Offices

Words for office and related things in Celtic languages.

My home office / Fy swyddfa gatref
My home office

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) oific = office
oificech = official, officer
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) oific, oifig, oiffic = office, calling, employment, function, relgious service, ritual
oificech, oifigeacha = official, functional, officer
Irish (Gaeilge) oifig [ˈɛfʲɪɟ / ˈɛfʲɪc / ˈɔfʲɪc] = office, bureau
oifigeach = officier, official
oifigeacht = office, function (literary)
oifigiúil [ɪfʲɪˈɟuːlʲ / ˈɛfʲɪɟuːlʲ] = official
oifigiúilachas = officialism
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oifig [ɔfɪgʲ] = office
oifis [ɔfɪʃ] = office (place)
oifigear [ɔfɪgʲər] = officer
oifigeach [ɔfɪgʲəx] = official
Manx (Gaelg) oik = office, bureau, post, board, bishopric
offish = office
offishear = officer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) offis = position, post, duty, duties, work, task, service
offisial, officyall = official
Welsh (Cymraeg) offis = office, position, post, duty, duties, work, task, service
offiser = (army, police, etc) officer
offis(i)al, offisel = official
Cornish (Kernewek) offis = function, office, position
officer = officer
Middle Breton (Brezonec) officc = office
officer = officer
official = official
Breton (Brezhoneg) ofis = office
ofiser = officer
ofisial = officical
ofisalded = officiality
ofisiel = official
ofisin = to officiate, preside, pontificate

Etymology (Goidelic languages and Breton): from Latin officium (duty, service, office, obligation), from opificium, from Proto-Italic *opifakjom, from op(i)s (power, ability, resources), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep-(i)-/*h₃op-(i)- (force, ability), from *h₃ep- (to work, toil, make; ability, force). The Welsh and Cornish words come from the same roots via Middle English office (office, employment, task, chore, etc) and Old French office (office, service) [source].

Words from the same roots include copious, copy, cornucopia, manure, omnibus, omnipotent, opera, operate and opus in English, copia (to copy, print) in Italian, oficio (profession, occupation, [religious] office) in Spanish, and office (charge, task, mandate, department, religious service, liturgical office) in French [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) swyddfa = office, place of business
swyddfaol = pertaining to, or characteristic of, an office
Cornish (Kernewek) sodhva = bureau, office

Etymology: from swydd / sodh (job) and -fa / -va (place) [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) biwrô, biwro = bureau
biwrocrasi, b(i)wrocratiaeth = bureaucracy
biwrocrat = bureaucrat
b(i)wrocrataidd, biwricratig = bureaucratic
biwrocrateiddio = to bureaucratize
Cornish (Kernewek) buro = bureau, office
Breton (Brezhoneg) burev [ˈbyː.rɛw] = bureau, office
burever = bureaucrat
bureverezh = bureaucracy
burevin = to register

Etymology: from French bureau (desk, office), from Old French burel (frieze [coarse woolen cloth]), from *bure, from Late Latin burra (wool, fluff, shaggy cloth, coarse fabric, from Latin burra (a small cow with a red mouth or muzzle, a shaggy garment), from burrus (red, reddish-brown), from Acient Greek πυρρός (purrhós – flame colored), from πῦρ (pûr – fire) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Glory

Words for glory and related things in Celtic languages.

Morning Glories
Morning Glories (Ipomoea nil)

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) glóir [ɡloːrʲ] = glory
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) glóir, glór, gloir = glory, splendour, ornament, triumph, exaltation, uplifting
Irish (Gaeilge) glóir [ɡlˠoːɾʲ / ɡlˠɔːɾʲ] = glory
glóirdhíomhaoineach = vainglorious
glóirigh = to glorify
glóiritheoir = glorifier
glóiriú = glorification
glóirmhian = desire for glory, ambition
glóirmhianach = glory-seeking, ambitious
glóir-réimeach = trumphal, exulting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glòir [gl̪ˠɔːr] = glory
glòir-dhìomhain = vainglorious
glòir-mhiannach = ambitious
glòireachadh [gl̪ˠɔːrʲəxəɣ] = glorifying, glorification
glòiream [gl̪ˠɔːrʲəm] = pomp, pageantry
glòireamach [gl̪ˠɔːrʲəməx] = pompous
glòireiseach [gl̪ˠɔrʲɪʃəx] = boasting, babbling, prating
Manx (Gaelg) gloyr = glory, celebrity, kudos
gloyraghey = glorification, to glorify
gloyreyder = glorifier
gloyrviandagh = ambitious, fond of glory
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gloria = glory, honour, song of praise
Welsh (Cymraeg) gloria = glory, honour, song of praise
Cornish (Kernewek) glori = glory
gloryus = glorious
Middle Breton (Brezonec) gloir, gloar = glory
Breton (Brezhoneg) gloar = glory

Etymology: from Latin glōria (glory, renown, fame, honour), possibly from Proto-Italic *gnōrjā, from *gnoris (knowledge), from PIE *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognize) [source].

Words from the same roots include glory and glorious in English, gloria (glory, praise) in Italian, gloire (glory) in French, glorificar (to glorify, exalt, extol, adore) in Spanish, glorie (glory, great beauty, renown or splendour) in Dutch [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) g(w)ogawn = glory, distinction, honour, joy, brightness
gogaun, gogawn,gogoni = to honour, respect, glorify, gladden
g(w)ogoned, gogonet = glory, honour, fame, glorious, glorified, blessed
gogonedauc = glorious, exalted
gogoned, gogonedd = glory, honour
gogonyant = glory, exaltation, fame, honour
Welsh (Cymraeg) g(w)ogawn = glory, distinction, honour, joy, brightness, satisfaction, fullness, plentitude, capability, energy, strong, manly, capable, full
gogonaid = glorious, exalted, splendid
g(w)ogoned = glory, honour, fame, glorious, glorified, blessed
gogonedd = glory, honour
gogoneddu = to glorify, extol, magnify, praise, bless
gogoni = to honour, respect, glorify, gladden
gogoniant = glory, exaltation, fame, honour

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *u̯o-kān, from *kan-o- (to sing) from PIE *keh₂n- / *kan- (to sing). The Welsh words coned(d) (glory, honour, pride, etc) and coneddus (glorious, exalted) probably come from the same roots [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Cards

Words for card and related things in Celtic languages.

Cards

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) cairt = charter, manuscript, parchment
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cairt, carta = manuscript, parchment, book, written charter, right, claim
cárta, cárda = (playing) card
Irish (Gaeilge) cárta [ˈkɑːɾˠt̪ˠə / ˈkæːɾˠt̪ˠə] = card
cairt [kɑɾˠtʲ / kaɾˠtʲ] = chart, charter, parchment, deed
cairtchlár = cardboard
cairteoir = map-maker
cairteoireacht = map-making
cairtfhostaigh = to charter
cairtiúil = parchment-like
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cairt [kar̪ˠʃdʲ] = card, chart, cart, charter
cairteachadh [ka̪ˠʃdʲəxəɣ] = (act of) charting
Manx (Gaelg) caart = card, playing card
kaart = card, charter
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) card, kard = (playing) card
kardwr = card-player, card maker
Welsh (Cymraeg) cerdyn [ˈkɛrdɨ̞n / ˈkɛrdɪn] = playing card, card game, card used for writing or printing on (also written card, cardyn or carden)
cardfwrdd, cardbwrdd = cardboard, card table
cardiaf, cardio = to play at cards
card(i)wr = card-player, card maker
Cornish (Kernewek) karten = card
Middle Breton (Brezonec) carten = charter, paper, card
Breton (Brezhoneg) kartenn [ˈkar.tɛn] = (playing) card, chart
kartennaoueg = carton, cartridge
kartenner = cartographer
kartenniñ [karˈtɛ.nːĩ] = cartographer
kartennouriezh [ˌkar.tɛ.nuˈriː.ɛs] = cartography

Etymology: from Old French carte (card), from Latin charta (papyrus, paper, letter, poem, charter), from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs – paper, papyrus) from possibly from Phoenician 𐤇𐤓𐤈𐤉𐤕 (ḥrṭyt – “something written”), which is cognate with Biblical Hebrew חֶרֶט (ḫereṭ – stylus, style of writing) [source].

The Welsh words were borrowed from English card, which comes from Middle English carde (playing card), from Old French carte (card) [source].

Words from the same roots include card, chart and charter in English, siart (chart) in Welsh, hartă (map), hârtie (paper), cartă (charter) and carte (book, card) in Romanian, Karte (card, map, chart, menu, ticket) in German, כַּרְטִיס (kartís – card, ticket) in Hebrew, карта (karta – card) and хартия (hartija – paper) in Bulgarian, and քարտ (kʻart – [playing] card) in Armenian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Disease

Words for sickness, disease, grief and related things in Celtic languages.

sorrow

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *galarom = a distressing or painful condition, such as disease, illness, grief, sorrow
Old Irish (Goídelc) galar = disease, pain
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) galar, galur, gallra, galara = sickness, disease, (physical) pain, mental suffering, distress, grief
Irish (Gaeilge) galar [ˈɡɑl̪ˠəɾˠ/ˈɡɔlˠəɾˠ] = sickness, disease, affliction, misery, diseased, miserable, worthless
galrach = diseased, infected, sickly, morbid
galrachán = sickly creature or thing
galracht = sickliness, morbidity
galareagla = hypochondria
galareolaí = pathologist
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) galar [gal̪ˠər] = disease, illness, malady, ailment
galar-eòlas = pathology
galar-sgaoilte = epidemic
galarach [gal̪ˠərəx] = diseased, infective
galaraich = infect
Manx (Gaelg) gorley = disease, festering, malady
darrag = oak, beam, cast (fishing), snood, hairline
gorley-oaylleeaght = pathology
gorlagh = diseased, infectious
ym-ghorley = epidemic
Proto-Brythonic *galar = grief, sorrow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) galar = mourning, grief, sorrow, longing (for a deceased person), lament(ation), sighing
galargyrn = horn of mourning
Welsh (Cymraeg) galar [ˈɡalar/ˈɡaːlar] = mourning, grief, sorrow, longing (for a deceased person), lament(ation), sighing
galaraeth = grief, tribulation
galaru = to mourn, grieve, lament, moan, weep, wail
galaraidd = mournful
galargan = elegy, lament
galarnadus = lamented, lamentable, mournful, plaintive
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) galar = grief, sorrow, anguish, a pang, lamentation
galarow = to weep for, bewail, lament
Cornish (Kernewek) galar [daːr / dæːr] = grief
galarek = miserable
galari = to grieve, lament, mourn
galarow = agony
Middle Breton (Brezonec) glachar = sorrow, afflication, pain
Breton (Brezhoneg) glacʼhar [ˈɡlɑːɣar] = sorrow, affliction, pain
glacʼhariñ [ɡlaˈɣɑː.rĩ] = to afflict, grieve
glacʼharus [ɡla.ˈɣɑː.rys] = distressing, heartbreaking, desolate, painful (morally)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-ro-. Possibly related to the English word gall, and the Lithuanian word žalà (damage, harm) [source].

Proto-Celtic *ankus = slaughter
Old Irish (Goídelc) écht = slaying, exploit
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) écht, echt, eacht = a slaying, slaughter, pity, grief, sorrow, mourning, exploit, prowess, deed of valour
Irish (Gaeilge) éacht [d̪ˠaɾʲ] = killing, slaying, slaughter, feat, exploit, achievement
éachtach = full of prowess, powerful, wonderful, extraordinary
éachtaí = wondrousness, extraordinariness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) euchd [iəxg] = exploit, feat, deed
euchdach [iəxgəx] = heroic, daring
euchdmhor = abounding in achievements, deeds or feats
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aeth = pain, woe, grief, sorrow, longing
Welsh (Cymraeg) aeth = pain, woe, grief, sorrow, longing, fear, fright, terror, shock
aethlyd = terrible, dreadful, hideous, horrible, grievous, painful

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱtu, from *neḱ- (to perish, disappear) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include innocent, necropolis, nectar, noxious and nuisance in English, nuocere (to harm, injure, damage) in Italian, nuire (to harm, spoil) in French, anegar (to inundate, flood, drown) in Spanish, éag (Death, numbness) in Irish, angau (death, decease) in Welsh, and related words in the other Celtic languages [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Original Pedigree

Words for origin, basis, nobility and related things in Celtic languages.

Bigglesworth eat your heart out

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bonusedom = lineage, pedigree, origin
Old Irish (Goídelc) bunad = basis, origin, stock
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bunad, bonadh, búnad = origin, basis, source, stock
bunadach, bunadhach = belonging to the original stock
bunadas, bunus = origin, source
bunatta, bunata = original, basic, permanent
Irish (Gaeilge) bunadh [ˈbˠʊn̪ˠə] = origin, stock, kind, native inhabitants, original, fundamental, basic, base
bunaigh = to found, establish
bunaíoch = primitive
bunaíocht = establishment
bunús = origin, basis, substance, essence, wealth, majority
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bunadh [bunəɣ] = origin, stock, rock, foundation
Manx (Gaelg) bunneydagh = basic, elemental, fundamental, original, primitive, radical
bunneydys = basis, foundation, groundwork, origin, root
Proto-Brythonic *bonheð = ?
Old Welsh (Kembraec) boned, bonhed = nobility, nobleness, noble, descent, lingeage, pedigree
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) boned, bonhed = nobility, nobleness, noble, descent, lingeage, pedigree
bon(h)edigeid, bonhedigeit = noble, aristocratic, honourable, gracious, kind, gentle, courteous, polite
bonedigeidrwyd = nobility, nobleness, aristocracy, gentility, chivalry, courtesy
bonhedyc, bonhedic, bonheddig = noble, aristocratic
Welsh (Cymraeg) bonedd = nobility, nobleness, noble, descent, lineage, pedigree
boneddigaidd = noble, aristocratic, honourable, gracious, kind, gentle, courteous, polite
boneddigeiddrwydd = nobility, nobleness, aristocracy, gentility, chivalry, courtesy
bonheddig = noble, aristocratic
bonheddu = to ennoble, dignify
bonheddes = lady, Lady
bonheddwr = nobleman, gentleman, aristocrat

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *bonus (base) + *sedom (seat, sitting) – see also the posts Foundations and Peace and Fairies, and for other words related to nobles, princes, chiefs, etc, see the post Leader in Chief.

Old Irish (Goídelc) cepp = block, (tree) stump
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cepp, cip, cep = tree-stump, log, block, anvil-block genealogical stock, ancestor
ceppach, cepach, cepaig = piece of ground where trees have been felled, slaughter
ceppaid = to shape, form, fashion, confine, restrict
ceppdae = inert
Irish (Gaeilge) ceap [capˠ] = stock, block, base, (shoemaker’s) last, nave, hub, compact body, chief, protector, (flower) bed
ceapadh = fashioning, composition, formation, appointment, assignation, conception
ceapadóir = shaper, moulder, composer, inventor
ceapadóireacht = composition
ceapaire = shaped, moulded, object, shapely person, thing, sandwich
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ceap [kʲɛhb] = block, (shoemaker’s) last, lump, cape, cap, turf, stocks, fret
Manx (Gaelg) kiap = block, butt, log, pad, pillow, snag, stock, trunk
Proto-Brythonic *kɨf = the most in chief
Old Welsh (Kembraec) ciphillion = stock, trunk, box, ancestry, blockhead, dull-witted person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kyf(f), cyff = (tree) trunk, stock, stem, stump, log, trunk (of body), block, blockhead; box, coffer, chest; stocks, kinsfolk, lineage, ancestry, origin, race, source
kyfyll, kiffil, cyffyll = stock, trunk, box, ancestry, blockhead, dull-witted person
Welsh (Cymraeg) cyff [kɨːf/kiːf] = (tree) trunk, stock, stem, stump, log, trunk (of body), block, blockhead; box, coffer, chest; stock, kinsfolk, lineage, ancestry, origin, race, source
cyffyll = stock, trunk, box, ancestry, blockhead, dull-witted person
Cornish (Kernewek) kyf = log
Old Breton (Brethonoc) cepp = stump, stock, log, trunk
Middle Breton (Brezonec) queff = stump, stock, log, trunk
Breton (Brezhoneg) kef [kefː] = trunk, log, box
kefiañ = to make branches, put the irons (on)

Etymology: from Latin cippus / cīpus (stake, post, gravestone, landmark), possibly from Proto-Italic *keipos, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱéypos (pole, stick). Words from the same roots include ceppo (stump, log, block of wood), cipo (milestone) in Spanish, and Kipfl (croissant) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *akkā = ?
*akkiyā = proximity, lineage
Old Irish (Goídelc) aicce = nearness, proximity
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) aicce, aicci = nearness, proximity, near, beside, fosterage
Irish (Gaeilge) aice [ˈacɪ] = nearness, proximity
in aice (na/le) = near
aicearra = short-cut, abridgement
aicerrach = short, near, pithy, succinct
aicerracht = shortness, pithiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aice [açgʲə] = proximity
Manx (Gaelg) faare = adjacent, presence, proximity, near, nigh
Proto-Brythonic *ax = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ach = lineage, descent, pedigree, genealogy, ancestry, family origins
achwet = lingeage, descent, pedigree, kindred, family
Welsh (Cymraeg) ach [aːχ] = lineage, descent, pedigree, genealogy, ancestry, family origins
achres(tr) = genealogical table, pedigree, lineage
achwedd = lingeage, descent, pedigree, kindred, family
achwr, achydd, achyddwr = genealogist, herald
achwyddol = genealogical, heraldic
achyddu = to genealogize
achyddiaeth = genealogy, heraldry; lineage, pedigree
Old Cornish ach = offspring, progeny
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ach = offspring, progeny, stock, kindred
Cornish (Kernewek) agh [æːx] = offspring, race
aghel = racial
aghskrif = pedigree
Old Breton (Brethonoc) acom = ?

Etymology: possibly from PIE *h₂ekkeh₂. Words from the same root include अक्का (akkā – mother) in Sanskrit, आक्का (ākkā – older sister, elderly woman) in Marathi and අක්‍කා (akkā – older sister) in Sinhalese [source 1, source 2].

In Cornish, origin, beginning, start, inception or opening = dalleth; noble = nobyl, pennsevik, ughelor or bryntin; lineage or race = linieth (Middle Cornish), and race or ethnicity = hil (Revived Cornish) – see the post about Seeds.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Gritty Gravel

Words for gravel, grit and related things in Celtic languages.

Gravelly

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *griyano- = gravel
Old Irish (Goídelc) grïan [ˈɡʲrʲi.an] = gravel, sand, river bottom, sea floor
grindell = gravel, lake bed, sea bed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) grian, grían = gravel, sand, sea or river bottom, basis, foundation, earth, land
grenach, grenaig = gravel
grindell, grinnell, grinneal = sea or lake bed, gravel, bedrock, foundation, floor, bottom
Irish (Gaeilge) grean [ɟɾʲan̪ˠ] = gravel, grit, coarse sand; to engrave
grian = (sea, lake, river) bottom, earth, surface
grianach = gravelly
greanach = gravel, gravelly spoil, gritty
greanadh = engraving, shapeliness, shape, figure
greanadóir = engraver
greanadóireacht = engraving
greanchloch = gritstone, millstone
grineall = (sea, lake, river) bed, bedrock, depth, foundation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) grean [grʲɛn̪] = (river / lake) bed, gravel, coarse sand
grean-aibhne = riverbed
grinneal [grʲin̪ʲəL] = gravel, grit, (river / sea) bottom
grinnealach = deep, gulfy, gravelly, sabulous (sandy or gritty)
grinnealachd = grittiness
Manx (Gaelg) grineen = bead, granule, grit, pinch
grineenagh = gritty, grained, grainy, granulated, granulous
grineenid = grittiness
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) graean, grayan, graeeyn = gravel, coarse sand, shingle, grit, grain, granule
graenauc, graeanog, graianoc = gravelly, full of gravel, harsh, grating
Welsh (Cymraeg) graean [ˈɡreɨ̯.an / ˈɡrei̯.an] = gravel, coarse sand, shingle, grit, grain, granule
grae(a)nog = gravelly, full of gravel, harsh, grating
graeanu = to (spread) gravel (over), to granulate, scour, grit

Etymology: uncertain, possibly related to Proto-Celtic *grāwā (gravel, pebbles) – see below [source].

Proto-Celtic *grāwā = gravel, pebbles
Irish (Gaeilge) griothal = gravel, gravelly soil
griothalach = gravelly, gritty
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) grothal = gravel
Proto-Brythonic *grọw = gravel, pebbles
Old Welsh (Kembraec) gro = gravel, shingle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gro = gravel, shingle
grodir, gro dir = gravelly land, sandy soil, grave
Welsh (Cymraeg) gro [ɡroː] = gravel, shingle, gravelly shore, strand
grobwll = gravel pit, grave
grodir = gravelly land, sandy soil, grave
Old Cornish grou = gravel, sand
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) grow = gravel, sand
Cornish (Kernewek) grow = gravel
growan = granite
growanen = pebble
growen = gravel
Middle Breton (Brezonec) grean, grouan = gravel
grouanec = gravelly, grave pit
groanenn = piece of gravel
Breton (Brezhoneg) grouan [ˈɡruːãn] = gravel
grouanañ = to engrave
grouaneg = gravelly, grave pit
grouanenn = piece of gravel
grouanus = gravelly

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʰroh₁weh₂, from *gʰreh₁w- (to grind).
Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include grava (gravel) in Catalan, grève (flat, sandy land along the sea or a large river) in French, grava (gravel) in Spanish, and grave (gravel, shore, gravelly ground) in Occitan [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include: grit, groat, grout and gruel in English, Grieß (semolina) in German, grjót (coarse stones, rubble) in Icelandic, gryt (a badger’s sett, a fox’s den) in Swedish, riutta (reef) in Finnish, and grúodas (frozen mud or earth) in Lithuanian [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) graibél = gravel, sand
Irish (Gaeilge) gairbhéal = gravel
gairbhéalach = gravelly
gairbhéalta = gravelled
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) greabhal = gravel
Manx (Gaelg) garvel = gravel
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) grafel, gravael, gravel = gravel
Welsh (Cymraeg) graf(a)el = gravel
grafelu, grafaelio = to sprinkle with gravel, make sore by chafing
graf(a)eliog = gravelly

Etymology: from English gravel or Middle English gravel / gravail(le) (sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles), from Old French gravele (gravel), a diminutive of grave (gravel, seashore), from Medieval Latin grava, possibly from Gaulish grava, from Proto-Celtic grāwā (gravel, pebbles), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰroh₁weh₂, from *gʰreh₁w- (to grind) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Counting Numbers

Words for number, to count and related things in Celtic languages.

Numbers

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *rīmā = number
Old Irish (Goídelc) rím [r͈ʲiːβ̃] = counting, enumerating, number, telling, relating, metrics
rímid [ˈr͈ʲiːβ̃ɨðʲ] = to count, reckon, estimate, impute, compose, recount, relate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rím = counting, enumerating, number, telling, relating
rímid, rímaid = to count, reckon, estimate, recount, relate, compose
Irish (Gaeilge) ríomh [ɾˠiːvˠ/ɾˠiːw] = enumeration, calculation, computation, narration
ríomhaire = counter, enumerator, calculator, computer
ríomhaireacht = counting, enumeration, calculation, computation
ríomhchláraitheoir = computer programmer
ríomheolaíocht = computer science
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rìomh† = reckoning, numbering, computation
rìmh† = number, to reckon, compute
Proto-Brythonic *rriβ̃ = number
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rif, yrif, rhif = sum, number, etc
rhifo, riuaw, riuaỽ = to count
rifed, riued, ryved = number, many, abundance
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhif [r̥iːv] = the sum, number, as many or numerous (as), a (great) many, crowd, host, multitude, large amount, worth, esteem, honour, praise, figure, digit, numeral, count, reckoning, measure
rhifadwy = countable, numerable
rhif(i)o = to count, number, amount to, enumerate, list, recount, enlist, muster
rhifed = number, many, abundance
Cornish (Kernewek) riv = number
riva = to number
riven = digit
Breton (Brezhoneg) riñv = number

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (to count, reason, think) [source]. Words from the same root include arithmetic, rhyme, rite, ritual and ready in Englsh, reic (to sell in Irish, řádný (regular) in Czech, and rinda (row, line, queue) in Latvian [source].

Proto-Celtic *adrīmā = counting, number, reckoning
Old Irish (Goídelc) áirem = number, numeral, quantity. amount, sum, reckoning, repute, account
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) áirem, áram, arim, ārem = counting, reckoning, estimating, number, numeral, amount, sum
comáirem, comairem, comairemh = reckoning, calculating, computation
Irish (Gaeilge) áireamh = enumeration, census, arithmetric, number, portion
comhair = to count, calculate
comhaireamh = to count, calculation, reckoning
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àireamh [aːrʲəv] = number, sum, tally, computation, counting, enumerating; count, enumerate
àireamhach [aːrʲəvəx] = numeral, arithmetician
àireamhachadh [aːrʲəvəxəɣ] = numbering, enumerating, enumeration, calculating, computing, calculation, computation
àireamhail [aːrʲəvəxal] = arithmetical
àireamhachas [aːrʲəvəxəs] = numeracy
àireamhair [aːrʲəvɛrʲ] = calculator (tool), arithmetician
Manx (Gaelg) earroo = number, sum, figure, census, statistics, tell
co-earroo = calculation, computation, counting, telling, to compute, count
earrooaghey = number(ing)
co-earrooaghey = to calculate, calculating, numbering
Proto-Brythonic *ėðriβ̃ = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) eryryw, eiryf, eirif = number, amount, sum, account, reckoning
Welsh (Cymraeg) eirif = number, amount, a large number, many, sum, account, reckoning
Old Breton (Brethonoc) eirimotor = (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *rīmā (number) – see above [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) uimir = number
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) (n)uimir = number
Irish (Gaeilge) uimhir [ˈɪvʲəɾʲ / ˈɨ̞̃vʲəɾʲ] = number, count, aggregate
uimhreoir = numerator
uimhrigh = to number, figure
uimhríocht = arithmetic
uimhríochtúil = arithmetical
uimhriú = numbering, numeration, figuring
uimhriúil = numerical, numeral
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uimhir [ɯvɪrʲ] = quantity, amount, number, so/as much/many
fuimhir [fɯvɪrʲ] = quantity, number
uimhireach [ɯvɪrʲəx] = numerous
uimhireach [ɯvɪrʲɪç] = arithmetician
Proto-Brythonic *niβ̃er = number
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nimer = number
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) niuer, niver, nifer = number host, company, retinue, troop, crowd
nifery = to number, enumerate, count
niveredic = counted, numbered
niferawg, niuerawc, nigerog, niverog = numerous, abundant, having hosts, troops, retinues, etc
nifeiriawl, niferawl, niueiriawl = numerous, abundant, numerical
kyfnifer, kyfniuer = as many, equal number, even number, a great many, large number, host
Welsh (Cymraeg) nifer [ˈnɪvɛr] = number, host, company, retinue, troop, crowd
niferu, nifeirio = to number, enumerate, count
niferedig = counted, numbered
niferadol = numerical, pertaining to a census
nifer(i)og = numerous, abundant, having hosts, troops, retinues, etc
nifer(i)ol = numerous, abundant, numerical
cyfnifer = as many, equal number, even number, a great many, large number, host
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) never, niver = number
nevera, nivera, nyfyrys = to number, count, reckon
cyniver, cynyver, cenifer, cenyver, ceniver = so many, as many as, every, every one
Cornish (Kernewek) niver = number
nivera = to count, number
niverek = numerical
niverell = counter, counting device
niveren = numeral
niverenans, niverednans = numbering
niveronieth = arithmetic
niverus = numerous
niveryans = census, count
keniver = as many, everyone, so many
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nimer = number
Middle Breton (Brezonec) niuer, nyuer = number
niueraff = to enumerate, number
Breton (Brezhoneg) niver [ˈniː.vɛr] = number
niveradeg = census
niveradur = ennumeration
niverenn [ni.ˈveː.rɛn] = number
niverennañ = to number
niverer = numerator
nivererezh = numbering
niveridigezh = enumeration, census
niveriñ [niˈveːrĩ] = to enumerate, number
niveroniezh [ˌni.ve.rɔ̃.ˈniː.ɛs] = arithmetic
niverus [ni.ˈveː.rus] = numerous

Etymology: from Latin numerus (number, collection, quantity, time, rhythm) [source], from Proto-Italic *nomezos, from PIE *nem- (to distribute give, take). Words from the same root economic, numb and number, numeral in English, nemen (to take, grasp, grab) in Dutch, nehmen (to take, hold, grasp), and número (number) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Teary Drops

Words for tear, drop and related things in Celtic languages.

Drops.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dakrū / *dakrom = tear, drop (of liquid)
Old Irish (Goídelc) dér, dǽr = tear, teardrop, drop
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dér, déor, deór = tear, drop
dérach, derach = tearful, sad, lugubrious
derchoínuid, derchoiniud (verbnoun) = despair, dejection, lamentation
derchoíntech, dérchaintech (adjective) = despairing, tearful, sorrowful
dérfadach = shedding of tears, weeping
Irish (Gaeilge) deoir [dʲoːɾʲ/dʲɔːɾʲ] = tear(-drop), drop
deoirfhliuch = tear-stained
deoirghás = tear-gas
deoirghinteach = lachrymatory
deoircín = little drop, anecdote
deoiríneacht = shedding tears, being tearfully sentimental, tearfulness, maudliness
deorach = tearful, lachrymal
deordradh = (act of) dripping
deoraíl = (act of) weeping
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) deòr [dʲɔːr] = drop (of liquid), tear
deur [dʲiər] = drop (of liquid), tear, small amount of liquid
deurach [dʲiərəx] = tearful, weeping
deuran [dʲiəran] = little drop, wee drop, wee tincture
Manx (Gaelg) jeir/jëir = tear, teardrop, spot, lachrymal, lachrymatory
jeir-phianaghey = to agonize
jeiragh = tearful, lachrymal, mournful
jeirnys = lamentation, weeping
Proto-Brythonic *dėgr = tear (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) deigir, deigyr, deigrev = tear, teardrop, drop
Welsh (Cymraeg) deigryn, deigr [ˈdei̯ɡrɨ̞n / ˈdei̯ɡrɪn] = tear, teardrop, drop, raindrop
deigryniad = a distilling, dripping, trickling
deigrynnu = to drip, trickle, distil, exude, ooze, shed tears, drizzle
deigrynnol = apt to shed tears, lachrymose, tearful
Old Cornish dacr-(lon) = tear
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dagren = a small drop, a tear
Cornish (Kernewek) dagren [daːr / dæːr] = drop, tear
dagrewi = to shed tears, weep
derw = oak trees
Old Breton dacrlon = tear, teardrop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dar(rou) = tear(s), teardrop(s)
Breton (Brezhoneg) daer [dɛːr] = tear, teardrop
daeraouus = tearful
daeraouiñ, daerin = to cry, be tearful
daererezh = tearing

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European dáḱru (tear). Words from the same root include δάκρυ (dákry – tear) in Greek, tear and lacrimal/lachrymal (relating to tears, tearful) in English, tår (tear, drop) in Swedish, traan (tear, fish oil) in Dutch, Träne (tear) in German, lágrima (tear, teardrop) in Spanish, and zacchera (mud splash) in Italian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) bráen = rain, moisture, drop, precipitation
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bráen, bróin, bróen = rain, moisture, drop(s)
bráenach, braonach = shedding drops, wet, moist, well-watered
bráenaid = to wet, sprinkle, rain
bráenán = drops, shower
bráenfadach = foaming (of a waterfall)
bráengal = shower, sprinkling
Irish (Gaeilge) braon [bˠɾˠeːn̪ˠ / bˠɾˠiːnˠ] = (single) drop, gathering, pus
braonach = dripping, misty, wet, tearful
braonaíl = dripping, drops
braonán = droplet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) braon [brɯːn] = drop, drizzle
braonach [brɯːnəx] = drizzly, dewy
braonadh [brɯːnəɣ] = (act of) drizzling
braonan [brɯːnan] = small drop (of liquid), dram
Manx (Gaelg) brey = drop

Etymology: unknown. Possibly related to Ancient Greek βρέχω (brékhō – I send rain), Latin rigo (I water, moisten), and English rain [source].

Proto-Celtic *bandyo- = drop
Old Irish (Goídelc) banne = drop, pustule
bannán = small drop, droplet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bannae, bainne, banne = drop, pustule, milk
Irish (Gaeilge) bainne [ˈbˠaɲə / ˈbˠan̠ʲə] = milk
bainniúil = milky, milk-yielding
bainniúilacht = milkiness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bainne = milk
boinne [bɔn̪ʲə] = drop, small quantity, liquid measure
boinneag [bɔn̪ʲag] = droplet, little/small drop, (alcoholic) drink
boinnean [bɔn̪ʲan] = droplet, wee drop
Manx (Gaelg) bainney [banʲə] = milk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ban = drop (?)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ban, banna, banné = drop, a jot, the smallest portion of anything
Cornish (Kernewek) banna = bit, drop
Middle Breton (Brezonec) banne, bannhe, bannech = drop, droplet
Breton (Brezhoneg) banne [ˈbã.nːe] = drop, droplet, glass
banneata = to drink shots

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to French bain (bath) in French, baño (bath, bathroom, toilet), bagno (bath, to swin, bathe, bathroom) in Italian, and bania (jug, can, container, churn) in Polish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Sufficiently Enough

This post looks into words for enough, sufficient and related things in the Celtic languages.

天国 Heaven

Proto-Celtic *ɸroweros = many, enough, sufficient
*laweros = many, enough, sufficient
Old Irish (Goídelc) lór = enough, sufficient, sufficiency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lór, loor, lour, leór, lour = enough, sufficient, great, ample, adequate, competent; sufficiently
Irish (Gaeilge) leor [l̠ʲoːɾˠ/l̠ʲɔːɾˠ] = sufficient, ample,
go leor = enough, plenty
leorchúiteamh = indemnification
leordhóthain = sufficiency, plenty
leorgnhíomh = full amends, reparation, restitution
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) leòr [̪lʲɔːr] = satiety, sufficency
gu leòr [gə l̪ʲɔːr] = enough, sufficient(ly), galore
leòr-ghnìomh = satisfaction
leòrachd = amplitude
Manx (Gaelg) liooar = sufficient
dy liooar = adequate, ample, enough, galore, sufficient, umpteen
Proto-Brythonic *llower =
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llauer, llawer = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llauered, llawered, llavered = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
Welsh (Cymraeg) llawer [ˈɬau̯.ɛr] = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llaweredd = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
llawerhau = to multiply
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lower, = many, much
Cornish (Kernewek) lower = many, much
lower gweyth = often

Etymology: the reconstruction of the Proto-Celtic root is disputed – both possibilities are given. *laweros is possibly from *leh₂w- (to seize, to gain, benefit, prize) [source], which is also the root of the English word lucre (money, riches, wealth), the Swedish word lön (reward, salary, wage), the Irish word luach (value, price, reward), and the Welsh word golud (wealth, riches) [source].

The English word galore comes from Irish go leor and/or Scottish Gaelic gu leòr [source].

Proto-Celtic *sātis = sufficiency, fill
*sāss-ā- = to satisfy
Old Irish (Goídelc) sáth [saːθ] = satiety
sáith = fill (of food), sufficiency
sáthech = sated, satiated, satisfied
sáithigid = to satiate, satisfy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sáith, sáth, sāth = sufficiency, as much as one requires, fill (of food), customary meal, appetite
sáthech, sathach, sāithech = satisfied, filled, content, flourishing
sáithigid, saithigudh = to satiate, satisfy
Irish (Gaeilge) sáith [sˠɑː(h)/sˠaːç] = (full) meal, feed, fill, sufficiency, enough
sáithigh = to sate, satiate, saturate
sáithitheach = saturating
sáithiú = satiety, saturation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sàth [saː] = plenty, abundance, fill
sàthach [saː.əx] = filling, satiating; satiated person, bellyful, plenty, enough
sàthachadh [saː.əxəɣ] = (act of) sating
sàthachd [saː.əxg] = satuaration
Manx (Gaelg) saie = satiety, fill, satisfaction, replete, satiated
saiaghey = to satisfy, saturate
saieagh = satiating, satisfied
saieid = satiation, repletion, glut
saieys = satiety, repletion, sufficiency

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (to satiate, satisfy) [source], which is also the root of sad, satisfy and satiety in English; satt (not hungry, satiated, full, done) in German; zat (fed up, drink, sated, full) in Dutch; sazio (sated, full up) in Italian, and sāts (moderation, satiety, fill) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) doíthin = sufficency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) doíthin, doéthain, deothin = a sufficiency, enough
doíthenach = satiated, satisfied
Irish (Gaeilge) dóthain [ˈd̪ˠoːhənʲ/ˈd̪ˠɔhənʲ] = enough, sufficiency
dóthanach = satiated, fed up, tired
dóthanacht = satiety
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) daothain [dɯː.ɪn̪ʲ] = sufficency, fill

Etymology: unknown [source].

Proto-Celtic *dīkāneti = (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) dicone = to do, make, act, perform
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) digaun, digawn, digaunt = enough, sufficiency, plenty
diconher, digoni = to do, make, act, perform
Welsh (Cymraeg) digon [ˈdɪɡɔn] = enough, sufficiency, plenty, abundance, adequate, plentiful, ample
digoni = to do, make, act, perform, to satisfy, suffice, fill, satiate,
digonol = adequate

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Celtic *dī- (from, of) and *kān- (sound) [source].

Breton words for enough, sufficient, etc include:

  • trawalc’h = enough (of), enough!
  • bast = sufficient
  • brasoni = sufficiency
  • sufis = sufficient, adequate

Etymology: unknown.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Deeply Profound

This post peers into the depths of some deeply profound words in the Celtic languages.

Inside the Aar Gorge

Proto-Celtic *dubnos (adj) = deep
*dubnos (noun) = world
*Dubnowalos = a male given name – “world prince / chief”
*Dubnogenos = a male given name – “world born / family”
Gaulish dumnos = deep
Dubnorīx = a male given name – “world king”
Primitive Irish ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚓᚅ (domngen), ᚇᚑᚋᚅᚌᚔᚅᚅ (domnginn) = male given names
Old Irish (Goídelc) domain = deep, profound, depth(s), sea-floor
fudumain = profound(ity), depth
Domnall = a male given name
Domaingen = a male given name
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) domain, doimin, domun, domuin = deep, profound, intense, thoughtful, depth(s)
doimnigid = to deepen, lower
domne, domnae = depth(s)
domun = the world, the earth
Domnall = a male given name
Irish (Gaeilge) domhain [d̪ˠɑinʲ/d̪ˠoːnʲ] = depth, deep, abyss, inmost part, profound, sunken, hollow, low-pitched, far, late
domhainiascaireacht = deep-sea fishing
domhainmhachnamh = deep thought, deep reflection
doimhneacht = depth, deep place
doimhnigh = to deepen
doimhniúchan = (act of) deepening
domhan = earth, world
Domhnall, Dónall = male given names
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) domhain [dõ.ɪn̪ʲ] = deep, profound
domhaineachd [dõ.ɪn̪ʲəxg] = depth, deep, deepness, profundity
domhainteachd [dõ.ɪn̪ʲdʲəxg] = abstruseness
domhan [dõ.an] = universe, world
Dòmhnall = a male given name
Manx (Gaelg) dowin = deep(ly), deep-rooted, involved, low, profound, secretive, thorough, penetrating
diunaghey = to deepen
diunid = deep, depth, gulf, rootedness
dowan = world, earth, universe, cosmos
Proto-Brythonic *duβn/*dumno = deep
*Duβnowal = a male given name
*Duβnoɣen = a male given name
Old Welsh (Kembraec) duuin, dofn = deep
Dumnagual = a male given name
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dowyn, duvin, dwvyn, dwfyn, dwuyn = deep, dense
dyfnu, dyfnaf = to become accustomed (to), be familiar (with)
dyfyn(n)der, dyuynder, dewfynder = depth(s), deepness
dyfnddysc = erudite, profound, erudition, deep learning
dyuynvor = deep sea, main, ocean
dyfynhau = to deepen, dig, excavate, intensify
*Dyuynwal, Dyvynwal, Dyfynwal = male given names
Welsh (Cymraeg) dwfn, dyfn [dʊvn] = deep, dense, mysterious, intense, serious, profound; depth(s), deep waters, abyss, void; world, earth
dyfnu = to become accustomed (to), be familiar (with), suck
dyfnder = depth(s), deepness, bottom, thickness, abyss
dyfnddysg = erudite, profound, erudition, deep learning
dyfnfor = deep sea, main, ocean
dyfnhau = to deepen, dig, excavate, intensify
Dyfnaint = Devon
Dyfnwal = a male given name
Dyfnien = a male given name
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) down = deep, profound, low
downder = depth
Cornish (Kernewek) down = deep
downder = depth
downfria = to deep-fry
downhe = to deepen
downrewi = to deep-freeze
Old Breton (Brethonoc) dumn = deep
Middle Breton (Brezonec) doun, don = deep
dounhat = to deepen
do(u)nder = depth
Breton (Brezhoneg) don [dɔ̃ːn] = deep, hollow (plate, dish), serious (air)
donaat = to deepen
donañ [ˈdɔ̃ː.nã] = to deepen
donded [ˈdɔ̃n.det] = depth
donder [ˈdɔ̃n.dɛr] = depth
Dunvel = a male given name

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós (deep), from *dʰewbʰ- (hazy, unclear, dark, deep) [source]. Words from the same roots include deep and dip in English, tief (deep, low) in German, dopen (to dip, immerse, name) in Dutch, dùgnas (bottom, background) in Lithuanian, дно [dno] (floor, bed, bottom) in Russian, and words for black in Celtic languages

The names Donald and Dunaldur (used in Faroese) come from the Proto-Celtic name *Dubnowalos [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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