Spinning, Twisting & Turning

Words for spin, twist, turn and related things in Celtic languages.

Spinning Wheel

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *snīmus = spinning, weaving
*sniyeti = to turn, twist
Old Irish (Goídelc) sníïd = to twist
sním = spinning, twisting, vexation grief, anxiety
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sníïd, sníit = to twists, bend, tie, contend, struggle, grieve, trouble, vex
sním, snim = twisting, bending, shaping, trouble, care, grief, anxiety
snímaid = to spin, twist
Irish (Gaeilge) sníomh [ʃnʲiːvˠ/ʃnʲiːw] = spinning, twisting, twinning, struggle, strain, wrench, cre, anxiety; to spin, twist, strain, wrench, strive, struggle
sníomhach = spinning, turning, twisting, anxious, concerned
sníomhachán = (act of) spinning
sníomhadán = spinneret
sníomhaí = spinner
sníomhaire = spindle
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) snìomh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃v] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twisting, twining, twist, curl, sprain, wrench
snìomhach [ʃn̪ʲiəvəx] = twisting, winding, spiral, tortuous, twisted
snìomhachan [ʃn̪ʲəvəxan] = spinner (implement)
snìomhadh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vəɣ] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twising
snìomhaire [ʃn̪ʲiəvərʲə] = borer, auger, spinner
snìomhte [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vdʲə] = spin, entwined, twisted
Manx (Gaelg) snee = crossness, offence, vexation
sneeu = spin, spinning
queeyl sneeuee = spinning wheel
sneeuder = spinner
Proto-Brythonic *nɨðid = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nydd = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty
nydu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) nydd [nɨːð/niːð] = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty, honeysuckle, spun
nyddu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
nydd(i)wr = spinner, spinning-machine, nightjar, grasshopper warbler
nyddlin = a spiral
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nedhe, nedhé = to spin, turn, twist
Cornish (Kernewek) nedha = to twist
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nezaff = to spin, trick, fool, purr
Breton (Brezhoneg) nez = twist, twisting
nezadenn = spun thing
nezadur = wiring
nezañ [ˈneː(z)ã] = to spin, trick, fool, purr
nezer = spinner
nezerezh = spinning

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (to spin, sew). Words from the same roots include needle, snood in English, naald (needle, pin) in Dutch, nähen (to sew) in German, snáth (thread, yarn, web) in Irish, and possibly snop (sheaf) in Czech [source].

See also the Pins & Needles post for some Celtic words related to needles, pins and thread.

Proto-Celtic *kassos = curly, twisted, woven
Gaulish *kass- = twist
*kassis = curly (hair)
*kassanos = oak (tree/wood)
Old Irish (Goídelc) cas = curly (haired)
casaid = to twist, turn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cas, cass = curly (hair)
casaid, casaidh = to twist, bend
Irish (Gaeilge) cas [kɑsˠ] = twisted, winding, curly, complicated, intricate, twisty, devious; to twist, turn, wind
casadh [ˈkɑsˠə/ˈkasˠu(ː)] = to twist, turn, wind, spin, reproach
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cas [kas] = twist, bend, wind (up), gnash, oppose, turn against
casadh [kasəɣ] = (act of) opposing, turning against, twisting, bending, gnashing
casta [kasdə] = twisted, twined, curled, complex
Manx (Gaelg) cassit = contorted, distorted, twirled, twisted
cassee = coiling, twisting, winding
cassey = to curl, distort, screw, spin, whirl
cast = curly, curved, intricate, spun, warped, wrapped

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (to scrape, comb) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish kassanos (oak) and Latin casnus, include casse (oak) in Occitan, cassanella (gall) in Catalan and chêne (oak) in French [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include hair in English, коса (kosa – hair) in Bulgarian, and kasa (braid) in Latvian [source].

See the Weaving Words post for some weaving-related Celtic words.

Proto-Brythonic *tro = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tro = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp
troat, troad, troead = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing)
troy, try, troi = to turn, spin
Welsh (Cymraeg) tro [troː] = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp, coil, ringlet
tro(e)ad = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, convolution, hinge
tro(a)f, troi = to turn, spin, whirl, rotate, roll
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tro = turn, circuit, occasion, manner, sort
troillia = to turn, whirl
Cornish (Kernewek) tro = cycle, occasion, round, turn
troyll = spiral, swirl, ceilidh
troyllya = to spin, swirl
troyllyek = spiral
troyllyer plasennow = record player
Old Breton (Brethonoc) tro = movement, turn
tro(u)im = to turn, spin
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tro = round, surround, surroundings
treiff = to turn, move
Breton (Brezhoneg) tro [troː] = round, surround, surroundings
tro-dro [troˈdroː] = around, towards
treiñ = to spin

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to Latin torqueo (I turn) or Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos – a turn) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Voices

Words for voice, word, sound and related things in Celtic languages.

Bangor Community Choir at Bodnant Garden
Bangor Community Choir singing at Bodnant Garden / Côr Cymunedol Bangor yn canu yng Ngardd Bodnant

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *gutus = voice
Gaulish *gutus = voice (?)
GVTVATER / *gutuater = priest / druid
Old Irish (Goídelc) guth [ɡʊθ] = voice, word, sound
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) guth, gotha, gotho = voice, sound, word, vowel, aspersion, blame, censure, slander
Irish (Gaeilge) guth [ɡɯh/ɡʊ(h)] = voice, human voice, blame, reproach, censure
guta = vowel
guthach = vocal, vocalic
guthaigh = to voice, vocalize, sing, censure, reproach
guthaíl = voicing, calling
guthaíocht = vocalization, voice, vote
gutháire = yell(ing), shout(ing)
guthán = telephone
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) guth [guh] = voice, tone of voice, mention, word
guth-cheòl = intonation
guthach [guhəx] = vocal, vocalic, vocied
guathachadh [guhəxəɣ] = (act of) calling, vocalizing, vocalization, voicing (in linguistics)
guthaich [guhɪç] = call, vocalize, voice
guthlag [guhl̪ˠag] = larynx
guthlagail [guhl̪ˠagal] = laryngeal
Manx (Gaelg) goo = voice, word, utterance, reputation, fame
gooagh = loquacious, sonant, vocal, vocalic, voiced, wordy
goolag = larynx

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰuH-tu-s (to call on, invoke), from *ǵʰewH- (to call on, invoke) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include zavêt (to cast a spell) in Latvian, զավեշտ (zavešt – joke, farce) in Armenia, звать (zvatʹ – to call, invite) in Russian, and зова (zova – to call, summon, name) in Bulgarian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) glór [ɡloːr] = voice, sound
glórach = noisy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) glór, glóir, glár = voice, sound, noise
glórach = loud-voiced, noisy, vociferous
glórda = loud, resonant
glúarda = noisy, vociferous
Irish (Gaeilge) glór [ɡl̪ˠoːɾˠ/ɡl̪ˠɔːɾˠ] = voice, human voice, speech, utterance, sound, noise
glórach = loud-voiced, sonorous, noisy, vociferous, voiced (consonant, etc)
glórachán = loud-voiced, vociferous person
glóraí = loudness, sonorousness
glóraigh = to voice, vocalize
glóraíl = sound of voices, vociferation, noisiness
glórmhach = tumult of voice, commotion, clamour
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glòr [gl̪ˠɔːrʲ] = speech, utterance
Manx (Gaelg) glare [ɡlɛːr] = voice, utterance, speech, language
glaraghey = voice
glareydagh = linguistic, linguist

Etymology: possibly from Latin glōria (glory, renown, fame, honour) [source], from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognize). Words from the same roots include canny, cunning, glory and know in English; gloria (glory, praise) in Italian; and glorie (glory, great beauty, renown, splendour) in Dutch [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lew, llef = shout, cry, wail, roar, yell, sound, voice, speech, utterance
llevein, lleuein, llefain = to cry (out), exclaim, shout, lament, call, entreat, weep, shout
leuan = (loud) shout, cry, scream
leueir, lawaraw, llafaro = to speak, utter, say, tell
Welsh (Cymraeg) llef [ɬɛv] = shout, cry, wail, roar, yell, sound, voice, speech, utterance
llefaf, llefain = to cry (out), exclaim, shout, lament, call, entreat, weep, shout
llefair = enunciation, spoken word, speech, talkative
adlef [ˈadlɛv] = echo, reverberation
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lef, lêf = voice, sound, cry
lefa = to cry aloud, shout
Cornish (Kernewek) lev = voice
dre lev = vocal
levbost = voicemail
Old Breton (Brethonoc) lem = complaint, groan, wail
Middle Breton (Brezonec) leff = complaint, groan, wail
leuaff = to cry, moan
Breton (Brezhoneg) leñv, leñ = groan, complaint, plaintive cry, moaning; voice, cry (archaic)
leñvañ [ˈlẽː.vã] = to cry, scream, groan, bleat
leñver = to cry
leñverez = crying

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *laβar (eloquent), from Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros (talkative) [source]. For more related words, see the Celtiadur post Talkative

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lleis = voice
lleisiaf, lleisiaw, lleisio = to use the voice, vocalize, sing
Welsh (Cymraeg) llais [ɬai̯s/ɬai̯ʃ] = voice, vocal capacity, talk, report, tidings, rumour, vote
lleisgar = vociferous, loud-mouthed, resonant
lleisiad = voicing, sounding, tone, intonation
lleisio [ˈɬei̯ʃɔ] = to use the voice, vocalize, sing
lleisiol [ˈɬei̯ʃɔl] = vocal, spoken, oral, voiced
lleisydd [ˈɬei̯sɨ̞ð/ˈɬei̯sɪð] = vocalist, loud hailer, loudspeaker

Etymology: maybe from Welsh llafar (loud, vociferous, sonorous, speech, voice, sound) [source], from Proto-Brythonic *laβar (eloquent), from Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros (talkative), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (to babble) [source]. See also the Celtiadur post Talkative

Old Breton (Brethonoc) *voes = voice
Middle Breton (Brezonec) moez = voice
Breton (Brezhoneg) mouezh = voice, vote
mouezhian = to express oneself, vote
mouezhierezh = election, electorate

Etymology: from Old French voiz (voice), from Latin vōcem (), from vōx (voice, accent, speech, word), from Proto-Italic *wōks, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (speech, voice), from wekʷ- (to speak, sound out) [source]. Words from the same roots include vocal, voice and vowel in English, and voix (voice, vote) in French [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) son = sound, word
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) son, soun, són = sound, word, name
Irish (Gaeilge) son = sound; word, name (literary)
sonach = sonic
sonarach = ringing sound, clangour
sonda = sonant, sonorous
sondáil = to sound
sondas = sonorousness, sonority
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sòn† = sound, voice, word
Manx (Gaelg) sonn = sound
sonnagh = sonic
Proto-Brythonic *son = sound (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) son, sson = report, rumour, mention, word, message, talk, fame, sound, noise, clamour
sonfawr, sonuaỽr, sonuawr = sonorous, noisy, audible, loquacious
sonyo, sonio = to mention, rumour, proclaim, talk, speak, say, utter
Welsh (Cymraeg) sôn [soːn] = report, rumour, mention, word, message, talk, fame, sound, noise, clamour
sonfawr = sonorous, noisy, audible, loquacious
soniaf, sôn, sonio = to mention, rumour, proclaim, talk, speak, say, utter
soniarus = sonorous, resounat, vibrant
sŵn [sʊːn] = sound, noise, clmour, din, report, rumour, talk
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) son, sôn = sound, noise, report, speech
Cornish (Kernewek) son = noise, sound
sonek = sonic
sonlergh = soundtrack
sononieth = acoustics
sononiethel = acoutic
sonskrif = recording
sonskrifa = to record
Middle Breton (Brezonec) soun, son = sound
sounaff = to ring, resound
Breton (Brezhoneg) son [sɔ̃ːn] = sound, song
seniñ [ˈsẽːnĩ] = to ring, resound, honk, sing, rustle (water), play (an instrument)
soner = to ring, say, pronounce
sonerez [sɔ̃.ˈneː.res] = doorbell, bell, horn
sonerezh = music, sound system

Etymology: from Latin sonus (sound, noise, pitch, speech, tone, voice), from Proto-Indo-European *swónh₂os, from *swenh₂- (to sound) [source]. Words from the same roots include resound, sonnet, sonic, sound and swan in English, sonner (to sound, ring) in French, sonar (to sound, ring, play) in Spanish, honni (to allege, claim, assert) in Welsh, and seinn (to sing, play an instrument) in Irish and Scottish Gaelic [source].

The Welsh word sŵn was borrowed from Middle English soun (sound), while sôn comes from Latin via Middle Welsh and Proto-Brythonic. They both ultimately come from the same PIE roots.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Leader in Chief

Words for chief, leader, prince and related things in Celtic languages.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Irish Taoiseach

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *towissus, *tuwestus *tuwissus = act of leading, beginning, leadership
*towissākos = chief, primary, first
Primitive Irish ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci) = chief (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) tús, tuus [tuːs] = beginning, forefront
toísech [ˈtoːi̯sʲəx] = leader, chief, first, initial, primary
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tús, tuus = act of leading, forefront, precedence, pre-eminence, rank
toísech, tósich, toissech = first, former, prior, first in importance, sooner, leader, chief
toísechda = first
toísecht, taiseachda, taiseachta = chieftainship, act of leading
toísenach, taoisinach = leadership, chieftainship
Irish (Gaeilge) tús [t̪ˠuːsˠ] = beginning, commencement, start, origin, forward, leading, position, precedence, pick, choice
taoiseach [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx] = chieftain, leader, man of substance, important person, decent/generous person ; first, former
Taoiseach = (Irish) Prime Minister, Taoiseach
taoiseacht = chieftainship, leadership
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùs [tuːs] = beginning, origin, inception
tòiseach [tɔʃəx] = beginning, front, van, forefront, bow (of a ship); chief of a clan or tribe
Tòiseach [tɔːʃɪç] = a Macintosh, any member of Clan MacKintosh
tòiseachail [tɔʃəxal] = primitive, rudimentary
tòiseachd [tɔʃəxg] = (act of) beginning, starting, precedence
Manx (Gaelg) tosh = chieftain
toshiagh = chief(tain), leader, premier, offset, toe, forepart
toshiaght = beginning, fore(front), lead, opening, outset, bow (of a ship)
Toshiaght Arree = February (“start of spring”)
Toshiaght Fouyir = August (“start of autumn”)
Toshiaght Gheuree = November (“start of winter”)
toshiaghey = to begin, start, initiate
Proto-Brythonic *togwɨs = leadership
*towɨssọg = leader, chief, king, prince
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywys = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
towys, tywyssav = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
touyssoc, tywyssaỽc, tywyssavc, tywyssawc, tyỽyssaỽc = prince, lore, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tehuyokaet, tywyssogaeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywys [təu̯.ˈis] = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
tywysu, tywys(i)o = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
tywysiad = leading, leadership, guidance, direction, introduction, (water) conduit
tywysog [təu̯.ˈəsɔɡ/ˈtwəsɔɡ] = prince, lord, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tywysog(i)aeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty, supremacy, government
tywysogaidd = princely, royal, noble, splendid
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Old Breton (Brethonoc) toguisoc = ?

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *towissus (leadership), *to- (to(wards)) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from *weyd- (to see) [source]. Words from the same roots include pavilion in English, papillon (butterfly, brilliant, versatile and inconstant person) in French, farfalla (butterfly, bow tie, butterly-shaped pasta) in Italian, papion (bowtie) in Romanian, paipala (quail) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) úachtarán = chief, leader
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úachtarán, uachtarán = head, leader, chief, president, governor, ruler, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) uachtarán [uəxt̪ˠəɾˠɑːnˠ] = president, head, superior, headmaster, landowner (archaic)
Uachtarán = President
uachtaránacht = presidency, authority, power
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uachdaran [uəxgəran] = laird, landowner, proprietor, superior
uachdaranach [uəxgərənəx] = superior, paramount
uachdaranachd [uəxgərənəxg] = dominion, supremacy
uachdaranas [uəxgranəs] = jurisdiction
Manx (Gaelg) eaghtyran(e) = president, superior, chief
eaghtyraneagh = presidential
eaghtyraneys = presidency

Etymology: from Old Irish *úachtar (surface, top, cream), from Proto-Celtic *ouxteros (upper), from *(o)uxs- (up) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewp- (up) [source]. Words for Up Above, etc in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

Proto-Brythonic *penno-tam-īkos = chief, leader
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pendewic, pen(n)deuic, pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendevigiaeth, pendeuigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendevigyeid = aristocratic, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendefigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendefig(i)aidd = aristocratic, noble
pendefiges = queen, lady, peeress, noblewoman
Old Cornish pendeuig = prince, chief, noble(man)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pendevig, pensevic, pednz(h)ivig = prince, chief, noble(man), principal
pednzivigian = nobility, gentry
Cornish (Kernewek) pennseviges, pednsyviges = princess
pennsevigeth = principality
pennsevik, pednsyvik = chief, noble, prince
Old Breton (Brethonoc) *pendemic = rich (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pynuizyc, pinuisic, pinuizic = rich man
pinuizigaez = wealth
pinuizic, pinuzic = rich
pinuizicat = to enrich, to get rich
Breton (Brezhoneg) pinvidik [pĩnˈviːdik] = rich
pinvidikaat = to enrich, to get rich
pinvidikaerezh = enrichment, wealth

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *penno-tamos = the most in chief, from *penn (head), from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (head), the origins of which are not known [source].

More words for prince, chief, ruler, etc can be found in the Celtiadur posts Lord, Ruler and Country and Land.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Leathery Hide

Words for leather, hide and related things in Celtic languages.

Leather

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)letros = leather, hide
Old Irish (Goídelc) lethar = leather, skin
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lethar, leathar, lethor [ˈl͈ʲeθər] = skin, leather, hide
lethrad = leather harness
Irish (Gaeilge) leathar [ˈl̠ʲahəɾˠ] = skin, hide, leather
leathrach = leathern, leathery
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) leathar [l̪ʲɛhər] = leather, leathery, leathern
leatharach [l̪ʲɛhərəx] = leathery, like leather, coriaceous
leathrachail [l̪ʲɛrəxal] = leathery
Manx (Gaelg) l(h)iare (n.) = leather, leather equipment, strop
l(h)iareagh (adj.) = leather, leathern
Proto-Brythonic *lledr = leather
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lledyr, lledr = leather, parchment, vellum, skin, hide
lletrin = made of leather or hide, leathern
Welsh (Cymraeg) lledr [ɬɛdr/ˈɬeːdɛr] = leather, parchment, vellum, skin, hide
lledro, lledru = to cover with leather, become leathery
lledraidd = leathery, tough, coriaceous
lledrin = made of leather or hide, leathern
lledrwr, lledrydd = leather manufacturer, leather merchant, tanner, currier
Cornish (Kernewek) ledher = leather
ledhrek = leathery
Old Breton (Brethonoc) ledr = leather
Middle Breton (Brezonec) lezr = leather
Breton (Brezhoneg) lêr/ler [lɛːr] = leather
lêran, lêrañ = to garnish with leather
lêrek [ˈlɛːrek] = tough
lêrenn = strap, belt
lêrennan, lêrennañ = to garnish with strips, to tan

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *letrom (leather), or from PIE *pél-tro-m, from *pel- (to cover, wrap; skin, hide, cloth). Words for leather and related things in Germanic languages, such as leather in English, Leder in German, leer in Dutch, were possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)letros [source].

Words from the same PIE root include fell (skin, hide, pelt), film, pall and pelt in English; vel (skin, hide, fur, pelt) in Dutch; fjäll ([fish / reptile] scale) in Swedish; piel (skin, fur) in Spanish, and peau (skin, hide, fur) in French [source].

For other words for skin, see the Surfaces post on the Celtiadur.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Furrowed Trenches

Words for furrow, trench and related things in Celtic languages.

Furrows

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸrikā = furrow
*enterɸrikyā = furrow
Gaulish *rikā/*ricā = furrow
Old Irish (Goídelc) rech = furrow
etrech = furrow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) etarche, etrige, eitre = furrow, groove, channel
Irish (Gaeilge) eitre [ˈɛtʲəɾʲə] = furrow, groove, ridge
eitreach = furrowed, grooved, rifled
eitrigh = furrow, groove
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) eitre = trench, furrow
Manx (Gaelg) eerey = furrow length, plough length
Proto-Brythonic *rrɨx = furrow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rych, rich, rrych = trench, ditch, furrow, groove
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhych [r̥ɨːχ/r̥iːχ] = trench, ditch, furrow, groove, streak, wrinkle, cleft, cleavage
rhychiad = crease, wrinkle, furrowing, trenching, chamfering
rhych(i)og = furrowed, wrinkled, shrivelled
rhychu = to cut a trench, cut into rows, plough, groove, corrugate, make or become wrinkled
Old Breton (Brethonoc) rec = furrow
Middle Breton (Brezonec) rec = furrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) reg = line, furrow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *pr̥keh₂ (furrow), from *perḱ- (to open, rip up, dig) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *rikā (furrow) and Latin riga (line, stripe), include rega (furrow, ladder / run [in a stocking]) in Catalan, raie (stripe, parting, line) in French, porca (ridge between furrows, balk line) in Italian, alporquia (layering – developing a new plant from the branch of a tree) in Portuguese, porcoi (haystack, hay bale, heap, pile, bunch) in Romanian, and erreka (river, stream, ravine) in Basque [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include furrow, farrow and pig in English, Furche (furrow) in German, fåra (furrow, groove) in Swedish, porsas (piglet, pork) in Finnish, and arc [aɾˠk] (piglet) in Irish [source].

Other words for Ditches and Trenches and Grave Ditches in Celtic languages.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Yoked Bonds

Words for yoke, bond and related things in Celtic languages.

Yoked

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *yugom = yoke
*komyungis = (?)
Gaulish *yugom = yoke (?)
*Weryugos = personal name
Old Irish (Goídelc) cuing = yoke
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cuing, coing = yoke, burden, duty, sway, discipline, behaviour
Irish (Gaeilge) cuing [kiːɲɟ/kɪɲ] = yoke, bond, obligation, tie, beam, narrow neck of land (as between two lakes)
cuingealach = jugular
cuingigh = to yoke, enjoin
cuingir = yoke, pair, couple, group, herd
cuingleánach = yoked
cuingrigh = yoke, couple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cuing [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲ] = yoke, asthma, bond, obligation
cuinge [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲə] = narrow place, passage, pass, difficulty, limitation
cuingeach [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲəx] = asthmatic
cuingeachadh [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲəxəɣ] = (act of) yoking, abridgement, constraining, restricting, constraint
cuingeachail [kɯiŋʲgʲəxal] = limiting, restrictive
cuingealach [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲəl̪ˠəx] = restricted, shackled, constricted
Manx (Gaelg) quing = yoke, brace, team of oxen, (balance) beam
quingaghey = to subjugate, yoke
quingey = to yoke
quingit = yoked
Proto-Brythonic *jọw = yoke
Old Welsh (Kembraec) iou = yoke
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) iou, yeu, iau, jav = yoke
Welsh (Cymraeg) iau [jaɨ̯/jai̯] = yoke, pair of oxen, sway, dominion, authority, discipline, oppression
Old Cornish ieu = yoke
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) yeu = yoke
Cornish (Kernewek) yew = yoke
war yew = onward
Middle Breton (Brezonec) yeu, yau = yoke
Breton (Brezhoneg) yev [jew] = yoke, servitude
yevad = yoke, hitch, team, coupling
yevan, yevañ = to yoke, subjugate, enslave

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (yoke) or *yung, from *yewg- (to join, yoke, tie together) [source]. Words from the same roots include adjunct, conjugate, join, jugular, junction, yoga and yoke in English, joindre (to join up, reach, contact) in French, and junto (together, joined, next to) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *wedos = yoke, harness
Old Irish (Goídelc) fedan = band, carrying, company, drawing
feidid [ˈɸʲeðʲiðʲ] = to bring, lead
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fedan, feadhan, fedhain = (act of) carrying, conveying, carriage, harness, band, company, part, some
feidid, fedid = to bring, lead, refer, apply
Irish (Gaeilge) feadhain = band, troop, company
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) feadhain = team of horses
Manx (Gaelg) fwirran = staff, team
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gued, guet, gved, gwedd = yoke, harness
guedu, gwedha = to be coupled with a yoke, be yoked
gwedeu, guedeu = traces, draught-harness
gwedhau = to submit, pay homage
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwedd [ɡweːð] = yoke, harness, team (of horses, oxen, etc), bondage, captivity, submission, humility, homage, offspring, progeny, children
gweddaf, gweddu = to be coupled with a yoke, be yoked, submit, humble oneself
gweddau = traces, draught-harness

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (to bind, secure, pledge, guarantee, lead) [source]. Words from the same roots include gage, wage, wager and wed in English, Wette (bet) in German, and gage (pledge, guarantee, deposit) in French [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) mám [maːm] = yoke
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mám = yoke
Irish (Gaeilge) mám = yoke

Etymology: ? [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Grinding Mills

Words for grind, crush, mill and related things in Celtic languages.

Olive press grinding stones

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *malati = to grind, crush
Old Irish (Goídelc) meilid = to crush, grind, sharpen, eat
con·meil = to grind together
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) melaid, meilid = to grind, crush, sharpen, use, consume (esp. food)
con-meil, coimlid, cuimlid, comlaid = to rub, grind together, attach, consume, destroy
Irish (Gaeilge) meil [mʲɛlʲ] = to grind, crush
meilim = to grind
meilt = grinding, crushing, consuming, spending, wasting, incessant talk
meilteach = grinding, crushing, consuming
meilteoir = grinder, crusher
meilteoireacht = (act of) grinding, crushing
meiltire = incessant talker, chatterer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) meil [mel̪] = (to) grind, mill, pulverize, masticate
meileach [meləx] = grinding, pertaining to or abounding in grinders/mills; finely ground flour
meileadh [mɛl̪ʲɛvadʲ] = grinding, milling, pulverizing, masticating
meilt [meldʲ] = grinding
meilte [meldʲə] = ground, milled, pulverized, masticated
meiltear, meileadair [meldʲər / melədɪrʲ] = grinder
Manx (Gaelg) beihll = to grind, pulverize; pulverization
beihlleyder = grinder, pulverizer
beihllinder = grinder
bleih = grind, grist; duffer, halfling, hobbledehoy, ninny, triffler
bleihit = ground
bleihder = grinder, molar
Proto-Brythonic *malɨd = to grind, crush
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) malu, mâlu = to grind, crush, pulverise, break, shatter, smash
Welsh (Cymraeg) malu [ˈma(ː)li] = to grind, crush, pulverise, break, shatter, smash, trample, chop, sharpen, destroy, utter, speak, recite (poetry)
malu awyr = to talk idly, talk nonsense, blather (“to grind air”)
malaid = finely ground, ground to a powder
malurio = to break into fragments, shatter, smash, grind, crumble, reduce to dust, pulverise
malwr [ˈmalʊr / ˈma(ː)lʊr] = grinder, mincer, molar, miller; speaker, utterer, babbler, chatterer
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) melias = to reduce, power, grind
Cornish (Kernewek) mala = to grind
maler = grinder
melyas = to grind
Old Breton (Brethonoc) malaff = to grind
Middle Breton (Brezonec) malaff = to grind
Breton (Brezhoneg) malañ [ˈmɑːlã] = to grind, cruse, seize
malad = ground things
maladeg, maladur = grinding
maler [ˈmɑːlɛr] = miller
malerez [ma.leː.res] = grinder, vegetable mill

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-é-ti, from *melh₂- (to crush, grind). Words from the same roots include maelstrom (a large and violent whirlpool) and meal (the coarse-ground edible part of various grains often used to feed animals) in English, moudre (to grind), meule (grindstone, millstone) and moulin (mill, windmill) in French, and moler (to grind, mill), and words for mill in Celtic languages – see below [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) muilend = mill
muileóir = miller
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) muilend, muilund = mill
muileóir, moilleóir = miller
Irish (Gaeilge) muileann [ˈmˠɪlʲən̪ˠ] = mill, grinding apparatus, manufactory
muileann uisce = watermill
muileann gaoithe = windmill, pinwheel
muileann iarainn = ironworks
muileann sábhadóireachta = sawmill
muileóir = miller, mill owner
muileóireacht = (act of) milling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) muileann [mul̪ʲən̪ˠ] = mill
muileann-gaoithe = windmill
muileann-sàbhaidh = sawmill
muileann-uisge = watermill
muilear [mul̪ʲər] = miller
muilearachd [mul̪ʲərəxg] = milling, grinding
Manx (Gaelg) mwyllin = mill, factory
mwyllin geayee = windmill
mwyllin saaual = sawmill
mwyllin ushtey = watermill
mwyllar = miller, mill owner
mwyllaragh, mwyllarys = milling
Proto-Brythonic *melɨn = mill
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) melyn, melin = mill
melin wynt = windmill
melina = to grind, mill
melinyt, melinyd, melinid = miller, grinder
Welsh (Cymraeg) melin [ˈmɛlɪn] = mill, factory
melin wynt = windmill
melin lif(anu) = sawmill
melin ddŵr = watermill
melina(f), melino = to grind, mill
melinwr = miller, mill owner
melinydd = miller, grinder, molar
melinyddiaeth = the craft of milling
Old Cornish melin = mill
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) melin, belin = mill
Cornish (Kernewek) melin, belin = mill
melin dhowr = watermill
melin wyns = windmill
meliner / melinores, belender = miller
melinji = millhouse
Old Breton (Brethonoc) molin = mill
Middle Breton (Brezonec) melin = mill
Breton (Brezhoneg) milin, melin [ˈmiː.lĩn] = mill, factory
milin-avel [mi.lĩ.ˈnɑː.vɛl] = windmill
milin-dour, melin-dour [milĩnˈduːr] = watermill
milinan, milinañ = to mill, rotate
miliner, meilher = miller
milinerezh = milling

Etymology: from Late Latin molinum (a mill), from molīnus (mill), molō (to grin or mill), from Proto-Italic *melō (to grind), from Proto-Indo-European *mélh₂-ti, from *melh₂- (to grind, crush) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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A Meeting of Assemblies

Words for meeting, assembly and related gatherings in Celtic languages.

Dáil na nÓg - Ireland's Youth Parliament
Dáil na nÓg – Ireland’s Youth Parliament

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *datlā = assembly, meeting
Old Irish (Goídelc) dál = meeting, encounter, judgement, sentence, decree, dispensing, distribution, division, tribe
comdál = assembly, meeting
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dál, dáil = meeting, encounter, conference, assembly, convention, court; case, dispute, controversy; judgement, decree, sentence, law; agreement, contract, covenant
dál-loc, dálluc = meeting place
dál-ṡuide, dálṡuidae = judgement-seat, forum
dál-tech = meeting house
comdál, comdhail, comdāl = meeting, tryst, assembly, conference
Irish (Gaeilge) dáil [d̪ˠɑːlʲ / d̪ˠaːlʲ] = meeting, tryst, encounter, assembly, convention, match-making gathering, betrothal, legislative assembly, parliament, distrubtion, decree, judgement, matter, condition, affair
Dáil Éireann = the lower house of the Parliament of Ireland
dáilcheantar = (parliamentary) constituency
dáileach = distributive
dáileacháin = distribution
dáileán = handout, leaflet
dáileog = little portion, dose
dáileoir = distributor, dispenser
dálach = found of meetings, of company; suitable for gatherings
comhdháil = meeting, tryst, convention, congress
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dàil [daːl] = agreement, covenant, condition, circumstance, history
còmhdhàil [kɔ̃ː.al] = congress, convention, meeting, encounter, transport, group of people
mòr-dhàil [moːrɣal] = congress, assmebly
Manx (Gaelg) coardail = accord, agreement, covenant, convention, compromise
coardailys = agreement, compliance, compromise, concord, harmony
Proto-Brythonic *dadl [ˈdadl] = assembly, meeting
Old Welsh (Kembraec) dat = meeting, assembly, council, court
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) daddyl, dadyl, dadl, datlev = argument, dispute, controversy, plea, lawsuit, complaint; meeting, assembly, council, court; account, transaction; battle, fight
dadleu, dadlev, datleu = arguement, reasoning, controversy, contention, dispute; meeting, assembly, council, business, proceedings; court of lawm assizes, lawsuit, pleading, plea; battle, fight
dadlewad, dadleuad = pleading, debate, disputation, intercession
dadleu, dadlew = to argue, debate, dispute
dadleuty, dadlaudy = court of law, guildhall, forum, parliament (house); theatre
dadleuwr, dadylewr = advocate, counsel, solicitor, attorney; litigant
kinatlet, kynnadled = conference, assembly, congress
Welsh (Cymraeg) dadl [dadl] = argument, debate, wrangle, controversy, contention, plea, lawsuit, complaint
dadlau = arguement, reasoning, controversy, contention, dispute
dadl(eu)af, dadl(a)u = to argue, debate, dispute
dadleuol = controversial, debatable
dadleuwr, dadylewr = advocate, counsel, solicitor, attorney, debater, disputant
cynhadledd = conference, assembly, congress
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dadyl, dadl, datl = assembly, forum (?)
dadloyer = speaker, orator
Cornish (Kernewek) dadhel = arguement, discussion, dispute
dadhelor(es) = debater, orator
dadhelva = debate
dadhla = to argue, debate, discuss
Old Breton (Brethonoc) dadl = quarrel, arguement
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dael = quarrel, arguement
Breton (Brezhoneg) dael = quarrel, arguement
daelañ = to discuss, dispute

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh̥₁-tl-eh₂, from *dʰeh₁- (to do, put, place) [source]. Words from the same roots include odd, wood, word, deed, theme and many more in English, oord (place, region) in Dutch, and soler (to get used to, tend to) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) cruinn = circular, globular, round
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cruinn = round, globular, compact, precise, assembled,
cruinniugad, crunnaghadh = (act of) gathering, collecting, assembling
Irish (Gaeilge) cruinn [kɾˠiːnʲ] = round, gathered, exact, accurate, concentrated
cruinniú [ˈkɾˠɪn̠ʲuː] = gathering, meeting, assemblage
cruinniúchán = (act of) gathering
cruinnitheoir = gatherer, collector
cruinnigh = to gather, assemble, collect, draw together, summon up, recover, converge, focus
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cruinneachadh [krɯ̪ʲəxəɣ] = (to) gather, assemble, collect, accumulate; gathering, assembly, collection, accumulation
cruinnich [krɯn̪ʲɪç] = related to a mòd, courtly, fond of meetings
cruinneachail [krɯn̪ʲəxal] = (ac)cumulative
cruinneachair [krɯn̪ʲəxɛrʲ] = gatherer
neach-cruinneachaidh = collector, gatherer
talla-cruinneachaidh = meeting hall
Manx (Gaelg) cruinnaght = assembly, function, gathering, event
cruinnaghey = assemblage, congregation; to gather, focus, huddle, sum up
cruinneyder = gatherer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) krynoi, crynói = to gather, hoard, amass, make round, roll up
crynoat = a bending, stooping
Welsh (Cymraeg) cryn(h)oad = the act of gathering together, compendium, summary, digest, assembly
crynhoi = to muster, assemble, gather, hoard, amass, make round, roll up
crynhofa = assembly, collection, gathering, store, reservoir
crynhowr = one who collects or gathers together
crynoëdig = gathered together, abridged

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic krundis (round), which probably from a non-Indo-European substrate language. [source]. Words for round in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mòd [mɔːd] = assembly, meeting, court of justice, mòd (cultural festival)
mòdach [mɔːdəx] = related to a mòd, courtly, fond of meetings
mòd-ceartais = tribunal
Manx (Gaelg) mod = assembly, gathering, meeting

Etymology: from Old Norse mót (meeting, joint), from Proto-Germanic *mōtą (meeting) Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (to meet, approach, encounter) [source]. Words from the same roots include meet and moot (subject of discussion, arguable, debatable) in English, møde (meeting, encounter, conference) in Danish, and mót (meeting, gathering, assembly) in Icelandic [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kynnull = collection, a gathering (of harvest, etc)
kynullaw, cynull = to collect, gather, bring together, muster, assemble
kinvllaud, cynullawd = a gathering, assembly
cynulledic = collected, gathered, assembled, collective
cynulleidua, cynulleitua, kynulleitua = congregation, audience, gathering, host
Welsh (Cymraeg) cynnull [ˈkənɪɬ] = collection, a gathering
cynullaf, cynullo = to collect, gather, bring together, muster, assemble
cynulliad = assembly, gathering
cynull(i)edig = collected, gathered, assembled, collective
cynulleidfa = congregation, audience, gathering, host
ymgynnull = to assemble
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cuntell, contell = a gathering together, collection
cuntell, cuntullys, cuntyllys, contellyes = to gather together, collect
cuntellet = a congregation
cuntellyans = a gathering together
Cornish (Kernewek) kuntel = collection; to accumulate, collect, gather, pick; harvest
kunteller, kuntellores = collector, picker
kuntelles = assembly, congress, meeting
kuntellyans = aggregation, congregation
Breton (Brezhoneg) kuntuilh = to pick, picking
kuntuilher = picker
kuntuilherezh = picking

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *köβ̃- (with, together), from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with, together), from PIE*ḱóm (beside, near, by, with) + dull (method), from PIE *deyḱ (to show, point out) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Habitual Customs

Words for habit, custom, virtue, moral(ity) and related things in Celtic languages.

Habitual Customs

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *banssus = custom, habit
Gaulish bessu = customs, habits
Old Irish (Goídelc) bés, béss, bǽs = custom, habit
bésad = custom, customary practice
bésgnae = custom, discipline, law
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bés, bésse, bes = habit, custom, usual procedure, practice, manner, way, moral(s), good behaviour
bésach = mannerly, well-behaviour
bésaid = moralist (?)
bésgnae = custom, usage, discipline, protocol
béstae = moral
Irish (Gaeilge) béas [bʲiːa̯sˠ/bʲeːsˠ] = habit, moral habit
béasa = conduct, manners
béasach = well-mannered, mannerly, polite
béasaíocht = mannerliness, politness
béascna = mode of conduct, custom, usage, culture
béasmhúineadh = teaching of good manners
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beus [beːs] = moral(s), virtue, conduct, demeanour
beus-eòlas = ethics, moral philosophy
beusach [beːsəx] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
beusachd [beːsəxg] = good behaviour, moral rectitude, etiquette
beusail [beːsal] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
beusalachd [beːsəl̪ˠəxg] = ethics, moral behaviour
beusanta [beːsən̪ˠdə] = ethical
Manx (Gaelg) beaoil = moral, living
beasagh = civil(ized), decorous, moral, obedient, pliable
Proto-Brythonic *boɨs = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) moes = habit, wont, custom, tradition
moeseidd, moesaidd = courteous, polite, well-bred
moesgar, moes gar = courteous, polite, refined
moessic = courteous, where courtesy is found
moessauc, moessawc, moessoc = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
moes(s)sawl = moral, ethical
Welsh (Cymraeg) moes [moːɨ̯s / mɔi̯s] = established or usual behaviour, habit, wont, custom, tradition, social convention, courtesy, civility, manners, etiquette
moesau, moesoedd = morals, moral principle(s)
moesgar = courteous, polite, refined, well-mannered, civil
moesog = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
moesol = moral, ethical, high-principled
anfoesol, di-foes = immoral
Middle Breton (Brezonec) boas = custom, habit
boaset = accustomed, trained, habitually
Breton (Brezhoneg) boaz [ˈbwɑːs] = custom, habit
boazamant = practice, tradition
boazañ [ˈbwɑːzã] = to get used to
boazet = accustomed, trained, habitually

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (to bind, bond), or from *bʰeydʰ- (to compel, force, trust) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include bide, confide, defy, faith, federal and infidelity in English, besë (pledge, oath, promise, vow) in Albanian, beiða (to ask, request) in Icelandic, and бедя (bedjá – to accuse, slander, persuade) in Bulgarian [source].

Proto-Celtic *gnātos = known, recognised
*angnātos = unknown, obscure
*gnināti = to recognise
Gaulish gniiou = I recognise (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gnáth [ɡnaːθ] = customary, usual
gnáthach [ˈɡnaːθax] = customary, usual, constant, familiar, well-known
gnáthaigid = to frequent, inhabit, practise
ingnad = strange, unusual, wonderful, marvel, miracle, wonder
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gnáth = customary, usual, familiar, well-known, custom, wont, usage
gnáthaid = to practise, use, be accustomed to
gnáthaigid = to be accustomed to, practise, frequent, inhabit
gnátham = custom, wont, habit
gnáthe = usualness, frequency
gnáthmar = wonted, customary
ingnad, ingnáth, ingnuth = strange, wonderful, remarkable, unusual, unfamiliar
Irish (Gaeilge) gnáth [ɡn̪ˠɑː/ɡɾˠɑː/ɡɾˠæː] = custom, usage, customary thing, haunt, resort
gnách [ɡn̪ˠɑ̃ːx/ɡɾˠɑːx] = customary, usual, common, ordinary
gnáthaigh = to make a habit of, practise, frequent, haunt
gnáthaíocht = commonness, frequency, usage, wont
gnáthamh = usage, custom, procedure, routine
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gnàth [grãː] = usual, common
gnàthach [grãː.əx] = conventional, routine, habitual, orthodox
gnàthachadh [grã.əxəɣ] = accustoming, practising, rehearsing, custom, practice, rehearsal
gnàthachail [grãː.əxal] = customary
gnàthachas [grãː.əxəs] = invariableness, constancy, convention, custom
gnàthachd [grãː.əxg] = customariness
Proto-Brythonic *gnọd = known, recognised
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gnaud, gnawd, gnawt, gnot = usual, customary, wont
Welsh (Cymraeg) gnawd [ɡnau̯d] = usual, customary, wont, accustomed, natural, characteristic, known, frequent
Cornish (Kernewek) gnas = character, nature, temper, quality
gnasek = natural
gnasen = trait
Old Breton (Brethonoc) gnot = (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós (known, recognisable), from *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognise) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include agnostic, canny, cognition, cunning, ignore, incognito, know, recognise in English, and noto (well-known, famous, notorious) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *kleto- = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) clecht = custom, habit
clechtaid = to practise, ply
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clecht = custom, wont, habit
clechtach = practised, experienced, customary
clechtaid = to become accustomed to, frequent, consort with, practise, ply
Irish (Gaeilge) cleacht [clʲaxt̪ˠ] = to perform habitually, to be, to become accustomed to, to practise
cleachtach (ar, le) = accustomed (to)
cleachtadh [ˈclʲaxt̪ˠə/ˈclʲaxt̪ˠu] = habit, wont, practice, experience, exercise; to practise
cleachtas = practice
cleachtóir = practitioner
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cleachd [klɛxg] = use, employ, accustom, get used to, habituate, practise
cleachdach [klɛxgəx] = customary, habitual, usual
cleachdadh [klɛxgəɣ] = using, use, convention, custom, habit
cleachdaiche [klɛxgɪçə] = consumer, user
cleachdail [klɛxgal] = customary, habitual, usual
cleachdta [klɛxdə] = used to, accustomed to
Manx (Gaelg) cliaghtey = habit, practice, rehearsal, usage, use; to rehearse, train, use, profess
cliaghtagh = habitual, customary, conventional
cliaghtaghey = to accustom, exercise, practise

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (to turn, revolve around, dwell) [source].

Proto-Celtic *ɸarebereti = to use
Old Irish (Goídelc) arbeir [arˈbʲerʲ] = to live, use, employ, eat, reproach, subdue, express
do·airbir = to bend, subdue, bow down, yield, surrender
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ar-beir, air-ber, arbeir = to live, eat, use, employ, plead, oppose, express, subdue, quell
Proto-Brythonic *ėrβėrɨd, = to make use of, employ, take
Old Welsh (Kembraec) arber = to use, make use (of), employ
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aruer, arfer, arver = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
arber, arueru, arver, arfer = to use, make use (of), employ
arueredic, arferedig = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
arverog, arferoc = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary
arferol, arverol, aruerol = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular
Welsh (Cymraeg) arfer [ˈarvɛr/ˈarvar] = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
arferaf, arfer(u) = to use, make use (of), employ
arferedig = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
arferiad = habit, usage, practice, custom
arferol = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ɸare- (for(e)-) and *bereti (to carry, bear, flow), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), from *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source].

Words for To Carry / Flow in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Drills & Augers

Words for augur and related things in Celtic languages.

Auger

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *taratrom = auger
Gaulish taratron = auger
Old Irish (Goídelc) tarathar = auger
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tarathar = auger
Irish (Gaeilge) tarathar = auger
tarathraigh = to bore with an auger
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tora [tɔrə] = auger, gimble, gimlet
torach [tɔrəx] = pertaining to or abounding in augers / gimbles / gimlets
torachair [tɔrəxɪrʲ] = auger, gimble, gimlet
torachan [tɔrəxan] = small auger / gimble
tarachair† = gimlet, auger
Manx (Gaelg) tarrar = drill
tarrarey = to drill, drilling
Proto-Brythonic *taradr [taˈradr̩] = auger, borer, drill
Old Welsh (Kembraec) tarater = auger, drill, borer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tarader, taradyr, taradr = auger, drill, borer
Welsh (Cymraeg) taradr [ˈtaradr] = auger, drill, borer, awl, gimlet, trepan
taradru = to bore with an auger, drill, pierce
tarad(r) y coed = woodpecker
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tardar, tarad = auger, borer, whimble
tardha, tardhe = to pervade, break out, emanate, penetrate, bore, pierce
Cornish (Kernewek) tarder = drill
tardra = to bore, drill, tap
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tarazr, talazr = auger
Breton (Brezhoneg) tarar [ˈtɑː.rar] = augur, chignole (a hand drill), shipworm (mollusk)
tararer [ta.ʁa.ʁe] = to pass a cereal through a sieve
tarzhañ = to burst, break, hatch, pierce, emerge, die (of thirst), warp

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *térh₁trom (tool for drilling), from *terh₁- (to rub, turn, drill, pierce) [source].

Words from the same Celtic roots, via Gaulish taratron (auger) and Late Latin taratrum, possibly include taraire in Occitan, taradre (to bore) in Catalan, trade (auger) in Galician, taladro (drill) in Spanish, tarière (auger) in French, tarader (drill) in Romansch [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include thread, thresh, trout and throw in English, settentrione (north) in Italian, třít (to rub) in Czech, and drehen (to turn) in German [source].

Drill Set

Irish (Gaeilge) druil = drill
druilchéachta = drill-plough
druileáil = drilling, to drill
druileálaí = drill-maker, drill-master
druilire láimhe = hand-drill
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dril(e) [dril(ə)] = drill
dril(g)eadh [driləɣ] = drilling, drill
plaosgach [pl̪ˠɯːsgəx] = shelled, husky, shelly
Manx (Gaelg) drillal = to drill
drilley = drill
drilleyder = drill
Welsh (Cymraeg) drill = drill
dril, drul, trul = drill, small furrow, machine for sowing seed in drills
drillio = to drill, bore, subject to discipline

Etymology: from English drill, from drillen (to bore, move in a circle in Middle Dutch, from Old Dutch *thrillen, from Proto-Germanic *þriljaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ter- (through, over) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include thrill in English and drillen (to drill, domineer) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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