Estonian (eesti keel)

Words for plough* and related things in Celtic languages.

*plough = plow for those of you in North America.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*aratrom = plough
Old Irish (Goídelc)	arathar = plough, ploughing equipment, tillage airid = to plough airem = ploughman
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	arathar = plough, ploughing equipment, tillage airem = ploughman, tiller airid = to plough, till airithe = ploughed
Irish (Gaeilge)	arathar = ploughing equipment, plough, ploughing (literary) air = plough (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	àrach [aːrəx] = ploughshare, utensils for ploughing (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg)	erroo = ploughman, tiller of land errooid = cultivation, tillage, ploughmanship
Proto-Brythonic	*aradr [aˈradr] = plough
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	aratrum, aradyr, aradr, aratr = plough aradrur, aradrwr = ploughman aradỽy, aradwy = arable or ploughed land
Welsh (Cymraeg)	aradr [ˈaradr/ˈaːradr] = plough, the Plough aradraf, aradu = to plough, till, cultivate aradrswch = ploughshare araduriaeth = (act of) ploughing, ploughmanship aradrwr = ploughman aradrwy = arable or ploughed land
Old Cornish	aradar = plough
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	aradar, ardar, aratum = plough araderuur, arator = ploughmen aras = to plough, till
Cornish (Kernewek)	arader = plough araderor = ploughman aradow = arable aras = to plough
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	ararz, arazr = plough
Breton (Brezhoneg)	arar [ˈɑːrar] = plough aradeg = ploughing, ploughing competition aradenn = ploughing, surge of anger arat = to plough, spin

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom (plough), from *h₂erh₃- (to plough) and *-trom (instrumental suffix). Words from the same roots include ard (a simple plough consisting of a spike dragged through the soil) in English, arður (plough, profit, gain) in Icelandic, årder (plough) in Swedish, ader (plough) in Estonian and arado (plough) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic	kanktus / kanxtus = plough, plough beam
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cécht = plough-beam
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cécht, cecht = plough-beam, plough
Irish (Gaeilge)	céachta [ˈkeːx.t̪ˠə] = plough céachtaíl = ploughing céachtaire = ploughwright
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ceuchd = plough (obsolete)
Manx (Gaelg)	keeaght [ˈki.axt] = plough

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kankā (branch), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱank- (branch). Words from the same roots include géag (branch, bough, limb) in Irish, cainc (branch) in Welsh, gancio (hook) in Italian, and gancho (hook, peg) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	trebaid = to cultivate, till, plough, inhabit
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	trebad = (act of) ploughing cultivating, husbandry trebaid = to cultivate, till, plough, inhabit, dwell
Irish (Gaeilge)	treabh [ˈtʲɾʲavˠ/ˈtʲɾʲəu] = to plough; till, cultivate, occupy, inhabit (literary) treabhadh = ploughing treabhdóir = ploughman
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	treabh [tro] = to till (the ground), plough, cultivate, delve treabhadh = ploughing treabhta = ploughed, tilled, cultivated
Manx (Gaelg)	traaue = to plough (up), till, furrow, cleave, ploughing, tilling traauee = ploughing, contributing, to tillage traaueyder = ploughman

Etymology: from Old Irish treb (house(hold), farm, tribe), from Proto-Celtic *trebā (dwelling), from Proto-Indo-European *treb- (dwelling, settlement) [source]. For more related words, see the post about Towns and Tribes.

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gwyd, guyd = (wooden frame of a) plough
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwŷdd [ɡwɨːð] = plough (North Wales), tree(s), branches, timber, masts, loom

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *gwɨð (wood, trees), from Proto-Celtic *widus (wood, trees), from PIE *h₁weydʰh₁- (to separate, split, cleave, divide) [source]. For more related words, see the post about Trees, Wood(s) and Forests.