You Yourself

18th August 202618th August 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for you and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	tū = you (singular), thou towe = your, thy
Gaulish	tu = you (singular), thou
Old Irish (Goídelc)	tú [t̪uː] = you (singular) tussu, túsu [ˈt̪u.su] = you (singular, emphatic) do = your (singular)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	tú, tu = you (singular) túsu, túsu, tussu, tússu = you (singular, emphatic) do = your (singular)
Irish (Gaeilge)	tú [t̪ˠuː] = you (singular) tú fhéin [t̪ˠuː heːnʲ] = yourself tusa [ˈt̪ˠɞsˠə / ˈt̪ˠɨsˠə] = you (singular, emphatic) do = your (singular)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	thu [u] = you (singular) thu fhèin [u heːn] = yourself thusa [ˈusə] = you (singular, emphatic) do [də] = your (singular), thy
Manx (Gaelg)	oo [u(ː)] = you (singular) oo-hene [u heːn] = yourself uss [ˈt̪u.su] = you (singular, emphatic) dty = your (singular)
Proto-Brythonic	*ti = you (singular)
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	ti = you (singular)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ti, ty = you (singular), thou, thee titheu, thithau = you too, you also, even you dy (… di) = your (singular), thy, thine
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ti [tiː] = you (singular) chdi [χdiː] = you (singular – northern) tithau [ˈtɪθaɨ̯] = you too, you also, even you chdithau [ˈχdiːθaɨ̯] = you too, etc (northern) dy (… di) [də] = your (singular) dy hun(an) [də ˈhɨ̞nan / də ˈhiːnan] = yourself
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	ti, te, ty = thou, thee da, dha, dhe = your (singular)
Cornish (Kernewek)	ty, che, chy = you (singular) dha, ‘th = your (singular) dha honan = yourself
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	ti, te = you (singular)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	te = you (singular)
Breton (Brezhoneg)	te [teː] = you (singular) te ivez [teː] = you (singular, emphatic) teal [ˈteː.al] = to address someone informally (with te) da = your (singular) da-unan = yourself

Etymology: from PIE *túh₂ (you, thou) [source] and *téwe (your) [source]. Many words for you (singular) in other Indo-European languages come from the same roots [source].

Proto-Celtic	swīs = you (plural) swīswīs = you (plural, emphatic)
Gaulish	suis = you (plural)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sib, sí(i) [ˈsʲiβʲ / ˈsʲiː] = you (plural), ye sibsi, sissi [ˈsʲiβʲ / ˈsʲi.sʲi] = you (plural, emphatic) for = your (plural)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	sib = you (plural) sis(s)i = you (plural, emphatic) for, far = your (plural)
Irish (Gaeilge)	sibh [ʃɪvʲ] = you (plural) sibh fhéin [ʃɪvʲ heːnʲ] = yourselves sibhse [ˈʃivʲʃə] = you (plural, emphatic) bhur = your (plural)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sibh [ʃɪv] = you (plural) sibh fhèin [ʃɪv heːnʲ] = yourselves sibhsa [ʃiːvʃə] = you (plural, emphatic) ur n- [ər n] = your (plural)
Manx (Gaelg)	shiu [ʃuː] = you (plural) shiu-hene [ʃuːhen] = yourselves shiush [ˈʃuːʃ] = you (plural, emphatic) nyn = your (plural)
Proto-Brythonic	hwi = you (plural) hwihwi = you (plural, emphatic)
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	hui = you (plural)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	chwi, chi = you, ye (plural) chw(i)chwi = you, ye (plural, emphatic), you yourselves y ch, ych, ‘ch = your (plural)
Welsh (Cymraeg)	chwi, chi [χ(w)ɪ] = you (plural) chi hun(ain) [χɪ ˈhɨ̞n(ai̯n) / ˈhiːn(ai̯n)] = yourselves chithau [ˈχɪθaɨ̯ / ˈχɪθai̯] = you also, and you too chwychwi, chwchwim chychwi = you (plural, emphatic), you yourselves eich (… chi) [ei̯χ] = your (plural)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	hwi, hwî, why = ye, you (plural) agas, ages, agis, agos, agys = your (plural) ages honan = yourselves
Cornish (Kernewek)	hwi, hwei = you (plural) hwyhwi = you (plural, emphatic) agas, ‘gas, ‘s [aɡəs / aɡəz] = your (plural) agas honan = yourselves
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	hui = you (plural)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	huy = you (plural) hoz, ho = your (plural)
Breton (Brezhoneg)	c’hwi, hwi [ˈxwiː] = you (plural) c’hwi ivez = you (plural, emphatic) c’hwial [ˈxwiːal] = to address someone formally (with c’hwi) ho, hoc’h = your (plural) hoc’h-unan = yourselves

Etymology: from PIE *wos, the oblique form of *yúHs (you (plural)) [source]. Many words for you (plural) in other Indo-European languages come from the same roots [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Shining Bright

7th August 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for clear, bright, shining and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*gleiwos = shining, clear, sparkling
Gaulish	*gleuos = bright, shiny
Old Irish (Goídelc)	glé [ˈɡʲlʲeː] = bright, clear, plain glésse = brightness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	glé, gle = clear, plain, evident gléid = to make clear, purify, clear up gleóir = clear, luminous, bright gléthech = bright, pure
Irish (Gaeilge)	glé [ɟlʲeː] = clear, bright, vivid, limpid, pure, lucid, luminous, intense, sharp gléine = brilliance, clarity, crispness, lucidity, luminosity, sharpness, vibrancy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	glè† [gleː] = real, pure, clean, good, open, plain
Proto-Brythonic	*gluɨw = bright, shining, sparkling
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	gloiu = bright, shining, sparkling
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gloev, gloyw, gloew = bright, shining, sparkling gloewi, gloywi = to brighten, polish, clarify gloywder, gloewder = brightness, clearness, splendour, radience gloewed = clearness, brightness, radiance, glory, praise gloewr = polisher, burnisher
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gloyw [ˈɡlɔɨ̯.u / ˈɡlɔi̯.u] = bright, shining, sparkling, polished, burnished, clear, limpid, lucid, transparent, definite gloywder = brightness, clearness, splendour, radience gloywedd = clearness, brightness, radiance, glory, praise gloywi = to brighten, polish, clarify gloywwr = polisher, burnisher Caerloyw = Gloucester
Cornish (Kernewek)	gluw = shining
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	gloeu = clear
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	gloeu = clear
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gloev = clear, limpid, bloated, rare gloevenn = to become sparse, to thin out

Etymology: from PIE *ǵʰley- (to shine) [source].

Glēvum, the Latin name for Gloucester, also comes from the same Proto-Celtic roots [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include glimma (to glimmer, gleam, shine) in Swedish, glitzern (to glitter, sparkle) in German, glær (clear, transparent) in Icelandic, and glimmer, gleam, glint, glisten, glitter and gloom in English [source].

For more words for bright, etc, see the Bright Lights post.

Confluent Ravines

31st July 202631st July 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for ravine and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	komberos. komboros = place where river water brews up, confluence (place where rivers meet), dam, barrage
Gaulish	*comberos = river dam
Old Irish (Goídelc)	commar = confluence, meeting place
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	commar, commur, commor = confluence (of rivers), assembly, meeting place
Irish (Gaeilge)	cumar = ravine (usually with a stream), steep-sided inlet (of the sea), channel, rut cumarach = channelled, rutted
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	comar [komər] = confluence, concourse comarach [komərəx] = pertaining to or abounding in confluences; confluent
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	cmer = confluence, meeting of waters, meeting place or clash of armies
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	cimer, kimer = confluence, meeting of waters, meeting place or clash of armies
Welsh (Cymraeg)	cymer [ˈkəmɛr] = confluence (of rivers or streams), meeting of waters, meeting place or clash of armies
Cornish (Kernewek)	kemper = confluence, junction of streams
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kember [ˈkɛm.bɛr] = confluence kemberiñ [kɛm.ˈbeː.rĩ] = to converge

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with, together) and *berwos- (stew), from PIE *ḱóm (beside, near, by with) and *bʰrewh₁ (to boil, brew).

Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *comberos and Latin combrus (river dam, may include encombrer (to block off, clutter, congest, encumber, burden) in French, escombrar (to clear out, clean out) in Spanish, and cumbersome, encumber and incumbrance in English [source].

Words from the same PIE roots possibly include berwi (to boil) and brwd (eager, keen) in Welsh, brænde (to burn, distill) in Danish, brouwen (to brew) in Dutch, brouiller (to blur, confuse) in French, bruth (heat, rash) in Irish, and bread, brew, broth, burn, fervor in English [source].

For more words for confluence and related things see the Rivers Mouths post.

Awkwardly Clumsy

25th July 202625th July 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for awkward, clumsy and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*trudskos = leprous
Gaulish	Troxo, 𐌕𐌓𐌏𐌗𐌏 = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	trosc = leprosy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	trosc = leprosy trusca(e), trousca = smallpox
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	trosc† = leper
Proto-Brythonic	*trusk = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	trwsgl, trosgl, trwsgwl, trwscwl = awkward, clumsy, crude, rude
Welsh (Cymraeg)	trwsgl [ˈtrʊsɡl] = awkward, clumsy, unskilful, unpolished, crude, rude, badly proportioned, strong, gross, coarse, dense, thick trwsglaidd, trysglaidd = (quite) clumsy or awkward trwsgleiddiaf, trwsgleiddio = to make clumsy or coarse trwsgleiddiwch = clumsiness, awkwardness, carelessness, a bungling, shoddy work trwsglyn = bungler, botcher
Cornish (Kernewek)	trosgan = cleverness
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	trusci = scabs on a wound (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	trousq = scabs on a wound trousquen = the scab of a wound
Breton (Brezhoneg)	trousk [ˈtrusk] = scab on a wound, scabs, polyps trouskenn = scab on a wound, scab, scar, crust trouskennañ = to form a scab, to become encrusted, to scarify, to form a crust

Etymology: unknown, related to Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍄𐍃𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌻 (þrutsfill – leprosy) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	liobarnach = numb with cold
Irish (Gaeilge)	liobar [ˈl̠ʲɨbˠəɾˠ] = hanging lip, something saggy, untidy person, flabby person or thing liobairne [ˈl̪ˠɞbˠəɾˠn̠ʲə] = looseness liobarnach [ˈlʲɨbˠəɾˠn̪ˠəx] = unwieldy, clumsy, floppy, flabby, hanging loose, sloppy, tattered, slovely liopasta = untidy, ungainly, clumsy liopastacht = untidiness, clumsiness liopastán = untidy person, clumsy person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	liobair = person with thick or hanging lips, slovenly or awkward person liobarnach slovely, awkward liobasta [l̪ʲibəsdə] = awkward, clumsy, cumbersome, unwieldy liobastach [l̪ʲibəsdəx] = awkward, clumsy, cumbersome, unwieldy libisteachd [l̪ʲibɪʃdʲəxg] = clumsiness libistear [l̪ʲibɪʃdʲər] = clumsy person
Manx (Gaelg)	lheibeidjagh = cumbersome, unwieldy, difficult to walk on

Etymology: unknown, possibly related to English slippery [source].

Bushy Hedges

17th July 202617th July 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for hedge, bush and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	kʷerstā, kʷerkus, *kʷerxt- = hedge, bush
Gaulish	perth [pɛrθ] = bush, hedge
Old Irish (Goídelc)	ceirt = apple tree, Ogham letter ᚊ (q) [kw]
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	ceirt, cert = apple tree, Ogham letter ᚊ (q) [kw]
Irish (Gaeilge)	ceirt [cɛɾˠtʲ] = apple tree, Ogham letter ᚊ (q) [kw]
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ceirt [kʲer̪ʃdʲ] = Ogham letter ᚊ (q) [kw], crab / wild apple (archaic)
Proto-Brythonic	*perθ [pɛrθ] = bush, thicket
Pictish	*ᚚᚓᚏᚈ (pert) = wood, grove
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	perth = hedge, (thorn) bush, brake, thicket, copse
Welsh (Cymraeg)	perth [pɛrθ] = hedge, (thorn) bush, brake, thicket, copse, coppice, bush, countryside, jungle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	perth = a bush
Cornish (Kernewek)	perth = thicket

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *pérkus (oak) [source].

Perth, the city in Scotland, gets it’s name from the Pictish word *ᚚᚓᚏᚈ (pert). The Scottish Gaelic version of the name: Peairt comes from the same roots, as does the city of Perth in Australia [source].

Other words from the same roots include fjör (vitality, sprightliness, vigour, energy, fun, merriment, life) in Icelandic, fur (pinewood) in Swedish, quercia (oak) in Italian, pērkons (thunder) in Latvian, and fir and cork in English, and possibly the words below [source].

Proto-Celtic	*kʷerkʷtā = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	ceirt = rag
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	ceirt, cert = rag, piece of cloth ceirtín = tatters certán = an item of clothing (?)
Irish (Gaeilge)	ceirt [cɛɾˠtʲ] = piece of clothing, rag, clout ceirtachán = ragged person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ceirt† [kʲer̪ʃdʲ] = rag ceirteach† [kʲer̪ʃdʲəx] = rag, ragged, pertaining to or abounding in rags ceirteachd† = tawdriness, raggedness ceirteag† = ragged girl

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ-téh₂, from *perkʷ- (oak) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	garrda = garden, yard
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	garrda, garrga = a plot, yard, enclosure, court, garden garrdadóir = gardener
Irish (Gaeilge)	garraí [ˈɡɑɾˠiː] = garden, yard, enclosure, ring, halo garrdaíodóir = gardener garraíodóireacht = gardening
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	gàrradh [gaːr̪ˠəɣ] = dyke, wall, garden, enclosure
Manx (Gaelg)	garey = garden, allotment, arbour gareyder = gardener, horticulturalist garagh, gareydys = gardening
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gard, gart, gardd = garden, enclosure gard(d)wr = gardener
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gardd = garden, enclosure garddio = to garden, cultivate a garden garddlan = garden, nursery garddol = garden, horticultural garddoriaeth = horticulture garddwr = gardener garddwriaeth = gardening, horticulture
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	garth = a garden
Cornish (Kernewek)	garth = courtyard, enclosure, yard
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	garz = bush, hedge
Breton (Brezhoneg)	garzh [ɡars] = hedge, wooded embankment

Etymology: from Old Norse garðr (enclosed space, yard), from Proto-Germanic *gardaz (court, yard, enclosure), from PIE *gʰórdʰos (hedge, fence), from *gʰerdʰ- (to enclose, encircle, enclosure, fence, belt). Words from the same roots include yard, garth, girth, girdle, garden and horticulture in English, jardin (garden) in French, gård (farm, estate, land, court, yard) in Danish, gård (estate, farmstead, ranch, yard) in Swedish [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

Binding Fastenings

9th July 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for binding, fastening and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	rigo- = to bind komrigā = binding, bond
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cuimrech [ˈku.β̃ʲɾʲəx] = binding, bond, fastening, fetter, captivity
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cuimrech, cuiṁbrech, cuibrech = act of binding, fastening, fettering, imprisoning, captivity, bond, fetter, chain
Irish (Gaeilge)	cuibhreach = binding, fetter, trammel cuibhrigh = bind, fetter
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cuibhreach [kɯivrəx] = chain, trammel cuibhreachadh [kɯivrʲəxəɣ] = (act of) binding, fettering, restricting, restriction cuibhreachail [kɯivrʲəxal] = limiting, restrictive
Proto-Brythonic	*korrɨɣ = thong (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	corruui = thong, lace, leather strap, rein
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	karrei = thong, lace, leather strap, rein
Welsh (Cymraeg)	carrai [ˈkara / ˈkarɛ] = thong, lace, leather strap, rein, leash
Cornish (Kernewek)	kevren = bond, link, share kevrenna = to share kevrennek, kevrenoges = participant, stakeholder, participating
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	comreg = tie, bond, connection (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	corre-enn, qévre, qevre = tie, bond, connection
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kevre [keːvre] = tie, bond, connection, link, agreement, alliance kevread = bond, league kevreadenn = hook-up, connection, link kevreañ = to connect, to join forces kevreded = federation, association, alliance

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *(H)reyǵ- (to bind, reach), possibly via Latin corrigia (shoelace, tie, thong whip) [source]. Words from the same roots include correggia (leather strap or belt, thong) in Italian, courroie (strap, belt, band, strip) in French [source].

Proto-Celtic	gem-, gem-eno-, *gemelo- = shackle, chain
Old Irish (Goídelc)	gemel = chain, fetter gébend = bond, fetter, captivity
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	gemel, gemeal = fetter, chain, gyve gemlech, geimhlech = a fettered person, a prisoner, a hostage, fettered, captive gébend = bond, fetter, captivity
Irish (Gaeilge)	geimheal = fetter, shackle, chain geimhleach = fettered person, captive, prisoner; fettered, captive, held in bondage geimhligh = fetter, shackle, chain géibheann [ˈɟeːvʲən̪ˠ] = bond, fetter, bondage, captivity, strait, difficulty, distress, need géibheannach [ˈɟeːvʲən̪ˠəx] = person in bonds, person in fetters, captive géibheannas = bondage, sore distress
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	geamhal = fetter, shackle, gyve geimheal = fetter, shackle, gyve geimhleach [gʲevləx] = fetter, captive, slave gèibhinn = fetter
Manx (Gaelg)	geuley = manacle, chain, bond, shackle geulaghey = manacle, chain, shackle, bind in chains geuleydagh = bondman, chain
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	gebin = fetter, shackle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	geuyn, gefyn, gevyn = fetter, shackle, gyve, manacle, chain geuynnedig = shackled, fettered gefynnu = to shackle, fetter, manacle gevynnauc = shackled, fettered
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gefyn = fetter, shackle, gyve, manacle, chain gefynedig = shackled, fettered gefynnaf, gefynnu = to shackle, fetter, manacle, couple, link gefynnog = shackled, fettered

Etymology: from from Proto-Indo-European *gem- (to press, grasp) [source]. Words from the same roots include gyve (shackle or fetter, especially for the leg; to shackle, to fetter, to chain) in English, жать (žatʹ – to press, squeeze, lift) in Russian, ožeti (to squeeze) in Slovenian, ždímat (to wring) in Czech, and γεμίζω (gemízo – to fill, stuff) in Greek [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	sibal = clasp, pin
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	sibal(l) = a clasp, buckle, pin
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	fual = fetter, gyve, shackle, bond
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	hual = fetter, gyve, shackle, bond hualu = to fetter, manacle, shackle, chain, hobble, restrict, restrain hualawc, hualoc, hualog, hualawg = fettered, shackled, trammelled, tethered
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hual = fetter, gyve, shackle, bond, hobble, restriction, restraint, check, trammel, hindrance, impediment hualaf, hualu = to fetter, manacle, shackle, chain, hobble, restrict, restrain hualedig = fettered or manacled, shackled, tethered hualog = fettered, shackled, trammelled, tethered
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	fual, fu, hual = fetter, shackle
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	hual = shackle hualaff = to hinder, impede, obstruct
Breton (Brezhoneg)	hual = shackle, leg irons, anti-theft device hualañ [hyˈɑːlã] = to shackle, put in irons, subjugate, subdue hualet = hindered dishualañ [di.syˈɑː.lã] = to emancipate, deliver, liberate, unshackle

Etymology: possibly from or related to Latin fibula (clasp, buckle, brooch) [source]. Words from the same roots include sivella (buckle) in Catalan, fibbia (buckle, clasp) in Italian, and hebilla (buckle, clasp) in Spanish [source].

Boards & Planks

2nd July 20266th July 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for board, plank and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	tile, tiled = board, plank, stern
Irish (Gaeilge)	tile = board, plank, sheets, poop (deck)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dèile [dʲeːlə] = board, deal, plank, bier
Manx (Gaelg)	deal = plank, batten

Etymology: from English deal [source] (a plank of softwood, a wooden board or blank), from Middle English dele (plank), from Middle Low German dele, from Old Saxon thili, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þiljǭ (plank, board, plank, flooring, deck) [source].

Words from the same Diele (plank, hallway, hall, foyer) in German, tilja (floorboard, stage floor) in Swedish, and dilljá (bulkhead) in Pite Sami [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	astal = bookmark
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	astal, astol = chip, splinter, sliver, bookmark, plectrum, pointer, baton
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	astal = javelin, spear, pikestaff, chip, lath
Proto-Brythonic	*asklọd = chips (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	astell, estyll = plank, board, shelf, lath, stave, rod asclaud, asglaỽt, asglod = chips, shavings, splinters esglodyn, ysglodion, ysclodyn, sclodion = chips, slices, parings
Welsh (Cymraeg)	astell [ˈastaɬ / ˈastɛɬ] = plank, board, shelf, lath, stave, rod, ledge (of rock) astell gerdd = music stand astell ddu = blackboard astell lyfrau = bookshelf astellaf, astellu = to board, batten astellddal = shelf astellog = boarded, planked astyllen = plank, board, shelf, lath, stave, rod, tablet, toilet, privy, latrine (y)styllen = plank, board, panel, shelf, lath, stave, mould-board asglod [ˈasɡlɔd] = chips, shavings, splinters, fragments (y)sglodion [(ə)sˈɡlɔdɨ̞n] = chips, slices, parings (y)sglodyn, (y)sgloden = chip, slice, paring
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	astel = board, plank
Cornish (Kernewek)	astel = plank, shingle, splint astel an oles = mantelpiece astel grey = chalkboard astel todnow = surfboard astelwolyans = windsurfing astelyer = striker estyllen = shelf, board, plank asklos = chips asklosen = chip asklosi = to chip asklotti = chip shop
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	ascloedenn = shavings, splinters of split wood
Breton (Brezhoneg)	astel = plank, flat piece of wood, extension leaf (of a table), shelf, crêpe spatula, (medical) splint astellad = vomiting astellat = to vomit astelladenn = emetic, to vomit askleud [ˈaskløt] = shavings, splinters of split wood askleudenn = shaving, splinter

Etymology: from Latin astella (splinter), from asula / astla (splinter, shaving, chip, shiver, shingle) from assis (axel, North Pole, the heavens, board, plank), from Proto-Italic *aksis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-i-s, from *h₂eḱs- (axle, axis)[source]. The Breton words, apart from askleud(enn), come from the same Latin roots, via Old French astelle (splinter or piece of wood) [source].

Words from the same roots include axis and axle in English, Achse (axis, axle) in German, axel (shoulder, axle, axis) in Swedish, and exio (axle, axis) in Portuguese, așchie (sliver, splinter, chip) in Romanian, and words for axle and axis in Celtic language [source].

Overflowing

25th June 202625th June 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for discharge, overflow and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*skeyeti = to vomit
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sceïd [ˈsʲkʲe.əðʲ] = to vomit, to spew sceith = spewing, vomit, vomiting
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	strong>sceïd, sceithid, sceidid, sceigid, sceith, sceth(ed), sgeth [ˈsʲkʲe.əðʲ] = to vomit, to spew, to eject, to burst forth, to pour forth, to sprout, to bud sceith, sgeith = act of vomiting, spewing, vomit, dashing, spurting (of sea), bursting out, sprouting (of plants)
Irish (Gaeilge)	sceith [ʃcɛ(h) / ʃcɛç] = vomit, spawing, spawn, overflow, discharge, eruption, spreading, disintegration; to spew, vomit, overflow, pour forth, discharge, erupt, give away, divulge, spread, disseminate sceitheach = vomiting, spewing, spawning, discharging, erupting, tattling sceitheadh = spawning, overflow, eruption sceithre = telltale, tattler sceithreacht = (act of) divulging, disseminating, tattling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sgeith [sgʲeh] = puke, vomit; retch, spew sgeitheach [sgʲehəx] = nauseous, emetic sgeitheadh [sgʲehəɣ] = (act of) vomiting, puking, retching, spewing
Manx (Gaelg)	skeeah = spew, vomit skeeahrey = disgorge, spew, vomiting skeay = vomit
Proto-Brythonic	*hwɨd = vomit (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	chuyt, chwyt, chwyd = vomit, a vomitting, spewing chwydu, chwydy = to vomit, spew, disgorge, vomitting chwydawc = inclined to vomit, nauseous, nauseating, loathsome
Welsh (Cymraeg)	chwŷd [ˈχwɨdɨ / ˈχwid] = vomit, a vomitting, spewing, that which is ejected, spew, ejection chwydaf, chwydu [ˈχwədɨ / ˈχwədi] = to vomit, spew, disgorge, vomitting chwydiad = vomit, a vomitting, a spewing, eruption chwydog = inclined to vomit, nauseous, nauseating, loathsome, fulsome, morose, moody, glutted, worthless
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	hweda, hwedzha = to vomit, to spew hwedh = a swelling, a puffing up, a swell hwedhy = to swell, to puff up
Cornish (Kernewek)	hweja, hwyja = to throw, puke, vomit hwejas = eruption
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	huedaff, huediff = to vomit huedadenn = vomiting
Breton (Brezhoneg)	c’hwed = vomit, puke c’hwedadenn = vomiting c’hwedañ = to vomit c’hwedez = person who vomits c’hwederezh = vomiting c’hwediñ = emetic, to vomit

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European skey- (to split, to dissect) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Old Norse skjaðak (a kind of weed, darnel), include skjæraks (darnal, ray grass – dialectal) in Norwegian, and skäde in Swedish.

Words from the same PIE roots include schijf (disk, a slice) in Dutch, Scheibe (disc, slice pane [of glass]) in German, șaibă (washer) in Romanian, skive (slice, shive) in Danish, and maybe sheath and ship in English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	do·léici = to let, allow, throw, fling, hurl, lower, cast down, shed (blood, tears, etc)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	teilcid = to throw, cast, hurl, let go, let loose, give up
Irish (Gaeilge)	teilg [ˈtʲɛlʲɪɟ] = to cast, throw, project, fade, slake, convict, sentence teilgeach = casting, throwing, projectin, lasting, economical teilgean = to cast, throw, projection teilgeoir = thrower, pitcher, slinger, projector, founder teilgeoireacht = (act of) casting, moulding, plastering
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	tilg [tʲiligʲ] = cast, fling, pitch, toss, throw, shoot, retch, spew, throw up, vomit tilgeachan [tiligʲəxan] = jibe, taunt tilgeadair [tʲilɪgʲədɪrʲ] = projector tilgeadh [tʲiligʲəɣ] = (act of) casting, flinging, hurling, pitching, retching, spewing, throwing up, vomiting, projecting
Manx (Gaelg)	tilg = to throw, prokect, cast, vomit, discharge tilgey = throwing, vomiting, casting

Etymology: from Old Irish to- and léicid (to leave, abandon, release, let go, allow, permit) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	aisec = to act of giving back, restitution, return
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	aisec = (act of) restoring, giving back, restitution, restoration aisicid = to return, to give back, to restore
Irish (Gaeilge)	aiseag [ˈaʃəɡ / ˈæʃək] = restoration, restitution, vomit, emetic, (financial) returns aiseagthóir = restorer, restitutor
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	aiseag [aʃəg] = ferry (crossing), (act of) ferrying over, return, deliverance, recovering, restoring, restitution, restoration, the Resurrection
Manx (Gaelg)	assaig = ferry

Etymology: from Old Irish ess- (ex-, out, non. dis-) from Proto-Celtic *exs- (out, non-, -less, without); and Old Irish -ec (verbal noun suffix) from Proto-Celtic *-ankom [source].

Thorny Brambles

17th June 202617th June 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for bramble, briar, thorn and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	dristis, drissis = briar, bramble, thorn bush
Old Irish (Goídelc)	dris [ˈd̠ʲɾʲisʲ] = bramble, briar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	dris = bramble, briar, thorn bush drisech = thorny, brambly
Irish (Gaeilge)	dris [dʲɾʲɪʃ] = bramble, briar, a cantankerous, prickly person drischoill = bramble brake driseach = brambly, briary driseog = (small) bramble, a prickly, irritable person drisín = small bramble drisíneach = prickly, irritable, touchy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dris [driʃ] = thorn, a thorny plant, small pin driseach [driʃəx] = prickly, thorny, brambly driseag [driʃag] = small thorn, small thorny plant driseil [driʃal] = prickly, thorny drisleach [driʃləx] = thorny thicket, briar patch, thicket of brambles
Manx (Gaelg)	dress = blackberry bush, briar, bramble dressag = small bramble bush dressagh = brambly, briary
Proto-Brythonic	*drɨs = dry
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	drissi = briars, brambles, thorn bushes
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	dyrys [ˈdərɨ̞s / ˈdərɪs] = wild, rough, uncultivated drissi, dris, dryssi, drysi = briars, brambles, thorn bushes dryssyant, drysiant = entanglement, perplexity, quandary
Welsh (Cymraeg)	dyrys [ˈdərɨ̞s / ˈdərɪs] = wild, rough, uncultivated, tangled with undergrowth, thorny, dense, matted, intricate, entangled drys(i) [ˈdrəsɪ / ˈdrəsi] = briars, brambles, thorn bushes, entanglement, intricacy drysiant = entanglement, perplexity, quandary drysïog = full of briars or brambles, thorny drysle, dyrysle = intricate place, maze, labyrinth, bramble-brake, thicket dryslyd, dyryslyd = perplexing, puzzling, embarrassing, tangled, intricate, puzzled, confused, bewildered, deranged
Old Cornish	dreis = brambles, briars
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	dreis, dreyn = brambles, briars
Cornish (Kernewek)	dreys = brambles dreysen = bramble dreysa = to tangle
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	dres = brambles dresen = bramble
Breton (Brezhoneg)	drez [dreːs] = brambles drezenn = bramble drezad = brambles drezeg [ˈdreː.zɛk] = bramble patch, bramble thicket drezek = full of brambles drezid = bramble grove

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *der- (to split, separate, tear, crack, shatter) [source].

Dry Barrenness

12th June 202612th June 2026 By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for dry, barren, sterile and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*siskʷos = dry
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sesc [ˈsʲesk] = barren, dry, infertile
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	sesc, seisc = dry, barren, unproductive sescach = dry cows sescus = state of dryness (of cattle)
Irish (Gaeilge)	seasc [ʃasˠk] = barren, unfruitful, infertile, dry, not giving milk, sapless, unmated, neuter seascach = dry cow(s), unproductive season seascachán = neuter, unmated bird seascacht = barrenness, dryness (of cattle)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	seasg [ʃesg] = barren, sterile, dry (not giving milk) seasgach [ʃesgəx] = causing barrenness / sterility, barren, sterile, dry not leaking seasgachadh [ʃesgəxəɣ] = (act of) sterility, sterilisation seasgachd [ʃesgəxg] = barrenness, sterility seasgaichte = sterilised
Manx (Gaelg)	shast = sterile, barren, unfruitful (animal) shiast = barren (animal) shastagh = barren animal shastaght = barrenness shiastid = sterility, dryness shiastit = sterilized
Proto-Brythonic	*hɨsp = dry
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	hesb, hesp, hysb = barren, sterile, not yielding milk, dry hysby = to become sterile or barren, to cease to give milk hyspydd, hispydd = dry, exhausted
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hysb, hesb [hɨ̞sb / hɪsb] = barren, sterile, not yielding milk, dry (of cattle, sheep, etc), dried up, exhausted hysbedd = dryness, barrenness, sterility hysb(i)af, hysb(i)o = to become sterile or barren, to cease to give milk, to dry up (esp. of a cow) hysbydd = dry, exhausted, empty (lake, etc), barren, sterile hysbyddedig = exhausted, improverished (land), dried up
Cornish (Kernewek)	hesk = milkless cow, dry cow, dried up cow heski = to go milkless, to run dry heskys = dried up, milkless
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	hïscen = (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	hesq = dried up, dry
Breton (Brezhoneg)	hesk [hesk] = dried up, desiccation, dry, drying out, arid heskaat = to dry up, to dry out heskadur = drying up heskenn = cow that no longer gives milk

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sisku- (dry), probably from *sek- (to dry up) [source].

Words from the same roots include sec (dry, dried, lean, thin) in French, secco (dry, dried, thin) in Italian, seco (dry, desiccated, withered) in Portuguese, secetă (drought) in Romanian, and desiccate (to dry) in English [source].

Proto-Celtic	*samosiskʷī = heifer, sterile cow
Old Irish (Goídelc)	samaisc = heifer
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	samaisc, samṡeisc, samascib = heifer
Irish (Gaeilge)	samhaisc = three- to four-year-old heifer samhaisceach = stalwart person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	samhaisg = heifer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	hafesp = river name
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hafesp = river name
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	hanvesk = sterile cow
Breton (Brezhoneg)	hañvesk = sterile

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *samos (summer and *siskʷos (sterile, dry) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*dīsiskʷos = (?)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	dísc = barren, dried up
Irish (Gaeilge)	dísc [dʲiːʃc] = dryness, barrenness i ndísc [əˈn̠ʲiːʃc] = (having run) dry díscíu = drying up, consumption, exhaustion, eliminiation, extermination díscigh = to dry up, drain out, consume, exhaust, eliminate, exterminate
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dìosg [dʲiəsg] = barren (of an animal), barren cow, fault, flaw dìosgail [dʲiːsgal] = going barren, going dry

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *dī- (away, off) and *siskʷos (sterile, dry) [source].

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Author: Simon

You Yourself

Shining Bright

Confluent Ravines

Awkwardly Clumsy

Bushy Hedges

Binding Fastenings

Boards & Planks

Overflowing

Thorny Brambles

Dry Barrenness