ˈbyː.rɛw] = bureau, office
burever = bureaucrat
bureverezh = bureaucracy
burevin = to register

Etymology: from French bureau (desk, office), from Old French burel (frieze [coarse woolen cloth]), from *bure, from Late Latin burra (wool, fluff, shaggy cloth, coarse fabric, from Latin burra (a small cow with a red mouth or muzzle, a shaggy garment), from burrus (red, reddish-brown), from Ancient Greek πυρρός (purrhós – flame colored), from πῦρ (pûr – fire) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Glory

Words for glory and related things in Celtic languages.

Morning Glories
Morning Glories (Ipomoea nil)

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) glóir [ɡloːrʲ] = glory
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) glóir, glór, gloir = glory, splendour, ornament, triumph, exaltation, uplifting
Irish (Gaeilge) glóir [ɡlˠoːɾʲ / ɡlˠɔːɾʲ] = glory
glóirdhíomhaoineach = vainglorious
glóirigh = to glorify
glóiritheoir = glorifier
glóiriú = glorification
glóirmhian = desire for glory, ambition
glóirmhianach = glory-seeking, ambitious
glóir-réimeach = trumphal, exulting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glòir [gl̪ˠɔːr] = glory
glòir-dhìomhain = vainglorious
glòir-mhiannach = ambitious
glòireachadh [gl̪ˠɔːrʲəxəɣ] = glorifying, glorification
glòiream [gl̪ˠɔːrʲəm] = pomp, pageantry
glòireamach [gl̪ˠɔːrʲəməx] = pompous
glòireiseach [gl̪ˠɔrʲɪʃəx] = boasting, babbling, prating
Manx (Gaelg) gloyr = glory, celebrity, kudos
gloyraghey = glorification, to glorify
gloyreyder = glorifier
gloyrviandagh = ambitious, fond of glory
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gloria = glory, honour, song of praise
Welsh (Cymraeg) gloria = glory, honour, song of praise
Cornish (Kernewek) glori = glory
gloryus = glorious
Middle Breton (Brezonec) gloir, gloar = glory
Breton (Brezhoneg) gloar = glory

Etymology: from Latin glōria (glory, renown, fame, honour), possibly from Proto-Italic *gnōrjā, from *gnoris (knowledge), from PIE *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognize) [source].

Words from the same roots include glory and glorious in English, gloria (glory, praise) in Italian, gloire (glory) in French, glorificar (to glorify, exalt, extol, adore) in Spanish, glorie (glory, great beauty, renown or splendour) in Dutch [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) g(w)ogawn = glory, distinction, honour, joy, brightness
gogaun, gogawn,gogoni = to honour, respect, glorify, gladden
g(w)ogoned, gogonet = glory, honour, fame, glorious, glorified, blessed
gogonedauc = glorious, exalted
gogoned, gogonedd = glory, honour
gogonyant = glory, exaltation, fame, honour
Welsh (Cymraeg) g(w)ogawn = glory, distinction, honour, joy, brightness, satisfaction, fullness, plentitude, capability, energy, strong, manly, capable, full
gogonaid = glorious, exalted, splendid
g(w)ogoned = glory, honour, fame, glorious, glorified, blessed
gogonedd = glory, honour
gogoneddu = to glorify, extol, magnify, praise, bless
gogoni = to honour, respect, glorify, gladden
gogoniant = glory, exaltation, fame, honour

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *u̯o-kān, from *kan-o- (to sing) from PIE *keh₂n- / *kan- (to sing). The Welsh words coned(d) (glory, honour, pride, etc) and coneddus (glorious, exalted) probably come from the same roots [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Disease

Words for sickness, disease, grief and related things in Celtic languages.

sorrow

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *galarom = a distressing or painful condition, such as disease, illness, grief, sorrow
Old Irish (Goídelc) galar = disease, pain
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) galar, galur, gallra, galara = sickness, disease, (physical) pain, mental suffering, distress, grief
Irish (Gaeilge) galar [ˈɡɑl̪ˠəɾˠ/ˈɡɔlˠəɾˠ] = sickness, disease, affliction, misery, diseased, miserable, worthless
galrach = diseased, infected, sickly, morbid
galrachán = sickly creature or thing
galracht = sickliness, morbidity
galareagla = hypochondria
galareolaí = pathologist
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) galar [gal̪ˠər] = disease, illness, malady, ailment
galar-eòlas = pathology
galar-sgaoilte = epidemic
galarach [gal̪ˠərəx] = diseased, infective
galaraich = infect
Manx (Gaelg) gorley = disease, festering, malady
darrag = oak, beam, cast (fishing), snood, hairline
gorley-oaylleeaght = pathology
gorlagh = diseased, infectious
ym-ghorley = epidemic
Proto-Brythonic *galar = grief, sorrow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) galar = mourning, grief, sorrow, longing (for a deceased person), lament(ation), sighing
galargyrn = horn of mourning
Welsh (Cymraeg) galar [ˈɡalar/ˈɡaːlar] = mourning, grief, sorrow, longing (for a deceased person), lament(ation), sighing
galaraeth = grief, tribulation
galaru = to mourn, grieve, lament, moan, weep, wail
galaraidd = mournful
galargan = elegy, lament
galarnadus = lamented, lamentable, mournful, plaintive
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) galar = grief, sorrow, anguish, a pang, lamentation
galarow = to weep for, bewail, lament
Cornish (Kernewek) galar [daːr / dæːr] = grief
galarek = miserable
galari = to grieve, lament, mourn
galarow = agony
Middle Breton (Brezonec) glachar = sorrow, afflication, pain
Breton (Brezhoneg) glacʼhar [ˈɡlɑːɣar] = sorrow, affliction, pain
glacʼhariñ [ɡlaˈɣɑː.rĩ] = to afflict, grieve
glacʼharus [ɡla.ˈɣɑː.rys] = distressing, heartbreaking, desolate, painful (morally)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-ro-. Possibly related to the English word gall, and the Lithuanian word žalà (damage, harm) [source].

Proto-Celtic *ankus = slaughter
Old Irish (Goídelc) écht = slaying, exploit
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) écht, echt, eacht = a slaying, slaughter, pity, grief, sorrow, mourning, exploit, prowess, deed of valour
Irish (Gaeilge) éacht [d̪ˠaɾʲ] = killing, slaying, slaughter, feat, exploit, achievement
éachtach = full of prowess, powerful, wonderful, extraordinary
éachtaí = wondrousness, extraordinariness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) euchd [iəxg] = exploit, feat, deed
euchdach [iəxgəx] = heroic, daring
euchdmhor = abounding in achievements, deeds or feats
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aeth = pain, woe, grief, sorrow, longing
Welsh (Cymraeg) aeth = pain, woe, grief, sorrow, longing, fear, fright, terror, shock
aethlyd = terrible, dreadful, hideous, horrible, grievous, painful

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱtu, from *neḱ- (to perish, disappear) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include innocent, necropolis, nectar, noxious and nuisance in English, nuocere (to harm, injure, damage) in Italian, nuire (to harm, spoil) in French, anegar (to inundate, flood, drown) in Spanish, éag (Death, numbness) in Irish, angau (death, decease) in Welsh, and related words in the other Celtic languages [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Teary Drops

Words for tear, drop and related things in Celtic languages.

Drops.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dakrū / *dakrom = tear, drop (of liquid)
Old Irish (Goídelc) dér, dǽr = tear, teardrop, drop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dér, déor, deór = tear, drop
dérach, derach = tearful, sad, lugubrious
derchoínuid, derchoiniud (verbnoun) = despair, dejection, lamentation
derchoíntech, dérchaintech (adjective) = despairing, tearful, sorrowful
dérfadach = shedding of tears, weeping
Irish (Gaeilge) deoir [dʲoːɾʲ/dʲɔːɾʲ] = tear(-drop), drop
deoirfhliuch = tear-stained
deoirghás = tear-gas
deoirghinteach = lachrymatory
deoircín = little drop, anecdote
deoiríneacht = shedding tears, being tearfully sentimental, tearfulness, maudliness
deorach = tearful, lachrymal
deordradh = (act of) dripping
deoraíl = (act of) weeping
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deòr [dʲɔːr] = drop (of liquid), tear
deur [dʲiər] = drop (of liquid), tear, small amount of liquid
deurach [dʲiərəx] = tearful, weeping
deuran [dʲiəran] = little drop, wee drop, wee tincture
Manx (Gaelg) jeir/jëir = tear, teardrop, spot, lachrymal, lachrymatory
jeir-phianaghey = to agonize
jeiragh = tearful, lachrymal, mournful
jeirnys = lamentation, weeping
Proto-Brythonic *dėgr = tear (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) deigir, deigyr, deigrev = tear, teardrop, drop
Welsh (Cymraeg) deigryn, deigr [ˈdei̯ɡrɨ̞n / ˈdei̯ɡrɪn] = tear, teardrop, drop, raindrop
deigryniad = a distilling, dripping, trickling
deigrynnu = to drip, trickle, distil, exude, ooze, shed tears, drizzle
deigrynnol = apt to shed tears, lachrymose, tearful
Old Cornish dacr-(lon) = tear
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dagren = a small drop, a tear
Cornish (Kernewek) dagren [daːr / dæːr] = drop, tear
dagrewi = to shed tears, weep
derw = oak trees
Old Breton dacrlon = tear, teardrop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dar(rou) = tear(s), teardrop(s)
Breton (Brezhoneg) daer [dɛːr] = tear, teardrop
daeraouus = tearful
daeraouiñ, daerin = to cry, be tearful
daererezh = tearing

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European dáḱru (tear). Words from the same root include δάκρυ (dákry – tear) in Greek, tear and lacrimal/lachrymal (relating to tears, tearful) in English, tår (tear, drop) in Swedish, traan (tear, fish oil) in Dutch, Träne (tear) in German, lágrima (tear, teardrop) in Spanish, and zacchera (mud splash) in Italian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) bráen = rain, moisture, drop, precipitation
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bráen, bróin, bróen = rain, moisture, drop(s)
bráenach, braonach = shedding drops, wet, moist, well-watered
bráenaid = to wet, sprinkle, rain
bráenán = drops, shower
bráenfadach = foaming (of a waterfall)
bráengal = shower, sprinkling
Irish (Gaeilge) braon [bˠɾˠeːn̪ˠ / bˠɾˠiːnˠ] = (single) drop, gathering, pus
braonach = dripping, misty, wet, tearful
braonaíl = dripping, drops
braonán = droplet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) braon [brɯːn] = drop, drizzle
braonach [brɯːnəx] = drizzly, dewy
braonadh [brɯːnəɣ] = (act of) drizzling
braonan [brɯːnan] = small drop (of liquid), dram
Manx (Gaelg) brey = drop

Etymology: unknown. Possibly related to Ancient Greek βρέχω (brékhō – I send rain), Latin rigo (I water, moisten), and English rain [source].

Proto-Celtic *bandyo- = drop
Old Irish (Goídelc) banne = drop, pustule
bannán = small drop, droplet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bannae, bainne, banne = drop, pustule, milk
Irish (Gaeilge) bainne [ˈbˠaɲə / ˈbˠan̠ʲə] = milk
bainniúil = milky, milk-yielding
bainniúilacht = milkiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bainne = milk
boinne [bɔn̪ʲə] = drop, small quantity, liquid measure
boinneag [bɔn̪ʲag] = droplet, little/small drop, (alcoholic) drink
boinnean [bɔn̪ʲan] = droplet, wee drop
Manx (Gaelg) bainney [banʲə] = milk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ban = drop (?)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ban, banna, banné = drop, a jot, the smallest portion of anything
Cornish (Kernewek) banna = bit, drop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) banne, bannhe, bannech = drop, droplet
Breton (Brezhoneg) banne [ˈbã.nːe] = drop, droplet, glass
banneata = to drink shots

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to French bain (bath) in French, baño (bath, bathroom, toilet), bagno (bath, to swin, bathe, bathroom) in Italian, and bania (jug, can, container, churn) in Polish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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