Drills & Augers

Words for augur and related things in Celtic languages.

Auger

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *taratrom = auger
Gaulish taratron = auger
Old Irish (Goídelc) tarathar = auger
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tarathar = auger
Irish (Gaeilge) tarathar = auger
tarathraigh = to bore with an auger
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tora [tɔrə] = auger, gimble, gimlet
torach [tɔrəx] = pertaining to or abounding in augers / gimbles / gimlets
torachair [tɔrəxɪrʲ] = auger, gimble, gimlet
torachan [tɔrəxan] = small auger / gimble
tarachair† = gimlet, auger
Manx (Gaelg) tarrar = drill
tarrarey = to drill, drilling
Proto-Brythonic *taradr [taˈradr̩] = auger, borer, drill
Old Welsh (Kembraec) tarater = auger, drill, borer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tarader, taradyr, taradr = auger, drill, borer
Welsh (Cymraeg) taradr [ˈtaradr] = auger, drill, borer, awl, gimlet, trepan
taradru = to bore with an auger, drill, pierce
tarad(r) y coed = woodpecker
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tardar, tarad = auger, borer, whimble
tardha, tardhe = to pervade, break out, emanate, penetrate, bore, pierce
Cornish (Kernewek) tarder = drill
tardra = to bore, drill, tap
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tarazr, talazr = auger
Breton (Brezhoneg) tarar [ˈtɑː.rar] = augur, chignole (a hand drill), shipworm (mollusk)
tararer [ta.ʁa.ʁe] = to pass a cereal through a sieve
tarzhañ = to burst, break, hatch, pierce, emerge, die (of thirst), warp

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *térh₁trom (tool for drilling), from *terh₁- (to rub, turn, drill, pierce) [source].

Words from the same Celtic roots, via Gaulish taratron (auger) and Late Latin taratrum, possibly include taraire in Occitan, taradre (to bore) in Catalan, trade (auger) in Galician, taladro (drill) in Spanish, tarière (auger) in French, tarader (drill) in Romansch [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include thread, thresh, trout and throw in English, settentrione (north) in Italian, třít (to rub) in Czech, and drehen (to turn) in German [source].

Drill Set

Irish (Gaeilge) druil = drill
druilchéachta = drill-plough
druileáil = drilling, to drill
druileálaí = drill-maker, drill-master
druilire láimhe = hand-drill
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dril(e) [dril(ə)] = drill
dril(g)eadh [driləɣ] = drilling, drill
plaosgach [pl̪ˠɯːsgəx] = shelled, husky, shelly
Manx (Gaelg) drillal = to drill
drilley = drill
drilleyder = drill
Welsh (Cymraeg) drill = drill
dril, drul, trul = drill, small furrow, machine for sowing seed in drills
drillio = to drill, bore, subject to discipline

Etymology: from English drill, from drillen (to bore, move in a circle in Middle Dutch, from Old Dutch *thrillen, from Proto-Germanic *þriljaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ter- (through, over) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include thrill in English and drillen (to drill, domineer) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Razors

Today we’re looking at the words for razor and related things in Celtic languages.

Vintage razors

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *altēn = razor
Old Irish (Goídelc) altan = razor, blade
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ailt = edge, blade, edged weapon
ailtech = well jointed, finely bladed
altan = sharp blade, razor
Irish (Gaeilge) altán [ˈɑhəɾʲ/ˈahæɾʲ] = sharp knife
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ealtainn [jal̪ˠdɪn̪ʲ] = flock, sharp blade, razor
Old Welsh elinn = razor
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ellyn = razor
eillyaỽ, eillaw, eillya = to shave, cut off, destroy completely, exterminate, erase, pillage
ellyaeth = tenancy, support or sustenance
eilliedydd = shaver, barber
Welsh (Cymraeg) ellyn [ˈɛɬɨ̞n/ˈɛɬɪn] = razor
eill(i)af, ell(i)o [ˈei̯ɬjɔ] = to shave, cut off, destroy completely, exterminate, erase, pillage
eilliad = a shaving, tonsure
eilliedig = shaved, shaven, tonsured
eilliwr, eillydd = barber, shaver
eillty = barber’s shop
Old Cornish elinn = razor
Cornish (Kernwek) alsen [alzɛn/ɒlzɐn] = razor
alten [altɛn/ɒltɐn] = razor
Old Breton (Brethonoc) altin = razor
Middle Breton autenn = razor
Breton (Brezhoneg) aotenn [ˈɔtːɛn] = razor
aotenn-dredan [ˈɔtɛnˈdʁeːdɑ̃n] = electric razor
aotenniñ [oˈtɛnːĩ] = to shave

Etymology: unknown. Most likely from a non-IE substrate language [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) rásúr [ɾˠɑːˈsˠuːɾˠ/ˈɾˠɑːsˠuːɾˠ] = razor
rásúr sábhailte = safety razor
lann rásúr = razor blade
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ràsar [r̪ˠaːsər] = razor
Manx (Gaelg) rhesar, razor = razor
Welsh (Cymraeg) r(h)asel, rasal [ˈrasɛl / ˈrasal] = razor
r(h)asel ddiogel = safety razor
r(h)asel hogi = cut-throat razor
raselaidd, rasalaidd = razor-like, sharp
r(h)aser = razor
Middle Breton razaff = to shave
Breton (Brezhoneg) razher = razor
razhañ, razhiñ = to shave
razher = barber, gelder
razherezh = shave, cut, equality
razhouarn = razor, shaver

Etymology (Irish and Breton) from Old French rasour (razor), from raser (to shave), from Vulgar Latin *rāsāre (to shave), from Latin rāsus, from rādō (to scrape, shave, scratch, rub, smooth, graze), from Proto-Italic *razdō, from Proto-Indo-European *rh₁d-dʰ-, from *reh₁d- (to scrape, scratch, gnaw) [source].

Etymology (Scottish Gaelic, Manx and Welsh) from English razor, from Middle English rasour (razor), from Old French rasour (razor) – see above [source].

Words from the same roots include errode, rash, rat, raze, rodent, rostrum in English, rhathu (to scrape, chafe) in Welsh, roder (to polish, wear in, hone) in French, and roer (to gnaw, pick at, wear down) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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A Shovelful of Spades

In this post we’re looking at words for shovel, spade, oar, and related things in Celtic languages.

spades

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *rāmyos = oar, spade, shovel
Old Irish (Goídelc) ráma = oar
ráïd = to row (with oars), sail, voyage
imm·rá = to row (about), navigate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rám(a), rámha = oar, spade
imm-rá, immará = to row (around), navigate, go
Irish (Gaeilge) rámh = oar
rámhach = oared
rámhaíocht = rowing, oarsmanship
rámhainn = spade, spade-length
rámhaí = oarsman
rámhaigh = to row
iomair = to row
iomróir = oarsman, rower
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ràmh [r̪ˠaːv] = oar, paddle
ràmhach [r̪ˠãːvəx] = row(ing) boat, set of oars
ràmhachd [rˠ̪ãːvəxg] = (act of) rowing, oar-making
ràmhadh [r̪ˠaːvəɣ] = (act of) rowing
ràmhaiche, ràmhair [r̪ˠaːvɪçə / r̪ˠaːvɛrʲ] = oarsman, rower
iomair [imɪrʲ] = to row (a boat)
iomramhaiche [imərəvɪçə] = oarsman, rower
Manx (Gaelg) raue = rowing
raueder = rowing man
ymmyrt = oar, rowing, to row, to launch
ymmyrtagh = oarsman, rower, waterman, ferryman, rowing
reuyrey = to delve, dig (up), root, spade
Proto-Brythonic *rrọβ = shovel, spade
*rruɨβ̃ = oar
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rau, raỽ, raw, rhaw = shovel, spade
rawyet, rhawieit = shoveful, spadeful
rwyf, rỽyf, rwyff = oar, paddle
rỽyuaỽ, rhwyfo = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey
rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhaw [r̥aːu̯ / r̥au̯] = shovel, spade
rhaw(i)aid = shoveful, spadeful
rhawffon = spade, shovel, paddle
rhawiaf, rhawio, rhoddio, rhofio = to shovel, dig
rhawiwr = shoveller
rhwyf = oar, paddle
rhwyfadain, rhwyfaden = fin (of a fish), propeller
rhwyf(i)af, rhwyf(i)o = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey, agitate, shake, swing, wave
rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower, sailor, seaman, boatman, mariner
Old Cornish ruif = oar
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ruif, rev = oar, ruler, king
ruifadur, revadar, ruivadur = rower, oarsman
Cornish (Kernewek) reuv = shovel
reuv arader = ploughshare
rev = oar
revya = to row, paddle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) reuf = spade
reuff, roeuff = oar
Breton (Brezhoneg) roev = spade
roeñv [rwẽʷ] = rowing, oar
roenvier, roevier = rower, oarsman

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (to row). Words from the same PIE root include row, rudder and Russia in English, roeien (to row [with oars]) and riem (oar, paddle) in Dutch, (to row, sail out to fish, rock backwards and forwards) in Icelandic, ro (to row, quickly hand over, pass) in Swedish, rame (oar, paddle) in French [source].

Etymology: the Brythonic words for oar come from Latin rēmus (oar), from Proto-Italic *rē(z)mos, from a PIE *h₁reh₁- (to row) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) slúasat = shovel
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) slúasat, slúasad = shovel, paddle, tooth
slúaistech = shovel-like
Irish (Gaeilge) sluasaid = shovel, shovelful
sluaisteáil = to shovel, gather in large quantities, scoop
sluaisteog = (small) shovelful
sluaisteoir = shoveller
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sluasaid [sl̪uəsadʲ] = shovel, spade
sluaist [sl̪uəʃdʲ] = shovel, spade
sluaisreadh [sl̪uəʃrʲəɣ] = shovelling, water washing up and down a beach
Manx (Gaelg) sleayst = shovel
sleaystey = to shovel, scoop, mix; shovelling, mixing
sleaysteyder = shoveller, scooper

Etymology: unknown [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fàl [faːl̪ˠ] = scythe
fàladair [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = scyther, reaper, mower
fàlaireachd [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲəxg] = scything, mowing
fàlaid [faːl̪ˠadʲ] = scythe
Manx (Gaelg) faayl = turfcutter, turfspade
foll = scythe
folderagh = to cut with a scythe, mowing
Old Welsh (Kembraec) pelechi = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pal, pál = spade, shovel
palach = cudgel, club, staff
Welsh (Cymraeg) pâl [paːl] = spade, shovel, dug soil, tilth, a digging,
palach = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pal = spade, shove, mattock
Cornish (Kernewek) pal = spade
palas = to dig, excavate
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pal = shovel, spade
Breton (Brezhoneg) pal [pɑːl] = shovel, spade
palad [ˈpɑːlat] = shoveled
palat [ˈpɑːlat] = to dig
palerez [pa.ˈleː.res] = excavator

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (to turn). Words from the same PIE root include collar, cult and wheel in English, and Hals (neck, throat) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Mixed & Confused

In this post we’re getting mixed up and confused about words for drunk and related things in Celtic languages.

Drunk cat 1

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *miskos = mixture, confusion
*miskati = to mix, confuse
*kom-miskos = mixture, confusion
*kommiskati = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc) mesc [mʲesk] = drunk, intoxicated
mescae [ˈmʲeskɘ] = drunkenness, intoxication
mescaid = to confuse
mesctha = confused, intoxicated
con·mesca [konˈmʲeska] = to mix together
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mesc(c) = drunk, intoxicated, mixed, confused, muddled, confusion
mescae = drunkenness, intoxication, daze, bewilderment, excitment
mescaid = to mix, bewilder, confuse, confound
mesctha = confused, intoxicated, mixed, variegated
con-mesca = to mix together, conmingle, join, unite
Irish (Gaeilge) measc [mʲasˠk] = jumble, confusion, to mix (up), blend, stir
meascadh = (ad)mixture, confusion
meascán = mass, lump, mixture, jumble, muddle
meascthóir = mixer, stirrer
meisce [ˈmʲɛʃcɪ / ˈmʲɪʃcɪ] = drunkenness, intoxication, daze, bewilderment
ar meisce = drunk, intoxicated
meisceoir = drunkard
meisceoireacht = drunkenness, inebriety
meisciúil = intoxicating, drunken, addicted to drinking
cumaisc = to mix together, blend, combine, compound, cohabit
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) measg [mesg] = mix, stir, mingle
am measg [ə mesg] = amongst, among
measgach [mesgəx] = sociable, gregarious, promiscuous
measgachadh [mesgəxəɣ] = mixing, mixure, combining
measgadair = mixer
measgadh [mesgəɣ] = mixing, stirring, mingling, mixture
misg [miʃgʲ] = drunkenness, inebriation, insobriety
air misg = drunk
misgeach [miʃgʲəx] = heady, drunk, intoxicated
misgear [miʃgʲər] = drunkard, tippler
coimeasg [kɔiməsg] = combine, merge, blend, mix
coimeasgadh [kɔməsgəɣ] = combining, combination, merging, merger, blending
Manx (Gaelg) mastey = amid(st), among(st), mingled, within, mixture
mestey = compound, mixture, jumble; to confuse, mix, mingle, mash, shuffle, stir
mestey-vestey = concoction, melee, mix up
meshtey [ˈmeʃtə] = inebriety
er meshtey = drunk, inebriated, intoxicated
meshtallagh = drunk(ard), boozer, inebriate
meshtallaght = promiscuity, drunkenness
meshtallys, meshtelllys, meshtyrys = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication
covestey = to mix, mingle, merge
covestit = mixed, mingled, blended
Proto-Brythonic *mɨsk = amid, amidst
*mɨskad [mɨˈsˑkaːd] = to blend, mix, confuse
*kɨm-mɨsk = mixed, confused (?)
*kummɨskad = to mingle, confuse, mix
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) mysc = mixing, mixture, confusion, mixed, confused
mysci, mysgi = turmoil, tumult
cymysc, kymysc, kymmysc, kymysg = mixed, mingled, blended, compound, mixture
cymyscu, kemescu, kymysgu, kymyscu = to mix, mixed, blend, compound
cymysced, cymmyscedd = mixture, compound, jumble
ymysg, ym mysc = among, between
Welsh (Cymraeg) mysg [mɨːsk / mɪsk] = mixing, mixture, confusion, mixed, confused, midst
mysgaf, mysgu = to undo, untie, unpick, unravel, disentangle, loosen, mix, mingle, jumble
mysgi = turmoil, tumult
cymysg [ˈkʰəmɨ̞sk / ˈkʰəmɪsk] = mixed, mingled, blended, compound, mixture
cymysgaf, cymysg(u) = to mix, mixed, blend, compound
ymysg = among, between, in the midst of
Old Cornish commisc = mixed
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) mysc, mŷsk = midst, middle
cemescys, kemeskis, kemeskys = mixture
cemyscy, kemyskys, cymyscys, kemyskis = to mingle, mix
Cornish (Kernewek) mysk, mesk = midst
myska, meska = to blend, involve, mingle
myskas, myskii = mongrel
kemmysk = mix
kemyska = to mix, jumble, mingle
kemyskans = mixture
kemyskedh = hybrid
kemyskell = mixer (machine)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) mesc = mixture, chaos, disorder
mescaff, meskaff = to mix, blend, stir
quemesq [mɛ(z)w] = mixed, complex, confusion
quemesq(a) = to mix, merge
Breton (Brezhoneg) mesk [mesk] = mixture, chaos, disorder
meskaj [ˈmes.kaʃ] = mixure
meskañ [ˈmeskã] = to mix, blend, stir
meskata [ˈmeskat:a] = mixer
kemmesk [mɛ(z)w] = mixed, complex, confusion
kemmeskad = composite
kemmeskañ = to mix, merge

Etymology: from PIE *miḱsḱéti (to mix), from *meyḱ- (to mix) [source].

Words from the same roots include mash, meddle, medley, melee, miscellaneous, mix and promiscuous in English, mêler (to mix, meddle in, get mixed up in, shuffle) in French, mischen (to mix, shuffle) in German, and miesić (to knead) in Polish [source].

For words for drunk and related things in Brythonic languages, see the Celtiadur post Honey Wine.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Ploughs

Words for plough* and related things in Celtic languages.

Plough

*plough = plow for those of you in North America.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *aratrom = plough
Old Irish (Goídelc) arathar = plough, ploughing equipment, tillage
airid = to plough
airem = ploughman
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) arathar = plough, ploughing equipment, tillage
airem = ploughman, tiller
airid = to plough, till
airithe = ploughed
Irish (Gaeilge) arathar = ploughing equipment, plough, ploughing (literary)
air = plough (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àrach [aːrəx] = ploughshare, utensils for ploughing (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg) erroo = ploughman, tiller of land
errooid = cultivation, tillage, ploughmanship
Proto-Brythonic *aradr [aˈradr] = plough
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aratrum, aradyr, aradr, aratr = plough
aradrur, aradrwr = ploughman
aradỽy, aradwy = arable or ploughed land
Welsh (Cymraeg) aradr [ˈaradr/ˈaːradr] = plough, the Plough
aradraf, aradu = to plough, till, cultivate
aradrswch = ploughshare
araduriaeth = (act of) ploughing, ploughmanship
aradrwr = ploughman
aradrwy = arable or ploughed land
Old Cornish aradar = plough
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) aradar, ardar, aratum = plough
araderuur, arator = ploughmen
aras = to plough, till
Cornish (Kernewek) arader = plough
araderor = ploughman
aradow = arable
aras = to plough
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ararz, arazr = plough
Breton (Brezhoneg) arar [ˈɑːrar] = plough
aradeg = ploughing, ploughing competition
aradenn = ploughing, surge of anger
arat = to plough, spin

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom (plough), from *h₂erh₃- (to plough) and *-trom (instrumental suffix). Words from the same roots include ard (a simple plough consisting of a spike dragged through the soil) in English, arður (plough, profit, gain) in Icelandic, årder (plough) in Swedish, ader (plough) in Estonian and arado (plough) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *kanktus / *kanxtus = plough, plough beam
Old Irish (Goídelc) cécht = plough-beam
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cécht, cecht = plough-beam, plough
Irish (Gaeilge) céachta [ˈkeːx.t̪ˠə] = plough
céachtaíl = ploughing
céachtaire = ploughwright
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ceuchd = plough (obsolete)
Manx (Gaelg) keeaght [ˈki.axt] = plough

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kankā (branch), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱank- (branch). Words from the same roots include géag (branch, bough, limb) in Irish, cainc (branch) in Welsh, gancio (hook) in Italian, and gancho (hook, peg) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) trebaid = to cultivate, till, plough, inhabit
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) trebad = (act of) ploughing cultivating, husbandry
trebaid = to cultivate, till, plough, inhabit, dwell
Irish (Gaeilge) treabh [ˈtʲɾʲavˠ/ˈtʲɾʲəu] = to plough; till, cultivate, occupy, inhabit (literary)
treabhadh = ploughing
treabhdóir = ploughman
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) treabh [tro] = to till (the ground), plough, cultivate, delve
treabhadh = ploughing
treabhta = ploughed, tilled, cultivated
Manx (Gaelg) traaue = to plough (up), till, furrow, cleave, ploughing, tilling
traauee = ploughing, contributing, to tillage
traaueyder = ploughman

Etymology: from Old Irish treb (house(hold), farm, tribe), from Proto-Celtic *trebā (dwelling), from Proto-Indo-European *treb- (dwelling, settlement) [source]. For more related words, see the post about Towns and Tribes.

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwyd, guyd = (wooden frame of a) plough
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwŷdd [ɡwɨːð] = plough (North Wales), tree(s), branches, timber, masts, loom
Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *gwɨð (wood, trees), from Proto-Celtic *widus (wood, trees), from PIE *h₁weydʰh₁- (to separate, split, cleave, divide) [source]. For more related words, see the post about Trees, Wood(s) and Forests.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Pins & Needles

Words for pin, needle and related things in Celtic languages.

Pins and Needles

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *delgos = pin, needle
Gaulish *dalgis = scythe
Old Irish (Goídelc) delg [dʲerɡ] = thorn, pin, brooch, peg
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) delg = thorn, pin, brooch, peg, spike, nail, pointed implement
delga, delgu = pin, peg, spike, tip, point
delgach = pointed
Irish (Gaeilge) dealg [ˈdʲal̪ˠəɡ / ˈdʲalˠəɡ] = thorn, prickle, spine, spike, pin, peg, pointed implement, brooch
dealgán = knitting-needle
deilgne = thorns, prickles
deilgneach = thorny, prickly, barbed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dealg [dʲal̪ˠag] = pin, skewer, knitting needle, prick(le)
dealg-fighidh = knitting needle
dealgan = spindle, small pin, skewer
dealg brodaidh = cattle prod
dealgach [dʲal̪ˠagəx] = prickly, stinging
dealganach [dʲal̪ˠaganəx] = pertaining to or abounding in spindles, small pins or skewers
Manx (Gaelg) jialg = broochpin, needle, prick(le), quill, spine, thorn, pin
jialg broghil = brooch
jialg fuilt = hairpin
jialg oashyr = knitting needle
jialgagh = prickly, spiniferous, spiny, thorny
jialgaghey = to pin, prickle, pinning
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dala = sting
Welsh (Cymraeg) dala [ˈdala] = sting, bite
Old Cornish (Cernewec) delc(h) = jewel, necklace
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) delc = necklace
Cornish (Kernewek) delk = necklace

Etymology from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg- (sting). Words from the same root include dálkur (spine of a fish, knife, dagger, [newspaper] column) in Icelandic, dilgus (prickly) in Lithuanian, falce (scythe, sickle) in Italian, hoz (sickle) in Spanish, and falcate (shaped like a sickle), falcifer (sickle-bearing, holding a scythe) in English [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *dalgis (scythe) and Latin *daculum (scythe) , possibly include dall (mowing, billhook) in Catalan, dalle (scythe) in Spanish, and dalha (scythe) in Occitan (Languedoc) [source].

The English word dagger, and related words in other languages, such as daga (dagger) in Spanish, and Degen (rapier, épée) in German, might come from the same roots [source].

Proto-Celtic *ber = (cooking) spin
Old Irish (Goídelc) bi(u)r [bʲir] = stake, spit, point, spear, spike
berach = pointed, sharp
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bir = stake, spit, point, spear, spike
biraid = to pierce
biraigthe = sharpened, pointed
birda = pointed, sharp
birín = little spike, sharp point, dart, little spear
Irish (Gaeilge) bior [ˈbʲɨ̞ɾˠ] = pointed rod or shaft, spit, spike, point
biorach = pointed, sharp
bioraigh = to point, sharpen
biorán = pin, hand (of clock)
bioranta = sharp
biorú = pointing, sharpening
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bior [bir] = prickle, thorn, point, pointed object, knitting needle
biorachadh [birəxəɣ] = sharpening, making pointed, staring
biorag [birag] = small thorn or prickle, spiteful sharp-tongued woman
biorach [birəx] = pointed, sharp, piercing, prickly
bioraich [birɪç] = sharpen, make pointed, stare
Manx (Gaelg) birr, byr = point, spit
birragh, byrragh = pointed, scathing, sharp, spiky, tapered, prickly
birranagh = pointed, sharp
birraghey = to sharpen, taper, tone up
Proto-Brythonic ber = (cooking) spit
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bêr, ber = spear, lance, pike, spit, skewer
beraid = as much as can be held on a spit
Welsh (Cymraeg) bêr [beːr] = spear, lance, pike, spit, skewer
ber(i)af, berio, beru = to spit (meat), impale, stab with a spear
beriad = as much as can be held on a spit
bergi = turnspit (dog)
bernod = dagger, obelisk
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ber, bêr = spit, lance, spear
Cornish (Kernewek) berya = to stab, run through
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ber, bèr, bir = (roasting) spit
Breton (Brezhoneg) ber [beːr] = spindle, point, spike
beriad = pin
berian = skewer

Etymology from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéru (spit, spear) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include verrocchio (olive oil press) in Italian, verrou (bolt, lock) in French, cerrojo (bolt, latch) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *snātantā = needle (?)
*snātos = thread
Old Irish (Goídelc) snáthat = needle
snáith = thread
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) snáthat, snāthad, snathat = needle
snáithe = thread
Irish (Gaeilge) snáthaid [ˈsˠn̪ˠɑːhəd̪ˠ] = needle,
snáthadóir = needle-maker
snáth = thread, yarn, web
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) snàthad [sn̪ˠaː.əd] = needle, pointer (on a dial)
snàthadair [sn̪ˠaː.ədɪrʲ] = needle-maker
snàthadalan [sn̪ˠaː.ədəl̪ˠan] = needlecase
snàthadh [sn̪ˠaː.əɣ] = threading, stringing
snàthadag [sn̪ˠaː.ədag] = sting
snàth [sn̪ˠaː] = thread, yarn
Manx (Gaelg) snaid = needle, pointer, indicator, index
snaid whaaley = sewing needle
snaidagh = needle-like
snaidey = knit
obbyr snaidey = needlework
snaih, snaie = line, thread, yarn, worm, netting
Old Welsh (Kymraec) notuid = needle, pin
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) notwyd, nottwyd, nodwydd = needle, pin
Welsh (Cymraeg) nodwydd [ˈnɔdwɨ̞ð/ˈnɔdʊi̯ð] = needle, pin, pointer, dial
nodwyddaf, nodwyddo = to sew, stitch, inject, prick
nodwyddiad = acupuncture
nodwyddig = small needle
nodwyddwaith = needlework
nodwyddwr = needlemaker, pinmaker, sewer, stitcher, tailor
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nadedh, nadzhedh = needle
noden = thread, yarn
Cornish (Kernewek) naswydh, najedh = needle
neusen, neujen = thread, yarn
neusenna = to thread
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nadoez, nados, nadoz = sewing needle
neut, neud = thread
Breton (Brezhoneg) nadoez [beːr] = needle, hand, pointer, spire
nadoezenn = (clock) hand
nadoezier = needle maker
neud = thread, filaments, net, algae

Etymology from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (to spin, sew) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include needle, nerve, neuron, sinew and snood in English [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Pickaxe

Today we’re looking at the words for pickaxe, pike and related things in Celtic languages.

Claes Oldenburg

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) píce = pole, pike
pícóid = mattock, pickaxe
Irish (Gaeilge) píce [ˈpʲiːcɪ] = pike, fork, peak
píceáil = pike, fork, pitchfork, peak
píceálaí = forker, pitcher
píceán = peak, tip
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pic, pìc [piːçgʲ] = pike
pìceach [piːçgʲəx] = armed with pikes, abounding in pikes
pìcear = pikeman
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pig = point, spike, pike
pigo = to prick, pierce, goad, peck, sting, bite
pigawd = a thrusting or stabbing with a spear, a pricking
Welsh (Cymraeg) pig [piːɡ] = point, spike, pike, lance, pick(axe), prong, beak
pigach = darts
pigadail = obelisk, spire, pyramid, cone
pigaf, pigo = to prick, pierce, goad, peck, sting, bite
pig(i)aid = as much as can be picked up or carried on a pitchfork, beakful
pigau = pitchfork, hay-fork
pigawd = a thrusting or stabbing with a spear, a pricking
pigell = goad, prick, prickle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) piga = to prick, prickle, sting
pigol = mattock, pick, pickaxe
Cornish (Kernewek) pig = grub axe, grubber, pick, pickaxe, pickle
piga = to goad, incite, sting
pigell = hoe, pick(axe), pickle
pigallas = to hoe
pigellik = picker
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pig = pickaxe
Breton (Brezhoneg) pik = piquant, point, pique
pikañ = to sting, bite, pinch
pikezenn = pike, spade (in cards)
pigell = pickaxe

Etymology (Irish): from Old French pik(k)e, from Latin pīcca (pickace, pike), possibly from Frankish *pikkōn (to peck, strike), or from Frankish *pīk (sharp point, pike), from Proto-Germanic *pīkaz (sharp point, pike, pickaxe, peak) probably of imitative origin [source].

Etymology (Scottish Gaelic, Welsh & Cornish): probably from English pike or the Middle English pyke (pike, sharp point), which ultimately come from the same Proto-Germanic roots as pik(k)e in Old French.

Words from the same roots include peck, pick, pike, pique, pitch in English [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) caib [kɑbʲ/kabʲ] = dibble
caibeáil = to plant with an implement, dibble
caibeáilaí = planter (of seed), dibbler
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) caibe [kɛbə] = space, mattock, iron part of tools
caibe-sìthe = fairy spade (amulet given to sick people & cattle)
Manx (Gaelg) kiebbey = spade, mattock
Old Welsh cep = pickaxe, mattock, hoe, ploughshare
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) keyp, keib, caib = pickaxe, mattock, hoe, ploughshare
Welsh (Cymraeg) caib = pickaxe, mattock, hoe, ploughshare
caib garddwr = hoe
caib big, caib bicys = pickaxe

Etymology: unknown

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Axes and Hatchets

In this post we’re looking at the words for axe and related things in Celtic languages.

Axe in wood

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *tāxslo- = axe
Old Irish (Goídelc) tál = adze
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) tál = adze
Irish (Gaeilge) tál [t̪ˠɑːlˠ/t̪ˠæːlˠ] = adze
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tàl [taːl̪ˠ] = adze
tàl-fuinn = hoe
Manx (Gaelg) taal = adze

An adze cutting tool that has a curved blade set at a right angle to the handle and is used in shaping wood. [source].

Etymology possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ-(dʰ)lo-, from *teḱ- (to sire, beget) [source]. Words from the same roots include architect, technical, text and textile in English, цясла́ [t͡sʲasˈɫa] (adze) in Belausian, тесло [tʲɪsˈɫo] (adze) in Russian, and teslă (adze) in Romanian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) túag = axe, hatchet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) túag = axe, hatchet
túagaid = to hew, chop, strike with an axe
túagrótae = roadway cleared with an axe
Irish (Gaeilge) tua [t̪ˠuə] = axe, hatchet
tuadóir = axe-man, hewer, chopper
tuadóireacht = (act of) hewing, shaping, chopping
tuaigh = to chop (with an axe)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tuagh [tuəɣ] = axe
tuaghadair = axeman, axe-wielder
Manx (Gaelg) teigh = axe, chopper, hatchet

Etymology possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewk- (to push, press, strike, beat, pierce), from *(s)tew- (to push, hit) [source]. Words from the same roots include tkát (to weave) in Czech, tkać (to weave, stick, tuck) in Polish, and тъка [tɐˈkɤ] (to spin, plait, entwine, weave) in Bulgarian [source], and words for hole & hollow in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *biyatlis = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) biáil [ˈbʲi.aːlʲ] = axe, hatchet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) bíail, biáil = axe, hatchet, battle-axe
Irish (Gaeilge) biail [bʲiəlʲ] = hatchet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) biail = axe, hatchet (archaic)
Old Welsh bahell = axe
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) buyall, bwell, bwyeill = axe
bwyellic = small axe, hatchet
bwyallawt = axe stroke
bwiallawc = bearing an axe, armed with an axe; like an axe
Welsh (Cymraeg) bwyall, bwyell, bwell = axe, battle-axe
bwyellan, bwyellig = small axe, hatchet
bwyellangaib = pickaxe, hoe
bwyellod, bwyallod = stroke or cut with an axe, axe stroke
bwyellog, bwyallog = bearing an axe, armed with an axe; like an axe
bwyellwr = woodman
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) biail, boell, bool = axe, hatchet
Cornish (Kernewek) bool = axe, chopper, hachet
bolik = (small) axe, chopper, hachet
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bouhazl, bouchazl, bouchal, boc’hal = axe
Breton (Brezhoneg) bouc’hal [ˈbuː.ɣal] = axe, hammered
bouc’halig = hatchet

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *bināti (to strike, hit, beat) from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰi-né-h₂-ti, from bʰeyh₂- (to strike, hew) [source]. Words from the same roots include billhook and bone in English, bain (to extract, separate, strike) and béim (a blow, emphasis, beat) in Irish, gofid (grief, sorrow, regret) in Welsh [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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