Breaking the Wind

A post about words for flatulence and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

rising wind

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bragyeti = to fart, flatulate
*braxsman = fart
*brag-(y)o- = to fart
Gaulish *bragiū = to fart (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) braigid [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = to fart
broimm = fart
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) braigid = to fart
broimm, broim = fart(ing)
Irish (Gaeilge) broim [bˠɾˠiːmʲ] = fart, to fart
broimneach = (act of) farting
broimnéis = (of speech) windiness, fury
broimnéiseach = loud-voiced, furious, bellicose
broimseán = windiness, rudeness
broimseánaí = windbag, rude person
broimseánta = rude
bromaire = farter, windbag, boaster
bromaireacht = windiness, (act of) boasting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bram [brãũm] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
braim [brɤim] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
bramag [bramag] = small fart
Manx (Gaelg) breim = fart, raspberry
breimeragh = to fart, farting
breimmey = to fart
Proto-Brythonic *bramm = fart (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bram, bràm = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bremain, brammu = to fart, break wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) bram [bram] = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bramio = to fart, break wind
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bram = fart
bramme = to fart
Cornish (Kernewek) bramm, brabm = fart
bramm an gath!, brabm an gath! = cat’s fart! fiddlesticks!
bramma, brabma = to fart
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bram = fart
brammet = to fart
Breton (Brezhoneg) bramm [brãmː] = fart
brammadenn = fireball
brammañ, brammat = to fart
brammellat = to backfire
brammer = farter

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (to stink, smell, have a strong odour) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *bragiū (fart) and Latin bragiō (to bray, cry, weep), include (to) bray in English, braire (to bray, shout, cry, weep) and brailler (to shout, yell, speak very loudly) in French, sbraitare (to shout, scream, yell, rant) in Italian, and breté in Gallo [source].

Words from the same PIE roots possibly include braña (mire, bog, fen, march, moorland) in Galician, flair, fragrant in English, flairer (to smell, sniff, scent, sense) in French, fragare (to smell) in Italian, cheirar (to smell) in Portuguese, and words for rotten, putrid, foetid, etc in Celtic languages, such as braen (rotten, putrid, corr) in Welsh – see the post Rotten Fragrance for more details [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) tútt = smell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tút(t), túth = smell, stench
Irish (Gaeilge) tuth = odour, stench, funk
tuthóg [ˈt̪ˠʊhoːɡ] = puff, fart
tuthógach = puffing, farting, malodorous
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùd [tuːd] = stink, stench, (silent) fart)
tùdach [tuːdəx] = stinking, farty, abounding in (silent) farts

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic *ɸrikkā, *frikkā = fart
Proto-Brythonic *rrex = fart
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rech, rhêch = fart
rhechain = to fart
rechyaỽc = farting
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhech [r̥eːχ] = fart
rhechu = to fart
rhechiog = farting
rhechwr = farter
dim gwerth rhech dafad = worthless (“not worth a sheep’s fart”)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *perd- (to fart loudly, to pass gas, break wind) [source]. Words from the same roots include fart, partridge in English, pjerdh (to fart) in Albanian, пърдя (pǎrdjá – to fart) in Bulgarian, Furz (fart) in German and fjärta (to fart) in Swedish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Scholarly Pupils

A post about words for disciple, pupil, student, school and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Clàrsach class 2017

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) deiscipul [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = disciple, student
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) deiscipul, disgibul, deiscibul = disciple, pupil
Irish (Gaeilge) deisceabal [ˈdʲɛʃcəbˠəlˠ] = disciple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deisciobal [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠ] = disciple
deisciobalachd [dʲeʃgʲəbəl̪ˠəxg] = discipleship
Proto-Brythonic *dɨskɨbl = disciple (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) disgybyl, discipl, dyscybl = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgyblaeth, discipliaeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblu, discyblu = to imitate, emulate
Welsh (Cymraeg) disgybl [ˈdɪsɡɨ̞bl/ˈdɪskɪbl̩] = learner, pupil, beginner, apprentice, novice, adherent, follower, disciple
disgybl(i)aeth = discipline, discipleship, doctrine, religious, instruction
disgyblaethu = to discipline
disgyblu = to discipline, chastise, instruct, imitate, emulate
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) discebel, desgibl, disgibl, dyscybbl = disciple
Cornish (Kernewek) dyskybel = disciple
dyskybeleth = discipline
Middle Breton (Brezonec) desquebl, disquebl, disquibl = disciple
disquebles = disciple (female)
Breton (Brezhoneg) diskibl, diskiblez = disciple, pupil
diskiblezh = discipline

Etymology: from Latin disculpus (student pupil, disciple, schoolboy, cadet), from dis- (apart, asunder) and Proto-Italic *kapelos (one who takes) [source].

Words from the same roots may include disciple and discipline in English, discepolo (disciple, follower, pupil) in Italian, disciple (disciple) in French, and disciplina (discipline, subject) in Portuguese [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) daltae [ˈdal͈te] = disciple, pupil, foster-child, fosterling
daltacht, daltachas, daltus = fosterage, pupilage
daltán [ˈdal͈taːn] = little foster child, little pupil
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) daltae, daltai, dalta = a foster-son, fosterling, nursling, ward, pupil, disciple
daltán = a little foster-child, a pupil, aterm of endearment
daltachas = quarterage, billeting, military service, hire, tax, tribute, fosterage, guardianship
dailtín = fosterling, a impudent or quarrelsome young man
Irish (Gaeilge) dalta [d̪ˠalˠt̪ˠə] = foster-child, pupil, disciple, student, alumnus, cadet, pet, fondling
daltachas = fosterage, pupilage, discipleship
daltán = (little) foster-child, young pupil
daltas = cadetship
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dalta [dal̪ˠdə] = foster child, fosterling, stepchild
daltachas [dal̪ˠdəxəs] = fosterage
daltachd [dal̪ˠdəxg] = fostering
Manx (Gaelg) doltey = adopted child, ward, fosterling, pupil, protégé, cadet, initiate
doltaghey = foster, fostering
doltaghys = fosterage, pupilage
doltanagh = initiate
dolteynys = adoption, wardship
dolteyder = adopted parent, adopter, fosterer

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-lu-s, from *dʰeh₁(y)- (to suck), which is also the root of words such as figlio (son) in Italian, fils (son) in French, and hijo (son, child) in Spanish [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) meabhraitheoir = reflective, thoughtful, speculative person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) myfyriwr = student, one who meditates
Welsh (Cymraeg) myfyriwr, myfyrwraig [məˈvərjʊr, məˈvərwrai̯ɡ] = student, one who meditates

Etymology: (Welsh) from Welsh myfyrio (to meditate upon, ponder, study), from myfyr (meditation, thought), from Proto-Brythonic *meβ̃ör, from Latin memoria (memory, remembrance), from memor (mindful, remembering), of uncertain origin [source].

The Irish word comes from the same Latin root, via Middle Irish mebair (recollection, memory) and Old Irish mebuir (recollection, memory) [source].

Words from the same roots include memory, memoir and memorial in English, mémoire (memory, memo, dissertation, paper, memoir, brief) in French, memoria (memory, report, document) in Spanish, meabhair (mind, memory, consciousness, awareness, reason, sensation, feeling) in Irish, and meomhair (memory, memorandum, thinking) in Scottish Gaelic [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) scol = school
scolaige = scholar, student
scolóc = disciple, scholar, servant, student, tenant of church
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) scol = school
scolóc, scológ, scolóic = scholar, pupil, student, disciple, follower, servant, youth, lad, tenant of (church) land, farmer
Irish (Gaeilge) scoil = school
scolaíoch = scholastic
scolaíocht = schooling, school education
scoláire = scholar, learned person
scoláireacht = scholarship, learning
scolártha = scholarly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgoil = school
sgoilear [sgɔlər] = scholar, pupil, schoolboy, schoolgirl, school teacher
sgoilearach [sgɔlərəx] = scholarly, scholastic, academic(al)
sgoilearachas [sgɔlərəxəs] = scholarship
sgoilearachd [sgɔlɛrəxg] = scholarship, schooling, (act of) studying
Manx (Gaelg) scoill, schoill = school
scollag = boy, lad, stripling, youngers, scholar
schoillar = scholar, student
scoillar = academic, man of learning, pupil
schoillaragh = scholarly, scholastic
schoillaraght, schoillarys = scholarship
Proto-Brythonic *ɨskol = school
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) escol, iscol, yscol, ysgol = school
escolheyc, yscolheic, ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
escolheyctaut, ysgolhectod, ysgolheictot = scholarship, learning, erudition
ysgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
Welsh (Cymraeg) ysgol [ˈəskɔl] = school
ysgolaidd = scholastic, educational, academic
ysgolhaig = scholar, erudite or learned person, disciple, pupil, student
ysgolheictod = scholarship, learning, erudition
(y)sgolor, (y)sgolar, (y)sgoler = pupil, schoolchild, student, scholar
prifysgol = university
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scol = school
scolheic = scholar
Cornish (Kernewek) skol [skoːl] = school
skoler = scholar
skolheygel = scholarly, erudite
skolheyk, skolheyges = scholar, student
skolheygieth = scholarship
skolji = schoolhouse
pennskol, pednskol = university
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scol = school
scolaër [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
Breton (Brezhoneg) skol [skoːl/skuːl] = school
skolaer, skolaerez [skoˈlɛːr] = scholar, teacher, schoolmaster
skolaj [ˈskoː.laʃ] = college, high school
skol-veur = university
skoliad [ˈsko.ljat] = pupil, student
skoliañ = to instruct, teach

Etymology: from Latin schola (schooltime, classtime, school, student body, art gallery), from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ – leisure, free time, rest, lecture, disputation, discussion, philosophy, school, lecture hall), from Proto-Hellenic *skʰolā́ (holding back), from Proto-Indo-European *sǵʰ-h₃-léh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (to hold) [source].

Words from the same roots include epoch, hectic, scheme, scholar, school, severe and sketch in English, école (school) in French, scuola (school, class, lesson, grade) in Italian, and Schule (school) in German [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) mac léinn = student
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mac-léighinn = student (archaic)

Etymology: from Old Irish macc (son, child) and légend (act of studying), which comes from Latin legendum, from legō (to choose, appoint, collect, read) [source].

Proto-Celtic *suwits = wise, knowledgeable person
Old Irish (Goídelc) suí [ˈsui̯] = sage, scholar, expert, learned man, master, wise man
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) suí, sui, súid = man of learning, scholar, wise man, sage, head of a monastic or poetic school
suíthemail, saithemail, saothamail = skilled, accomplished, learned, wise, fair, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable
Irish (Gaeilge) saoi [sˠiː] = head of a monastic or poetic school, wise man, learned man, master, expert, eminent, distinguished, person
saíocht = learning, erudition, mastery, accomplishment
saoithiúil [ˈsiːhwəlʲ] = learned, wise, skilled, accomplished, humorous, entertaining, pleasant, agreeable, funny, peculiar
saoithiúilacht = learning, wisdom, skill, accomplishment, humorousness, pleasantness, mirth, oddness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) saoidh [sɤj] = worthy, righteous person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) syw, syỽ = excellent, splendid, elegant, smart, neat, merry, joyful
sywedyt, sywyedyd, sywedydd = astronomer, seer, soothsayer, wizard, wise or learned man, teacher
Welsh (Cymraeg) syw = excellent, splendid, elegant, smart, neat, merry, joyful, wise, learned, skilful, dexterous
sywder = elegance, neatness, smartness
syw(i)edydd = astronomer, seer, soothsayer, wizard, wise or learned man, teacher

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *su- (good) and *wid- (to know) [source]. Words from the same roots include euphoria, euphemism and other words beginning with eu- in English [source]

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) stuidear [sdudʲər] = student, study (room)
Manx (Gaelg) studeyr = student
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ystudiwr, astudiwr = student, scholar, academic
Welsh (Cymraeg) (a)studiwr = student, scholar, academic
Cornish (Kernewek) studhyer, studhyores = student
Breton (Brezhoneg) studier = student

Etymology: from English study or Middle French estudier (to study) [source].

Another word for student is oileanach [ɤlanəx] (‘one who is instructed’) in Scottish Gaelic [source]. The word oileánach also exists in Irish, but it means islander, insular or abounding in islands [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Nights

A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night
Irish (Gaeilge) oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve
anoíche = late hour of night
meánoíche = midnight
oíchí = nocturnal, nightly
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve
oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night
oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal
oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve
oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve
adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night
Manx (Gaelg) oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening
oieagh = nocturnal
oieoil = nightly
Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa
Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve
Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve
Proto-Brythonic *exuɨð = night (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat
Welsh (Cymraeg) echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ewhe = evening
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest
ehoazaff = to day a midday rest
Breton (Brezhoneg) ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta
ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest
ec’hoaziad = siesta
ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta

Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [source], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [source].

Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [source].

Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu- = night (?)
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Gaulish nox = night (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Irish (Gaeilge) anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
Manx (Gaelg) noght = tonight
Proto-Brythonic *hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nos = night
henoid = tonight
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nos = night
nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night)
nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night
nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Welsh (Cymraeg) nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil
nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night)
nosaidd = nightlike
nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
noson = evening, night
noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Old Cornish nos = night
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nos, nôs = night
haneth = tonight
Cornish (Kernewek) nos = night
nosweyth = night-time, at night
noswiker = smuggler
haneth = tonight
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nos = night
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nos = night
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) noz [ˈnoːs] = night
noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark
nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night
nozik = a little dark
henoazh = tonight
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [source].

Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [source]

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Bishops

A post about words for bishop in Celtic languages.

bishops

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) epscop [ˈebskob] = bishop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) epscop, espoc, escop = bishop, episcopus, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) easpag [ˈɑsˠpˠəɡ / ˈæsˠpˠəɡ / ˈɑsˠpˠək] = bishop
easpagóideach = episcopal
easpagóideacht = bishopric, episcopacy
ardeaspag = archbishop
ardeaspagóideacht = archbishopric
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) easbaig [esbɪgʲ] = bishop
easbaigeach [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopal
easbaigeachd [esbɪgʲəx] = episcopacy, bishop’s see, bishopric
àrd-easbaig / prìomh-easbaig [aːr̪ˠd esbɪgʲ] = archbishop
Manx (Gaelg) aspick, aspit = bishop, prelate
aspickagh = bishop, diocesan, Episcopalian
aspickys = bishopric, diocese, see
ard-aspick = archbishop, primate
fo-aspick = suffragan
Proto-Brythonic *eskob = bishop
Old Welsh (Kembraec) escop = bishop
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) esgob, escip, escyp, esgyb = bishop, prelate, overseer
escobaeth, escopaeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate
esgobaut, escobot, esgobot, esgobavt = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate
escopty, esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese
archescyp, archescop, archescyb, archesgyb, archescob = archbishop
Welsh (Cymraeg) esgob [ˈɛskɔb] = bishop
esgob(i)aeth = diocese, see, bishopric, episcopate
esgobaethu = to perform the duties of a bishop
esgob(i)aethol = pertaining to a bishopric, diocesan, containing a cathedral, episcopal, episcopalian
esgobaidd = bishop-like, episcopal
esgobawd, esgobod = bishopric, diocese, see, episcopacy, episcopate
esgobty = bishop’s residence or palace, cathedral church, bishopric, diocese
archesgob = archbishop, primate, metropolitan
Old Cornish escop = bishop
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) escop, epscop = bishop
Cornish (Kernewek) epskop, epskobes = bishop
epskobeth = bishopric
arghepskop = archbishop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) eskop = bishop
Breton (Brezhoneg) eskob [ˈeskop] = bishop, plough pin
eskobaj = episcopate
eskobel = episcopal
eskobelezh = episcopacy
eskopti [esˈkop.ti] = bishopric, diocese, episcopal palace
arc’heskob [arˈɣeskop] = archbishop

Etymology: from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos – overseer), from ἐπί (epí – over) and σκοπός (skopós – watcher, lookout, guardian). Words from the same roots include episcopal in English, évêque (bishop) in French, episcopo (bishop) in Italian, epíscopo (bishop) in Portuguese, peshkop (bishop, bookworm) in Albanian, and piskopos (bishop) in Turkish [source].

The English word bishop also comes from same roots, via Middle English bischop (bishop), Old English bisċop (bishop) from Proto-West-Germanic *biskop (bishop), from Vulgar Latin (e)biscopus (bishop), from Latin episcopus (bishop, overseer), etc. [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Spindly Axles

Words for axle, axis and related things in Celtic languages.

axles

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *akslā, *aksilā, *axsilā = axis
Old Irish (Goídelc) ais = back, hinder part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ais = back, hinder part
Irish (Gaeilge) ais [aʃ/æʃ/ɛʃ] = back
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aiseal [aʃəl̪ˠ] = axle(-tree), axis
Manx (Gaelg) essyl = axle, axis
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) echel, achel = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
Welsh (Cymraeg) echel [ˈɛχɛl/ˈeːχɛl] = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot
echelu = to furnish with an axle, place on an axle
echelbin = linch-pin
echelin = axis, axial, axile
Cornish (Kernewek) aghel = axle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ahel, aël = axle
Breton (Brezhoneg) ahel [ˈɑ(h)ː.ɛl] = axle
ahelan = to centre sth on, to pin (together)
ahelek = axial

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *axsi- (back), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (axis), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: axis and axle in English, as (axis) in Dutch, Achse (axis, axle) in German, ais (board, plank) in French, and eje (axis, axle, shaft, spindle, core, heart, hub) in Spanish [source].

Asciano Drop Spindle

Proto-Celtic *u̯ert-iti-, *u̯er-t- = to turn
Old Irish (Goídelc) fertas = axle, spindle, shaft, rung, ridge, bank
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fertas, fersat = shaft, spoke, axle, shaft, axletree, swingletree
Irish (Gaeilge) fearsaid [ˈfʲaɾˠsˠədʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle(-tree), passage, piece of poetry, verse, ditty
fearsaideach = shafted, spindly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fearsad, feairisid [fjar̪ˠsəd, fɛr̪ʃɪdʲ] = spindle, shaft, axle, rung, spoke, track, rut, sandbar, ripple mark (in sand at low tide)
Manx (Gaelg) fess = spindle
Proto-Brythonic *axl, *ėxɨl = axle, axis (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guerthyt, gwerthyt = spindle, axle, shaft
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwerthyd = spindle, axle, shaft, rung, stave
gwerthydu = to furnish with a spindle or axle, to fashion like a spindle
gwerthydaid = spindleful of yarn
gwerthydwr = spindle-maker
Old Cornish gurhthit = spindle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gurthid, gurhthit, gurthyd = spindle
Cornish (Kernewek) gwerthys = bobbin, cage, spindle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guirtit, guirtitou = spindle, axis
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guerzit = spindle, axis
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwerzhid [ˈɡwɛrzit] = spindle, axis

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wértti (to be turning around), from *wert- (to turn, rotate) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: verse, version, versus, vertebra, vertical, vortex, wierd and worth in English, worden (to become, get, grow, turn) in Dutch, and werden (will, be going to) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *molos = grinder
Old Irish (Goídelc) mol = axle (for a mill-wheel), shaft
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mol, moil, muil = axle, shaft (of a mill-wheel)
Irish (Gaeilge) mol [mˠɔl̪ˠ / mˠʌlˠ] = hub, shaft, pivot, nave, Pole, top, crown
Mol Thuaid = North Pole
Mol Theas = South Pole
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mul [mul̪ˠ] = axis, axle-tree
Manx (Gaelg) moll = nave

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *molh₂ós, from *melh₂- (to grind, crush) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: Mjollnir (Thor’s hammer), mallet, meal, mill, millet, molar, and mull in English, Mühle (mill, grinder) in German, milho (maize, corncob) in Portuguese, and mijo (millet) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Swords & Spikes

Words for sword and related things in Celtic languages.

Celtic Swords, Edinburgh

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kladiwos = sword
Gaulish *kladyos = sword
Old Irish (Goídelc) claideb = sword
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) claideb, claidem, claidhmhe, cloideb = (slashing) sword
Irish (Gaeilge) claíomh [kl̪ˠiːvˠ/kl̪ˠiːw] = sword
claíomhchruthach = sword-shaped, xiphoid
claíomhóir = swordsman
claíomhóireacht = swordsmanship
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) claidheamh [kl̪ˠajəv] = sword
claidheamhach [kl̪ˠajəvəx] = pertaining to or abounding in swords
claidheamhair [kl̪ˠajəvɛrʲ] = swordsman
claidheamhaireachd [kl̪ˠajəvɛrʲəxg] = fencing, sword-fighting, swordsmanship, sparring
claidheamhan [kl̪ˠajəvan] = little sword, icicle, snot, door-bolt, latch
Manx (Gaelg) cliwe = sword
cliweagh = sword-like, ensiform
cliweaght = swordplay
cliweder = swordsman
cliwederahgt = fencing
cliwederys = swordmanship
cliwedeyr = fencer
cliwenys = swordsmithing, sword-making
Proto-Brythonic *klėðɨβ̃ = sword
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) clety(u)w, cled(d)yf = sword
cledyual, cledyf(u)al = sword-stroke or thrust
cletifhir, cledyfhir = having a long sword
cledyfawt, cleddyfawd = sword-stroke or thrust, gash, wound
cletyuawc, cledyfawc = armed with sword(s), swords, sharp, cruel
Welsh (Cymraeg) cleddyf [ˈklɛðɨ̞v/ˈkleːðɪv] = sword, blade, brace (on a door or wall)
cleddyfaeth = swordsmanship, fencing
cleddyfu, cleddyfa(f) = to slay with the sword, to put to the sword
cleddyfal = sword-stroke or thrust
cleddyfan = dagger, poniard, hanger
cleddyfod = sword-stroke
cleddyfwr = swordsman
cleddyfydd = sword-cutler, sword-smith, swordsman
cleddyfyddiaeth = swordsmanship, art of fencing
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cledhe, cledhé, cledha = sword
Cornish (Kernewek) kledha = sword
kledhya = fencing
Middle Breton (Brezonec) clezef(f), cleze = sword
Breton (Brezhoneg) kleze [ˈkleː.ze] = sword, glaive
klezen/klezeñ = sword
klezeiad = ironworker, gladiator
klezeniata = ironworker
klezenour = swordsman


Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kladeti (to stab, dig), from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₂dʰ-é-ti, from *kelh₂- (to beat, strike) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *kladyos, possibly include gladius (sword, murder, death, a gladiatorial contest, swordfish) in Latin, gladiator, gladiolus and glaive (a light lance with a long, sharp-pointed head) in English, esglai (fright) in Catalan, ghiado (sword, dagger, knife, frost, cold) in Italian, gládio (sword, power, strength) in Portuguese, and gladio (bulrush, cattail) in Spanish [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include calamity, clade, clergy, cleric, clerk, coup, and glaive in English, clava (club) in Spanish, колоть (to split, cleave, break, stab) in Russian, and words for to dig and bury and related things in Celtic languages [source].

Proto-Celtic *kolgā = a stabbing weapon, like a dagger
Old Irish (Goídelc) colg = sword, pointed thing
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) colg, calg, cailg = anything pointed, piercing instrument, sword, rapier, sting, stabe, thrust, awn of barley or wheat
colgach = fierce, bristling
colgad = act of piercing
colgdae = pointed, fierce
Irish (Gaeilge) colg [ˈkɔl̪ˠəɡ] = sword (literary), blade, point (of sword), beard, awn, bristle, dorsal fin
colgach = bearded, bristling, angry
colgaí = prickliness, irritability
colgán = sharp point, prickle, bristle, sword-fish
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) colg [kɔl̪ˠɔg] = pig bristle, beard of barley, needle (of conifer), prickle
colgach [kɔl̪ˠɔgəx] = bristly, prickly
colgachd [kɔl̪ˠɔgəxg] = prickliness
Manx (Gaelg) caulg = barb, bristle, prickle, ruffle
caulgagh = barbed, bearded, bristly, prickly
caulgid = bristliness, prickliness; snappish, snappishness
Proto-Brythonic *kolɣ = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) col, coly, kola = awn, beard of corn, husks, chaff, spike, prickles, sting, hinge
Welsh (Cymraeg) col, coly, cola [kɔl] = awn, beard of corn, husks, chaff, spike, prickles, sting, hinge
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) col, culu, culhu = any projecting body or pointed hill, a peak, promintory, awn, beard of corn
Cornish (Kernewek) kolgh = spike
Middle Breton (Brezonec) colch = awn, beards of cereal
Breton (Brezhoneg) kolc’h = awn, beards of cereal

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (to beat, break) – see above [source].

Awn [ɔːn] = the bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc. or any similar bristlelike appendage – see below [source].

awn

Proto-Celtic *tarankyos = nail
Gaulish *tarankā = (?)/td>
Old Irish (Goídelc) tairnge = nail, spike, peg
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tairnge = spike, point, nail, peg
tairnged = act of nailing
Irish (Gaeilge) tairne [ˈt̪ˠɑːɾˠn̠ʲə / ˈt̪ˠaːɾˠn̠ʲə] = nail
tairneoir = nailer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tàirng [taːr̪ˠŋʲgʲ] = nail
tarrag [tar̪ˠag] = nail, spike
tarrang [tar̪ˠəŋg] = nail, pin
tàirngeach [taːr̪ˠn̪ʲəx] = pertaining to or abounding in nails
tàirngeachadh [taːr̪ˠn̪ʲəxəɣ] = (act of) nailing, fixing with nails
Manx (Gaelg) treiney = nail
treinaghey = to nail down

Etymology: from *terh₁- (to drill, rub, turn, pierce) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Latin *taranca (large iron pin), include tranca (thick bar of wood, door bolt, drunkenness) in Spanish, tranca (bar, door bolt) in Portuguese, and tranca (bar, door bolt, salmon) in Catalan and Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root include trito (chopped, crushed, minced, ground, trite, commonplace, threadbare) in Italian, trite in English, trigo (wheat) in Portuguese and Spanish, tribouler (to tumble) in French, and трие (trie – to rub) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Furrowed Trenches

Words for furrow, trench and related things in Celtic languages.

Furrows

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸrikā = furrow
*enterɸrikyā = furrow
Gaulish *rikā/*ricā = furrow
Old Irish (Goídelc) rech = furrow
etrech = furrow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) etarche, etrige, eitre = furrow, groove, channel
Irish (Gaeilge) eitre [ˈɛtʲəɾʲə] = furrow, groove, ridge
eitreach = furrowed, grooved, rifled
eitrigh = furrow, groove
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) eitre = trench, furrow
Manx (Gaelg) eerey = furrow length, plough length
Proto-Brythonic *rrɨx = furrow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rych, rich, rrych = trench, ditch, furrow, groove
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhych [r̥ɨːχ/r̥iːχ] = trench, ditch, furrow, groove, streak, wrinkle, cleft, cleavage
rhychiad = crease, wrinkle, furrowing, trenching, chamfering
rhych(i)og = furrowed, wrinkled, shrivelled
rhychu = to cut a trench, cut into rows, plough, groove, corrugate, make or become wrinkled
Old Breton (Brethonoc) rec = furrow
Middle Breton (Brezonec) rec = furrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) reg = line, furrow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *pr̥keh₂ (furrow), from *perḱ- (to open, rip up, dig) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *rikā (furrow) and Latin riga (line, stripe), include rega (furrow, ladder / run [in a stocking]) in Catalan, raie (stripe, parting, line) in French, porca (ridge between furrows, balk line) in Italian, alporquia (layering – developing a new plant from the branch of a tree) in Portuguese, porcoi (haystack, hay bale, heap, pile, bunch) in Romanian, and erreka (river, stream, ravine) in Basque [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include furrow, farrow and pig in English, Furche (furrow) in German, fåra (furrow, groove) in Swedish, porsas (piglet, pork) in Finnish, and arc [aɾˠk] (piglet) in Irish [source].

Other words for Ditches and Trenches and Grave Ditches in Celtic languages.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Rewarding Gifts

Words for prize and related things in Celtic languages.

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Proto-Celtic *uɸo-kʷrinati = reward (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) fochraic [ˈfoxriɡʲ] = reward, recompense
terḟochraic, terfhochraic = buying, payment, reward
crenaid = to buy, sell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) fochraic, fochricc = reward, recompense, payment, fee, hire, rent, compensation
fochrach = a hireling, mercenary
fochricnet = a little reward
terḟochraic, terochraic, turfhochraic = reward, recompense, price, payment, present or payment made by a bridegroom to a bride or her relations
Irish (Gaeilge) fochraig = reward, stipend, fee
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwobr, gwobyr = reward, prize
gwobr-wŷr = rewarder, giver or taker of bribes, briber
gober, gobruy, gobrwy, gobyr = reward, payment, fee,
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwobr/gwobrwy [ˈɡwɔbr] =reward, prize, desert, recompense, benefit, gift, tip, fee, hire, bribe
gwobrwy = fee, fine
gwobraf, gwobri, gwobru, gwobro = to reward, recompense, compensate, bribe, corrupt
gwobrwr = rewarder, giver or taker of bribes, briber
gwobrwyad = a rewarding, remuneration, bribery
gwobrwyaf, gwobrwyo = to award a prize, reward, recompense, acknowledge
gobr/gobrwy = reward, payment, fee, wages, recompense, gift, merit, desert, bribe
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gober, gobar, gobyr = recompense, reward, fee, wagews, stipend, hire
goberna = to hire
Cornish (Kernewek) gober = earnings, income, pay, remuneration, reward, salary, wage
gober dilavur/diweythieth = unemployment benefit
gober ispoyntel = minimum wage
gober kleves = sick pay
gober omdednans = pension
gobra = to remunerate, reward
gobrena = to rent
gobrener, gorenores = tenant
Middle Breton (Brezonec) gopr, gobr = wage, salary
gopra = to bet, wager
gopraer, gopraër = mercenary, tenant, lodger
gopraff, gôbret = to put on payroll, give a salary, remunerate
Breton (Brezhoneg) gopr = salary, wages, pay, fee
gopra = to bet, wager, pay, hire
goprad = salary
gopradenn = recompense
goprañ = to put on payroll, give a salary, remunerate

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic from *uɸo (under) and *kʷrināti (to buy) [source]. Some words for to buy in Celtic languages come from the Proto-Celtic root *kʷrināti (to buy)

Proto-Celtic *dānus / *dānus = gift
Gaulish Danomaros = personal name
Old Irish (Goídelc) dán [daːn] = art, gift, poem, skill
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) dán = gift, bestowal, endowment, present, skill, poem, song, verse, rhyme
Irish (Gaeilge) dán [d̪ˠɑ̃ːn̪ˠ/d̪ˠaːn̪ˠ] = gift, offering, craft, calling, art, faculty, art of poetry, poem, lot, fate
dánaigh = to give, bestow
dánlann = art gallery
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dàn [daːn] = poem, song, work, effort
dàn-mòr = epic poem
dàn-molaidh = eulogy
dàn-liriceach = lyric
dàn-fhacal = epigram
dànach = poetic, metric
dànachd = poetry
Manx (Gaelg) daan = poem
daan mooar = epic
daan moyllee = hymn
Proto-Brythonic *dọn = gift, blessing
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) daun, davn, dawn = gift, talent
dawnget, dawnged = gift, benefit, favour
dawngoeth, down-goeth = finely gifted or endowed
dawnha = to endow with a gift or benefit, to bless
donnwy, donyer, donya = to endow, bless, give, present
donyauc, donyawc, doniog = gifted, endowed, talented
Welsh (Cymraeg) dawn [dau̯n] = faculty, intellectual gift, talent, genius, humour, wit, grace, benefit, blessing, favour, reward, present, donation
dawnaf, dawno = to fare, get on
dawnaidd = gifted, endowed with or showing ability
dawnedigaeth = gift, a giving or conferring, endowment, grace
dawnged = gift, benefit, favour
dawngoeth = finely gifted or endowed
dawnhaf, dawnhau = to endow with a gift or benefit, to bless
doniaf, donio = to endow, bless, give, present
doniog = gifted, endowed, talented, bountiful, liberal, fortunate, advantageous
doniol = gifted, talented, endowed, eloquent
Middle Breton (Brezonec) donaison, donaeson, donaezon = gift, talent, donation
donaesonaff = to donate
donaesonner, donaesoner = donor
Breton (Brezhoneg) donezon = gift, talent, donation
donezoner = donor
donezoniñ = to donate, present, reward, gratify

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃nom (gift), from *deh₃- (to give) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include date, donate, dose and vend in English, don (gift, talent, knack) in French, dom (talent) in Portuguese, and don (gift, present, talent, knack) in Spanish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) dúas = reward, gift
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) dúas, dúáis, duais = gift, reward (esp. a recompense give to poets)
dúasach = reward- or gift-bestowing, munificent, gift-bestower, rewarder
dúasad = act of benefiting, rewarding
frithdúas = a counter-reward, the payment made to the receiter
Irish (Gaeilge) duais = gift, reward, prize, stake, prize, prize-winning
duaisbhanna = prize-bond
duaiseach = bountiful, generous
duaiseoir = prizewinner
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) duais [duəʃ] = prize, bonus, reward, purse (in sports)
duais-bhrathaidh = bribe (reward for betrayal)
duais-roinn = dividend
duais-earrainn = dividend
duais-airgid = (monetary) prize
duais-barrachd = premium
duaiseachadh [duəʃəxəɣ] = awarding, gratifying, gratification
duaismhor duəʃ(v)ər] = liberal, bountiful

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (to give) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Short Cuts

Words for short, cut and related things in Celtic languages:

Scout Cardigan Corgi

Proto-Celtic *birros = short
Old Irish (Goídelc) berr [bʲer͈] = short
berraid = to shear, clip, shave, cut, shear, tonsure
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) berr, bearr = short
berrad = to cut, clip, shave, cut, tonsure
Irish (Gaeilge) bearr [bʲɑːɾˠ/bʲaːɾˠ] = to clip, cut, trim, cut (hair), shave, fleece (sb)
bearradh = cutting
bearrthóir = trimmer, shearer
bearrthóireacht = trimming, cutting speech
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beàrr = short, brief (archaic)
beàrr [bjaːr̪ˠ] = to cut, shave, crop, shear, pare, prune, clip, poll, dehorn
Manx (Gaelg) baarey = to bare, clip, cut, dress, poll, prune, shave, trimmed
baareyder = barber, cutter, shaver, clipper
baarys = tonsure
Gaulish *birros = a coarse kind of thick woollen cloth; a woollen cap or hood worn over the shoulders or head<
Proto-Brythonic *bɨrr [ˈbɨr͈] = short
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) birr, byrr = short, small, brief
bŷr-brŷd = a short meal of meat
uyrder, byrder = shortness, brevity
Welsh (Cymraeg) byr [bɨ̞r/bɪr] = short, small, brief, concise, condensed, abrupt, curt, stingy, sparing, deficient, faulty
byrbryd = light meal, lunch, snack
byrbwyll = rash, reckless, thoughtless
byrder = shortness, brevity, smallness, conciseness, scarity, deficiency
byrdra = shortness, brevity, smallness, curtness
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ber = short, diminutive, brief
beranal = asthma, shortness of breath
Cornish (Kernewek) berr [bɛɹ] = short, brief
berrhe = to abbreviate, shorten
berrheans = abrreviation
berrskrifa = to summarise
berrwelyek = short-sighted
Middle Breton (Brezonec) berr, ber, bèr = short, brief
berr-ha-berr = very short, shortly briefly
berraat = to shorten, abbreivate, reduce
berradenn = shortening
berradur = abbreviation
Breton (Brezhoneg) berr = short, brief
berr-ha-berr = very short, shortly briefly
berradenn = shortening
berradur = abbreviation

Etymology: unknown

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Latin and Gaulish, include beret in English, béret (beret) in French, berret (cap) in Gascon, biretta (a square cap worm by Roman Catholic priests) in English and Italian, berretto (beanie, cap) in Italian, barrete (biretta, cap) in Portuguese, birrete (biretta) in French, and βίρρος [ˈβir.ros] (a type of cloak or mantle) in Ancient Greek [source].

Proto-Celtic *gerros = short
*gari- = short
Old Irish (Goídelc) gerr, gearr = short, a short time, castrated
gerraid = to cut, mutilate, shorten, carve
garait [ˈɡarədʲ] = short
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gerr [ɡʲer͈] = short
gairaid = to cut short, cut off, mutilate
garit, garait, gairit = short (time/distance/length)
Irish (Gaeilge) gearr [ɟɑːɾˠ/ɟaːɾˠ] = short; to cut, shorten, reduce
gearrachán = cutting remark
gearradh = cutting, cut, levy, rate, speed
gearrán = gelding, pack-horse, small horse, nag, strong-boned woman
gearróg = short bit, scrap, short drill or furrow, short stocky girl, short answer
gearrthóg = cutting, snippet, trimmings, cutlet
gearrthóir = cutter, chisel
gairid [ˈɡaɾʲədʲ] = short, near, close
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geàrr [gʲaːr̪ˠ] = short, thick-set, squat, dumpy, brief, concise, succinct, scanty; to cut, carve, sever, dock
goirid [gɤrʲɪdʲ] = short, brief, brusque
giorraich [gʲir̪ɪç] = abbreviate, abrige, shorten, curtail
giorrachadh [gʲir̪ˠəxəɣ] = abbreviation, abridgement, summary
Manx (Gaelg) giare = abbreviated, abridged, abrupt, brief, brusque, compact, concise, curt, short, summary
giarey = to abbreviate, abridge, axe, carve castrate, clip, cut
girraghey = to abbreviate, abridge, contract, shorten

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (short). Words from the same PIE root include ह्रस्व [ˈɦɾɐs̪.ʋɐ] (short, small, dwarfish, little, low; a dwarf) in Sanskrit, and ह्रस्व [ɦɾəs̪.ʋᵊ] (a short vowel) in Hindi, and possibly girl in English [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Magic and Spells

Today we’re looking at words for magic, spells, charms, prayers and related things in Celtic languages.

Witch

Proto-Celtic *brixtā = spell, magical formula, incantation
Celtiberian *bruxtia
Gaulish brixtia
Old Irish (Goídelc) bricht = charm, spell, incantation
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bricht = incanation, charm, magic spell
Irish (Gaeilge) briocht = charm, spell, amulet
briocht sí = fairy charm
briocht a chanadh = to chant a spell
briocht draíochta = magic spell
Proto-Brythonic *briθ [ˈbriːθ] = charm, incantation
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lleturith, lledrith, ledryth = magic, spell, charm, enchantment
llethrithawc, lledrithyawc, lleturithawc = magic, magical, enchanted
Welsh (Cymraeg) lled(f)rith = magic, spell, charm, enchantment; apparition, spectre, phantom; illusion, delusion, fantasy, imagination
lledrithaid = pretence, dissembling, deception
lledrithiaf, lledrithio = to counterfeit, fake, pretend, simulate
lledrithiog = magic, magical, enchanted
Old Breton brith = charm, incantation (?)
Breton (Brezhoneg) bre = incantation, magic

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (enlighten). Words that probably come from the same Proto-Celtic root, via the Celtiberian *bruxtia, include bruja (witch, crone, hag, owl) in Spanish, bruxa (witch, hex) in Galician, bruxa (witch) in Portuguese, and bruixa (witch) in Catalan [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) druídecht, draídecht = magic, wizardry, secret lore and arts of the druids
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) druídecht, draídecht, dráoidheachd = secret lore and arts of the druids, occult science, wizardry
Irish (Gaeilge) dríocht [ˈd̪ˠɾˠihaxt̪ˠə] = druidic art, druidism, witchcraft, magic, charm, enchantment
draíochtach = magical, bewitching, entrancing
draíochtúil = magic, magical
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) draoidheachd [drɯjəxg] = magic, socery, druidism
eun-draoidheachd = augury
slat-draoidheachd = magic wand/td>
Manx (Gaelg) druaight = charm, druid
druaightagh = charmer, charming, druid, magician, occult
druaightys = charming, druid, druidism, magic
fo druaight = charmed
Welsh (Cymraeg) derwyddiaeth [dɛrˈwəðjaɨ̯θ/dɛrˈwəðjai̯θ] = druidism, the druid cult
Cornish (Kerneweg) drewydhieth = druidism
Breton (Brezhoneg) drouizelezh / drouiziezh = druidism

Etymology: these words come from the same roots as words for druid.

Old Irish (Goídelc) ortha = prayer, incantation, spell, charm
oráit = prayer
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ortha, órtha = prayer, incantation, spell, charm
orthanach = of prayers, wont to pray
oróit, oráit, oráid, oraoid = prayer, speech, oration
anoráit, anóráid = curse
Irish (Gaeilge) ortha = incantation, spell, charm, prayer
im ortha = unsalted butter used in charm-cure
óráid = oration, speech, address
óráideach = oratorical, declamatory.
óráidí = orator, speech-maker
óráidíocht = oratory, speech-making
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ortha [ɔr̪ˠə] = incantation, (magical) prayer, amulet
ortha-bhàis = death incantation
ortha-ghràidh = love amulet / charm
òraid [ɔːrɪdʲ] = address, speech, lecture, talk
òraidiche [ɔːrɪdʲɪçə] = lecturer, orator, speechmaker
òraidearachd = oratory
talla-òraid = lecture hall / theatre
Manx (Gaelg) oraid = address, oration, speech
oraatagh = orator, speaker, oratorial
oraataght = oration
Proto-Brythonic *arọd = prayer, oration
Old Welsh (Kembraec) araut = speech, language, eloquence, address, oration
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) araỽd, arawt, araỽt, arawd = speech, language, eloquence, address, oration
Welsh (Cymraeg) arawd = speech, language, eloquence, address, oration, utterance, report, eulogy, prayer
arawduriaeth = oratory, rhetoric
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) areth = speech, oration
Cornish (Kerneweg) areth = lecture, oration, speech
arethek = rhetorical
arethor, arethores = lecturer, orator, speaker
arethva = platform
arethya = to lecture

Etymology: from Latin ōrātiō (speech, discourse, language, oration), from ōrō (to speak as an orator, plead, pray) from Latin ōs, ōris (mouth), or from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (to pronounce a ritual) [source].

The words for prayer and oration come from this Latin root, and the words for charm and incantation may do as well [source]. The Brythonic words come via Vulgar Latin *arātiō [source].

Words from the same roots include oration in English, oración (oration, sentence, clause, prayer) in Spanish, and oratorio (oratory, oratorio, oratorical, solemn) in Italian.

Old Irish (Goídelc) sén = blessing, charm, incantation, omen, prosperity, sign, snare
sénaid = to bless, charm (with spell), deny, reject, repudiate, sign
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sén, seon, seún, sena, séna = sign, omen, augury, portent, incantation, charm, blessing, good luck, prosperity, happiness
sénaid, seanaidh = to mark with a sign, bless, put a spell on, put a charm on
Irish (Gaeilge) séan [ʃeːnˠ] = sign, omen, good luck, prosperity; to mark with a sign, to bless
séanaire = diviner, augur
séanaireacht = divination, augury
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) seun [ʃiən] = charm, magic invocation, protective spell
seunach [ʃiənəx] = charming, enchanting, charm-like
seunadair [ʃiənədɪrʲ] = enchanter
seunadaireachd [ʃiənədɪrʲəxg] = conjuring, enchanting
seunail [ʃiənal] = charmed, magical, happy, prosperous
seunmhorachd [ʃiənvərəxg] = magical power(s)
seunta [ʃiən̪ˠdə] = charmed, enchanted
seuntachan [ʃiəndəxan] = charm, enchantment
Manx (Gaelg) sheean = charm, fortune
Proto-Brythonic *suɨɣn = spell, incantation (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) swyn, suen, = spell, incantation, sorcery, witchcraft, magic, remedy, charm
swyno, suyno = to charm, fascinate, allure, cast a spell (on), bewitch
swynedig, sỽynedic, swynedic = charmed, fascinated, charming, bewitched, blessed, happy
Welsh (Cymraeg) swyn [suːɨ̯n / sʊi̯n] = spell, incantation, sorcery, witchcraft, magic, remedy, charm
swyn(i)o = to charm, fascinate, allure, cast a spell (on), bewitch, divine, bless, protect
swynaidd = charming, enchanting
swynedig = charmed, fascinated, charming, bewitched, blessed, happy
swynwr, swynydd = sorcerer, magician, bewitcher, soothsayer
swynyddiaeth = sorcery, witchcraft, magic
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) sona, sone = to bless, hallow, sanctify, consecrate, charm
zona = to charm, hallow
Cornish (Kerneweg) sona = to bless, charm
sonell = charm
Breton (Brezhoneg) saouzan = disorientation, bewilderment, stupor, hypnosis
saouzanan, saouzanañ = to disorientate, hypnotise, go astray, misplace
saouzanidigezh = hypnotism
saouzanus = hypnotic

Etymology: from Latin signum (sign, mark, signal, miracle), from Proto-Italic *seknom (sign, statue), from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (to cut) or *sekʷ- (to follow). [source].

Words from the same roots include sign and signal in English, seña (sign, indication, gesture) and sino (destiny, fate, lot) in Spanish, and Segen (blessing) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *soitos. *soyto- = magic
Proto-Brythonic *hʉd = magic, charm
hʉdol = charming, illusory
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hut, hud = magic, wizardry, sorcery, witchcraft
hûdadwy, hydadwy = persuasive, enticing, seducible
Welsh (Cymraeg) hud [hɨːd/hiːd] = magic, wizardry, sorcery, witchcraft, spell, enchantment, charm, fascination, allurement, persuasion
hudadwy = persuasive, enticing, seducible
hudaf, hudo = to fashion or produce by magic, conjure, cast a spell upon, enchant, charm, entice, allure, persuade, seduce, beguile
hudaidd = alluring, charming, seductive
hudol = charming, enchanting, enticing, alluring, illusory, deceptive, deceitful
Old Cornish hudol = charming, illusory
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) huder = a deceiver, hypocritic, juggler, sorcerer
hudol = sorcerer
Cornish (Kerneweg) hus = charm, enchantment, illusion, magic, sorcery, spell
husa = to charm, create an illusion, enchant
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hud = magic
hudek, hudel = magic, magical
hudiñ = to charm, enchant, bewitch, delight
hudour = magician, wizard
hudouriezh = magic
Breton (Brezhoneg) hud = magic
hudek = magic, magical
hudour = magician, wizard

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-Etymology *sh₂oy-tó-s (magic), from *sh₂ey (to bind, fetter) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include seiður (magic, witchcraft, sorcery) in Icelandic, sejd (sorcery, witchcraft, magic potion) in Swedish, and seid (magic) in Norwegian [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) pis(e)óc = charm, spell, sorcery, witchcraft
Irish (Gaeilge) piseog = charm, spell, superstition
piseogach = practising charms or spells, superstitious
piseogacht = superstitious practices
piseogaí = charm-setter, superstitious person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pisreag [ʃiən] = charm, spell, ensorcellment, sorcery, superstition
Manx (Gaelg) pishag = charm, incantation, spell, witchcraft
pishagagh = incantatory, magical, sorcerer, superstitious
pishagys = enchantment, magic
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pystyc = witchery, magic, sorcery
pystry = witchcraft, magic, sorcery
Cornish (Kerneweg) pystri = magic, sorcery
pystrier = sorcerer, warlock, wizard
pystriores = sorcereress

Etymology: probably from Latin pyxis (a small box, for holding medicines or toiletries), from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís – box, tablet, cylinder), from πῠ́ξος (púxos – boxwood) [source]. The Hibero-English word piseog (an evil spell, curse) comes from the same roots, via Irish [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) airnigde [ˈar͈ʲn͈ʲiɣʲðʲe] = prayer, praying
ar·neget = to pray
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) airnigde, airnaigde, airna(i)gthe, urnaidhi, urnaith = praying, prayer
airnaigid, ernaigit = to pray
airnaigthech, ernaigtech, urnaigtheach = prayerful, devout
Irish (Gaeilge) urnaí [uːɾˠˈn̪ˠiː / ˈʌɾˠn̪ˠi] = praying, prayer
urnaitheach = prayful, devout
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ùrnaigh [ur̪ˠn̪ʲɪ] = praying, prayer
ùrnaigheach [ur̪ˠn̪ʲijəx] = pertaining to or abounding in prayers
Manx (Gaelg) yeearree = prayer, request, urge, wish, desire, aspiration; to solicit, importune
yeearreeagh = wistful, soliciting, yearning

Etymology: uncertain [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) paitir, paidear = the Lord’s Prayer, paternoster
Irish (Gaeilge) paidir [ˈpˠɑdʲəɾʲ / ˈpˠædʲəɾʲ] = Paternoster, prayer
An Phaidir, Paidir an Tiarna = the Lord’s Prayer
paidreoireacht = praying
paidrín = Rosary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) paidir [padʲɪrʲ] = the Lord’s Prayer, Pater Noster, rosary
Manx (Gaelg) padjer [ˈpaːʒər] = prayer, devotion
Padjer y Çhiarn = the Lord’s Prayer
goaill padjer = to pray, prayer

Etymology: from Latin pater (father), the first word of the Lord’s Prayer in Latin (Pater noster) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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