Monday Moons

16th July 202417th July 2024 By Simon

Today we’re looking at the words for moon, Monday and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*louxsnos = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	lúan = moon, Monday, radiance
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	lúan [ˈl͈uːə̯nʲ] = moon, Monday, doomsday, judgement day día lúain [dʲiːə̯ ˈl͈uːə̯nʲ] = (on) Monday
Irish (Gaeilge)	Luan [l̪ˠuən̪ˠ] = Monday, Aureole, nimbus, halo Dé Luain [dʲeːˈl̪ˠuənʲ] = (on) Monday
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	Luan [l̪ˠuən] = Monday, the moon (poetic) Diluain [dʲɪˈl̪ˠuən̪ʲ] = Monday
Manx (Gaelg)	luan, lune = moon Jelune, Jyluain, Lhein, Luain = Monday
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	llun = Monday, (the) moon
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llun, Llun [ɬɨːn /ɬiːn] = Monday, (the) moon dydd Llun [dɨːð ˈɬɨːn / diːð ˈɬiːn] = Monday
Middle Cornish	lin = the moon di-lin, De Lun = Monday
Cornish (Kernewek)	Lun = Monday dy’Lun, de Lun = Monday
Breton (Brezhoneg)	Lun = the moon dilun [di.ˈlỹːn] = Monday

Etymology from PIE *lówksneh₂ (moon, shining thing), from *lewk- (to shine, to see, bright) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include illumiate, light, lucent, lucid, Lucifer, luminous, lunar, lustre, and lynx in English [source].

Etymology (Monday words) from Latin *diēs Lūnae (Monday), from diēs (day) and Lūna (the moon, Luna [a moon goddess]), or calques of this word [source].

Words from the same roots include dilluns (Monday) in Catalan, dilunes (Monday) in Occitan, and dilon (Monday) in Walloon [source].

Proto-Celtic	*lugrā = moon
Proto-Brythonic	lloɨr = moon lloɨrkann = moonlight
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	loyr = moon loiraul = lunar
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	lloer = moon lloerferch = one as fair as the moon, fair maiden, beautiful woman lloergan = (bright) moonlight, moonlit lloeric = lunatic, moonstruck, insane, mad, frantic, wild, lunar lloerol = lunar
Welsh (Cymraeg)	lloer [ˈɬoːɨ̯r /ˈɬɔi̯r] = (the) moon, satellite lloeraidd = lunar, lunatic lloeren = circle, round spot, satellite, little moon lloerennol = satellite, pertaining to the moon lloergan = (bright) moonlight, moonlit lloergannu = to shine (of the moon) lloeri = to crook like the new moon, make cresent-shaped lloerig = lunatic, moonstruck, insane, mad, frantic, wild, lunar
Old Cornish	luir = moon
Middle Cornish	loer, lor, lôr, loor, lour, lûr = moon
Cornish (Kernewek)	loor = moon lorel = lunar lorell = satellite lorek, loroges = lunatic, maniac, psychotic
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	loir, loer = moon
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	loar = moon loer cann = full moon
Breton (Brezhoneg)	loar = moon loargann = full moon loarieg = lunatic

Etymology from PIE *lewk- (bright, light, to shine, to see), or from *lewg- (to bend, twist) [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	lleuad, lleuat = moon lleuadic = mad, lunatic
Welsh (Cymraeg)	lleuad [ˈɬeɨ̯.ad /ˈɬei̯.ad] = the moon lleuadu = to crook like the new moon, make cresent-shaped lleuadaidd = lunar lleuadig = mad, lunatic lleuadog = lunar, moon-like, moonlit, lunatic, moonstruck, mad, insane

Etymology from PIE *lewk- (bright, light, to shine, to see). Related to lleu (light, brightness) and golau (light, bright, fair) in Welsh [source].

Proto-Celtic	*ēskyom = moon
Old Irish (Goídelc)	éscae, aesca, æscae, ésca, æscæ, éisce [ˈeːske] = moon, lunar month éscaide = lunar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	éscae = moon éscaide = lunar
Irish (Gaeilge)	éasca [ˈiːɑ̯skə / ˈeːsˠkə] = moon éascaí = lunar
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	èsga [eːsgə] = moon (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg)	eayst = moon, lunar lane-eayst = full moon

Etymology from PIE *h₁eysk- (to shine, glitter) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	gelach = moon
Irish (Gaeilge)	gealach [ɟəˈl̪ˠɑx / ˈɟalˠəx] = moon, brightness (as of moon), moonlight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	gealach [gʲal̪ˠəx] = (the) moon gealach làn = full moon gealachail [gʲal̪ˠəxal] = lunar gealachan [gʲa̪ˠəxan] = lunatic
Manx (Gaelg)	giallagh = moon

Etymology from Old Irish gel (fair, white, bright), from Proto-Celtic *gelos (shining, white), from PIE *ǵʰelh₃os, from *ǵʰelh₃- (to shine) [source].

Words from the same roots include words for white, bay and brown in Celtic languages, and arsenic, gall, gild, gild, gold and yellow in English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	ré = moon
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	ré, re = the moon
Irish (Gaeilge)	ré = moon, phase of the moon, month, period, portion of time, span of life, career, age, era, epoch na ré = lunar (oíche) rédhorcha = moonless
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	rè [r̪eː] = the moon (poetic)
Manx (Gaelg)	re, ray = moon

Etymology possibly from Proto-Celtic *rowis [source].

Another word for moon in Welsh is cannwyll awyr (“sky candle”), and the word cannaid (white, bright, shining, pure, clean radiant) used to mean moon in Carmarthenshire (and sun in north Wales).

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Similar Likeness

9th July 2024 By Simon

Today we’re looking at words for likeness, similarity and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*samalis = likeness, similarity
Gaulish	samalo- = similar, like
Old Irish (Goídelc)	samail [ˈsaβ̃ɨlʲ] = likeness, similarity, description cosmail [ˈkosβ̃ɨl] = like, alike, similar maccsamla = equal, match
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	samail, samhail = likeness, similarity, description, simile, metaphor; like, as cosmail = like, similar, likely, probable, fitting, proper, becoming, likeness, similarity mac(c)samla = an equal, match, the like (of)
Irish (Gaeilge)	samhail = likeness, semblance, similitude, image, effigy, represetation, model, phantom, spectre samhailchomhartha = symbol samhailchomharthaigh = to symbolize, typify samhailteach = imaginary samhalta = visionary, fanciful, unreal, virtual samhaltach = symbolic samhaltas = symbolism cosúil [kəˈsˠuːlʲ / ˈkɔsˠuːlʲ] = resembling like macasamhail = like, equal, counterpart, reproduction, copy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	samhail, samhla [sãũ.al / sãũl̪ˠə] = figure, sign, symbol, shape, form, allegory, metaphor, likeness, (re)semblance, like, as similar to samhailt [sãũ.aldʲ] = figure, sign, symbol, shape, form, example, apparition samhlach = emblematical, typical, ghostly samhlachas = analogy, symbolism samhlachdainn = comparing, likening, symbolising samhlaidheachd = symbolism cosail [kɔsal] = similar, (a)like mac-samhail = likeness, replica, duplicate, facsimile, equal, like
Manx (Gaelg)	soyl = model cosoyley = semblance, simile, symbol, analogy cosoylagh = alike, allegoric(al), likely, symbolic macsoyley = instance, metaphor
Proto-Brythonic	*haβ̃al [haˈβ̃aːlˑ] = like, similar, as
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	haval, haual, hafal = like, similar val, fal = as, like, similar cyhaual, kyhafal, cyhafal = (very) similar, like, resembling, alike, even, equal dyfaly, dyfalu = to guess, suppose euylychv, euelychu = to imitate, copy
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hafal [ˈhaval] = like, similar, resembling, equal, fellow hafalu = to equal(ize), equate hafaledd = equality hafaliad = equation fel, fal [vɛl, val] = as, like, similar cyhafal = (very) similar, like, resembling, alike, even, equal dyfalu = to guess, suppose, fancy, imagine efelychu = to imitate, copy
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	haval = like, similar, resembling havalder = likeness, similitude, resemblance avel = like, similar cehafal = equal, like, similar
Cornish (Kernewek)	haval = alike, resembling, similar avel, vel = as, like kehaval = alike, equal kehavalen = equation
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	amal, hamal, hemel = similar, thus, like, similarly
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	haual, haffual, hânvel = similar, likely haualder = resemblance, likeness haualier = to compare, seem, resemble dishaval = dissimilar, different
Breton (Brezhoneg)	hañval [ˈhã.val] = similar, likely heñval [ˈhɛ̃ː.vɛl] = similar, same hañvalat = apparent, seeming hañvalder = resemblance, likeness hañvalidigezh = appearance, aspect, resemblance hañvalout = to compare, seem, resemble dishañval = dissimilar, different, extra, great, super

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₂-lo-, from *sem- (together, one) [source]. Words from the same roots include mile, same, seem, simple, some, similar and system in English [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Seeds

4th July 2024 By Simon

Words for seed and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*sīlom = seed
Old Irish (Goídelc)	síl [sʲiːl] = seed, cause, origin, semen, race, progency, descendants, offspring, breed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	síl = seed, race, progency, descendants, offspring, breed, sílach = seed sílaid = to sow spread, breed, sower sílaige = disseminator, one who propagates sílaigthid = sower sílem = sower sílne = seed, sperm
Irish (Gaeilge)	síol [ʃiː(ə)l̪ˠ] = seed, semem, sperm, offspring, progeny síolach = seedy síoladóir = seedsman, sower, disseminator síoladóireacht = (act of) seeding, sowing síoladaí = disseminator, propagator síolaicme = race, breed síolaigh = to seed, sow, disseminate, spread
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sìol [ʃiəl̪ˠ] = seed, sperm, descendants, progency, line, lineage, increase sìolach [ʃiə̪ˠəx] = breed, brood, offspring sìolachadh [ʃiəl̪ˠəxəɣ] = (act of) sowing seed, reproducing, propagating, breeding sìoladair [ʃiəl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = seedsman, sower sìolag [ʃiəl̪ˠag] = seedling, strainer sìolaiche [ʃiəl̪ɪç] = propagator
Manx (Gaelg)	sheel = seed, sperm, sheelag = seedling sheelagh = seedy, fruitful, seminal sheeleyder = seedsman, distiller, dribbler, refiner sheelraghey = to breed, propagate, breeding
Proto-Brythonic	*hil = race, lineage
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	hil = seed, issue, offspring, progeny, descendents hiliad = producing, generation, propagation hylyo, hilyo = to bring forth, breed, beget
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hil [hiːl] = seed, issue, offspring, progeny, descendents, posterity, stock, lineage, race hiliad = producing, generation, propagation, procreation, progency, lineage, offspring hiliaeth = generation, progeny, lineage hilio = to bring forth, breed, beget, propagate, increase, populate hiliog = prolific, fruitful, fecund, fertile, pregrant hiliogaeth = issue, offspring, seed, breed, race, posterity, descendants, lingeage hiliwr, hilydd = racist
Cornish (Kernewek)	hil = ethnicity, race hilegydh(es) = racist hilgasieth = racism
Breton (Brezhoneg)	hil = seed, posterity hilian, hiliañ = to procreate

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (to sow, plant, impress, insert) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include earn, season, seed, seminar and sow in English, säen (to sow) in German, siać (to spread, leave smth and forgot its location) in Polish, and sēt (to sow) in Latvian [source].

Proto-Celtic	*satos = seed
Proto-Brythonic	*had = seed
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	hat, had = seeds hadv, hadu = to bring forth or produce seed
Welsh (Cymraeg)	had [haːd] = seeds, origin, source, bit, mite hadaf, hadu = to bring forth or produce seed, grow seed, multiply, become fruitful, run to seed, sow, propagate hadaidd = having seed, seedy, running to seed hadblanhigyn = seedling hadfa = seed-plot, nursery-garden hadle = seed-plot, nursery, seminary, school
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	has, hâs = seed
Cornish (Kernewek)	hasa = to sow hasek = fruitful has, hasen = seed, sperm haslet = contraceptive haslettyans = contraception
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	att = seed
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	hat = seed, grains, pips hadaff, hadet, hada = to sow
Breton (Brezhoneg)	had = seed, spawn, offspring hadeg = seeding hader = sower haderezh = sowing hadañ = to sow

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (to sow, plant, impress, insert) [source].

A Shovelful of Spades

28th June 2024 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for shovel, spade, oar, and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*rāmyos = oar, spade, shovel
Old Irish (Goídelc)	ráma = oar ráïd = to row (with oars), sail, voyage imm·rá = to row (about), navigate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	rám(a), rámha = oar, spade imm-rá, immará = to row (around), navigate, go
Irish (Gaeilge)	rámh = oar rámhach = oared rámhaíocht = rowing, oarsmanship rámhainn = spade, spade-length rámhaí = oarsman rámhaigh = to row iomair = to row iomróir = oarsman, rower
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ràmh [r̪ˠaːv] = oar, paddle ràmhach [r̪ˠãːvəx] = row(ing) boat, set of oars ràmhachd [rˠ̪ãːvəxg] = (act of) rowing, oar-making ràmhadh [r̪ˠaːvəɣ] = (act of) rowing ràmhaiche, ràmhair [r̪ˠaːvɪçə / r̪ˠaːvɛrʲ] = oarsman, rower iomair [imɪrʲ] = to row (a boat) iomramhaiche [imərəvɪçə] = oarsman, rower
Manx (Gaelg)	raue = rowing raueder = rowing man ymmyrt = oar, rowing, to row, to launch ymmyrtagh = oarsman, rower, waterman, ferryman, rowing reuyrey = to delve, dig (up), root, spade
Proto-Brythonic	rrọβ = shovel, spade rruɨβ̃ = oar
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	rau, raỽ, raw, rhaw = shovel, spade rawyet, rhawieit = shoveful, spadeful rwyf, rỽyf, rwyff = oar, paddle rỽyuaỽ, rhwyfo = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower
Welsh (Cymraeg)	rhaw [r̥aːu̯ / r̥au̯] = shovel, spade rhaw(i)aid = shoveful, spadeful rhawffon = spade, shovel, paddle rhawiaf, rhawio, rhoddio, rhofio = to shovel, dig rhawiwr = shoveller rhwyf = oar, paddle rhwyfadain, rhwyfaden = fin (of a fish), propeller rhwyf(i)af, rhwyf(i)o = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey, agitate, shake, swing, wave rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower, sailor, seaman, boatman, mariner
Old Cornish	ruif = oar
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	ruif, rev = oar, ruler, king ruifadur, revadar, ruivadur = rower, oarsman
Cornish (Kernewek)	reuv = shovel reuv arader = ploughshare rev = oar revya = to row, paddle
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	reuf = spade reuff, roeuff = oar
Breton (Brezhoneg)	roev = spade roeñv [rwẽʷ] = rowing, oar roenvier, roevier = rower, oarsman

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (to row). Words from the same PIE root include row, rudder and Russia in English, roeien (to row [with oars]) and riem (oar, paddle) in Dutch, ró (to row, sail out to fish, rock backwards and forwards) in Icelandic, ro (to row, quickly hand over, pass) in Swedish, rame (oar, paddle) in French [source].

Etymology: the Brythonic words for oar come from Latin rēmus (oar), from Proto-Italic *rē(z)mos, from a PIE *h₁reh₁- (to row) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	slúasat = shovel
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	slúasat, slúasad = shovel, paddle, tooth slúaistech = shovel-like
Irish (Gaeilge)	sluasaid = shovel, shovelful sluaisteáil = to shovel, gather in large quantities, scoop sluaisteog = (small) shovelful sluaisteoir = shoveller
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sluasaid [sl̪uəsadʲ] = shovel, spade sluaist [sl̪uəʃdʲ] = shovel, spade sluaisreadh [sl̪uəʃrʲəɣ] = shovelling, water washing up and down a beach
Manx (Gaelg)	sleayst = shovel sleaystey = to shovel, scoop, mix; shovelling, mixing sleaysteyder = shoveller, scooper

Etymology: unknown [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fàl [faːl̪ˠ] = scythe fàladair [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = scyther, reaper, mower fàlaireachd [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲəxg] = scything, mowing fàlaid [faːl̪ˠadʲ] = scythe
Manx (Gaelg)	faayl = turfcutter, turfspade foll = scythe folderagh = to cut with a scythe, mowing
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	pelechi = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	pal, pál = spade, shovel palach = cudgel, club, staff
Welsh (Cymraeg)	pâl [paːl] = spade, shovel, dug soil, tilth, a digging, palach = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	pal = spade, shove, mattock
Cornish (Kernewek)	pal = spade palas = to dig, excavate
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	pal = shovel, spade
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pal [pɑːl] = shovel, spade palad [ˈpɑːlat] = shoveled palat [ˈpɑːlat] = to dig palerez [pa.ˈleː.res] = excavator

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (to turn). Words from the same PIE root include collar, cult and wheel in English, and Hals (neck, throat) in German [source].

Mixed & Confused

7th June 2024 By Simon

In this post we’re getting mixed up and confused about words for drunk and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	miskos = mixture, confusion miskati = to mix, confuse kom-miskos = mixture, confusion kommiskati = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc)	mesc [mʲesk] = drunk, intoxicated mescae [ˈmʲeskɘ] = drunkenness, intoxication mescaid = to confuse mesctha = confused, intoxicated con·mesca [konˈmʲeska] = to mix together
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	mesc(c) = drunk, intoxicated, mixed, confused, muddled, confusion mescae = drunkenness, intoxication, daze, bewilderment, excitment mescaid = to mix, bewilder, confuse, confound mesctha = confused, intoxicated, mixed, variegated con-mesca = to mix together, conmingle, join, unite
Irish (Gaeilge)	measc [mʲasˠk] = jumble, confusion, to mix (up), blend, stir meascadh = (ad)mixture, confusion meascán = mass, lump, mixture, jumble, muddle meascthóir = mixer, stirrer meisce [ˈmʲɛʃcɪ / ˈmʲɪʃcɪ] = drunkenness, intoxication, daze, bewilderment ar meisce = drunk, intoxicated meisceoir = drunkard meisceoireacht = drunkenness, inebriety meisciúil = intoxicating, drunken, addicted to drinking cumaisc = to mix together, blend, combine, compound, cohabit
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	measg [mesg] = mix, stir, mingle am measg [ə mesg] = amongst, among measgach [mesgəx] = sociable, gregarious, promiscuous measgachadh [mesgəxəɣ] = mixing, mixure, combining measgadair = mixer measgadh [mesgəɣ] = mixing, stirring, mingling, mixture misg [miʃgʲ] = drunkenness, inebriation, insobriety air misg = drunk misgeach [miʃgʲəx] = heady, drunk, intoxicated misgear [miʃgʲər] = drunkard, tippler coimeasg [kɔiməsg] = combine, merge, blend, mix coimeasgadh [kɔməsgəɣ] = combining, combination, merging, merger, blending
Manx (Gaelg)	mastey = amid(st), among(st), mingled, within, mixture mestey = compound, mixture, jumble; to confuse, mix, mingle, mash, shuffle, stir mestey-vestey = concoction, melee, mix up meshtey [ˈmeʃtə] = inebriety er meshtey = drunk, inebriated, intoxicated meshtallagh = drunk(ard), boozer, inebriate meshtallaght = promiscuity, drunkenness meshtallys, meshtelllys, meshtyrys = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication covestey = to mix, mingle, merge covestit = mixed, mingled, blended
Proto-Brythonic	mɨsk = amid, amidst mɨskad [mɨˈsˑkaːd] = to blend, mix, confuse kɨm-mɨsk = mixed, confused (?) kummɨskad = to mingle, confuse, mix
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	mysc = mixing, mixture, confusion, mixed, confused mysci, mysgi = turmoil, tumult cymysc, kymysc, kymmysc, kymysg = mixed, mingled, blended, compound, mixture cymyscu, kemescu, kymysgu, kymyscu = to mix, mixed, blend, compound cymysced, cymmyscedd = mixture, compound, jumble ymysg, ym mysc = among, between
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mysg [mɨːsk / mɪsk] = mixing, mixture, confusion, mixed, confused, midst mysgaf, mysgu = to undo, untie, unpick, unravel, disentangle, loosen, mix, mingle, jumble mysgi = turmoil, tumult cymysg [ˈkʰəmɨ̞sk / ˈkʰəmɪsk] = mixed, mingled, blended, compound, mixture cymysgaf, cymysg(u) = to mix, mixed, blend, compound ymysg = among, between, in the midst of
Old Cornish	commisc = mixed
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	mysc, mŷsk = midst, middle cemescys, kemeskis, kemeskys = mixture cemyscy, kemyskys, cymyscys, kemyskis = to mingle, mix
Cornish (Kernewek)	mysk, mesk = midst myska, meska = to blend, involve, mingle myskas, myskii = mongrel kemmysk = mix kemyska = to mix, jumble, mingle kemyskans = mixture kemyskedh = hybrid kemyskell = mixer (machine)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	mesc = mixture, chaos, disorder mescaff, meskaff = to mix, blend, stir quemesq [mɛ(z)w] = mixed, complex, confusion quemesq(a) = to mix, merge
Breton (Brezhoneg)	mesk [mesk] = mixture, chaos, disorder meskaj [ˈmes.kaʃ] = mixure meskañ [ˈmeskã] = to mix, blend, stir meskata [ˈmeskat:a] = mixer kemmesk [mɛ(z)w] = mixed, complex, confusion kemmeskad = composite kemmeskañ = to mix, merge

Etymology: from PIE *miḱsḱéti (to mix), from *meyḱ- (to mix) [source].

Words from the same roots include mash, meddle, medley, melee, miscellaneous, mix and promiscuous in English, mêler (to mix, meddle in, get mixed up in, shuffle) in French, mischen (to mix, shuffle) in German, and miesić (to knead) in Polish [source].

For words for drunk and related things in Brythonic languages, see the Celtiadur post Honey Wine.

Honey Wine

4th June 2024 By Simon

Words for mead, wine and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	medu = mead, wine, alcoholic drink medwos = drunk
Celtiberian	Mezu-kenos = personal name “mead-born”
Gaulish	medu = mead Medu-genos = personal name “mead-born”
Primitive Irish	medu = mead
Primitive Irish	ᚋᚓᚇᚒ (medu) = mead ᚋᚓᚇᚇᚑᚌᚓᚅᚔ (meddogeni) = personal name “mead-born” ᚋᚓᚇᚃᚃᚔ (medvvi) = personal name “meady”
Old Irish (Goídelc)	mid [mʲið] = mead Midgen = personal name “mead-born”
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	mid, midh = mead medb = strong, intoxicating (liquor)
Irish (Gaeilge)	meá [mʲæh / mʲa(h)] = mead
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	meadh [mjɤɣ] = mead meadhach = fuddled with mead, like mead, abounding in mead
Manx (Gaelg)	meddagh = mead-maker
Proto-Brythonic	*með [mɛːð] = mead
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	med = mead
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	met, med = mead meddawt, meddavt, meddwdod = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication meddfaeth, metveith, meduaeth, medweith = nourished on mead, having feastedon mead, mead-feast medgell, meddgell = mead-cellar, drink-cellar met kirn, medgyrn, metgyrn, meddgyrn = mead-horn, drinking-horn metv, medw, meddw = drunk medwyt, medwi, meddwi [ˈmɛðwi] = to get drunk
Welsh (Cymraeg)	medd [meːð] = mead meddaidd = like mead, sweet medd-dod, meddwdod = drunkenness, inebriation, intoxication meddfaeth = luxurious, soft, gentle, delicate, pampered, effeminate meddw [ˈmɛðu] = drunk, intoxicated, fuddled, tipsy meddwi [ˈmɛðwi] = to be(come) drunk or tipsy, to be intoxicated or inebriated, to make drunky
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	medh, medu, meddou = mead medhas = drunkenness, intoxication medho = drunken, intoxicated
Cornish (Kernewek)	medh = mead, hydromel medhow = drunk, intoxicated medhwenep = drunkenness, intoxication medhwi = to intoxicate, make drunk medhwynsi = drunkenness
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	medot = mead
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	mez = mead
Breton (Brezhoneg)	mez [meː(s)] = mead mezv [mɛ(z)w] = drunk, wobbly (furniture) mezventi = alcoholism mezvier = drunkard mezvierezh = drunkenness mezviñ [ˈmɛ(z)vĩ] = to get drunk mezvus [ˈmɛ(z)vys] = intoxicating, heady

Etymology: from PIE *médʰu (honey, honey wine, mead), possibly related to Proto-Semitic *mataḳ- (sweet) [source].

Words from the same roots include mead in English, mead in English, mjöður (mead) in Icelandic, медведь [mʲɪdˈvʲetʲ] (bear, large clumsy person, lit. “honey eater”) in Russian, mesi (nectar) in Finnish, and possibly 蜜 (mì / mitsu – honey) in Chinese and Japanese and 밀 (mil – beeswax, honey) in Korean [source].

The Irish name Méabh (Maeve) also comes from the same roots [source].

Proto-Celtic	*wīnom = wine
Leptonic	𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌏𐌌 (uinom) = wine
Old Irish (Goídelc)	fín = wine fín acat = vinegar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	fín = wine fínán = cheap wine fínda = pertaining to wine fínmar = having abundance of wine fíntan = vineyard
Irish (Gaeilge)	fíon [fʲiːn̪ˠ] = wine fíonchaor = grape fíoncheannaí = wine merchant, vintner fíonda = vinous, pertaining to wine fíondaite = wine-coloured fíonghort [ˈfʲiːnˠˌɣɔɾˠtˠ] = vineyard fíonmhar = rich in wine, vinous fíonsaothrú = viticulture
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fìon [fiən] = wine fìon-chaor [fiən xɯːr] = grape fìon-chrann = grapevine fìon-fhoghar = wine harvest, vintage fìon-geur = vinegar fìon-lios = vineyard fìonadair = wine-maker
Manx (Gaelg)	feeyn = wine feeyney = of wine, vinous feeyneyder = wine-maker, vintner feeyneydys = viticulture berrish-feeyney = grape feeyn geayr = vinegar fouyr feeyney = vintage garey feeyney = vineyard
Proto-Brythonic	*gwin = wine
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	guin = wine
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gvin, guin, gwin = wine gwinblas = mansion where wine is dispensed in abundance gwindeveirn = wine-tavern gwindy, gwin-dŷ = wine-house, wine-tavern, wine-cellar, banqueting house guinegyr, gwinegyr = vinegar guinlann, gwinllan(n) = vineyard, vine
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwin [ɡwiːn] = wine, fermented liquor made from the juice of fruits (apples, elderberries, rhubarb, gooseberries, etc), like wine, pleasant, sweet, fine, excellent gwinbren = vine gwindy = wine-house, wine-tavern, wine-cellar, banqueting house gwinegr = vinegar gwinllan = vineyard, vine, copse, grove, wood, plantation gwinwr, gwinydd = vintner, vine-grower, vine-dresser, vineyard owner
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gwin, guin = wine gwinbren, guinbren = vine
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwin [ɡwiːn] = wine gwinbren = vine gwinlan = vineyard gwinyer = winemaker
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	guin = wine guiniin = vines
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	guin, guyn = wine guiny, guyni = vines guynieyer = vineyard
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gwin [ɡwĩːn / ɡɥĩːn] = wine gwinegr [ɡwĩnˈɛk(r)] = vinegar gwini [ˈɡɥĩːni] = vines gwinieg [ɡɥĩ.ˈniː.ɛk] = vineyard gwinier [ɡwĩ.ˈniː.ɛr / ɡɥĩ.ˈniː.ɛr] = winemaker gwinioniezh [ɡɥĩ.nɔ̃ˈniː.ɛs] = oenology

Etymology: from Latin vīnum (wine, grapes, grapevine), from Proto-Italic *wīnom (wine), from Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom (wine, vine). The Welsh and Cornish words come from Latin via Proto-Celtic, the Breton and Goidelic words were borrowed direct from Latin, and the Leptonic word comes direct from Proto-Italic [source].

Words from the same roots include wine, vine, vinegar and oenology (the scientific study of wines and winemaking) in English, wijn (wine) in Dutch, vino (wine) in Italian, wino (wine) in Polish, and possibly ወይን (wäyn – grape) in Amharic [source].

Eyebrows

28th May 202431st May 2024 By Simon

Words for eyebrow, eyelash, eyelid and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*abrant- = eyelid
Old Irish (Goídelc)	abra = eyelash
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	abra eyelash, eyelid fabra = eyelash, eyelid, fringe
Irish (Gaeilge)	fabhra, abhra = eyelash, (eye)brow fabhraí = fringe fabhraíoch = pertaining to eyelashes, ciliary fabhrán = cilium
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	abhra [aurə] = eyelid, eyelash abhrad [aurəd] = eyelid, eyelash fabhra [faurə] = eyelid, eyelash, fringe fabhrad [faurəd] = eyelid, eyelash, fringe
Manx (Gaelg)	ferroogh = eyelash, eyelid
Proto-Brythonic	*abrant = eyelid
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	amrant, amraỽt = eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow
Welsh (Cymraeg)	amrant [ˈamrant] = eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow ar amrant = in the twinkling of an eye, instantly amrantaf, amrantu = to blink, wink, shut (eyes), doze, slumber sleep, fall asleep amrantiad = twinkling of an eye, instant amrantun = nap, sleep amrantyn = twinkling of an eye, moment, instant, eyelid
Old Cornish	abrans = eyebrow
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	abrans = eyebrow
Cornish (Kernewek)	abrans [ˈabrans] = eyebrow
Middle Breton	abrant = eyebrow abrantec = with large eyebrows
Breton (Brezhoneg)	abrant [ˈa.brãnt] = eyebrow abranteg = finicky, pernickety, haughty, supercilious, punctilious abrantek = with large eyebrows

Etymology: related to Proto-Celtic *brū- (brow), from PIE *h₃bʰrúHs (eyebrow) [source]. Words from the same roots include brim, brine, brow and front in English, front (forhead) in French, and bryn (brow, edge, crest, ridge) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic	*malaxs = eyelid
Old Irish (Goídelc)	mala = eyebrow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	mala = eyebrow
Irish (Gaeilge)	mala [ˈmˠɑl̪ˠə] = eyebrow, brow, slope, incline
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	mala [mal̪ˠə] = eyebrow, brow malairneach [mal̪ˠər̪ˠn̪ʲəx] = frowning malach [mal̪ˠəx] = having / pertaining to eyebrows
Manx (Gaelg)	mollee = brow, eyebrow
Middle Breton	maluen = eyelid, eyebrow maluennec = having big eyebrows
Breton (Brezhoneg)	malvenn [ˈmal.vɛn] = eyelid, eyelash, eyebrow, canopy malvenneg = ciliated malvennek = having big eyebrows malvennin, malvenniñ = to blink

Etymology: from PIE *ml̥Hdʰo- [source]. Words from the same roots include brim, brine, brow and front in English, front (forhead) in French, and bryn (brow, edge, crest, ridge) in Swedish [source].

Old Welsh (Kembraec)	ail = eyebrow, eyelid, brow, forehead
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ael = eyebrow, eyelid, brow, forehead, edge, border, hem, side, summit aeldew = thick-browed
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ael [aːɨ̯l / ai̯l] = eyebrow, eyelid, brow, forehead aeldew = thick-browed aeldrist = sad-faced aeldrwm = heavy-browed, frowning aeliad, aelio = to protrude aeliog = (big-/large-)browed, large-brimmed
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	guorail = eyebrow

Etymology: unknown [source].

The End

24th May 202426th May 2024 By Simon

Words for end, after and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*dīwedom = end
Old Irish (Goídelc)	dead [ˈdʲe] = end, conclusion, limit déidenach = final, last deired [ˈdʲerʲəð] = remainder, residue, end, rear, conclusion
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	dead, deud, diud = end, conclusion, limit i ndead, inna dead = below, further on, after, behind, since co dead = forever, to the end, always fo deoid = = at last, in the end, ultimately deired = remainder, residue, end, rear, conclusion deiredach = coming at the end, latest, last
Irish (Gaeilge)	diaidh [dʲiəɟ / dʲiə] as diaidh = after, behind diaidh ar/i ndiaidh = gradually i ndiaidh [əˈnʲiəɟ / əˈn̠ʲeːj] = after, later, subsequently ina ndiaidh sin [ɪnˠə ˈjiə ʃin] = afterwards, after that deireadh = end, conclusion, termination deireanach = last, late, latter, recent deireanaí = lateness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dèidh [dʲeː] = after an dèidh [ən̪ʲˈdʲeː] = after, behind dèidheanach = last, hindmost deireadh [dʲerʲəɣ] = end, rear, stem, remains, leftovers deireannach [dʲerʲənˠəx] = final, last, ultimate, hindmost, latter, late, tardy, slow, posterior, backward
Manx (Gaelg)	jei = afterwards, after, behind jei shoh = henceforth jei-cheeayllagh = retarded, backward jerrey = back, close, conclusion, effect, end, expiration, expiry, extreme, finale, finish jerrinagh = absolute, belated, closing, end, final, last jerrinaght = absoluteness, final, finality
Proto-Brythonic	*diweð [ˈlɔːn] = end, ending
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	diued = end
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	diuet, diwet, dyuet, diwed, diỽed = end, close, conclusion diwedho, diwed = to end, finish, close diwedar, diweddar = late, recent, modern, deceased
Welsh (Cymraeg)	diwedd [ˈdɪu̯ɛð] = end, close, conclusion, consumation, termination, extremity, death, event, issue diweddaf, diwedd(u) = to end, finish, close, terminate, perish, put an end to diweddar [dɪu̯ˈɛðar] = late, recent, modern, deceased diweddaru = to modernize, get or become late diweddaf [dɪu̯ˈɛθav] = last, final, previous, most recent ar y diwedd = in the end, at the end, at last, ultimately, finally o’r diwedd = at last, finally
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	diwedh, dewedh = an end, bound, goal, limit diwedha = late, utmost diwedhas = late diwedhe = to end, finish, accomplish diwedhva = an ending place, end, conclusion
Cornish (Kernewek)	diwedh = end, outcome heb diwedh = endlessly, continuously, eternal war an diwedh = at long last, finally, in the long term diwedha = to end, expire diwedhans = expiry diwedhes = late diwedhva = destination, end, ending diwedhys = ended, late, over
Old Breton	diued = end
Middle Breton	divez, diuez = end diuezaff = last, final
Breton (Brezhoneg)	diwezh [ˈdiwːɛ(s)] = end, final diwezhañ [di.ˈweː.zã] = last, final diwezhat [diˈweː(z)at] = late, remained, backward diwezhataat = to postpone, adjorn

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *dīwedeti (to stop), *dī- (from, away) and *wedeti (to lead), from Proto-Indo-European *wédʰeti (to lead), from *wedʰ- (to bind, secure, pledge, guarantee, lead) [source]. Words from the same roots include engage, gage, wage, wager and wed in English, and gager (to guarantee, wager, bet) in French [source]. The word Taoiseach (the Head of the Irish government), possibly comes from the same roots [source].

Glens and Valleys

17th May 202418th May 2024 By Simon

Here are some words for valley, glen and related things that are found in some or all of the Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Strath Croe

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*stratos = valley
Old Irish (Goídelc)	srath = grassland, swarth
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	srath, sreth, sraith = grass, sward, valley, bottom, meadow or grassy place near a river, fine, tax
Irish (Gaeilge)	srath [sˠɾˠa(h)] = river valley, low-lying land along a river srathach = bottom, low-lying, marshy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	srath [sdrah] = strath, wide valley, vale srathach = pertaining to or abounding in straths / wide valleys
Manx (Gaelg)	strah = level valley, plain, strath, flatness
Proto-Brythonic	*strad = valley
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ystrad, istrad, ystrat = (floor of a) valley, vale, plain
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ystrad [ˈəsdrad] = (floor of a) valley, vale, plain
Old Cornish	stræt = flat valley, low lying land, lowland
Middle Cornish (Cernewec	strat = flat valley, low lying land, lowland
Cornish (Kernewek)	stras = flat valley, low lying land, lowland
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	strat = bottom, low ground
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	strat = bottom, low ground
Breton (Brezhoneg)	stad [strɑːt] = bottom, low ground

Etymology: the Proto-Indo-European *str̥h₃tós (stretched, spread), from *sterh₃- (to spread, extend, stretch out [Source]. Words from the same roots include sternum, strategy, stratus, stray, street (a type of cloud) and stratosphere in English, estrato (layer, stratum, stratus [cloud]) in Spanish, and sarnu (to trample, tread, ruin) in Welsh [Source].

Cwm Idwal

Proto-Celtic	*kumbā = valley
Transalpine Gaulish	*cumba = valley
Gaulish	*kumba = valley
Irish (Gaeilge)	com [kʌmˠ] = coomb, cirque, mountain recess
Proto-Brythonic	*komm = valley
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	cum, cwm(m), kwm = a deep narrow valley, dale, dingle kwm(m)an = hump, stoop, hunchback, rump kwmarch, cwmaearch = ravine, dingle, little valley
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cwm [ˈəsdrad] = a deep narrow valley, coom, glen, dale; hollow, bowl-shaped depression cwmach = a stoop cwman = hump, stoop, hunchback, rump cwmanu = to stoop, hunch cwmanllyd, cwmanog = hunchbacked, crooked, bent cwmarch = ravine, dingle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec	cum = a valley opening downwards, from a narrow point, a dingle
Cornish (Kernewek)	komm = cirque, corrie, cwm
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	comm = combe, small valley, (water) trough, river-bed
Breton (Brezhoneg)	komm [ˈkɔ̃mː] = combe, small valley, (water) trough, river-bed komman, kommañ = to form hollows kommek = forming hollows

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kumbʰos / *kumbʰéh₂, either from PIE *kew- (bend) or a from non-Indo-European substrate [Source].

Words from the same roots include cwm, combe (a valley or hollow, often wooded and with no river; a cirque) in English, combe (combe) in French, and coma (combe, cwm, cirque; an alpine meadow situated between two peaks) in Catalan [Source].

A dingle is a small, narrow or enclosed, usually wooded valley [Source].

Glenfinnan / Gleann Fhionnain

Proto-Celtic	*glendos = valley
Old Irish (Goídelc)	glenn [ɡʲlʲen͈] = valley
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	glenn = valley, hollow, depression glennach = having vales or hollows, curly (hair)
Irish (Gaeilge)	gleann [ɟlʲɑun̪ˠ(h) / ɟlʲɑːn̪ˠ / ɟlʲan̪ˠ] = glen, hollow gleann = abounding in glens, hollow-backed, wavy (hair) gleanntán = small glen, dell, dale gleanntóir = glensman, dalesman
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	gleann [glaun̪ˠ] = glen, valley gleannach [glan̪ˠəx] = having or related to glens, steep sided gleannan [glan̪ˠan] = small glen / valley gleann crochte = hanging valley gleann sgoraidh = rift valley
Manx (Gaelg)	glion(e) [ɡlʲɔᵈn] = valley, glen, vale, creek
Proto-Brythonic	*glɨnn [ɡlɨnː] = glen, dale, valley
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	glynn, glyn = glen, dingle, dale, dell (wooded) valley
Welsh (Cymraeg)	glyn [ɡlɨ̞n / ɡlɪn] = glen, dingle, dale, dell (wooded) valley, gloom, distressing experience
Middle Cornish (Cernewec	glen, glyn = valley (through which a river flows), a woody valley, dale
Cornish (Kernewek)	glynn, glydn = deep wooded valley, glen
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	glenn, glen = earth, country
Breton (Brezhoneg)	glen = bottom, low ground

Etymology: the Proto-Indo-European *glendos (shore). Words from the same root include klit (dune) in Danish, klettur (rock, crag, cliff) in Icelandic, and cleit (rocky outcrop, cliff, reef) in Scottish Gaelic [Source].

The Irish word ailt refers to a steep-sided glen, ravine, height or cliff. There are cognate words in other Celtic languages, such as allt (hill, slope, cliff) in Welsh [More details].

Nant Gwrtheyrn

Proto-Celtic	*nantos / nantus = stream, valley
Gaulish	nanto, nantu = valley
Proto-Brythonic	*nant [nant] = stream, river, valley
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	nant = river, stream, brook
Welsh (Cymraeg)	nant [nant] = river, stream, brook, rivulet; torrent, ditch, valley, glen, dale; ravine, gorge nentig, nennig = small stream
Middle Cornish (Cernewec	nans = valley, dale, ravine
Cornish (Kernewek)	nans [nans / nænz] = dale, vale, valley krognans = hanging valley
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	nant = valley with watercourses
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	nant, ant = valley with watercourses
Breton (Brezhoneg)	nant [nãnt] = valley with watercourses (found in place names – archaic)

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Celtic *nemetom (sacred place, sanctuary), from the Proto-Indo-European *nem- (to give, take, distribute) [source].

The Francoprovençal word nant (stream) comes from the same Proto-Celtic roots [source], as does the French place name Nanterre [source], the Irish word neimheadh (sanctuary, privilege of rank, holy thing), and the Breton word neved / neñved (sanctuary) [source].

More details of words for Streams and Currents in Celtic languages.

Old Welsh (Kembraec)	t(o)nou = valley, vale, hollow, dale
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tnou, tonou, tyno, tino = valley, vale, hollow, dale
Welsh (Cymraeg)	tyno = valley, vale, hollow, dale, plain, green
Cornish (Kernewek)	tnow = dale, valley-bottom
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	tenou, tnou = bottom, lower part, valley
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	tnou [trãw] = bottom, lower part, valley trauyen = valley
Breton (Brezhoneg)	traoñ, traou [trãw] = bottom, lower part, valley (found in place names) traoñienn [ˈtrãw.jɛn] = valley

Etymology: unknown [Source].

Another Welsh word for valley is dyffryn [ˈdəfrɨ̞n / ˈdəfrɪn], which comes from dwfr (water) and hynt (course, way). There are no cognates in other Celtic languages, as far as I can discover [Source].

Bodies

10th May 2024 By Simon

Words for body and related things in Celtic languages.

Body

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	corp [korp] = (human) body, coprse, Eucharist, Communion, bulk, mass, main part, body (of text)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	corp = (human) body, corpse, Eucharist, Communion, bulk, mass, main part, body (of text) corpḟine = kin, family
Irish (Gaeilge)	corp [kɔɾˠpˠ/kʌɾˠpˠ] = body, corpse, bodily frame, main part, trunk, hulk corpanta = big-bodied, corpulent, total, out and out corpeolaíocht = physiology corplach = body, torso corplár = centre, core corpoideachas = physical education corprach = corporeal corpaigh = to incorporate corprú = incorporation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	corp [kɔrb] = body, corpse corp-eòlas = anatomy corpach = pertaining to the body, bodied, corpulent corpachadh = incorporating, incorporation corpaichte = incorporated corpas = corpus corporachd = corporation
Manx (Gaelg)	corp = (human) body, corpse, trunk (of tree), physique, hull (of ship), solid corpagh = bodily, corporal, incarnate, physical cocorp = corporation, burgh cochorpaghey = embodiment, incorporation; to embody, incorporate
Proto-Brythonic	korf = body korfor = body, corpse
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	corff, corph = the whole, mass, bulk, main portion, gathering, assembly, society, substance, heavenly body, body, trunk, bodice, corpse corphi = to taste, starve, embody corffawc, corphol = corpulent, portly, stout, bulky corfor, corffor = body, corpse corforavl, korfforawl, corfforaỽl = bodily, corporeal, physical, corpulent, incoporated
Welsh (Cymraeg)	corff [kɔrf] = the whole, mass, bulk, main portion, gathering, assembly, society, substance, heavenly body, body, trunk, bodice, corpse corff(i)af, coffi(o) = to taste, take food, starve (with cold, die, be(come) a corpse, embody, incorporate corffog, corffol = corpulent, portly, stout, bulky, bodily, physical, incorporated, corporate corffor = body, corpse, constitution corfforol = bodily, corporeal, physical, corpulent, incoporated
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	corf = (the/a) body, human body
Cornish (Kernewek)	korf = body, person korflan = cemetry, graveyard korfliw = tattoo korforeth = corporation korforethel = corporate korfwithyas = bodyguard
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	corff, corf, corph = body
Breton (Brezhoneg)	korf [ˈkɔrf] = body, corpse, constitution, trunk korfadur = constitution korfadurezh = anatomy korfan, korfañ = to have/gain body, to be constituted korfeg, korfek = corpulent korfenn [ˈkɔr.fɛn] = bodice, corset korfus = bodily

Etymology: from Latin corpus (body, person, substance, material) from Proto-Italic *korpos (body), from PIE *krep- (body) [source].

Words from the same roots include corps (an organized group of people united by a common purpose), corpus (a collection of writings) and corpse (a dead body) and midriff (the middle section of the human torso) in English, corps (body) in French and cryf (strong) in Welsh [source].

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Proto-Brythonic

Monday Moons

Similar Likeness

Seeds

A Shovelful of Spades

Mixed & Confused

Honey Wine

Eyebrows

The End

Glens and Valleys

Bodies