Captive Hostages

Words for hostage, pledge and related things in Celtic languages.

Hostage

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *geistlos = hostage, bail
Gaulish geistlus = hostage (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gíall = a human pledge, hostage
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gíall, gial, giall = a human pledge, hostage, jailer, act of yielding homage, obeying
gíallacht, gíallnus = hostageship, captivity
Irish (Gaeilge) giall [ɟiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, (human) pledge
giallach = having or taking hostages
giallacht = hostageship, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) giall [gʲiəl̪ˠ] = hostage, pledge
giallach [gʲiəl̪ˠəx] = pertaining to or abounding in hostages / pledges
Manx (Gaelg) gioal = pledge, pawn, stake, wager, bet, bond
geulys, geuleydys = bondage
Proto-Brythonic *guɨstl = hostage, bail
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gustil, gustel, guyst(e)l, gvystl, gwystyl = pledge, security, surety, guarantee, earnest
guystlvy, gustelau, gusthaf = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlyryaeth, gwystloryaeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwystl [ɡwɨ̞sdl / ɡʊi̯sdl] = pledge, assurance, security, surety, guarantee, earnest, gage, pawn, hostage, wager, stake, bet, mortgage
gwystl(i)ad = a pledging, a pawning
gwystlo = to give pledge or assurance, guarntee, pledge, pawn
gwystlchwarae = gambling
gwystledig = pledge, bound, mortgaged
gwystlor(i)aeth = suretyship, pledge, stake, pawn, mortgage
gwystlwr, gwystlydd = mortgagor, pawnbroker
Old Cornish guistel = hostage
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) guistel = hostage, pledge, surety
Cornish (Kernewek) gostel = hostage, riot
gostla = to pawn, wage
Old Breton (Brethonoc) guistl = hostage
Middle Breton (Brezonec) goestl = hostage, pledge
goestlaff = to consecrate, dedicate, pledge, devote
goestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouestl [ˈɡwestl] = hostage, pledge, guarantee, bail, surety
gouestladur = commitment, offering
gouestlaj = mortgage
gouestlañ [ˈɡwestlã] = to bet, wager, guarantee, pledge, consecrate, dedicate, devote
gouestlaoua = to bribe, buy, corrupt, grease the palm of
gouestlaouañ = to bribe, corrupt
gouestlet = pledged, dedicated, consecrated

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (to yearn for, to desire) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Proto-Germanic *gīslaz (hostage), include gijzelen (to take hostage) in Dutch, Geisel (hostage) in German, gidsel (hostage) in Danish, gisslan (hostage) in Swedish, and kihlata (to betroth) in Finnish [source].

Words from the same PIE root include geisti (to desire, crave, covet, lust after) in Lithuanian, gaidīt (to wait, expect, anticipate) in Latvian, ждать (ždatʹ – to wait for, expect) in Russian, and geizen (to be miserly) in German [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) brága [ˈbraː.ɣɘ] = hostage, captive, prisoner
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brága, brágha, brage [ˈbraːɣə] = captive, prisoner, hostage
brágigdenas, braighdenus, braighdeanas = hostageship, captivity
bráigtechas, braightechus = hostageship
Irish (Gaeilge) brá [bˠɾˠɑː] = captive, hostage
braighdeanach = captive, prisoner
braighdeanas = captivity, bondage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bràigh [braːj] = captive, hostage
bràighdeanas = bondage, captivity, slavery
neach am bràighdeanas = captive, hostage

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *brāgants (neck, throat), from *brāg + *-ants (body part suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (to swallow, devour, eat) [source]. The sense “captive” derives from the Middle Irish phrase gaibid ar brágait (to take captive: lit. “to take by the neck”) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include carnivore, devour, gargle, gorge, gurgle and voracious in English; gurgeln (to gargle, gurgle) in German; voractià (oracity, voraciousness) in Italian, and gerti (to drink, soak up, absorb) in Lithuanian [source].

The word for hostage in Manx is raane, which also means assurance, bail, bond, collateral, guarantee, pledge or surety [source]. Its etymology is not known [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Granular Grains

Words for grain, corn and related things in Celtic languages.

grain

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *grānom = grain
Old Irish (Goídelc) grán [ɡraːn] = grain
gráinne = grain, seed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) grán, gran = level surface, grain
gráinne, grainne = a grain, a seed
Irish (Gaeilge) grán [ɡɾˠɑːnˠ / ɡɾˠaːnˠ] = grain, ball, shot, pellet
gráinne [ˈɡɾˠɑːn̠ʲə] = grain, (hard) particle, pinch (small quantity)
gránach = cereal
gránaigh = to granulate, scratch, scrape, graze
gránlach = grain, grit, shot, pellets, granulated, ground, matter
gránú = granulation
gránúll = pomegranate
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gràn [graːn] = grain (cereal, wood), shot (of lead)
gràinne [graː̪nʲə] = small grain, speck, small pellet, small quantity
grànach [graːnəx] = grained, granular
grànlach = corn, grain, cereal
gràinneach [graːn̪ʲəx] = grained, granulous, granular, gritty, granulated
gràinneanach [graːn̪ˠənəx] = pertaining to grains, grainy, granular
Manx (Gaelg) grine = grain, corn, grapeshot, pellet, foresight
grinaghey = grain
grineagh = cereal, grained, granular
grineeghey = to granulate, powder, granulation
grinneegh = grained, grainy, granular, granulated, granulous, gritty
Proto-Brythonic *grọn [ˈlɔːr] = grain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) graun, graỽnn, grawn = grain
grawnwin, grawn-wîn = grapes, wine made from the juice of grapes
gronyn, gronnyne, gronun = a single grain or pip
Welsh (Cymraeg) grawn [ɡrau̯n] = grain, corn, cereal, seed, grapes, berries, fruit, roe, spawn (of fish), shot, grape-shot, load (of a gun)
grawnafal = pomegranate
grawndy, grawnfa = barn, granary
grawnddwyn = grain-bearing, graniferous, bearing grapes or berries
grawnen = grape
grawnfwyd = cereal, grain-food
grawnffrwyth = grapefruit
grawnwin = grapes, wine made from the juice of grapes
grawnwydd = vines
gronyn = a single grain or pip
Old Cornish gronen = grain
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gronen = grain
Cornish (Kernewek) greun(en) [ɡɹøːn] = grain
greunaval = pomegranate
greunek, greunvos = cereal
greunhe = to form grain
greunji, greunva = granary, grange
greunvosow = barley, cereals, corn, wheat
greunya = to form grain in the ear
Middle Breton (Brezonec) garan, greun(enn), grun = grain
greunyaff = to go to seed, to grain, to seed, to spawn
Breton (Brezhoneg) greun(enn) [ˈɡrœ̃ːn] = grain
greunaval(enn) [grønɑ:val] = pommegranate
greunek = grainy, granular
greunenniñ = to granulate, to be granulated
greuniañ = to go to seed, to grain, to seed, to spawn
greunvaen [ˈɡʁœ̃nvɛn] = granite
greunwin = raisins

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (grain), possibly from *ǵr̥h₂-nós (matured, grown old) from *ǵerh₂- (to grow old, to mature). Words from the same roots include grurë (wheat) in Albanian, corn and grain in English, Korn (kernel, cereal, corn, grain) in German, grano (wheat, corn, grain, peppercorn, money, pin) in Italian, zirnis (pea) in Latvian, зерно (zerno – grain, cereal, seed) in Russian and Ukrainian [source].

Gráinne in Irish, gràinne in Scottish Gaelic, and maybe grine in Manx, come from Old Irish gráinne, from Old French grain (grain), from Latin grānum (grain, seed, small kernel), from Proto-Italic *grānom (grain), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm [source].

Proto-Celtic *arwar = grain
Old Irish (Goídelc) arbar [ˈar.βər] = grain, corn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) arbar, arbor = grain, corn
Irish (Gaeilge) arbhar [ˈaɾˠ(ə)wəɾˠ / əˈɾˠuːɾˠ] = corn, cereals
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) arbhar [aravər] = corn
Manx (Gaelg) arroo = corn, grain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) erwein(t) = meadow-sweet
Welsh (Cymraeg) erwain(t) = meadow-sweet, Queen of the meadows

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃-wr̥/*h₂r̥h₃-wén-s, from *h₂erh₃- (to plough) [source]. Words from the same roots include aratro (plough) in Albanian, arado (plough) in Spanish, aradr (plough) in Welsh, erv (ridge between furrows) in Breton, and arti (to plough) in Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Ropes & Strings

Words for rope, cord, string and related things in Celtic languages.

Caernarfon

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *tantus, *tantā = cord, string
Old Irish (Goídelc) tét [tʲeːd] = cord, rope, string
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tét, téd, tet [tʲeːd] = rope, cord, string, a spider’s thread
tétaire = harper, lute-player
tétán = rope, cord
téitimnech = the crack, creaking of the ropes
Irish (Gaeilge) téad [tʲiad̪ˠ/tʲeːd̪ˠ] = rope, cable, string, chord, tether
téadach = stringed
téadaire = roper, corder, player of stringed instrument
téadaireacht = (act of) playing on stringed instrument
téadán = short rope, string, cord, line
téadchleasaí = rope-walker, rope-dancer
téadleimneach = (act of) skipping
téadra = cordage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teud [tʲiad] = cord, string
teudach [tʲiadəx] = stringed
teudachadh [tʲiədəxəɣ] = (act of) stringing, tethering
teudag [tʲiədag] = little string/cord, fibre
teudagach [tʲiədagəx] = fibrous, fibery, abounding in fibres
teudaichte [tʲiadɪçdʲə] = stringed, tethered
Manx (Gaelg) tead, tedd, teidd = rope, string, line, guy
teaddey = rope
teaddaght = cordage
Proto-Brythonic *tant = string (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) tantou = string
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tant = string, line, cord, tendril
tennyn = tether, leash, lead, halter, string, cord, rope, noose, snare
Welsh (Cymraeg) tant [tant] = string (of a musical instrument), line, cord, tendril, bowstring, nerve, sinew, tendon
tantio = to string (a musical instrument)
tantiwr = fisherman who stands on the shore holding one end of a salmon net, while two others throw the net into the water from a boat
tantor = player of stringed instruments, harpist
tennyn = tether, leash, lead, halter, string, cord, rope, noose, snare
Old Breton (Brethonoc) tantou = strings
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tant = string
Breton (Brezhoneg) tant [tãnt] = string

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *tén-tu-s/ *tn̥-téw-s, from *ten- (to stretch, extend) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include: ndej (to stretch) in Albanian, tenet (an opinion, belief, principle) in English, dehnen (to stretch) in German, tenere (to hold, keep, sustain) in Italian, tit (to wind, reel, coil, wrap) in Latvian, tener (to have, possess, hold, grasp) in Spanish, and tänja (to stretch, bend) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *lomanā = rope, thong
Old Irish (Gaídelc) loman = cord, rope
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) loman, lomna = cord, rope, thong, string, leash, bridle, halter
Irish (Gaeilge) lomhain = rope, halter, leash
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lomhainn [l̪ˠõ.ɪn̪ʲ] = leash, lead, pack, band, gang
Manx (Gaelg) louyn = rope
er louyn = along, by hand, on a rope
Proto-Brythonic *lloβ̃an [be̝ˈrɨːd] = rope, string
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llyfan = string, cord, thin rope
Welsh (Cymraeg) llyfan = string, cord, thin rope
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lovan = rope, cord, string
lovannan = a small rope, cord
Cornish (Kernewek) lovan = rope, lasso
lovan dynn/dydn = tightrope
lovan lemmel = skipping rope
Middle Breton louffan = strap, belt
Breton (Brezhoneg) louan [ˈluːãn] = strap, belt
louaneg = slender (long-legged), clumsy
louangen = skinny, without energy

Etymology: unknown, possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate language [source].

Proto-Celtic *souggo = (?)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) súagán, súgán = (straw) rope
Irish (Gaeilge) súgán = (straw) rope, strawmat, lifeless, inert, spinless person
súgánach = confused
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sùgan [suːgan] = straw rope, horse’s collar (filled with straw)
Manx (Gaelg) suggane = twisted straw rope

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sew- (to bend, cut). The Scots word suggan (light saddle, bedroll), and the Hiberno-English word sugan (a wooden chair with a seat made from woven straw or twine stretched over the frame) both come from the same roots via Irish, as does the word soogan (a bedroll) in American English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) súainem = cord, rope, string, thong
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) súainem, súaineamh, súainimh = cord, rope, string, thong, course (of river)
Irish (Gaeilge) suaineamh = (javelin) cord, amentum (catkin) (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sìoman [ʃiəman] = simmen, rope made from plant fibres (esp. straw, but also coir, heather, grass, twigs or rushes)
Manx (Gaelg) saineen = cord, thong

Etymology: from Old Norse síma (cord, rope) [source], from Proto-Germanic *sīmô (rope, cord), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éy-mn̥/*sh₂i-mén-s, from *sh₂ey- (to bind, fetter) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) róp = rope
Irish (Gaeilge) rópa [ˈɾˠoːpˠə]= rope
rópa = rope
rópadóir = rope-maker
rópadóireacht = rope-making, rope-walking, rope-climbing, working with ropes
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ròp, ròpa [r̪ˠɔːhbə] = rope, bundle of seaweed
ròpach [r̪ˠɔːhbəx] = abounding in ropes, tangled up, jumbled, untidy, messed up, abounding in tall tales/yarns
ròpadh [r̪ˠɔːhbəɣ] = (act of)roping, fastening with a rope, entangling
ròpair [r̪ˠɔːhbɛrʲ] = auctioneer
ròpaireachd [̪rˠɔːbɛrʲəxg] = exaggerated tale, exaggerating, adorning the truth
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) raff, raf = rope, cord, string, line, cable, noose, halter
reffyn, rheffyn = (small) rope, cord, string, (fishing) line, cable, noose, halter
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhaff = rope, cord, string, line, cable, noose, halter
rhaffu, rhaff(i)o = to tie with a rope or cord, to rope, fix a rop on, make a rope, to string or join (words, etc), connect together, link, crumple, spoil, waste, eat eagerly, gobble, snatch
rhaff(i)aid = rope(ful), that which is held by a rope
rhaffol = roped, made of rope(s), funicular
rhaffwr, rhaffydd = rope-maker
rheffyn = (small) rope, cord, string, (fishing) line, cable, noose, halter

Etymology: from Middle English rop(e) (rope), from Old English rāp (rope, cord, cable), from Proto-West-Germanic *raip (string, band), from Proto-Germanic *raipaz (rope, cord, band, ringlet), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁royp-nó-s (band, strip, strap) [source]. The Welsh words are probably cognate, but their origins are not certain.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) corda = cord, rope
Irish (Gaeilge) corda = cord, string, chord
cordach = chordate, corded
cordaigh = to cord
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) còrd = cord, chord
Manx (Gaelg) coard, coyrd, coyrdey = cord
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kord = cord, string, small rope, halter
cort = cord, string, twine, rope
Welsh (Cymraeg) cord = cord, string, small rope, halter
cort = cord, string, twine, rope
cortio = to cord, fasten with cords or strings, twist
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cord = cord
corden = string
Cornish (Kernewek) korden = cord, string
korden an keyn = spinal cord
Middle Breton (Brezonec) corden, cordenn, querdenn, querdeynn = rope
cordenner = tailpiece
Breton (Brezhoneg) kordenn [ˈkɔr.dɛn] = rope
kordennan = to rope, fish with longlines
kordenner = tailpiece
kordennerezh = ropework
kordennig = cord, string

Etymology (Breton): from Middle French corde (rope), from Old French corde (rope), from Latin chorda (tripe, intestine, catgut, string, rope, cord), from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, string of gut, chord, sausage, black pudding), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (bowel) [source].

Etymology (other languages): from Middle English corde (cord, string, sinew), from Old French corde (rope), from Latin chorda (tripe, intestine, catgut, string, rope, cord), from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, string of gut, chord, sausage, black pudding), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (bowel)[source].

Words from the same roots include cord, chord, hernia and yarn in English, corda (rope, chord, string) in Italian, and koord (rope, cord) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Counting Numbers

Words for number, to count and related things in Celtic languages.

Numbers

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *rīmā = number
Old Irish (Goídelc) rím [r͈ʲiːβ̃] = counting, enumerating, number, telling, relating, metrics
rímid [ˈr͈ʲiːβ̃ɨðʲ] = to count, reckon, estimate, impute, compose, recount, relate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rím = counting, enumerating, number, telling, relating
rímid, rímaid = to count, reckon, estimate, recount, relate, compose
Irish (Gaeilge) ríomh [ɾˠiːvˠ/ɾˠiːw] = enumeration, calculation, computation, narration
ríomhaire = counter, enumerator, calculator, computer
ríomhaireacht = counting, enumeration, calculation, computation
ríomhchláraitheoir = computer programmer
ríomheolaíocht = computer science
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rìomh† = reckoning, numbering, computation
rìmh† = number, to reckon, compute
Proto-Brythonic *rriβ̃ = number
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rif, yrif, rhif = sum, number, etc
rhifo, riuaw, riuaỽ = to count
rifed, riued, ryved = number, many, abundance
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhif [r̥iːv] = the sum, number, as many or numerous (as), a (great) many, crowd, host, multitude, large amount, worth, esteem, honour, praise, figure, digit, numeral, count, reckoning, measure
rhifadwy = countable, numerable
rhif(i)o = to count, number, amount to, enumerate, list, recount, enlist, muster
rhifed = number, many, abundance
Cornish (Kernewek) riv = number
riva = to number
riven = digit
Breton (Brezhoneg) riñv = number

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (to count, reason, think) [source]. Words from the same root include arithmetic, rhyme, rite, ritual and ready in Englsh, reic (to sell in Irish, řádný (regular) in Czech, and rinda (row, line, queue) in Latvian [source].

Proto-Celtic *adrīmā = counting, number, reckoning
Old Irish (Goídelc) áirem = number, numeral, quantity. amount, sum, reckoning, repute, account
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) áirem, áram, arim, ārem = counting, reckoning, estimating, number, numeral, amount, sum
comáirem, comairem, comairemh = reckoning, calculating, computation
Irish (Gaeilge) áireamh = enumeration, census, arithmetric, number, portion
comhair = to count, calculate
comhaireamh = to count, calculation, reckoning
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àireamh [aːrʲəv] = number, sum, tally, computation, counting, enumerating; count, enumerate
àireamhach [aːrʲəvəx] = numeral, arithmetician
àireamhachadh [aːrʲəvəxəɣ] = numbering, enumerating, enumeration, calculating, computing, calculation, computation
àireamhail [aːrʲəvəxal] = arithmetical
àireamhachas [aːrʲəvəxəs] = numeracy
àireamhair [aːrʲəvɛrʲ] = calculator (tool), arithmetician
Manx (Gaelg) earroo = number, sum, figure, census, statistics, tell
co-earroo = calculation, computation, counting, telling, to compute, count
earrooaghey = number(ing)
co-earrooaghey = to calculate, calculating, numbering
Proto-Brythonic *ėðriβ̃ = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) eryryw, eiryf, eirif = number, amount, sum, account, reckoning
Welsh (Cymraeg) eirif = number, amount, a large number, many, sum, account, reckoning
Old Breton (Brethonoc) eirimotor = (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *rīmā (number) – see above [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) uimir = number
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) (n)uimir = number
Irish (Gaeilge) uimhir [ˈɪvʲəɾʲ / ˈɨ̞̃vʲəɾʲ] = number, count, aggregate
uimhreoir = numerator
uimhrigh = to number, figure
uimhríocht = arithmetic
uimhríochtúil = arithmetical
uimhriú = numbering, numeration, figuring
uimhriúil = numerical, numeral
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uimhir [ɯvɪrʲ] = quantity, amount, number, so/as much/many
fuimhir [fɯvɪrʲ] = quantity, number
uimhireach [ɯvɪrʲəx] = numerous
uimhireach [ɯvɪrʲɪç] = arithmetician
Proto-Brythonic *niβ̃er = number
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nimer = number
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) niuer, niver, nifer = number host, company, retinue, troop, crowd
nifery = to number, enumerate, count
niveredic = counted, numbered
niferawg, niuerawc, nigerog, niverog = numerous, abundant, having hosts, troops, retinues, etc
nifeiriawl, niferawl, niueiriawl = numerous, abundant, numerical
kyfnifer, kyfniuer = as many, equal number, even number, a great many, large number, host
Welsh (Cymraeg) nifer [ˈnɪvɛr] = number, host, company, retinue, troop, crowd
niferu, nifeirio = to number, enumerate, count
niferedig = counted, numbered
niferadol = numerical, pertaining to a census
nifer(i)og = numerous, abundant, having hosts, troops, retinues, etc
nifer(i)ol = numerous, abundant, numerical
cyfnifer = as many, equal number, even number, a great many, large number, host
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) never, niver = number
nevera, nivera, nyfyrys = to number, count, reckon
cyniver, cynyver, cenifer, cenyver, ceniver = so many, as many as, every, every one
Cornish (Kernewek) niver = number
nivera = to count, number
niverek = numerical
niverell = counter, counting device
niveren = numeral
niverenans, niverednans = numbering
niveronieth = arithmetic
niverus = numerous
niveryans = census, count
keniver = as many, everyone, so many
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nimer = number
Middle Breton (Brezonec) niuer, nyuer = number
niueraff = to enumerate, number
Breton (Brezhoneg) niver [ˈniː.vɛr] = number
niveradeg = census
niveradur = ennumeration
niverenn [ni.ˈveː.rɛn] = number
niverennañ = to number
niverer = numerator
nivererezh = numbering
niveridigezh = enumeration, census
niveriñ [niˈveːrĩ] = to enumerate, number
niveroniezh [ˌni.ve.rɔ̃.ˈniː.ɛs] = arithmetic
niverus [ni.ˈveː.rus] = numerous

Etymology: from Latin numerus (number, collection, quantity, time, rhythm) [source], from Proto-Italic *nomezos, from PIE *nem- (to distribute give, take). Words from the same root economic, numb and number, numeral in English, nemen (to take, grasp, grab) in Dutch, nehmen (to take, hold, grasp), and número (number) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Sufficiently Enough

This post looks into words for enough, sufficient and related things in the Celtic languages.

天国 Heaven

Proto-Celtic *ɸroweros = many, enough, sufficient
*laweros = many, enough, sufficient
Old Irish (Goídelc) lór = enough, sufficient, sufficiency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lór, loor, lour, leór, lour = enough, sufficient, great, ample, adequate, competent; sufficiently
Irish (Gaeilge) leor [l̠ʲoːɾˠ/l̠ʲɔːɾˠ] = sufficient, ample,
go leor = enough, plenty
leorchúiteamh = indemnification
leordhóthain = sufficiency, plenty
leorgnhíomh = full amends, reparation, restitution
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) leòr [̪lʲɔːr] = satiety, sufficency
gu leòr [gə l̪ʲɔːr] = enough, sufficient(ly), galore
leòr-ghnìomh = satisfaction
leòrachd = amplitude
Manx (Gaelg) liooar = sufficient
dy liooar = adequate, ample, enough, galore, sufficient, umpteen
Proto-Brythonic *llower =
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llauer, llawer = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llauered, llawered, llavered = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
Welsh (Cymraeg) llawer [ˈɬau̯.ɛr] = many, lot, much, abundance, large quantity, frequent, numerous
llaweredd = many, large number(s), lot(s), much, abundance
llawerhau = to multiply
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lower, = many, much
Cornish (Kernewek) lower = many, much
lower gweyth = often

Etymology: the reconstruction of the Proto-Celtic root is disputed – both possibilities are given. *laweros is possibly from *leh₂w- (to seize, to gain, benefit, prize) [source], which is also the root of the English word lucre (money, riches, wealth), the Swedish word lön (reward, salary, wage), the Irish word luach (value, price, reward), and the Welsh word golud (wealth, riches) [source].

The English word galore comes from Irish go leor and/or Scottish Gaelic gu leòr [source].

Proto-Celtic *sātis = sufficiency, fill
*sāss-ā- = to satisfy
Old Irish (Goídelc) sáth [saːθ] = satiety
sáith = fill (of food), sufficiency
sáthech = sated, satiated, satisfied
sáithigid = to satiate, satisfy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sáith, sáth, sāth = sufficiency, as much as one requires, fill (of food), customary meal, appetite
sáthech, sathach, sāithech = satisfied, filled, content, flourishing
sáithigid, saithigudh = to satiate, satisfy
Irish (Gaeilge) sáith [sˠɑː(h)/sˠaːç] = (full) meal, feed, fill, sufficiency, enough
sáithigh = to sate, satiate, saturate
sáithitheach = saturating
sáithiú = satiety, saturation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sàth [saː] = plenty, abundance, fill
sàthach [saː.əx] = filling, satiating; satiated person, bellyful, plenty, enough
sàthachadh [saː.əxəɣ] = (act of) sating
sàthachd [saː.əxg] = satuaration
Manx (Gaelg) saie = satiety, fill, satisfaction, replete, satiated
saiaghey = to satisfy, saturate
saieagh = satiating, satisfied
saieid = satiation, repletion, glut
saieys = satiety, repletion, sufficiency

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (to satiate, satisfy) [source], which is also the root of sad, satisfy and satiety in English; satt (not hungry, satiated, full, done) in German; zat (fed up, drink, sated, full) in Dutch; sazio (sated, full up) in Italian, and sāts (moderation, satiety, fill) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) doíthin = sufficency
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) doíthin, doéthain, deothin = a sufficiency, enough
doíthenach = satiated, satisfied
Irish (Gaeilge) dóthain [ˈd̪ˠoːhənʲ/ˈd̪ˠɔhənʲ] = enough, sufficiency
dóthanach = satiated, fed up, tired
dóthanacht = satiety
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) daothain [dɯː.ɪn̪ʲ] = sufficency, fill

Etymology: unknown [source].

Proto-Celtic *dīkāneti = (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) dicone = to do, make, act, perform
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) digaun, digawn, digaunt = enough, sufficiency, plenty
diconher, digoni = to do, make, act, perform
Welsh (Cymraeg) digon [ˈdɪɡɔn] = enough, sufficiency, plenty, abundance, adequate, plentiful, ample
digoni = to do, make, act, perform, to satisfy, suffice, fill, satiate,
digonol = adequate

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Celtic *dī- (from, of) and *kān- (sound) [source].

Breton words for enough, sufficient, etc include:

  • trawalc’h = enough (of), enough!
  • bast = sufficient
  • brasoni = sufficiency
  • sufis = sufficient, adequate

Etymology: unknown.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Spinning, Twisting & Turning

Words for spin, twist, turn and related things in Celtic languages.

Spinning Wheel

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *snīmus = spinning, weaving
*sniyeti = to turn, twist
Old Irish (Goídelc) sníïd = to twist
sním = spinning, twisting, vexation grief, anxiety
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sníïd, sníit = to twists, bend, tie, contend, struggle, grieve, trouble, vex
sním, snim = twisting, bending, shaping, trouble, care, grief, anxiety
snímaid = to spin, twist
Irish (Gaeilge) sníomh [ʃnʲiːvˠ/ʃnʲiːw] = spinning, twisting, twinning, struggle, strain, wrench, cre, anxiety; to spin, twist, strain, wrench, strive, struggle
sníomhach = spinning, turning, twisting, anxious, concerned
sníomhachán = (act of) spinning
sníomhadán = spinneret
sníomhaí = spinner
sníomhaire = spindle
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) snìomh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃v] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twisting, twining, twist, curl, sprain, wrench
snìomhach [ʃn̪ʲiəvəx] = twisting, winding, spiral, tortuous, twisted
snìomhachan [ʃn̪ʲəvəxan] = spinner (implement)
snìomhadh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vəɣ] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twising
snìomhaire [ʃn̪ʲiəvərʲə] = borer, auger, spinner
snìomhte [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vdʲə] = spin, entwined, twisted
Manx (Gaelg) snee = crossness, offence, vexation
sneeu = spin, spinning
queeyl sneeuee = spinning wheel
sneeuder = spinner
Proto-Brythonic *nɨðid = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nydd = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty
nydu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) nydd [nɨːð/niːð] = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty, honeysuckle, spun
nyddu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
nydd(i)wr = spinner, spinning-machine, nightjar, grasshopper warbler
nyddlin = a spiral
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nedhe, nedhé = to spin, turn, twist
Cornish (Kernewek) nedha = to twist
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nezaff = to spin, trick, fool, purr
Breton (Brezhoneg) nez = twist, twisting
nezadenn = spun thing
nezadur = wiring
nezañ [ˈneː(z)ã] = to spin, trick, fool, purr
nezer = spinner
nezerezh = spinning

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (to spin, sew). Words from the same roots include needle, snood in English, naald (needle, pin) in Dutch, nähen (to sew) in German, snáth (thread, yarn, web) in Irish, and possibly snop (sheaf) in Czech [source].

See also the Pins & Needles post for some Celtic words related to needles, pins and thread.

Proto-Celtic *kassos = curly, twisted, woven
Gaulish *kass- = twist
*kassis = curly (hair)
*kassanos = oak (tree/wood)
Old Irish (Goídelc) cas = curly (haired)
casaid = to twist, turn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cas, cass = curly (hair)
casaid, casaidh = to twist, bend
Irish (Gaeilge) cas [kɑsˠ] = twisted, winding, curly, complicated, intricate, twisty, devious; to twist, turn, wind
casadh [ˈkɑsˠə/ˈkasˠu(ː)] = to twist, turn, wind, spin, reproach
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cas [kas] = twist, bend, wind (up), gnash, oppose, turn against
casadh [kasəɣ] = (act of) opposing, turning against, twisting, bending, gnashing
casta [kasdə] = twisted, twined, curled, complex
Manx (Gaelg) cassit = contorted, distorted, twirled, twisted
cassee = coiling, twisting, winding
cassey = to curl, distort, screw, spin, whirl
cast = curly, curved, intricate, spun, warped, wrapped

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (to scrape, comb) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish kassanos (oak) and Latin casnus, include casse (oak) in Occitan, cassanella (gall) in Catalan and chêne (oak) in French [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include hair in English, коса (kosa – hair) in Bulgarian, and kasa (braid) in Latvian [source].

See the Weaving Words post for some weaving-related Celtic words.

Proto-Brythonic *tro = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tro = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp
troat, troad, troead = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing)
troy, try, troi = to turn, spin
Welsh (Cymraeg) tro [troː] = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp, coil, ringlet
tro(e)ad = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, convolution, hinge
tro(a)f, troi = to turn, spin, whirl, rotate, roll
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tro = turn, circuit, occasion, manner, sort
troillia = to turn, whirl
Cornish (Kernewek) tro = cycle, occasion, round, turn
troyll = spiral, swirl, ceilidh
troyllya = to spin, swirl
troyllyek = spiral
troyllyer plasennow = record player
Old Breton (Brethonoc) tro = movement, turn
tro(u)im = to turn, spin
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tro = round, surround, surroundings
treiff = to turn, move
Breton (Brezhoneg) tro [troː] = round, surround, surroundings
tro-dro [troˈdroː] = around, towards
treiñ = to spin

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to Latin torqueo (I turn) or Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos – a turn) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Leader in Chief

Words for chief, leader, prince and related things in Celtic languages.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Irish Taoiseach

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *towissus, *tuwestus *tuwissus = act of leading, beginning, leadership
*towissākos = chief, primary, first
Primitive Irish ᚈᚑᚃᚔᚄᚐᚉᚔ (tovisaci) = chief (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) tús, tuus [tuːs] = beginning, forefront
toísech [ˈtoːi̯sʲəx] = leader, chief, first, initial, primary
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tús, tuus = act of leading, forefront, precedence, pre-eminence, rank
toísech, tósich, toissech = first, former, prior, first in importance, sooner, leader, chief
toísechda = first
toísecht, taiseachda, taiseachta = chieftainship, act of leading
toísenach, taoisinach = leadership, chieftainship
Irish (Gaeilge) tús [t̪ˠuːsˠ] = beginning, commencement, start, origin, forward, leading, position, precedence, pick, choice
taoiseach [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx] = chieftain, leader, man of substance, important person, decent/generous person ; first, former
Taoiseach = (Irish) Prime Minister, Taoiseach
taoiseacht = chieftainship, leadership
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùs [tuːs] = beginning, origin, inception
tòiseach [tɔʃəx] = beginning, front, van, forefront, bow (of a ship); chief of a clan or tribe
Tòiseach [tɔːʃɪç] = a Macintosh, any member of Clan MacKintosh
tòiseachail [tɔʃəxal] = primitive, rudimentary
tòiseachd [tɔʃəxg] = (act of) beginning, starting, precedence
Manx (Gaelg) tosh = chieftain
toshiagh = chief(tain), leader, premier, offset, toe, forepart
toshiaght = beginning, fore(front), lead, opening, outset, bow (of a ship)
Toshiaght Arree = February (“start of spring”)
Toshiaght Fouyir = August (“start of autumn”)
Toshiaght Gheuree = November (“start of winter”)
toshiaghey = to begin, start, initiate
Proto-Brythonic *togwɨs = leadership
*towɨssọg = leader, chief, king, prince
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tywys = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
towys, tywyssav = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
touyssoc, tywyssaỽc, tywyssavc, tywyssawc, tyỽyssaỽc = prince, lore, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tehuyokaet, tywyssogaeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Welsh (Cymraeg) tywys [təu̯.ˈis] = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance
tywysu, tywys(i)o = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct
tywysiad = leading, leadership, guidance, direction, introduction, (water) conduit
tywysog [təu̯.ˈəsɔɡ/ˈtwəsɔɡ] = prince, lord, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader
tywysog(i)aeth = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty, supremacy, government
tywysogaidd = princely, royal, noble, splendid
tywysoges = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader
Old Breton (Brethonoc) toguisoc = ?

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *towissus (leadership), *to- (to(wards)) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *wéydtus, from *weyd- (to see) [source]. Words from the same roots include pavilion in English, papillon (butterfly, brilliant, versatile and inconstant person) in French, farfalla (butterfly, bow tie, butterly-shaped pasta) in Italian, papion (bowtie) in Romanian, paipala (quail) in Latvian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) úachtarán = chief, leader
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úachtarán, uachtarán = head, leader, chief, president, governor, ruler, overseer
Irish (Gaeilge) uachtarán [uəxt̪ˠəɾˠɑːnˠ] = president, head, superior, headmaster, landowner (archaic)
Uachtarán = President
uachtaránacht = presidency, authority, power
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uachdaran [uəxgəran] = laird, landowner, proprietor, superior
uachdaranach [uəxgərənəx] = superior, paramount
uachdaranachd [uəxgərənəxg] = dominion, supremacy
uachdaranas [uəxgranəs] = jurisdiction
Manx (Gaelg) eaghtyran(e) = president, superior, chief
eaghtyraneagh = presidential
eaghtyraneys = presidency

Etymology: from Old Irish *úachtar (surface, top, cream), from Proto-Celtic *ouxteros (upper), from *(o)uxs- (up) and *wissus (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewp- (up) [source]. Words for Up Above, etc in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

Proto-Brythonic *penno-tam-īkos = chief, leader
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pendewic, pen(n)deuic, pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendevigiaeth, pendeuigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendevigyeid = aristocratic, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) pendefig = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman
pendefigaeth = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power
pendefig(i)aidd = aristocratic, noble
pendefiges = queen, lady, peeress, noblewoman
Old Cornish pendeuig = prince, chief, noble(man)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pendevig, pensevic, pednz(h)ivig = prince, chief, noble(man), principal
pednzivigian = nobility, gentry
Cornish (Kernewek) pennseviges, pednsyviges = princess
pennsevigeth = principality
pennsevik, pednsyvik = chief, noble, prince
Old Breton (Brethonoc) *pendemic = rich (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pynuizyc, pinuisic, pinuizic = rich man
pinuizigaez = wealth
pinuizic, pinuzic = rich
pinuizicat = to enrich, to get rich
Breton (Brezhoneg) pinvidik [pĩnˈviːdik] = rich
pinvidikaat = to enrich, to get rich
pinvidikaerezh = enrichment, wealth

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *penno-tamos = the most in chief, from *penn (head), from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (head), the origins of which are not known [source].

More words for prince, chief, ruler, etc can be found in the Celtiadur posts Lord, Ruler and Country and Land.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Tented Pavilions

Words for tents, pavilions and related things in Celtic languages.

049_MTV_2004

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) pupall [ˈpubal͈] = tent
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) pupall, pupaill, pupla = tent, pavilion, awning
Irish (Gaeilge) puball [ˈpˠʊbˠəl̪ˠ] = tent, pavilion
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pùball [puːbəl̪ˠ] = marquee, pavilion, tent
pùballach = tented, full of tents or booths
Proto-Brythonic *pėbɨll = tent (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pebyll = tent
Welsh (Cymraeg) pabell, pebyll [ˈpabɛɬ] = tent, dwelling, portable shelter, camp, pavilion, tabernacle, booth, canopy, arbour, bower, sanctuary; mantle, cloak
pabell(i)af, pabelllu, pabellio = to pitch a tent, camp, encamp, dwell
pabellog = held in a tent, full of tents
Cornish (Kernewek) pabel = pavilion
Breton (Brezhoneg) pabell [pɑː.bɛl] = pavilion, large tent, marquee

Etymology: from Vulgar Latin păpiliō, from Latin pāpiliō (butterfly, moth, soul of a dead person, tent), probably a reduplicated form of Proto-Indo-European *pal- (to feel, touch, shake) [source]. The Breton word pabell was borrowed from Welsh [source].

Words from the same roots include pavilion in English, papillon (butterfly, brilliant, versatile and inconstant person) in French, farfalla (butterfly, bow tie, butterly-shaped pasta) in Italian, papion (bowtie) in Romanian, paipala (quail) in Latvian [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) pailliún = tent, pavilion
Irish (Gaeilge) pailliún = pavilion
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pàillean [paːlʲan] = pavilion, tabernacle
pàillean còmhlain = bandstand
Manx (Gaelg) paal = pavilion, pen, hedge, fence, coop, enclosure, ring, enclave
paalan = booth, tent
paalan buillvollee = marquee
paalan clagganagh = bell tent
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pauillon = pavilion, tent
Breton (Brezhoneg) pavilhon = pavilion, tent

Etymology: from Latin palla (cloak, mantle), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (to cover, to wrap, skin, hide, cloth), or possibly a substrate loan. Words from the same roots include camouflage, film, muffle, pall and pelt in English, piel (skin, fur) in Spanish, and peau (skin, hide, fur) in French [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lluesteu, lluest = tent
lluestu = to camp, live under canvas, etc
lluestuy = tent, booth, shieling, cottage, lodge, cabin, hut
Welsh (Cymraeg) lluest [ˈɬɨ.ɛst] = tent
lluestaf, lluestu = to lodge temporarily in the open, in a tent or in tents, live under canvas, accomodate, quarter, billet, pitch tent(s), set up camp
lluestai = quartermaster
lluestfa = camp, encampment, military quarters, barracks
lluesty [ˈɬjɛstɨ̞/ˈɬjɛsti] = tent, booth, shieling, cottage, lodge, cabin, hut

Etymology: from llu (host, multitude) and gwest (lodging) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) tabernacuil [ˈpubal͈] = booth, tabernacle, tent
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tabernacuil, tabernacul = tent, booth, hut, heaven, tabernacle, temple, shrine
Irish (Gaeilge) taibernacal = tabernacle
Manx (Gaelg) tabernacle = tabernacle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tabernacl = tabernacle
Breton (Brezhoneg) tabernakl, tabarlank [taˈbɛr.nak(l)] = tabernacle

Etymology: from Latin tabernāculum (tent, tabernacle), from taberna (shop, store, inn, tavern, saloon, hut, shed), from trabs (timber, beam, rafter, tree trunk), from PIE *treb- (wooden beam). Words from the same roots include tabernacle and tavern in English, taberna (pub, tavern) in Spanish, tafarn (pub, tavern) in Welsh, and other words for tavern / pub in Celtic languages [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Seeds

Words for seed and related things in Celtic languages.

Seeds

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *sīlom = seed
Old Irish (Goídelc) síl [sʲiːl] = seed, cause, origin, semen, race, progency, descendants, offspring, breed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) síl = seed, race, progency, descendants, offspring, breed,
sílach = seed
sílaid = to sow spread, breed, sower
sílaige = disseminator, one who propagates
sílaigthid = sower
sílem = sower
sílne = seed, sperm
Irish (Gaeilge) síol [ʃiː(ə)l̪ˠ] = seed, semem, sperm, offspring, progeny
síolach = seedy
síoladóir = seedsman, sower, disseminator
síoladóireacht = (act of) seeding, sowing
síoladaí = disseminator, propagator
síolaicme = race, breed
síolaigh = to seed, sow, disseminate, spread
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sìol [ʃiəl̪ˠ] = seed, sperm, descendants, progency, line, lineage, increase
sìolach [ʃiə̪ˠəx] = breed, brood, offspring
sìolachadh [ʃiəl̪ˠəxəɣ] = (act of) sowing seed, reproducing, propagating, breeding
sìoladair [ʃiəl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = seedsman, sower
sìolag [ʃiəl̪ˠag] = seedling, strainer
sìolaiche [ʃiəl̪ɪç] = propagator
Manx (Gaelg) sheel = seed, sperm,
sheelag = seedling
sheelagh = seedy, fruitful, seminal
sheeleyder = seedsman, distiller, dribbler, refiner
sheelraghey = to breed, propagate, breeding
Proto-Brythonic *hil = race, lineage
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hil = seed, issue, offspring, progeny, descendents
hiliad = producing, generation, propagation
hylyo, hilyo = to bring forth, breed, beget
Welsh (Cymraeg) hil [hiːl] = seed, issue, offspring, progeny, descendents, posterity, stock, lineage, race
hiliad = producing, generation, propagation, procreation, progency, lineage, offspring
hiliaeth = generation, progeny, lineage
hilio = to bring forth, breed, beget, propagate, increase, populate
hiliog = prolific, fruitful, fecund, fertile, pregrant
hiliogaeth = issue, offspring, seed, breed, race, posterity, descendants, lingeage
hiliwr, hilydd = racist
Cornish (Kernewek) hil = ethnicity, race
hilegydh(es) = racist
hilgasieth = racism
Breton (Brezhoneg) hil = seed, posterity
hilian, hiliañ = to procreate

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (to sow, plant, impress, insert) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include earn, season, seed, seminar and sow in English, säen (to sow) in German, siać (to spread, leave smth and forgot its location) in Polish, and sēt (to sow) in Latvian [source].

Proto-Celtic *satos = seed
Proto-Brythonic *had = seed
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hat, had = seeds
hadv, hadu = to bring forth or produce seed
Welsh (Cymraeg) had [haːd] = seeds, origin, source, bit, mite
hadaf, hadu = to bring forth or produce seed, grow seed, multiply, become fruitful, run to seed, sow, propagate
hadaidd = having seed, seedy, running to seed
hadblanhigyn = seedling
hadfa = seed-plot, nursery-garden
hadle = seed-plot, nursery, seminary, school
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) has, hâs = seed
Cornish (Kernewek) hasa = to sow
hasek = fruitful
has, hasen = seed, sperm
haslet = contraceptive
haslettyans = contraception
Old Breton (Brethonoc) att = seed
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hat = seed, grains, pips
hadaff, hadet, hada = to sow
Breton (Brezhoneg) had = seed, spawn, offspring
hadeg = seeding
hader = sower
haderezh = sowing
hadañ = to sow

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (to sow, plant, impress, insert) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Central Hearts

Words for heart, core, centre and related things in Celtic languages.

calon /  heart

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kridyom = heart, centre, focus, love, dear one, valour
Old Irish (Goídelc) cride [ˈkʲrʲiðʲe] = heart,
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cride = heart, centre, middle part, focus, affection, love, dear one, valour
cridecán = little heart, heartlet (term of endearment)
cridech = stout-headed
cridechair = benign, kind, beloved
cridemail = hearty, courageous, kind
cridén = dear one, heartlet (term of endearment)
cridenas = heart-trembling, fright and terror
cridiscél = moving tale, special wish, darling
Irish (Gaeilge) croí [kɾˠiː] = heart
croíán = gallant, playboy
croíbhriseadh = heart-break
croíbhriste = heart-broken, heart-breaking
croíbhrú = contrition
croídín = cuddle, little darling
croíléis = light-heartedness, merriment, sport
croíléiseach = light-hearted, merry, sportive
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cridhe [krʲi.ə] = heart, courage, centre, middle
cridheachan [krʲi.əxan] = small heart, chest brooch
cridhealas [krʲi.əl̪ˠəs] = cheerfulness, hilarity, gaiety,jollity
cridhean [krʲi.an] = small heart, gallant
cridheil [krʲi.al] = cheerful, hearty, jolly
cridhe briste = broken heart, broken spirit
cridhe-leòn = heartache
cridhe teòma = a tender heart
Manx (Gaelg) cree [kriː] = heart, hub, core, centre
creeoil = cheerful, hearty, inspiring, courage
cree brisht = bleeding heart, heartbroken
cree cloaie = hardhearted, stony, heart
y chree = dearest, my heart, my sweetheart
Proto-Brythonic *krėð = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) craidd = centre, middle, heart
Welsh (Cymraeg) craidd [krai̯ð] = centre, middle, heart, kernel, essence
craidd disgyrchiad, craidd disgyrchiant = centre of gravity
pwnc craidd = core subject
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cres, crês, creys = middle, centre, midst, heart
Cornish (Kernewek) kres = centre, middle, waist
kresnna, kresedna = to centralise
kresek = average, medium
kresel = central
kresen = centre
kresfoesik = centrifugal
kreshwilus = centripetal
kresosel = medieval
kresvorek = Mediterranean
Middle Breton (Brezonec) creis, creiz, crais = centre, middle
creisen = centre, central
craisnos, crei-nos, creiss-noss = midnight, north
Breton (Brezhoneg) kreiz [ˈkrɛjs] = centre, middle
kreiznoz = midnight, north
kreisteiz [krɛjs.ˈtɛjs] = noon, south
kreizenn [ˈkrɛj.zɛn] = centre, central
kreizennañ [krɛjˈzɛ.nːã] = centraliser
kreiz-kêr [krɛjsˈkɛːr] = town/city centre

Etymology: from PIE *ḱr̥d- from *ḱḗr (heart) [source]. Words from the same roots include heart and cardiac in English, cor (heart) in Spanish, srdce (heart) in Czech and sirds (heart) in Latvian [source].

Proto-Celtic *kalwond- = heart
Proto-Brythonic *kalwon = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) callon, kallon = heart, bosom, breast
gallondit, kalondit = courage, bravery, fortitude
kallonni = to hearten, encourage, comfort
callonnyawc, callonawc, calonnawg, kylonog = valiant, courageous
Welsh (Cymraeg) calon [ˈkalɔn] = heart, bosom, breast, womb matrix, belly, entrails, centre, pith, core, essence, spirit, thought, intent, courage, confidence
calondid = courage, bravery, fortitude, magnanimity, willingness, generosity, gentleness, mercy
calonnaf, calonni = to hearten, encourage, comfort
calonnog = valiant, courageous, plucky, hearty, willing, ready, enthusiastic, sincere, genuine
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) calon = heart
Cornish (Kernewek) kolon = heart
kolonekter = courage, valour
kolonnek, kolodnek = brave, cordial, courageous, fearless, hearty, kindly, genuine, sincere, truthful
kolonnen = core
Middle Breton (Brezonec) calon = heart
Breton (Brezhoneg) kalon [ˈkɑː.lɔ̃n] = heart, soul, courage, chest, stomach, kindness
kalonad = heartache
kaloneg = cordial, courageous, warm, valiant
kalonegezh [ka.lɔ̃.ˈnɛː.ɡɛs] = cordiality, courage, encouragement
kalonek [ka.ˈlɔ̃ː.nɛk] = courageous, cordial, warm
kalonekaat [ka.lɔ̃.ne.ˈkɑːt] = to encourage
kalonenn = core, centre
kalonour [kaˈlɔ̃ː.nur] = cardiologist
kalonus = fortifying

Etymology: unknown, possibly related to colwedd (breast, heart) and/or coludd (bowels, intestines, guts) in Welsh [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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