Gnawing Bites

Today we’re looking at the words for chew, gnaw, bite and related things in Celtic languages.

Nibbling

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *knāyeti = to bite, chew
Old Irish (Goídelc) cnaïd = to gnaw
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cnaïd, cnaídid = to gnaw away, consume, disperse
cnaí(ded), cnaidedh = gnawing, wasting
cnaí(te), cnaoite, cnaeite = wasted, corroded
cnám, cnáma, cnámh = (act of) gnawing, wasting, laying waste (to), ravaging
con-cnaí, cocnaid = to chew, masticate, gnaw (away)
Irish (Gaeilge) cnaí = gnawing, corrosion (of body), wasing, decline
cnaígh = to gnaw, corrode
cogain [ˈkɔɡənʲ / ˈkaɡənʲ] = to chew, masticate, gnaw, grind, slur, mutter
cogaint = mastication
cogantach = chewing, masticatory
cogantóir = chewer, masticator
guma coganta = chewing gum
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cagainn [kagɪn̪ʲ] = to chew, gnaw, masticate
cagnachail [kagnəxal] = chewy
cagnadh [kagnəɣ] = chewing, gnawing, masticating, mastication
caigneadh [kagʲn̪ʲəɣ] = chewing, gnawing, masticating, mastication
Manx (Gaelg) caigney = to chew, file, gnaw, mumble, munch, rasp, chewing
caignee = gnawing, chewing
credjuagh = believer, disciple, believing, believable
caigneyder = chewer, gnawer, rodent
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cno = a biting, gnawing, consuming, languishing
cnofa, cnoua = biting, gnawing, gripes, ache, colic, remorse
cnoi, knoyn, knoi = to bite, gnaw, chew, masticate, torment, worry
Welsh (Cymraeg) cno = a biting, gnawing, consuming, languishing
cnoaf, cnoi [knɔi̯] = to bite, gnaw, chew, masticate, torment, worry, fret, vex, gripe, ache, ruminate, meditate
cno = a biting, gnawing, consuming, languishing
cno(e)ad = bite, chew, gnawing, mastication
cnoawdr = gnawer, biter
cnofa = biting, gnawing, gripes, ache, colic, remorse
cnofil = rodent
Cornish (Kernewek) knias = to chew
knivil = rodent
Breton (Brezhoneg) chagiñ [ˈkreː.dĩ] = to chew
chaok [ʃok] = chewing
chaokat [ˈʃokːat] = to chew, eat, masticate
chaoker = chewer, masticator, big eater
chaokerezh = mastication

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *kneh₂- (to bite, chew, scratch, scrape) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include Nut (groove, slit, slot) in German and knóti (to peel) in Lithuanian [source].

Proto-Celtic *brozdos, *brasdu = point, tip
Old Irish (Goídelc) brot [brod] = goad
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brot, brud, brad = goad, spike
brotad(h) = act of goading, urging
brotchú = watchdog, bloodhound, herd-dog, mastiff
Irish (Gaeilge) brod = goad
broideadh = = to prod, nudge, bite
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) brod [brɔd] = goad, prickle, sting
strong>brodadh [brodəɣ] = rousing, stirring, goading, poking, prompt
Manx (Gaelg) brod = goad, jab, nudge, prick, spur, stimulus
broddagh = jabbing, stab wound
broddey = to goad, jab, nudge, poke
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) brath [braːθ] = a bite, biting
brathu, brathv, brathy = to bite, sting, wound, pierce
brathedig, brathedic = bitten, wounded, stabbed, pierced
Welsh (Cymraeg) brath [braːθ] = a bite, biting, stinging, prick, scratch, wounding, piercing, stabbing, wound, injury
brathu = to bite, sting, wound, pierce
brathedig = bitten, wounded, stabbed, pierced
brathgi = biting dog, dog given to snapping, surly man
brath(i)ad = a bite, biting, sting, wounding
brathiadol = biting, hurtful
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) brathcy = a mastiff, hound (“a biting dog”)
Cornish (Kernewek) brath = bite
bratha = to bite
brathek = caustic

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰresdʰh₁-, from *bʰers- (top, tip, point) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots possibly include barley, bristle and brush in English, barr (pine needles) in Icelandic, farine (flour, feed) in French, bara (bread) in Welsh, barr (tip, head, point, top, summit) in Irish, and Barsch (perch [fish]) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *gramman, *gremmen- = seizure, grasp
Old Irish (Goídelc) greimm, graimm [ˈɡʲr͈ʲemʲ] = grasp, authority, power
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) greimm, graimm = grasp, authority, sway, power, seizure, hold, grasp, bond, obligation, duty, service, profit, use, advantage
gremanach, greamanach = biting
gremmaigid, greamaighid = to hold fast, cleave, stick, seize, grasp, obtain, secure
Irish (Gaeilge) greim [ɟɾʲəimʲ / ɟɾʲɪmʲ] = to grip, grasp, hold
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) greim [grʲɤim =] = bit(e), morsel, clutch, grasp, grip, hold, catch, stitc, seizure, pneumonia
greimeachadh [grʲeməxəɣ] = gripping, grasping, clutching, clinging, grappling
greimean [grʲeman] = small bite, small morsel
Manx (Gaelg) greim = bite, catch, clutch, grab, grapple, grasp, grip, hold, snatch
greimmagh = clutching, grasping, gripping, snappy, sticky
greimmey = to bite, catch, clutch, grab, grip, hold

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (to seize, grab, dig, rake) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots possibly include grab, grave, groove and grub in English, graven (to dig, search for information) in Dutch, graben (to dig, burrow) in German, and grabić (to rake, rob, plunder) in Polish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Particularly Special

Today we’re looking at the words for special, particular, different and related things in Celtic languages.

Special

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸarekʷennom = extremity, end
Old Irish (Goídelc) airchenn = certain, definite
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) airchenn, airchend = certain, fixed, definite, prominent, leading, chaste, leader, chief
Irish (Gaeilge) airchinneach = hereditary steward of church lands
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) airchinneach = erenagh (monastic role)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) arpennic, arbennyc, arbennig, arbennic = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, chief, prince, leader, head
arbenhicrỽyd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbennigyaỽl, arbenygaul = lord, chieftain, sovereign
arbennedic = generous, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) arbennig [arˈbɛnɪɡ] = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, special, particular, peculiar, distinctive, specific, characteristic
arbenig(i)aeth = speciality, expertise
arbenigo = to make special, specify, denote, specialize
arbenig(i)ol = special, particular, specific, distinct
arbenigrwydd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbenigwr, arbenigydd = specialist, expert, authority
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) arbennec, arbednec = usual, customary
Cornish (Kernewek) arbennik, arbednik = distinctive, particular, special
arbenigel = specialist
arbeniger, arbenigores specialist
arbenikter = specialism, speciality
yn arbennik = especially
Middle Breton (Brezonec) arbennik = soft, tender
Breton (Brezhoneg) arbennik [ar.ˈbɛ.nːik] = special, specialized, expert
arbennigour = specialist, expert
arbennikaat = to specialize
arbennikaat = specialization, expertise, specializing
arbennikaet = specialized, competent
arbennikadur = specialization, expertise, specializing

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic ɸare- (for(e)-) and *kʷennom (head) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include arpent (acre, arpent – an old French unit of area or length) in French [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) ar leith, faoi leith [ɛɾʲˈl̠ʲɛh / fˠiːˈl̠ʲɛh] = apart, separate(ly), several, distinct, remarkable, special
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) air leth = particular(ly), separate(ly), discrete(ly), individual(ly), apart, exceptional(ly)
Manx (Gaelg) er lheh = special, specific, certain, distinctive, aloof, separate

Etymology: from Old Irish leth (side), from Proto-Celtic *letos or from Proto-Celtic *ɸletos (breadth, side). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include lled (breadth, width, part, half) in Welsh, led (wide, large, broad) in Breton, and les (breadth, width) in Cornish [source]. See the Halves and Sides Celtiadur post for more details.

Irish (Gaeilge) speisialta [ˈsˠpʲɛʃiəl̪ˠt̪ˠə] = special
speisialtacht = speciality
speisialtóir = specialist
speisialtóireacht = specializing, specialization
Welsh (Cymraeg) sbesial = special, especially good

Etymology: from Middle English special(e) (exceptional, extraordinary, particular), from Old French especial (special, powerful, mighty), from Latin speciālis (specific), from speci(ēs) (kind, type, seeing, spectacle, appearance, display), from speciō (to observe, watch, look at), from Proto-Italic *spekjō (to observe, see), from Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti (to be looking at) [source].

Proto-Celtic *sani = apart from
*sanis = different
Old Irish (Goídelc) sainredach = characteristic, peculiar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sainredach, sainredaig, sunnarthach = peculiar or belonging to, particular, special, set apart, specific, definite
Irish (Gaeilge) sonrach = particular, specific
sonraigh = particularize, specify, define; to perceive, distinguish
sonraíoch = noticeable, remarkable, peculiar, extraordinary, abnormal,grotesque
sonraíocht = specification
sonrú = specification, notice, perception
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sònraichte [sɔːnrɪçdʲə] = specific, specified, stipulated, certain, special, defined, allocated, assigned, excellent, noted
Manx (Gaelg) sonraghey = to specify
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) han = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Welsh (Cymraeg) hân = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) hanys = from thee
Cornish (Kernewek) ahanav = from me
ahanas = from you (sg)
ahanodho = from him
ahanedhi = from her
ahanan = from us
ahanowgh = from you (pl)
anedha = from them
Old Breton (Brethonoc) han = outside of, other than, different from
Middle Breton (Brezonec) han = outside of, other than, different from
Breton (Brezhoneg) han = outside of, other than, different from

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *senH- (apart, without, for oneself). Words from the same roots possibly include sunder in English, zonder (without) in Dutch, sondern (to separate, sunder) in German, sönder (broken, out of order) in Swedish, senza (without) in Italian, sans (without) in French, sin (without) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Captive Hostages

Words for hostage, pledge and related things in Celtic languages.

Hostage

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *geistlos = hostage, bail
Gaulish geistlus = hostage (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gíall = a human pledge, hostage
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gíall, gial, giall = a human pledge, hostage, jailer, act of yielding homage, obeying
gíallacht, gíallnus = hostageship, captivity
Irish (Gaeilge) giall [ɟiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, (human) pledge
giallach = having or taking hostages
giallacht = hostageship, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) giall [gʲiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, pledge
giallach [gʲiəl̪ˠəx] = pertaining to or abounding in hostages / pledges
Manx (Gaelg) gioal = pledge, pawn, stake, wager, bet, bond
geulys, geuleydys = bondage
Proto-Brythonic *guɨstl = hostage, bail
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gustil, gustel, guyst(e)l, gvystl, gwystyl = pledge, security, surety, guarantee, earnest
guystlvy, gustelau, gusthaf = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlyryaeth, gwystloryaeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwystl [ɡwɨ̞sdl / ɡʊi̯sdl] = pledge, assurance, security, surety, guarantee, earnest, gage, pawn, hostage, wager, stake, bet, mortgage
gwystl(i)ad = a pledging, a pawning
gwystlo = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlchwarae = gambling
gwystledig = pledge, bound, mortgaged
gwystlor(i)aeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
gwystlwr, gwystlydd = mortgagor, pawnbroker
Old Cornish guistel = hostage
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) guistel = hostage, pledge, surety
Cornish (Kernewek) gostel = hostage, riot
gostla = to pawn, wage
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guistl = hostage
Middle Breton (Brezonec) goestl = hostage, pledge
goestlaff = to consecrate, dedicate, pledge, devote
goestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouestl [ˈɡwestl] = hostage, pledge, guarantee, bail, surety
gouestladur = commitment, offering
gouestlaj = mortgage
gouestlañ [ˈɡwestlã] = to bet, wager, guarantee, pledge, consecrate, dedicate, devote
gouestlaoua = to bribe, buy, corrupt, grease the palm of
gouestlaouañ = to bribe, corrupt
gouestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (to yearn for, to desire) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Proto-Germanic *gīslaz (hostage), include gijzelen (to take hostage) in Dutch, Geisel (hostage) in German, gidsel (hostage) in Danish, gisslan (hostage) in Swedish, and kihlata (to betroth) in Finnish [source].

Words from the same PIE root include geisti (to desire, crave, covet, lust after) in Lithuanian, gaidīt (to wait, expect, anticipate) in Latvian, ждать (ždatʹ – to wait for, expect) in Russian, and geizen (to be miserly) in German [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) brága [ˈbraː.ɣɘ] = hostage, captive, prisoner
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brága, brágha, brage [ˈbraːɣə] = captive, prisoner, hostage
brágigdenas, braighdenus, braighdeanas = hostageship, captivity
bráigtechas, braightechus = hostageship
Irish (Gaeilge) brá [bˠɾˠɑː] = captive, hostage
braighdeanach = captive, prisoner
braighdeanas = captivity, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bràigh [braːj] = captive, hostage
bràighdeanas = bondage, captivity, slavery
neach am bràighdeanas = captive, hostage

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *brāgants (neck, throat), from *brāg + *-ants (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (to swallow, devour, eat) [source]. The sense “captive” derives from the Middle Irish phrase gaibid ar brágait (to take captive: lit. “to take by the neck”) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include carnivore, devour, gargle, gorge, gurgle and voracious in English; gurgeln (to gargle, gurgle) in German; voractià (oracity, voraciousness) in Italian, and gerti (to drink, soak up, absorb) in Lithuanian [source].

The word for hostage in Manx is raane, which also means assurance, bail, bond, collateral, guarantee, pledge or surety [source]. Its etymology is not known [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Granular Grains

Words for grain, corn and related things in Celtic languages.

grain

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *grānom = grain
Old Irish (Goídelc) grán [ɡraːn] = grain
gráinne = grain, seed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) grán, gran = level surface, grain
gráinne, grainne = a grain, a seed
Irish (Gaeilge) grán [ɡɾˠɑːnˠ / ɡɾˠaːnˠ] = grain, ball, shot, pellet
gráinne [ˈɡɾˠɑːn̠ʲə] = grain, (hard) particle, pinch (small quantity)
gránach = cereal
gránaigh = to granulate, scratch, scrape, graze
gránlach = grain, grit, shot, pellets, granulated, ground, matter
gránú = granulation
gránúll = pomegranate
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gràn [graːn] = grain (cereal, wood), shot (of lead)
gràinne [graː̪nʲə] = small grain, speck, small pellet, small quantity
grànach [graːnəx] = grained, granular
grànlach = corn, grain, cereal
gràinneach [graːn̪ʲəx] = grained, granulous, granular, gritty, granulated
gràinneanach [graːn̪ˠənəx] = pertaining to grains, grainy, granular
Manx (Gaelg) grine = grain, corn, grapeshot, pellet, foresight
grinaghey = grain
grineagh = cereal, grained, granular
grineeghey = to granulate, powder, granulation
grinneegh = grained, grainy, granular, granulated, granulous, gritty
Proto-Brythonic *grọn [ˈlɔːr] = grain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) graun, graỽnn, grawn = grain
grawnwin, grawn-wîn = grapes, wine made from the juice of grapes
gronyn, gronnyne, gronun = a single grain or pip
Welsh (Cymraeg) grawn [ɡrau̯n] = grain, corn, cereal, seed, grapes, berries, fruit, roe, spawn (of fish), shot, grape-shot, load (of a gun)
grawnafal = pomegranate
grawndy, grawnfa = barn, granary
grawnddwyn = grain-bearing, graniferous, bearing grapes or berries
grawnen = grape
grawnfwyd = cereal, grain-food
grawnffrwyth = grapefruit
grawnwin = grapes, wine made from the juice of grapes
grawnwydd = vines
gronyn = a single grain or pip
Old Cornish gronen = grain
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gronen = grain
Cornish (Kernewek) greun(en) [ɡɹøːn] = grain
greunaval = pomegranate
greunek, greunvos = cereal
greunhe = to form grain
greunji, greunva = granary, grange
greunvosow = barley, cereals, corn, wheat
greunya = to form grain in the ear
Middle Breton (Brezonec) garan, greun(enn), grun = grain
greunyaff = to go to seed, to grain, to seed, to spawn
Breton (Brezhoneg) greun(enn) [ˈɡrœ̃ːn] = grain
greunaval(enn) [grønɑ:val] = pommegranate
greunek = grainy, granular
greunenniñ = to granulate, to be granulated
greuniañ = to go to seed, to grain, to seed, to spawn
greunvaen [ˈɡʁœ̃nvɛn] = granite
greunwin = raisins

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (grain), possibly from *ǵr̥h₂-nós (matured, grown old) from *ǵerh₂- (to grow old, to mature). Words from the same roots include grurë (wheat) in Albanian, corn and grain in English, Korn (kernel, cereal, corn, grain) in German, grano (wheat, corn, grain, peppercorn, money, pin) in Italian, zirnis (pea) in Latvian, зерно (zerno – grain, cereal, seed) in Russian and Ukrainian [source].

Gráinne in Irish, gràinne in Scottish Gaelic, and maybe grine in Manx, come from Old Irish gráinne, from Old French grain (grain), from Latin grānum (grain, seed, small kernel), from Proto-Italic *grānom (grain), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm [source].

Proto-Celtic *arwar = grain
Old Irish (Goídelc) arbar [ˈar.βər] = grain, corn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) arbar, arbor = grain, corn
Irish (Gaeilge) arbhar [ˈaɾˠ(ə)wəɾˠ / əˈɾˠuːɾˠ] = corn, cereals
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) arbhar [aravər] = corn
Manx (Gaelg) arroo = corn, grain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) erwein(t) = meadow-sweet
Welsh (Cymraeg) erwain(t) = meadow-sweet, Queen of the meadows

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃-wr̥/*h₂r̥h₃-wén-s, from *h₂erh₃- (to plough) [source]. Words from the same roots include aratro (plough) in Albanian, arado (plough) in Spanish, aradr (plough) in Welsh, erv (ridge between furrows) in Breton, and arti (to plough) in Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Masters

Words for master and related things in Celtic languages.

Singing in Pontio / Canu ym Mhontio

Old Irish (Goídelc) maigister [ˈmaɣʲisʲtʲer] = master, teacher
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) maigister, maigistir, magistor, magister = teacher, master, lord, owner
Irish (Gaeilge) máistir [ˈmˠɑːʃtʲəɾʲ / ˈmˠaiʃtʲəɾʲ] = master, person in control, teacher, skilled person
máistreacht = mastering, mastery, office of master, mastership
máistreás = mistress, wife
máistrigh = to master, lord it over s.o.
máistriúil = masterful, imperious, masterly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) maighistir [majɪʃdʲɪrʲ] = master
maighstir [maiʃdʲɪrʲ] = master
maighstireachd [maiʃdʲɪrʲəxg] = office of a master, mastery
Maighstir = Mr
maighstir-lagha = magistrate
maor-sìthe = constable
maorsainneachd [mɯːr̪ˠsɪn̪ʲəxg] = mastership, prefecture
maighstireil = masterly, lordly, domineering
Manx (Gaelg) mains(h)tyr, mainshter = boss, master, skipper, taskmaster
mainshtyragh = bossy, domineering, master
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) meistyr = master, ruler, chief, lord#
meistres, mastres = mistress, woman in authority, lady, madam
meistrawl, meistrol = masterly, masterful
meistroli = to master, overcome, defeat, conquer
Welsh (Cymraeg) meistr, ma(e)str = master, ruler, chief, lord, landlord, employer, teacher, instructor, guide
meistr(i)aeth = mastery, authority, supremacy
meistres, ma(e)stres = mistress, woman in authority, lady, madam
meistr(i)ol = masterly, masterful
meistr(i)oli = to master, overcome, defeat, conquer
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) maister = master
Cornish (Kernewek) mester = boss, master, mister, Mr
mester cirk = ringmaster
mestres = boss, mistress, Mrs, Ms
Mestresik = Miss
mestrieth, mestrionieth = master’s degree
mestrynses = dominion
Middle Breton maestr, mestr, mestre = master
Breton (Brezhoneg) mestr [ˈmɛst(r)] = master, chief, champion
kartemestr = quartermaster
mestr-kêr = mayor
mestr-skol = teacher, school master
mestrañ = to dominate, to lead
mestrerezh = preponderance, dominance
mestrez = mistress, (female) boss

Etymology: from Latin magister (master, chief, head, superior, teacher, instructor), from Proto-Italic *magisteros (bigger, greater) from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂- (good, great), or *meǵh₂- (big, great). Words from the same roots include master, maestro (a master in some art, especially a composer or conductor), magistrate and mister in English, maestro (master, expert) in Italian, maître (master, leader, teacher) in French, and мастер (master – master, craftsman, expert, foreman, repairman) in Russian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) ollam [ˈol͈aβ̃] = a master in a particular trade or skill, a professor, the highest rank of fili, chief poet, doctor
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ollam, olloman = the highest grade of fili, an expert in any art or science, a professor, chief
Irish (Gaeilge) ollamh [ˈɔl̪ˠəvˠ / ˈɔl̪ˠuː] = master poet, master, expert, learned man, professor
ollúnacht = professorship
ollúnta = professorial
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ollamh [ɔl̪ˠəv] = professor
ollamhachd [ɔl̪ˠəvəxg] = professorship
ollamhan [ɔl̪ˠəvan] = doctor (of medicine / philosophy), bard of the first order
Manx (Gaelg) olloo = doctor, don, professor, pundit
trong>ollooaght = professorship

Etymology: from Old Irish oll (great, vast and -am (occupational noun-forming suffix) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) múintid, múntith = teacher, instructor
Irish (Gaeilge) múinteoir [mˠuːn̠ʲˈtʲoːɾʲ / ˈmˠuːn̠ʲtʲoːɾʲ] = teacher
múinteoireacht = (act of) teaching

Etymology: from Old Irish múnid (to teach, instruct, learn, show, point out), possibly from Latin moneō (to warn, advise, remind) [source], from Proto-Italic *moneō (to remind, warn), from *monejō, from Proto-Indo-European *moné-ye-ti, from the root *men- (to think). Words from the same roots include monitor in English, muñir (to arrange) in Spanish, and monieren (to criticize, complain about) in German [source].

Other words for teacher can be found on these post Scholarly Pupils and Fathers

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Breaking the Wind

A post about words for flatulence and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

rising wind

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bragyeti = to fart, flatulate
*braxsman = fart
*brag-(y)o- = to fart
Gaulish *bragiū = to fart (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) braigid [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = to fart
broimm = fart
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) braigid = to fart
broimm, broim = fart(ing)
Irish (Gaeilge) broim [bˠɾˠiːmʲ] = fart, to fart
broimneach = (act of) farting
broimnéis = (of speech) windiness, fury
broimnéiseach = loud-voiced, furious, bellicose
broimseán = windiness, rudeness
broimseánaí = windbag, rude person
broimseánta = rude
bromaire = farter, windbag, boaster
bromaireacht = windiness, (act of) boasting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bram [brãũm] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
braim [brɤim] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
bramag [bramag] = small fart
Manx (Gaelg) breim = fart, raspberry
breimeragh = to fart, farting
breimmey = to fart
Proto-Brythonic *bramm = fart (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bram, bràm = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bremain, brammu = to fart, break wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) bram [bram] = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bramio = to fart, break wind
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bram = fart
bramme = to fart
Cornish (Kernewek) bramm, brabm = fart
bramm an gath!, brabm an gath! = cat’s fart! fiddlesticks!
bramma, brabma = to fart
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bram = fart
brammet = to fart
Breton (Brezhoneg) bramm [brãmː] = fart
brammadenn = fireball
brammañ, brammat = to fart
brammellat = to backfire
brammer = farter

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (to stink, smell, have a strong odour) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *bragiū (fart) and Latin bragiō (to bray, cry, weep), include (to) bray in English, braire (to bray, shout, cry, weep) and brailler (to shout, yell, speak very loudly) in French, sbraitare (to shout, scream, yell, rant) in Italian, and breté in Gallo [source].

Words from the same PIE roots possibly include braña (mire, bog, fen, march, moorland) in Galician, flair, fragrant in English, flairer (to smell, sniff, scent, sense) in French, fragare (to smell) in Italian, cheirar (to smell) in Portuguese, and words for rotten, putrid, foetid, etc in Celtic languages, such as braen (rotten, putrid, corr) in Welsh – see the post Rotten Fragrance for more details [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) tútt = smell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tút(t), túth = smell, stench
Irish (Gaeilge) tuth = odour, stench, funk
tuthóg [ˈt̪ˠʊhoːɡ] = puff, fart
tuthógach = puffing, farting, malodorous
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùd [tuːd] = stink, stench, (silent) fart)
tùdach [tuːdəx] = stinking, farty, abounding in (silent) farts

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic *ɸrikkā, *frikkā = fart
Proto-Brythonic *rrex = fart
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rech, rhêch = fart
rhechain = to fart
rechyaỽc = farting
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhech [r̥eːχ] = fart
rhechu = to fart
rhechiog = farting
rhechwr = farter
dim gwerth rhech dafad = worthless (“not worth a sheep’s fart”)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *perd- (to fart loudly, to pass gas, break wind) [source]. Words from the same roots include fart, partridge in English, pjerdh (to fart) in Albanian, пърдя (pǎrdjá – to fart) in Bulgarian, Furz (fart) in German and fjärta (to fart) in Swedish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Scholarly Pupils

A post about words for disciple, pupil, student, school and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Clàrsach class 2017

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) deiscipul [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = disciple, student
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) deiscipul, disgibul, deiscibul = disciple, pupil
Irish (Gaeilge) deisceabal [ˈdʲɛʃcəbˠəlˠ] = disciple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deisciobal [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠ] = disciple
deisciobalachd [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠəxg] = discipleship
Proto-Brythonic *dɨskɨbl = disciple (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) disgybyl, discipl, dyscybl = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgyblaeth, discipliaeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblu, discyblu = to imitate, emulate
Welsh (Cymraeg) disgybl [ˈdɪsɡɨ̞bl/ˈdɪskɪbl̩] = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgybl(i)aeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblaethu = to discipline
disgyblu = to discipline, chastise, instruct, imitate, emulate
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) discebel, desgibl, disgibl, dyscybbl = disciple
Cornish (Kernewek) dyskybel = disciple
dyskybeleth = discipline
Middle Breton (Brezonec) desquebl, disquebl, disquibl = disciple
disquebles = disciple (female)
Breton (Brezhoneg) diskibl, diskiblez = disciple, pupil
diskiblezh = discipline

Etymology: from Latin disculpus (student pupil, disciple, schoolboy, cadet), from dis- (apart, asunder) and Proto-Italic *kapelos (one who takes) [source].

Words from the same roots may include disciple and discipline in English, discepolo (disciple, follower, pupil) in Italian, disciple (disciple) in French, and disciplina (discipline, subject) in Portuguese [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) daltae [ˈdal͈te] = disciple, pupil, foster-child, fosterling
daltacht, daltachas, daltus = fosterage, pupilage
daltán [ˈdal͈taːn] = little foster child, little pupil
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) daltae, daltai, dalta = a foster-son, fosterling, nursling, ward, pupil, disciple
daltán = a little foster-child, a pupil, aterm of endearment
daltachas = quarterage, billeting, military service, hire, tax, tribute, fosterage, guardianship
dailtín = fosterling, a impudent or quarrelsome young man
Irish (Gaeilge) dalta [d̪ˠalˠt̪ˠə] = foster-child, pupil, disciple, student, alumnus, cadet, pet, fondling
daltachas = fosterage, pupilage, discipleship
daltán = (little) foster-child, young pupil
daltas = cadetship
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dalta [dal̪ˠdə] = foster child, fosterling, stepchild
daltachas [dal̪ˠdəxəs] = fosterage
daltachd [dal̪ˠdəxg] = fostering
Manx (Gaelg) doltey = adopted child, ward, fosterling, pupil, protégé, cadet, initiate
doltaghey = foster, fostering
doltaghys = fosterage, pupilage
doltanagh = initiate
dolteynys = adoption, wardship
dolteyder = adopted parent, adopter, fosterer

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-lu-s, from *dʰeh₁(y)- (to suck), which is also the root of words such as figlio (son) in Italian, fils (son) in French, and hijo (son, child) in Spanish [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) meabhraitheoir = reflective, thoughtful, speculative person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) myfyriwr = student, one who meditates
Welsh (Cymraeg) myfyriwr, myfyrwraig [məˈvərjʊr, məˈvərwrai̯ɡ] = student, one who meditates

Etymology: (Welsh) from Welsh myfyrio (to meditate upon, ponder, study), from myfyr (meditation, thought), from Proto-Brythonic *meβ̃ör, from Latin memoria (memory, remembrance), from memor (mindful, remembering), of uncertain origin [source].

The Irish word comes from the same Latin root, via Middle Irish mebair (recollection, memory) and Old Irish mebuir (recollection, memory) [source].

Words from the same roots include memory, memoir and memorial in English, mémoire (memory, memo, dissertation, paper, memoir, brief) in French, memoria (memory, report, document) in Spanish, meabhair (mind, memory, consciousness, awareness, reason, sensation, feeling) in Irish, and meomhair (memory, memorandum, thinking) in Scottish Gaelic [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) scol = school
scolaige = scholar, student
scolóc = disciple, scholar, servant, student, tenant of church
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) scol = school
scolóc, scológ, scolóic = scholar, pupil, student, disciple, follower, servant, youth, lad, tenant of (church) land, farmer
Irish (Gaeilge) scoil = school
scolaíoch = scholastic
scolaíocht = schooling, school education
scoláire = scholar, learned person
scoláireacht = scholarship, learning
scolártha = scholarly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgoil = school
sgoilear [sgɔlər] = scholar, pupil, schoolboy, schoolgirl, school teacher
sgoilearach [sgɔlərəx] = scholarly, scholastic, academic(al)
sgoilearachas [sgɔlərəxəs] = scholarship
sgoilearachd [sgɔlɛrəxg] = scholarship, schooling, (act of) studying
Manx (Gaelg) scoill, schoill = school
scollag = boy, lad, stripling, youngers, scholar
schoillar = scholar, student
scoillar = academic, man of learning, pupil
schoillaragh = scholarly, scholastic
schoillaraght, schoillarys = scholarship
Proto-Brythonic *ɨskol = school
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) escol, iscol, yscol, ysgol = school
escolheyc, yscolheic, ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
escolheyctaut, ysgolhectod, ysgolheictot = scholarship, learning, erudition
ysgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
Welsh (Cymraeg) ysgol [ˈəskɔl] = school
ysgolaidd = scholastic, educational, academic
ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
ysgolheictod = scholarship, learning, erudition
(y)sgolor, (y)sgolar, (y)sgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
prifysgol = university
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scol = school
scolheic = scholar
Cornish (Kernewek) skol [skoːl] = school
skoler = scholar
skolheygel = scholarly, erudite
skolheyk, skolheyges = scholar, student
skolheygieth = scholarship
skolji = schoolhouse
pennskol, pednskol = university
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scol = school
scolaër [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
Breton (Brezhoneg) skol [skoːl/skuːl] = school
skolaer, skolaerez [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
skolaj [ˈskoː.laʃ] = college, high school
skol-veur = university
skoliad [ˈsko.ljat] = pupil, student
skoliañ = to instruct, teach

Etymology: from Latin schola (schooltime, classtime, school, student body, art gallery), from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ – leisure, free time, rest, lecture, disputation, discussion, philosophy, school, lecture hall), from Proto-Hellenic *skʰolā́ (holding back), from Proto-Indo-European *sǵʰ-h₃-léh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (to hold) [source].

Words from the same roots include epoch, hectic, scheme, scholar, school, severe and sketch in English, école (school) in French, scuola (school, class, lesson, grade) in Italian, and Schule (school) in German [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) mac léinn = student
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mac-léighinn = student (archaic)

Etymology: from Old Irish macc (son, child) and légend (act of studying), which comes from Latin legendum, from legō (to choose, appoint, collect, read) [source].

Proto-Celtic *suwits = wise, knowledgeable person
Old Irish (Goídelc) suí [ˈsui̯] = sage, scholar, expert, learned man, master, wise man
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) suí, sui, súid = man of learning, scholar, wise man, sage, head of a monastic or poetic school
suíthemail, saithemail, saothamail = skilled, accomplished, learned, wise, fair, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable
Irish (Gaeilge) saoi [sˠiː] = head of a monastic or poetic school, wise man, learned man, master, expert, eminent, distinguished, person
saíocht = learning, erudition, mastery, accomplishment
saoithiúil [ˈsiːhwəlʲ] = learned, wise, skilled, accomplished, humorous, entertaining, pleasant, agreeable, funny, peculiar
saoithiúilacht = learning, wisdom, skill, accomplishment, humorousness, pleasantness, mirth, oddness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) saoidh [sɤj] = worthy, righteous person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) syw, syỽ = excellent, splendid, elegant, smart, neat, merry, joyful
sywedyt, sywyedyd, sywedydd = astronomer, seer, soothsayer, wizard, wise or learned man, teacher
Welsh (Cymraeg) syw = excellent, splendid, elegant, smart, neat, merry, joyful, wise, learned, skilful, dexterous
sywder = elegance, neatness, smartness
syw(i)edydd = astronomer, seer, soothsayer, wizard, wise or learned man, teacher

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *su- (good) and *wid- (to know) [source]. Words from the same roots include euphoria, euphemism and other words beginning with eu- in English [source]

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) stuidear [sdudʲər] = student, study (room)
Manx (Gaelg) studeyr = student
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ystudiwr, astudiwr = student, scholar, academic
Welsh (Cymraeg) (a)studiwr = student, scholar, academic
Cornish (Kernewek) studhyer, studhyores = student
Breton (Brezhoneg) studier = student

Etymology: from English study or Middle French estudier (to study) [source].

Another word for student is oileanach [ɤlanəx] (‘one who is instructed’) in Scottish Gaelic [source]. The word oileánach also exists in Irish, but it means islander, insular or abounding in islands [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Nights

A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night
Irish (Gaeilge) oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve
anoíche = late hour of night
meánoíche = midnight
oíchí = nocturnal, nightly
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve
oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night
oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal
oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve
oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve
adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night
Manx (Gaelg) oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening
oieagh = nocturnal
oieoil = nightly
Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa
Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve
Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve
Proto-Brythonic *exuɨð = night (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat
Welsh (Cymraeg) echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ewhe = evening
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest
ehoazaff = to day a midday rest
Breton (Brezhoneg) ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta
ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest
ec’hoaziad = siesta
ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta

Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [source], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [source].

Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [source].

Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu- = night (?)
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Gaulish nox = night (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Irish (Gaeilge) anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
Manx (Gaelg) noght = tonight
Proto-Brythonic *hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nos = night
henoid = tonight
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nos = night
nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night)
nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night
nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Welsh (Cymraeg) nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil
nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night)
nosaidd = nightlike
nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
noson = evening, night
noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Old Cornish nos = night
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nos, nôs = night
haneth = tonight
Cornish (Kernewek) nos = night
nosweyth = night-time, at night
noswiker = smuggler
haneth = tonight
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nos = night
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nos = night
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) noz [ˈnoːs] = night
noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark
nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night
nozik = a little dark
henoazh = tonight
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [source].

Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [source]

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Benches

Words for bench and related things in Celtic languages.

Penmaenpool

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) beinnse, beinse, béinse, beindsi = bench, table, the Judicial Bench
Irish (Gaeilge) binse [ˈbʲiːnʲʃə] = bench, seat, the Bench, bank, ledge
binseoir = bencher
binsín = little bench, little bunch of rushes
binse breithimh = judge’s bench, tribunal
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) being [beiŋʲgʲ] = bench, form
being-aghaidh = front bench
being-chùil = back bench
being-dhùbhlain = opposition bench
Manx (Gaelg) bink = bench, base
bink obbree = workbench
bink saaue = sawbench
bink ny bingey = jury box
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bainc, meink, meinc = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench
Welsh (Cymraeg) mainc, maing, bainc, baing [mai̯ŋk, mai̯ŋg, bai̯ŋk, bai̯ŋg] = bench, long seat, form, settle, stool, footstool, workbench; seat of judge or justice, court of law, bench of judges or magistrates, throne
mainc flaen = front bench (in parliament)
mainciau cefn = back benches (in parliament)
meinciwr cefn = back-bencher
meincia(i)d = benchful, bank (of oars)
meincnod = bench-mark
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) benc, vync = bench
Cornish (Kernewek) bynk, benk = bench, platform, workbench
Breton (Brezhoneg) menk [mɛɲk] = stone bench

Etymology (Irish): from Middle English bench (bench), from Old English benċ, bænc [bentʃ] (bench), from Proto-West-Germanic *banki (bench), from Proto-Germanic *bankiz [ˈbɑŋ.kiz] (a raised surface, bulge, hillock, slope, bench) the Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (to bend, curve, arch) [source].

The Scottish Gaelic word comes from Scots bink (bench, bank, hob), from Middle English bench, etc. The Manx word possibly comes from the same roots [source].

The Welsh words come directly from Old English benċ [source].

Words from the same PIE root include back, bank and bench in English, banc (bench, bank, shoal) in French, bank (bench, couch, sofa) in Dutch, Bank (bench, workbench, bank) in German, and bänk (bench, workbench, desk, worktop) in Swedish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) sceimel = rampart, protective covering
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sceimel, sgeimheal = cover, protective roof covering, roof, wall, rampart
Irish (Gaeilge) sceimheal = eaves, projecting rim, flange, outer, encircling wall, rampart
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgibheal = eaves (of a roof)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) yscauelh, ysgavell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave
Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)sgafell = shelf, sill, rim, ledge, (eye)brow, cave
Old Cornish scamell = bench, stool
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scavel = bench, stool
Cornish (Kernewek) skavel = stool
skavel droos = footstool
skavel gronek = mushroom, toadstool
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scabell, scabel, scabeu = stool
Breton (Brezhoneg) skaoñ, skabell [ˈskoːãn / ˈskɑː.bɛl] = stool, stepladder
skabeller = chair maker

Etymology: from Latin scabellum (footstool, a kind of percussion instrument played by the foot,), from scamnum (stool, step, bench, stool, ridge), from *scabnum, from Proto-Italic *skaβnom, from Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ-no-m, from *skabʰ- (to hold up, support). [source].

Words from the same roots include sgabello (stool, footstool) in Italian, escabel (footrest, footstool) in Spanish, escabeau (step ladder) in French, shamble(s) in English, and Schemel (footstool, stool) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis


Satisfying Pleasure

Words for satisfaction, pleasure, gratitude and related things in Celtic languages.

Satisfaction

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bodyā = satisfaction, pleasure
Old Irish (Goídelc) buide [buːa̯ðʲ] = benefit, gift, profit, quality, triumph, victory, virtue
búadach = gifted, triumphant, victorious
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) buide, buidhe = good-will, favour, gratification, gratitude, thanks, grateful, gratified, glad
buidech, buidheach = well-disposed, pleased, satisfied, sated, grateful, thankful, pleasing, gratifying, pleasant
buidechus, buidheachas = ripeness, thanks
Irish (Gaeilge) buí [bˠiː/bˠiə] = victory, truimph; gift, talent; virtue merit; special quality
buíoch = thankful, pleased, satisfied
buíochas = thanks, gratitude
buíochasaigh = to thank
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) buidhe [bujə] = gratitude, gratification, thanks, glad, grateful, fortunate, lucky
buaidheach [bujəx] = grateful, thankful, satisfied, content, sated, fed up
buaidheachas [bujəxəs] = gratitude, thanks, thanksgiving, acknowledgement (of an achievement)
buaidheach = victorious, effective
Manx (Gaelg) booise = gratitude, thanks, to content, please
bwooisagh = thankful
bwooisal = gratitude, pleasing, thankful
booisal = acceptable, obliged, pleasing, thankful
cur bwooise da = to thank
Proto-Brythonic *boð = (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) bódláún = contented, satisfied, pleased
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bod, bot, bodd = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure
bodhgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant
boddhan = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented
botlaỽn, bodlavn, bodlawn = contented, satisfied, pleased
Welsh (Cymraeg) bodd [boːð] = liking, contentment, satisfaction, favour, pleasure, wish, desire, will, goodwill, approval, consent, permission
boddgar = satisfying, pleasing, agreeable, pleasant, enticing, easily satisfied or pleased, contented
boddgarwch = pleasure, agreeableness, delight, easiness to satisfy or please, contentment
boddhad = satisfaction, contentment, pleasure, enjoyment, agreeableness, delight, atonement, willingness, complacency
boddhadau = to satisfy, make contented, please, gratify, be contented
boddio = to satisfy, please, make contented, be satisfied
bodlon [ˈbɔdlɔn] = contented, satisfied, pleased
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bodh, bôdh = will, good pleasure
Cornish (Kernewek) bodh = consent, will, wish
bodhegi = to volunteer
bodhek, bodheges = volunteer, voluntary, willing
bodhel = consensual
Old Breton bod = satisfaction, contentment
Breton (Brezhoneg) boz = satisfaction, contentment (rare)
bozek = satisfied
bozleun = satisfied, full of satisfaction

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰed- (to improve, make better), or from PIE *bʰewdʰ- (to be awake, to be aware) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include bet, better and boot in English, besser (better) in German, betur (better) in Icelandic, and baat (profit, advantage) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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