Leader in Chief

Words for chief, leader, prince and related things in Celtic languages.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Irish Taoiseach

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *towissus, *tuwestus *tuwissus = act of leading, beginning, leadership
*towissākos = chief, primary, first
Primitive Irish ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci) = chief (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) tús, tuus [tuːs] = beginning, forefront
toísech [ˈtoːi̯sʲəx] = leader, chief, first, initial, primary
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tús, tuus = act of leading, forefront, precedence, pre-eminence, rank
toísech, tósich, toissech = first, former, prior, first in importance, sooner, leader, chief
toísechda = first
toísecht, taiseachda, taiseachta = chieftainship, act of leading
toísenach, taoisinach = leadership, chieftainship
Irish (Gaeilge) tús [t̪ˠuːsˠ] = beginning, commencement, start, origin, forward, leading, position, precedence, pick, choice
taoiseach [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx] = chieftain, leader, man of substance, important person, decent/generous person ; first, former
Taoiseach = (Irish) Prime Minister, Taoiseach
taoiseacht = chieftainship, leadership
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùs [tuːs] = beginning, origin, inception
tòiseach [tɔʃəx] = beginning, front, van, forefront, bow (of a ship); chief of a clan or tribe
Tòiseach [tɔːʃɪç] = a Macintosh, any member of Clan MacKintosh
tòiseachail [tɔʃəxal] = primitive, rudimentary
tòiseachd [tɔʃəxg] = (act of) beginning, starting, precedence
Manx (Gaelg) tosh = chieftain
toshiagh = chief(tain), leader, premier, offset, toe, forepart
toshiaght = beginning, fore(front), lead, opening, outset, bow (of a ship)
Toshiaght Arree = February (“start of spring”)
Toshiaght Fouyir = August (“start of autumn”)
Toshiaght Gheuree = November (“start of winter”)
toshiaghey = to begin, start, initiate
Proto-Brythonic *togwɨs = leadership
*towɨssọg = leader, chief, king, prince
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywys = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
towys, tywyssav = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
touyssoc, tywyssaỽc, tywyssavc, tywyssawc, tyỽyssaỽc = prince, lore, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tehuyokaet, tywyssogaeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywys [təu̯.ˈis] = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
tywysu, tywys(i)o = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
tywysiad = leading, leadership, guidance, direction, introduction, (water) conduit
tywysog [təu̯.ˈəsɔɡ/ˈtwəsɔɡ] = prince, lord, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tywysog(i)aeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty, supremacy, government
tywysogaidd = princely, royal, noble, splendid
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Old Breton (Brethonoc) toguisoc = ?

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *towissus (leadership), *to- (to(wards)) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from *weyd- (to see) [source]. Words from the same roots include pavilion in English, papillon (butterfly, brilliant, versatile and inconstant person) in French, farfalla (butterfly, bow tie, butterly-shaped pasta) in Italian, papion (bowtie) in Romanian, paipala (quail) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) úachtarán = chief, leader
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úachtarán, uachtarán = head, leader, chief, president, governor, ruler, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) uachtarán [uəxt̪ˠəɾˠɑːnˠ] = president, head, superior, headmaster, landowner (archaic)
Uachtarán = President
uachtaránacht = presidency, authority, power
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uachdaran [uəxgəran] = laird, landowner, proprietor, superior
uachdaranach [uəxgərənəx] = superior, paramount
uachdaranachd [uəxgərənəxg] = dominion, supremacy
uachdaranas [uəxgranəs] = jurisdiction
Manx (Gaelg) eaghtyran(e) = president, superior, chief
eaghtyraneagh = presidential
eaghtyraneys = presidency

Etymology: from Old Irish *úachtar (surface, top, cream), from Proto-Celtic *ouxteros (upper), from *(o)uxs- (up) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewp- (up) [source]. Words for Up Above, etc in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

Proto-Brythonic *penno-tam-īkos = chief, leader
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pendewic, pen(n)deuic, pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendevigiaeth, pendeuigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendevigyeid = aristocratic, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendefigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendefig(i)aidd = aristocratic, noble
pendefiges = queen, lady, peeress, noblewoman
Old Cornish pendeuig = prince, chief, noble(man)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pendevig, pensevic, pednz(h)ivig = prince, chief, noble(man), principal
pednzivigian = nobility, gentry
Cornish (Kernewek) pennseviges, pednsyviges = princess
pennsevigeth = principality
pennsevik, pednsyvik = chief, noble, prince
Old Breton (Brethonoc) *pendemic = rich (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pynuizyc, pinuisic, pinuizic = rich man
pinuizigaez = wealth
pinuizic, pinuzic = rich
pinuizicat = to enrich, to get rich
Breton (Brezhoneg) pinvidik [pĩnˈviːdik] = rich
pinvidikaat = to enrich, to get rich
pinvidikaerezh = enrichment, wealth

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *penno-tamos = the most in chief, from *penn (head), from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (head), the origins of which are not known [source].

More words for prince, chief, ruler, etc can be found in the Celtiadur posts Lord, Ruler and Country and Land.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Leathery Hide

Words for leather, hide and related things in Celtic languages.

Leather

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)letros = leather, hide
Old Irish (Goídelc) lethar = leather, skin
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lethar, leathar, lethor [ˈl͈ʲeθər] = skin, leather, hide
lethrad = leather harness
Irish (Gaeilge) leathar [ˈl̠ʲahəɾˠ] = skin, hide, leather
leathrach = leathern, leathery
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) leathar [l̪ʲɛhər] = leather, leathery, leathern
leatharach [l̪ʲɛhərəx] = leathery, like leather, coriaceous
leathrachail [l̪ʲɛrəxal] = leathery
Manx (Gaelg) l(h)iare (n.) = leather, leather equipment, strop
l(h)iareagh (adj.) = leather, leathern
Proto-Brythonic *lledr = leather
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lledyr, lledr = leather, parchment, vellum, skin, hide
lletrin = made of leather or hide, leathern
Welsh (Cymraeg) lledr [ɬɛdr/ˈɬeːdɛr] = leather, parchment, vellum, skin, hide
lledro, lledru = to cover with leather, become leathery
lledraidd = leathery, tough, coriaceous
lledrin = made of leather or hide, leathern
lledrwr, lledrydd = leather manufacturer, leather merchant, tanner, currier
Cornish (Kernewek) ledher = leather
ledhrek = leathery
Old Breton (Brethonoc) ledr = leather
Middle Breton (Brezonec) lezr = leather
Breton (Brezhoneg) lêr/ler [lɛːr] = leather
lêran, lêrañ = to garnish with leather
lêrek [ˈlɛːrek] = tough
lêrenn = strap, belt
lêrennan, lêrennañ = to garnish with strips, to tan

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *letrom (leather), or from PIE *pél-tro-m, from *pel- (to cover, wrap; skin, hide, cloth). Words for leather and related things in Germanic languages, such as leather in English, Leder in German, leer in Dutch, were possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)letros [source].

Words from the same PIE root include fell (skin, hide, pelt), film, pall and pelt in English; vel (skin, hide, fur, pelt) in Dutch; fjäll ([fish / reptile] scale) in Swedish; piel (skin, fur) in Spanish, and peau (skin, hide, fur) in French [source].

For other words for skin, see the Surfaces post on the Celtiadur.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Furrowed Trenches

Words for furrow, trench and related things in Celtic languages.

Furrows

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸrikā = furrow
*enterɸrikyā = furrow
Gaulish *rikā/*ricā = furrow
Old Irish (Goídelc) rech = furrow
etrech = furrow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) etarche, etrige, eitre = furrow, groove, channel
Irish (Gaeilge) eitre [ˈɛtʲəɾʲə] = furrow, groove, ridge
eitreach = furrowed, grooved, rifled
eitrigh = furrow, groove
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) eitre = trench, furrow
Manx (Gaelg) eerey = furrow length, plough length
Proto-Brythonic *rrɨx = furrow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rych, rich, rrych = trench, ditch, furrow, groove
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhych [r̥ɨːχ/r̥iːχ] = trench, ditch, furrow, groove, streak, wrinkle, cleft, cleavage
rhychiad = crease, wrinkle, furrowing, trenching, chamfering
rhych(i)og = furrowed, wrinkled, shrivelled
rhychu = to cut a trench, cut into rows, plough, groove, corrugate, make or become wrinkled
Old Breton (Brethonoc) rec = furrow
Middle Breton (Brezonec) rec = furrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) reg = line, furrow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *pr̥keh₂ (furrow), from *perḱ- (to open, rip up, dig) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *rikā (furrow) and Latin riga (line, stripe), include rega (furrow, ladder / run [in a stocking]) in Catalan, raie (stripe, parting, line) in French, porca (ridge between furrows, balk line) in Italian, alporquia (layering – developing a new plant from the branch of a tree) in Portuguese, porcoi (haystack, hay bale, heap, pile, bunch) in Romanian, and erreka (river, stream, ravine) in Basque [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include furrow, farrow and pig in English, Furche (furrow) in German, fåra (furrow, groove) in Swedish, porsas (piglet, pork) in Finnish, and arc [aɾˠk] (piglet) in Irish [source].

Other words for Ditches and Trenches and Grave Ditches in Celtic languages.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Yoked Bonds

Words for yoke, bond and related things in Celtic languages.

Yoked

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *yugom = yoke
*komyungis = (?)
Gaulish *yugom = yoke (?)
*Weryugos = personal name
Old Irish (Goídelc) cuing = yoke
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cuing, coing = yoke, burden, duty, sway, discipline, behaviour
Irish (Gaeilge) cuing [kiːɲɟ/kɪɲ] = yoke, bond, obligation, tie, beam, narrow neck of land (as between two lakes)
cuingealach = jugular
cuingigh = to yoke, enjoin
cuingir = yoke, pair, couple, group, herd
cuingleánach = yoked
cuingrigh = yoke, couple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cuing [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲ] = yoke, asthma, bond, obligation
cuinge [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲə] = narrow place, passage, pass, difficulty, limitation
cuingeach [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲəx] = asthmatic
cuingeachadh [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲəxəɣ] = (act of) yoking, abridgement, constraining, restricting, constraint
cuingeachail [kɯiŋʲgʲəxal] = limiting, restrictive
cuingealach [kɯ̃ĩŋʲgʲəl̪ˠəx] = restricted, shackled, constricted
Manx (Gaelg) quing = yoke, brace, team of oxen, (balance) beam
quingaghey = to subjugate, yoke
quingey = to yoke
quingit = yoked
Proto-Brythonic *jọw = yoke
Old Welsh (Kembraec) iou = yoke
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) iou, yeu, iau, jav = yoke
Welsh (Cymraeg) iau [jaɨ̯/jai̯] = yoke, pair of oxen, sway, dominion, authority, discipline, oppression
Old Cornish ieu = yoke
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) yeu = yoke
Cornish (Kernewek) yew = yoke
war yew = onward
Middle Breton (Brezonec) yeu, yau = yoke
Breton (Brezhoneg) yev [jew] = yoke, servitude
yevad = yoke, hitch, team, coupling
yevan, yevañ = to yoke, subjugate, enslave

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (yoke) or *yung, from *yewg- (to join, yoke, tie together) [source]. Words from the same roots include adjunct, conjugate, join, jugular, junction, yoga and yoke in English, joindre (to join up, reach, contact) in French, and junto (together, joined, next to) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *wedos = yoke, harness
Old Irish (Goídelc) fedan = band, carrying, company, drawing
feidid [ˈɸʲeðʲiðʲ] = to bring, lead
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fedan, feadhan, fedhain = (act of) carrying, conveying, carriage, harness, band, company, part, some
feidid, fedid = to bring, lead, refer, apply
Irish (Gaeilge) feadhain = band, troop, company
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) feadhain = team of horses
Manx (Gaelg) fwirran = staff, team
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gued, guet, gved, gwedd = yoke, harness
guedu, gwedha = to be coupled with a yoke, be yoked
gwedeu, guedeu = traces, draught-harness
gwedhau = to submit, pay homage
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwedd [ɡweːð] = yoke, harness, team (of horses, oxen, etc), bondage, captivity, submission, humility, homage, offspring, progeny, children
gweddaf, gweddu = to be coupled with a yoke, be yoked, submit, humble oneself
gweddau = traces, draught-harness

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (to bind, secure, pledge, guarantee, lead) [source]. Words from the same roots include gage, wage, wager and wed in English, Wette (bet) in German, and gage (pledge, guarantee, deposit) in French [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) mám [maːm] = yoke
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mám = yoke
Irish (Gaeilge) mám = yoke

Etymology: ? [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Grinding Mills

Words for grind, crush, mill and related things in Celtic languages.

Olive press grinding stones

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *malati = to grind, crush
Old Irish (Goídelc) meilid = to crush, grind, sharpen, eat
con·meil = to grind together
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) melaid, meilid = to grind, crush, sharpen, use, consume (esp. food)
con-meil, coimlid, cuimlid, comlaid = to rub, grind together, attach, consume, destroy
Irish (Gaeilge) meil [mʲɛlʲ] = to grind, crush
meilim = to grind
meilt = grinding, crushing, consuming, spending, wasting, incessant talk
meilteach = grinding, crushing, consuming
meilteoir = grinder, crusher
meilteoireacht = (act of) grinding, crushing
meiltire = incessant talker, chatterer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) meil [mel̪] = (to) grind, mill, pulverize, masticate
meileach [meləx] = grinding, pertaining to or abounding in grinders/mills; finely ground flour
meileadh [mɛl̪ʲɛvadʲ] = grinding, milling, pulverizing, masticating
meilt [meldʲ] = grinding
meilte [meldʲə] = ground, milled, pulverized, masticated
meiltear, meileadair [meldʲər / melədɪrʲ] = grinder
Manx (Gaelg) beihll = to grind, pulverize; pulverization
beihlleyder = grinder, pulverizer
beihllinder = grinder
bleih = grind, grist; duffer, halfling, hobbledehoy, ninny, triffler
bleihit = ground
bleihder = grinder, molar
Proto-Brythonic *malɨd = to grind, crush
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) malu, mâlu = to grind, crush, pulverise, break, shatter, smash
Welsh (Cymraeg) malu [ˈma(ː)li] = to grind, crush, pulverise, break, shatter, smash, trample, chop, sharpen, destroy, utter, speak, recite (poetry)
malu awyr = to talk idly, talk nonsense, blather (“to grind air”)
malaid = finely ground, ground to a powder
malurio = to break into fragments, shatter, smash, grind, crumble, reduce to dust, pulverise
malwr [ˈmalʊr / ˈma(ː)lʊr] = grinder, mincer, molar, miller; speaker, utterer, babbler, chatterer
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) melias = to reduce, power, grind
Cornish (Kernewek) mala = to grind
maler = grinder
melyas = to grind
Old Breton (Brethonoc) malaff = to grind
Middle Breton (Brezonec) malaff = to grind
Breton (Brezhoneg) malañ [ˈmɑːlã] = to grind, cruse, seize
malad = ground things
maladeg, maladur = grinding
maler [ˈmɑːlɛr] = miller
malerez [ma.leː.res] = grinder, vegetable mill

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-é-ti, from *melh₂- (to crush, grind). Words from the same roots include maelstrom (a large and violent whirlpool) and meal (the coarse-ground edible part of various grains often used to feed animals) in English, moudre (to grind), meule (grindstone, millstone) and moulin (mill, windmill) in French, and moler (to grind, mill), and words for mill in Celtic languages – see below [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) muilend = mill
muileóir = miller
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) muilend, muilund = mill
muileóir, moilleóir = miller
Irish (Gaeilge) muileann [ˈmˠɪlʲən̪ˠ] = mill, grinding apparatus, manufactory
muileann uisce = watermill
muileann gaoithe = windmill, pinwheel
muileann iarainn = ironworks
muileann sábhadóireachta = sawmill
muileóir = miller, mill owner
muileóireacht = (act of) milling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) muileann [mul̪ʲən̪ˠ] = mill
muileann-gaoithe = windmill
muileann-sàbhaidh = sawmill
muileann-uisge = watermill
muilear [mul̪ʲər] = miller
muilearachd [mul̪ʲərəxg] = milling, grinding
Manx (Gaelg) mwyllin = mill, factory
mwyllin geayee = windmill
mwyllin saaual = sawmill
mwyllin ushtey = watermill
mwyllar = miller, mill owner
mwyllaragh, mwyllarys = milling
Proto-Brythonic *melɨn = mill
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) melyn, melin = mill
melin wynt = windmill
melina = to grind, mill
melinyt, melinyd, melinid = miller, grinder
Welsh (Cymraeg) melin [ˈmɛlɪn] = mill, factory
melin wynt = windmill
melin lif(anu) = sawmill
melin ddŵr = watermill
melina(f), melino = to grind, mill
melinwr = miller, mill owner
melinydd = miller, grinder, molar
melinyddiaeth = the craft of milling
Old Cornish melin = mill
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) melin, belin = mill
Cornish (Kernewek) melin, belin = mill
melin dhowr = watermill
melin wyns = windmill
meliner / melinores, belender = miller
melinji = millhouse
Old Breton (Brethonoc) molin = mill
Middle Breton (Brezonec) melin = mill
Breton (Brezhoneg) milin, melin [ˈmiː.lĩn] = mill, factory
milin-avel [mi.lĩ.ˈnɑː.vɛl] = windmill
milin-dour, melin-dour [milĩnˈduːr] = watermill
milinan, milinañ = to mill, rotate
miliner, meilher = miller
milinerezh = milling

Etymology: from Late Latin molinum (a mill), from molīnus (mill), molō (to grin or mill), from Proto-Italic *melō (to grind), from Proto-Indo-European *mélh₂-ti, from *melh₂- (to grind, crush) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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A Meeting of Assemblies

Words for meeting, assembly and related gatherings in Celtic languages.

Dáil na nÓg - Ireland's Youth Parliament
Dáil na nÓg – Ireland’s Youth Parliament

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *datlā = assembly, meeting
Old Irish (Goídelc) dál = meeting, encounter, judgement, sentence, decree, dispensing, distribution, division, tribe
comdál = assembly, meeting
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dál, dáil = meeting, encounter, conference, assembly, convention, court; case, dispute, controversy; judgement, decree, sentence, law; agreement, contract, covenant
dál-loc, dálluc = meeting place
dál-ṡuide, dálṡuidae = judgement-seat, forum
dál-tech = meeting house
comdál, comdhail, comdāl = meeting, tryst, assembly, conference
Irish (Gaeilge) dáil [d̪ˠɑːlʲ / d̪ˠaːlʲ] = meeting, tryst, encounter, assembly, convention, match-making gathering, betrothal, legislative assembly, parliament, distrubtion, decree, judgement, matter, condition, affair
Dáil Éireann = the lower house of the Parliament of Ireland
dáilcheantar = (parliamentary) constituency
dáileach = distributive
dáileacháin = distribution
dáileán = handout, leaflet
dáileog = little portion, dose
dáileoir = distributor, dispenser
dálach = found of meetings, of company; suitable for gatherings
comhdháil = meeting, tryst, convention, congress
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dàil [daːl] = agreement, covenant, condition, circumstance, history
còmhdhàil [kɔ̃ː.al] = congress, convention, meeting, encounter, transport, group of people
mòr-dhàil [moːrɣal] = congress, assmebly
Manx (Gaelg) coardail = accord, agreement, covenant, convention, compromise
coardailys = agreement, compliance, compromise, concord, harmony
Proto-Brythonic *dadl [ˈdadl] = assembly, meeting
Old Welsh (Kembraec) dat = meeting, assembly, council, court
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) daddyl, dadyl, dadl, datlev = argument, dispute, controversy, plea, lawsuit, complaint; meeting, assembly, council, court; account, transaction; battle, fight
dadleu, dadlev, datleu = arguement, reasoning, controversy, contention, dispute; meeting, assembly, council, business, proceedings; court of lawm assizes, lawsuit, pleading, plea; battle, fight
dadlewad, dadleuad = pleading, debate, disputation, intercession
dadleu, dadlew = to argue, debate, dispute
dadleuty, dadlaudy = court of law, guildhall, forum, parliament (house); theatre
dadleuwr, dadylewr = advocate, counsel, solicitor, attorney; litigant
kinatlet, kynnadled = conference, assembly, congress
Welsh (Cymraeg) dadl [dadl] = argument, debate, wrangle, controversy, contention, plea, lawsuit, complaint
dadlau = arguement, reasoning, controversy, contention, dispute
dadl(eu)af, dadl(a)u = to argue, debate, dispute
dadleuol = controversial, debatable
dadleuwr, dadylewr = advocate, counsel, solicitor, attorney, debater, disputant
cynhadledd = conference, assembly, congress
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dadyl, dadl, datl = assembly, forum (?)
dadloyer = speaker, orator
Cornish (Kernewek) dadhel = arguement, discussion, dispute
dadhelor(es) = debater, orator
dadhelva = debate
dadhla = to argue, debate, discuss
Old Breton (Brethonoc) dadl = quarrel, arguement
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dael = quarrel, arguement
Breton (Brezhoneg) dael = quarrel, arguement
daelañ = to discuss, dispute

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh̥₁-tl-eh₂, from *dʰeh₁- (to do, put, place) [source]. Words from the same roots include odd, wood, word, deed, theme and many more in English, oord (place, region) in Dutch, and soler (to get used to, tend to) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) cruinn = circular, globular, round
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cruinn = round, globular, compact, precise, assembled,
cruinniugad, crunnaghadh = (act of) gathering, collecting, assembling
Irish (Gaeilge) cruinn [kɾˠiːnʲ] = round, gathered, exact, accurate, concentrated
cruinniú [ˈkɾˠɪn̠ʲuː] = gathering, meeting, assemblage
cruinniúchán = (act of) gathering
cruinnitheoir = gatherer, collector
cruinnigh = to gather, assemble, collect, draw together, summon up, recover, converge, focus
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cruinneachadh [krɯ̪ʲəxəɣ] = (to) gather, assemble, collect, accumulate; gathering, assembly, collection, accumulation
cruinnich [krɯn̪ʲɪç] = related to a mòd, courtly, fond of meetings
cruinneachail [krɯn̪ʲəxal] = (ac)cumulative
cruinneachair [krɯn̪ʲəxɛrʲ] = gatherer
neach-cruinneachaidh = collector, gatherer
talla-cruinneachaidh = meeting hall
Manx (Gaelg) cruinnaght = assembly, function, gathering, event
cruinnaghey = assemblage, congregation; to gather, focus, huddle, sum up
cruinneyder = gatherer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) krynoi, crynói = to gather, hoard, amass, make round, roll up
crynoat = a bending, stooping
Welsh (Cymraeg) cryn(h)oad = the act of gathering together, compendium, summary, digest, assembly
crynhoi = to muster, assemble, gather, hoard, amass, make round, roll up
crynhofa = assembly, collection, gathering, store, reservoir
crynhowr = one who collects or gathers together
crynoëdig = gathered together, abridged

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic krundis (round), which probably from a non-Indo-European substrate language. [source]. Words for round in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mòd [mɔːd] = assembly, meeting, court of justice, mòd (cultural festival)
mòdach [mɔːdəx] = related to a mòd, courtly, fond of meetings
mòd-ceartais = tribunal
Manx (Gaelg) mod = assembly, gathering, meeting

Etymology: from Old Norse mót (meeting, joint), from Proto-Germanic *mōtą (meeting) Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (to meet, approach, encounter) [source]. Words from the same roots include meet and moot (subject of discussion, arguable, debatable) in English, møde (meeting, encounter, conference) in Danish, and mót (meeting, gathering, assembly) in Icelandic [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kynnull = collection, a gathering (of harvest, etc)
kynullaw, cynull = to collect, gather, bring together, muster, assemble
kinvllaud, cynullawd = a gathering, assembly
cynulledic = collected, gathered, assembled, collective
cynulleidua, cynulleitua, kynulleitua = congregation, audience, gathering, host
Welsh (Cymraeg) cynnull [ˈkənɪɬ] = collection, a gathering
cynullaf, cynullo = to collect, gather, bring together, muster, assemble
cynulliad = assembly, gathering
cynull(i)edig = collected, gathered, assembled, collective
cynulleidfa = congregation, audience, gathering, host
ymgynnull = to assemble
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cuntell, contell = a gathering together, collection
cuntell, cuntullys, cuntyllys, contellyes = to gather together, collect
cuntellet = a congregation
cuntellyans = a gathering together
Cornish (Kernewek) kuntel = collection; to accumulate, collect, gather, pick; harvest
kunteller, kuntellores = collector, picker
kuntelles = assembly, congress, meeting
kuntellyans = aggregation, congregation
Breton (Brezhoneg) kuntuilh = to pick, picking
kuntuilher = picker
kuntuilherezh = picking

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *köβ̃- (with, together), from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with, together), from PIE*ḱóm (beside, near, by, with) + dull (method), from PIE *deyḱ (to show, point out) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Habitual Customs

Words for habit, custom, virtue, moral(ity) and related things in Celtic languages.

Habitual Customs

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *banssus = custom, habit
Gaulish bessu = customs, habits
Old Irish (Goídelc) bés, béss, bǽs = custom, habit
bésad = custom, customary practice
bésgnae = custom, discipline, law
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bés, bésse, bes = habit, custom, usual procedure, practice, manner, way, moral(s), good behaviour
bésach = mannerly, well-behaviour
bésaid = moralist (?)
bésgnae = custom, usage, discipline, protocol
béstae = moral
Irish (Gaeilge) béas [bʲiːa̯sˠ/bʲeːsˠ] = habit, moral habit
béasa = conduct, manners
béasach = well-mannered, mannerly, polite
béasaíocht = mannerliness, politness
béascna = mode of conduct, custom, usage, culture
béasmhúineadh = teaching of good manners
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beus [beːs] = moral(s), virtue, conduct, demeanour
beus-eòlas = ethics, moral philosophy
beusach [beːsəx] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
beusachd [beːsəxg] = good behaviour, moral rectitude, etiquette
beusail [beːsal] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
beusalachd [beːsəl̪ˠəxg] = ethics, moral behaviour
beusanta [beːsən̪ˠdə] = ethical
Manx (Gaelg) beaoil = moral, living
beasagh = civil(ized), decorous, moral, obedient, pliable
Proto-Brythonic *boɨs = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) moes = habit, wont, custom, tradition
moeseidd, moesaidd = courteous, polite, well-bred
moesgar, moes gar = courteous, polite, refined
moessic = courteous, where courtesy is found
moessauc, moessawc, moessoc = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
moes(s)sawl = moral, ethical
Welsh (Cymraeg) moes [moːɨ̯s / mɔi̯s] = established or usual behaviour, habit, wont, custom, tradition, social convention, courtesy, civility, manners, etiquette
moesau, moesoedd = morals, moral principle(s)
moesgar = courteous, polite, refined, well-mannered, civil
moesog = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
moesol = moral, ethical, high-principled
anfoesol, di-foes = immoral
Middle Breton (Brezonec) boas = custom, habit
boaset = accustomed, trained, habitually
Breton (Brezhoneg) boaz [ˈbwɑːs] = custom, habit
boazamant = practice, tradition
boazañ [ˈbwɑːzã] = to get used to
boazet = accustomed, trained, habitually

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (to bind, bond), or from *bʰeydʰ- (to compel, force, trust) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include bide, confide, defy, faith, federal and infidelity in English, besë (pledge, oath, promise, vow) in Albanian, beiða (to ask, request) in Icelandic, and бедя (bedjá – to accuse, slander, persuade) in Bulgarian [source].

Proto-Celtic *gnātos = known, recognised
*angnātos = unknown, obscure
*gnināti = to recognise
Gaulish gniiou = I recognise (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gnáth [ɡnaːθ] = customary, usual
gnáthach [ˈɡnaːθax] = customary, usual, constant, familiar, well-known
gnáthaigid = to frequent, inhabit, practise
ingnad = strange, unusual, wonderful, marvel, miracle, wonder
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gnáth = customary, usual, familiar, well-known, custom, wont, usage
gnáthaid = to practise, use, be accustomed to
gnáthaigid = to be accustomed to, practise, frequent, inhabit
gnátham = custom, wont, habit
gnáthe = usualness, frequency
gnáthmar = wonted, customary
ingnad, ingnáth, ingnuth = strange, wonderful, remarkable, unusual, unfamiliar
Irish (Gaeilge) gnáth [ɡn̪ˠɑː/ɡɾˠɑː/ɡɾˠæː] = custom, usage, customary thing, haunt, resort
gnách [ɡn̪ˠɑ̃ːx/ɡɾˠɑːx] = customary, usual, common, ordinary
gnáthaigh = to make a habit of, practise, frequent, haunt
gnáthaíocht = commonness, frequency, usage, wont
gnáthamh = usage, custom, procedure, routine
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gnàth [grãː] = usual, common
gnàthach [grãː.əx] = conventional, routine, habitual, orthodox
gnàthachadh [grã.əxəɣ] = accustoming, practising, rehearsing, custom, practice, rehearsal
gnàthachail [grãː.əxal] = customary
gnàthachas [grãː.əxəs] = invariableness, constancy, convention, custom
gnàthachd [grãː.əxg] = customariness
Proto-Brythonic *gnọd = known, recognised
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gnaud, gnawd, gnawt, gnot = usual, customary, wont
Welsh (Cymraeg) gnawd [ɡnau̯d] = usual, customary, wont, accustomed, natural, characteristic, known, frequent
Cornish (Kernewek) gnas = character, nature, temper, quality
gnasek = natural
gnasen = trait
Old Breton (Brethonoc) gnot = (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós (known, recognisable), from *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognise) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include agnostic, canny, cognition, cunning, ignore, incognito, know, recognise in English, and noto (well-known, famous, notorious) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *kleto- = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) clecht = custom, habit
clechtaid = to practise, ply
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clecht = custom, wont, habit
clechtach = practised, experienced, customary
clechtaid = to become accustomed to, frequent, consort with, practise, ply
Irish (Gaeilge) cleacht [clʲaxt̪ˠ] = to perform habitually, to be, to become accustomed to, to practise
cleachtach (ar, le) = accustomed (to)
cleachtadh [ˈclʲaxt̪ˠə/ˈclʲaxt̪ˠu] = habit, wont, practice, experience, exercise; to practise
cleachtas = practice
cleachtóir = practitioner
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cleachd [klɛxg] = use, employ, accustom, get used to, habituate, practise
cleachdach [klɛxgəx] = customary, habitual, usual
cleachdadh [klɛxgəɣ] = using, use, convention, custom, habit
cleachdaiche [klɛxgɪçə] = consumer, user
cleachdail [klɛxgal] = customary, habitual, usual
cleachdta [klɛxdə] = used to, accustomed to
Manx (Gaelg) cliaghtey = habit, practice, rehearsal, usage, use; to rehearse, train, use, profess
cliaghtagh = habitual, customary, conventional
cliaghtaghey = to accustom, exercise, practise

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (to turn, revolve around, dwell) [source].

Proto-Celtic *ɸarebereti = to use
Old Irish (Goídelc) arbeir [arˈbʲerʲ] = to live, use, employ, eat, reproach, subdue, express
do·airbir = to bend, subdue, bow down, yield, surrender
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ar-beir, air-ber, arbeir = to live, eat, use, employ, plead, oppose, express, subdue, quell
Proto-Brythonic *ėrβėrɨd, = to make use of, employ, take
Old Welsh (Kembraec) arber = to use, make use (of), employ
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aruer, arfer, arver = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
arber, arueru, arver, arfer = to use, make use (of), employ
arueredic, arferedig = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
arverog, arferoc = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary
arferol, arverol, aruerol = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular
Welsh (Cymraeg) arfer [ˈarvɛr/ˈarvar] = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
arferaf, arfer(u) = to use, make use (of), employ
arferedig = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
arferiad = habit, usage, practice, custom
arferol = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ɸare- (for(e)-) and *bereti (to carry, bear, flow), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), from *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source].

Words for To Carry / Flow in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Drills & Augers

Words for augur and related things in Celtic languages.

Auger

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *taratrom = auger
Gaulish taratron = auger
Old Irish (Goídelc) tarathar = auger
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tarathar = auger
Irish (Gaeilge) tarathar = auger
tarathraigh = to bore with an auger
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tora [tɔrə] = auger, gimble, gimlet
torach [tɔrəx] = pertaining to or abounding in augers / gimbles / gimlets
torachair [tɔrəxɪrʲ] = auger, gimble, gimlet
torachan [tɔrəxan] = small auger / gimble
tarachair† = gimlet, auger
Manx (Gaelg) tarrar = drill
tarrarey = to drill, drilling
Proto-Brythonic *taradr [taˈradr̩] = auger, borer, drill
Old Welsh (Kembraec) tarater = auger, drill, borer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tarader, taradyr, taradr = auger, drill, borer
Welsh (Cymraeg) taradr [ˈtaradr] = auger, drill, borer, awl, gimlet, trepan
taradru = to bore with an auger, drill, pierce
tarad(r) y coed = woodpecker
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tardar, tarad = auger, borer, whimble
tardha, tardhe = to pervade, break out, emanate, penetrate, bore, pierce
Cornish (Kernewek) tarder = drill
tardra = to bore, drill, tap
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tarazr, talazr = auger
Breton (Brezhoneg) tarar [ˈtɑː.rar] = augur, chignole (a hand drill), shipworm (mollusk)
tararer [ta.ʁa.ʁe] = to pass a cereal through a sieve
tarzhañ = to burst, break, hatch, pierce, emerge, die (of thirst), warp

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *térh₁trom (tool for drilling), from *terh₁- (to rub, turn, drill, pierce) [source].

Words from the same Celtic roots, via Gaulish taratron (auger) and Late Latin taratrum, possibly include taraire in Occitan, taradre (to bore) in Catalan, trade (auger) in Galician, taladro (drill) in Spanish, tarière (auger) in French, tarader (drill) in Romansch [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include thread, thresh, trout and throw in English, settentrione (north) in Italian, třít (to rub) in Czech, and drehen (to turn) in German [source].

Drill Set

Irish (Gaeilge) druil = drill
druilchéachta = drill-plough
druileáil = drilling, to drill
druileálaí = drill-maker, drill-master
druilire láimhe = hand-drill
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dril(e) [dril(ə)] = drill
dril(g)eadh [driləɣ] = drilling, drill
plaosgach [pl̪ˠɯːsgəx] = shelled, husky, shelly
Manx (Gaelg) drillal = to drill
drilley = drill
drilleyder = drill
Welsh (Cymraeg) drill = drill
dril, drul, trul = drill, small furrow, machine for sowing seed in drills
drillio = to drill, bore, subject to discipline

Etymology: from English drill, from drillen (to bore, move in a circle in Middle Dutch, from Old Dutch *thrillen, from Proto-Germanic *þriljaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ter- (through, over) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include thrill in English and drillen (to drill, domineer) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Shells

Words for shell and related things in Celtic languages.

Shells

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) bláesc = shell, nutshell, eggshell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bláesc, blosc, plaesc = eggshell, nutshell, cataract (?)
Irish (Gaeilge) blaosc / plaosc [bˠlˠiːsˠk / pˠl̪ˠeːsˠk] = shell (of eggg, but, crustacea)
blaosc an chinn / an chloiginn = skull, cranium
blaosc an aeir = the vault of heaven
blaoscach = shelly, big-, empty-, headed
blaoscán = eggshell, skull, cranium, drain, nip
blaoscrúisc = scalp
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) plaosg [pl̪ˠɯːsg] = hull, husk, pod, peel, rind, (egg)shell, crust, skull; peeling, skinning, husking, shelling
plaosgadh [pl̪ˠɯːsgəɣ] = peeling, skinning, husking, shelling
plaosgach [pl̪ˠɯːsgəx] = shelled, husky, shelly
Manx (Gaelg) bleayst = shell, hull, husk, shield, body, crust, gill cover, pod
bleayst shligganagh = tortoise shell
bleaystan(ey) = bomb, shell
bleaystagh = detonating, explosive, husked, shelled
bleaystaghey = to shell, unhusk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) plisc(yn), plisg(in) = shell(s), pod(s), husk(s), rind, skin(s)
plisco = to shell, peel
Welsh (Cymraeg) plisg(en/yn) [plɪsɡ] = shell(s), pod(s), husk(s), rind, skin(s), membrane; speech impediment, cataract, scab
plisgaf, plisgo = to shell, husk, peel
plisgynnog = having a shell, skin or husk
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pliscin = eggshell
plisg = husk, shell, paring
Cornish (Kernewek) plisk(en) = shell(s), husk(s)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) plusq(uenn) = peeling(s), skin(s), husk(s), shell(s), hull(s), eggshell(s)
plusqad = peelings
plusqua = to peel
Breton (Brezhoneg) plusk(enn) = peeling(s), shaving(s), shell(s), pod(s), bark(s)
pluskadur = peeling
pluskan, pluskañ [ˈplyskã] = to peel
pluskennek = to fluff

Etymology: possibly related to peluche (plush [toy], fluff) in French and plush in English, which come Vulgar from Latin *pilūc(i)cāre (to remove parts of sth), from Latin pilāre (to remove hair), from pilus (hair) the Proto-Indo-European *pilo- (hair) [source].

Other words from the same roots include pelo (hair) in Spanish, poil (hair) in French and pelare (to pluck, skin, shear, peel) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *sleg = shell (?)
*sleggio = shell (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) slice = shell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) slice = shell
slicén, sligen = shell
Irish (Gaeilge) slige [ˈʃl̠ʲɪɟɪ] = shell, shard, melting pot
sligeach = shells, place abounding in shells
sliogán [ʃlʲəˈɡɑ̃ːn̪ˠ] = shell
sliogán mara = scallop; seashell
sliogánach = testacean, shelled, testaceous, abounding in shells, dappled, mottled
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) slige [ʃl̪ʲigʲə] = shell, hull (of a boat)
sligean [ʃl̪ʲʲigʲan] = small shell, small hull, small drinking shell, small shard
sligeach [ʃl̪ʲigʲəx] = carapace, casing, case, crustacean, having a shell
sligeanach [ʃl̪ʲigʲanəx] = tortoise
Manx (Gaelg) shlig = shell, scale, body
shliggan = shell, bomb
shligganaghey = testaceous, tortoise
shligganaghey = bomb, bombard

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *slak- (to hit, strike, throw) [source]. The town and county of Sligo (Sligeach and Contae Shligigh in Irish), get their name from the Irish word sligeach [source]..

Proto-Celtic *krok-enā = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cregyn, cragen, cregin, krogen = shell, framework, husk
Welsh (Cymraeg) cragen, crogen [ˈkraɡɛn / ˈkrɔɡɛn] = shell, framework, husk
cragenbysg, crogenbysg = shellfish
cragenfaen, crogenfaen = pearl
cragennu = to form into a shell, become a shell
cregynna [krɛˈɡəna] = to gather shells
Old Cornish crogen = shell
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) crogen, crogan = shell
crogen an penn = skull
Cornish (Kernewek) krogen = shell
krogen benn/bedn = skull
krogen brierin / Sen Jamys = scallop
krogen benn/bedn = clam
Middle Breton (Brezonec) creguin, croguen = shell
croguennec = hooked
Breton (Brezhoneg) kregen = shells
krogenn [ˈkroː.ɡɛn] = shell, carapace
kroegennan, kroegennañ = to shell
kroegennek = hooked

Etymology: unknown. Related to cregen (clay vessel) and cragen (potsherd) in Welsh, and possibly conch in English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) mocol = cluster, husk, mesh, shell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mocol, mogal = mesh, network, web, globe, sphere, round mass, husk, shell, pid, troop, band
Irish (Gaeilge) mogall [ˈmˠɔɡəl̪ˠ] = mesh, husk, shell, pod, compacy body, cluster of people
mogallach = meshed, reticular, clustered
mogallaigh = to (en)mesh, cluster
mogallóir = mesh-rod (for measuring)
mogallsúileach = goggle-eyed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mogal [mogəl̪ˠ] = husk, shell, skin, mesh
Manx (Gaelg) moggyl = grid, mesh, network
mogglagh = meshed, networklike
eddyr-voggyl = internet
Proto-Brythonic *magl = trap, snare
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) magl, magyl = trap, snare
maglyt, maglu, meglyt = to snare, net, enmesh
Welsh (Cymraeg) magl [ˈmaɡal] = snare, noose, trap, gin, manacle, fetter; obstruction, obstacle, cataract
maglu, maglo = to snare, net, enmesh
magledig = ensnaring, entrapping, caught, ensnared, trapped
Old Cornish maglen = trap, snare
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) maglen = snare, halter, spring
Cornish (Kernewek) maglen = trap, gear
maglenna, magledna = to change gear, tangle, trap
magli = to tangle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) maclou = slime (?)

Etymology: from Latin macula (mesh), from Proto-Italic *smatlom, from Proto-Indo-European *smh₂-tló-m (wiping [?]) [source]. Words from the same roots include (chain) mail in English, macchia (stain, smear, spot) in Italian, maquis (thicket, resistance, underground) in French, and Makel (flaw, blemish) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Razors

Today we’re looking at the words for razor and related things in Celtic languages.

Vintage razors

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *altēn = razor
Old Irish (Goídelc) altan = razor, blade
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ailt = edge, blade, edged weapon
ailtech = well jointed, finely bladed
altan = sharp blade, razor
Irish (Gaeilge) altán [ˈɑhəɾʲ/ˈahæɾʲ] = sharp knife
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ealtainn [jal̪ˠdɪn̪ʲ] = flock, sharp blade, razor
Old Welsh elinn = razor
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ellyn = razor
eillyaỽ, eillaw, eillya = to shave, cut off, destroy completely, exterminate, erase, pillage
ellyaeth = tenancy, support or sustenance
eilliedydd = shaver, barber
Welsh (Cymraeg) ellyn [ˈɛɬɨ̞n/ˈɛɬɪn] = razor
eill(i)af, ell(i)o [ˈei̯ɬjɔ] = to shave, cut off, destroy completely, exterminate, erase, pillage
eilliad = a shaving, tonsure
eilliedig = shaved, shaven, tonsured
eilliwr, eillydd = barber, shaver
eillty = barber’s shop
Old Cornish elinn = razor
Cornish (Kernwek) alsen [alzɛn/ɒlzɐn] = razor
alten [altɛn/ɒltɐn] = razor
Old Breton (Brethonoc) altin = razor
Middle Breton autenn = razor
Breton (Brezhoneg) aotenn [ˈɔtːɛn] = razor
aotenn-dredan [ˈɔtɛnˈdʁeːdɑ̃n] = electric razor
aotenniñ [oˈtɛnːĩ] = to shave

Etymology: unknown. Most likely from a non-IE substrate language [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) rásúr [ɾˠɑːˈsˠuːɾˠ/ˈɾˠɑːsˠuːɾˠ] = razor
rásúr sábhailte = safety razor
lann rásúr = razor blade
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ràsar [r̪ˠaːsər] = razor
Manx (Gaelg) rhesar, razor = razor
Welsh (Cymraeg) r(h)asel, rasal [ˈrasɛl / ˈrasal] = razor
r(h)asel ddiogel = safety razor
r(h)asel hogi = cut-throat razor
raselaidd, rasalaidd = razor-like, sharp
r(h)aser = razor
Middle Breton razaff = to shave
Breton (Brezhoneg) razher = razor
razhañ, razhiñ = to shave
razher = barber, gelder
razherezh = shave, cut, equality
razhouarn = razor, shaver

Etymology (Irish and Breton) from Old French rasour (razor), from raser (to shave), from Vulgar Latin *rāsāre (to shave), from Latin rāsus, from rādō (to scrape, shave, scratch, rub, smooth, graze), from Proto-Italic *razdō, from Proto-Indo-European *rh₁d-dʰ-, from *reh₁d- (to scrape, scratch, gnaw) [source].

Etymology (Scottish Gaelic, Manx and Welsh) from English razor, from Middle English rasour (razor), from Old French rasour (razor) – see above [source].

Words from the same roots include errode, rash, rat, raze, rodent, rostrum in English, rhathu (to scrape, chafe) in Welsh, roder (to polish, wear in, hone) in French, and roer (to gnaw, pick at, wear down) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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