Habitual Customs

Words for habit, custom, virtue, moral(ity) and related things in Celtic languages.

Habitual Customs

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *banssus = custom, habit
Gaulish bessu = customs, habits
Old Irish (Goídelc) bés, béss, bǽs = custom, habit
bésad = custom, customary practice
bésgnae = custom, discipline, law
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bés, bésse, bes = habit, custom, usual procedure, practice, manner, way, moral(s), good behaviour
bésach = mannerly, well-behaviour
bésaid = moralist (?)
bésgnae = custom, usage, discipline, protocol
béstae = moral
Irish (Gaeilge) béas [bʲiːa̯sˠ/bʲeːsˠ] = habit, moral habit
béasa = conduct, manners
béasach = well-mannered, mannerly, polite
béasaíocht = mannerliness, politness
béascna = mode of conduct, custom, usage, culture
béasmhúineadh = teaching of good manners
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beus [beːs] = moral(s), virtue, conduct, demeanour
beus-eòlas = ethics, moral philosophy
beusach [beːsəx] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
beusachd [beːsəxg] = good behaviour, moral rectitude, etiquette
beusail [beːsal] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
beusalachd [beːsəl̪ˠəxg] = ethics, moral behaviour
beusanta [beːsən̪ˠdə] = ethical
Manx (Gaelg) beaoil = moral, living
beasagh = civil(ized), decorous, moral, obedient, pliable
Proto-Brythonic *boɨs = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) moes = habit, wont, custom, tradition
moeseidd, moesaidd = courteous, polite, well-bred
moesgar, moes gar = courteous, polite, refined
moessic = courteous, where courtesy is found
moessauc, moessawc, moessoc = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
moes(s)sawl = moral, ethical
Welsh (Cymraeg) moes [moːɨ̯s / mɔi̯s] = established or usual behaviour, habit, wont, custom, tradition, social convention, courtesy, civility, manners, etiquette
moesau, moesoedd = morals, moral principle(s)
moesgar = courteous, polite, refined, well-mannered, civil
moesog = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
moesol = moral, ethical, high-principled
anfoesol, di-foes = immoral
Middle Breton (Brezonec) boas = custom, habit
boaset = accustomed, trained, habitually
Breton (Brezhoneg) boaz [ˈbwɑːs] = custom, habit
boazamant = practice, tradition
boazañ [ˈbwɑːzã] = to get used to
boazet = accustomed, trained, habitually

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (to bind, bond), or from *bʰeydʰ- (to compel, force, trust) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include bide, confide, defy, faith, federal and infidelity in English, besë (pledge, oath, promise, vow) in Albanian, beiða (to ask, request) in Icelandic, and бедя (bedjá – to accuse, slander, persuade) in Bulgarian [source].

Proto-Celtic *gnātos = known, recognised
*angnātos = unknown, obscure
*gnināti = to recognise
Gaulish gniiou = I recognise (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gnáth [ɡnaːθ] = customary, usual
gnáthach [ˈɡnaːθax] = customary, usual, constant, familiar, well-known
gnáthaigid = to frequent, inhabit, practise
ingnad = strange, unusual, wonderful, marvel, miracle, wonder
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gnáth = customary, usual, familiar, well-known, custom, wont, usage
gnáthaid = to practise, use, be accustomed to
gnáthaigid = to be accustomed to, practise, frequent, inhabit
gnátham = custom, wont, habit
gnáthe = usualness, frequency
gnáthmar = wonted, customary
ingnad, ingnáth, ingnuth = strange, wonderful, remarkable, unusual, unfamiliar
Irish (Gaeilge) gnáth [ɡn̪ˠɑː/ɡɾˠɑː/ɡɾˠæː] = custom, usage, customary thing, haunt, resort
gnách [ɡn̪ˠɑ̃ːx/ɡɾˠɑːx] = customary, usual, common, ordinary
gnáthaigh = to make a habit of, practise, frequent, haunt
gnáthaíocht = commonness, frequency, usage, wont
gnáthamh = usage, custom, procedure, routine
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gnàth [grãː] = usual, common
gnàthach [grãː.əx] = conventional, routine, habitual, orthodox
gnàthachadh [grã.əxəɣ] = accustoming, practising, rehearsing, custom, practice, rehearsal
gnàthachail [grãː.əxal] = customary
gnàthachas [grãː.əxəs] = invariableness, constancy, convention, custom
gnàthachd [grãː.əxg] = customariness
Proto-Brythonic *gnọd = known, recognised
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gnaud, gnawd, gnawt, gnot = usual, customary, wont
Welsh (Cymraeg) gnawd [ɡnau̯d] = usual, customary, wont, accustomed, natural, characteristic, known, frequent
Cornish (Kernewek) gnas = character, nature, temper, quality
gnasek = natural
gnasen = trait
Old Breton (Brethonoc) gnot = (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós (known, recognisable), from *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognise) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include agnostic, canny, cognition, cunning, ignore, incognito, know, recognise in English, and noto (well-known, famous, notorious) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *kleto- = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) clecht = custom, habit
clechtaid = to practise, ply
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clecht = custom, wont, habit
clechtach = practised, experienced, customary
clechtaid = to become accustomed to, frequent, consort with, practise, ply
Irish (Gaeilge) cleacht [clʲaxt̪ˠ] = to perform habitually, to be, to become accustomed to, to practise
cleachtach (ar, le) = accustomed (to)
cleachtadh [ˈclʲaxt̪ˠə/ˈclʲaxt̪ˠu] = habit, wont, practice, experience, exercise; to practise
cleachtas = practice
cleachtóir = practitioner
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cleachd [klɛxg] = use, employ, accustom, get used to, habituate, practise
cleachdach [klɛxgəx] = customary, habitual, usual
cleachdadh [klɛxgəɣ] = using, use, convention, custom, habit
cleachdaiche [klɛxgɪçə] = consumer, user
cleachdail [klɛxgal] = customary, habitual, usual
cleachdta [klɛxdə] = used to, accustomed to
Manx (Gaelg) cliaghtey = habit, practice, rehearsal, usage, use; to rehearse, train, use, profess
cliaghtagh = habitual, customary, conventional
cliaghtaghey = to accustom, exercise, practise

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (to turn, revolve around, dwell) [source].

Proto-Celtic *ɸarebereti = to use
Old Irish (Goídelc) arbeir [arˈbʲerʲ] = to live, use, employ, eat, reproach, subdue, express
do·airbir = to bend, subdue, bow down, yield, surrender
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ar-beir, air-ber, arbeir = to live, eat, use, employ, plead, oppose, express, subdue, quell
Proto-Brythonic *ėrβėrɨd, = to make use of, employ, take
Old Welsh (Kembraec) arber = to use, make use (of), employ
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aruer, arfer, arver = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
arber, arueru, arver, arfer = to use, make use (of), employ
arueredic, arferedig = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
arverog, arferoc = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary
arferol, arverol, aruerol = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular
Welsh (Cymraeg) arfer [ˈarvɛr/ˈarvar] = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
arferaf, arfer(u) = to use, make use (of), employ
arferedig = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
arferiad = habit, usage, practice, custom
arferol = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ɸare- (for(e)-) and *bereti (to carry, bear, flow), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), from *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source].

Words for To Carry / Flow in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Drills & Augers

Words for augur and related things in Celtic languages.

Auger

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *taratrom = auger
Gaulish taratron = auger
Old Irish (Goídelc) tarathar = auger
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tarathar = auger
Irish (Gaeilge) tarathar = auger
tarathraigh = to bore with an auger
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tora [tɔrə] = auger, gimble, gimlet
torach [tɔrəx] = pertaining to or abounding in augers / gimbles / gimlets
torachair [tɔrəxɪrʲ] = auger, gimble, gimlet
torachan [tɔrəxan] = small auger / gimble
tarachair† = gimlet, auger
Manx (Gaelg) tarrar = drill
tarrarey = to drill, drilling
Proto-Brythonic *taradr [taˈradr̩] = auger, borer, drill
Old Welsh (Kembraec) tarater = auger, drill, borer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tarader, taradyr, taradr = auger, drill, borer
Welsh (Cymraeg) taradr [ˈtaradr] = auger, drill, borer, awl, gimlet, trepan
taradru = to bore with an auger, drill, pierce
tarad(r) y coed = woodpecker
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tardar, tarad = auger, borer, whimble
tardha, tardhe = to pervade, break out, emanate, penetrate, bore, pierce
Cornish (Kernewek) tarder = drill
tardra = to bore, drill, tap
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tarazr, talazr = auger
Breton (Brezhoneg) tarar [ˈtɑː.rar] = augur, chignole (a hand drill), shipworm (mollusk)
tararer [ta.ʁa.ʁe] = to pass a cereal through a sieve
tarzhañ = to burst, break, hatch, pierce, emerge, die (of thirst), warp

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *térh₁trom (tool for drilling), from *terh₁- (to rub, turn, drill, pierce) [source].

Words from the same Celtic roots, via Gaulish taratron (auger) and Late Latin taratrum, possibly include taraire in Occitan, taradre (to bore) in Catalan, trade (auger) in Galician, taladro (drill) in Spanish, tarière (auger) in French, tarader (drill) in Romansch [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include thread, thresh, trout and throw in English, settentrione (north) in Italian, třít (to rub) in Czech, and drehen (to turn) in German [source].

Drill Set

Irish (Gaeilge) druil = drill
druilchéachta = drill-plough
druileáil = drilling, to drill
druileálaí = drill-maker, drill-master
druilire láimhe = hand-drill
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dril(e) [dril(ə)] = drill
dril(g)eadh [driləɣ] = drilling, drill
plaosgach [pl̪ˠɯːsgəx] = shelled, husky, shelly
Manx (Gaelg) drillal = to drill
drilley = drill
drilleyder = drill
Welsh (Cymraeg) drill = drill
dril, drul, trul = drill, small furrow, machine for sowing seed in drills
drillio = to drill, bore, subject to discipline

Etymology: from English drill, from drillen (to bore, move in a circle in Middle Dutch, from Old Dutch *thrillen, from Proto-Germanic *þriljaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ter- (through, over) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include thrill in English and drillen (to drill, domineer) in Dutch [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Shells

Words for shell and related things in Celtic languages.

Shells

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) bláesc = shell, nutshell, eggshell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bláesc, blosc, plaesc = eggshell, nutshell, cataract (?)
Irish (Gaeilge) blaosc / plaosc [bˠlˠiːsˠk / pˠl̪ˠeːsˠk] = shell (of eggg, but, crustacea)
blaosc an chinn / an chloiginn = skull, cranium
blaosc an aeir = the vault of heaven
blaoscach = shelly, big-, empty-, headed
blaoscán = eggshell, skull, cranium, drain, nip
blaoscrúisc = scalp
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) plaosg [pl̪ˠɯːsg] = hull, husk, pod, peel, rind, (egg)shell, crust, skull; peeling, skinning, husking, shelling
plaosgadh [pl̪ˠɯːsgəɣ] = peeling, skinning, husking, shelling
plaosgach [pl̪ˠɯːsgəx] = shelled, husky, shelly
Manx (Gaelg) bleayst = shell, hull, husk, shield, body, crust, gill cover, pod
bleayst shligganagh = tortoise shell
bleaystan(ey) = bomb, shell
bleaystagh = detonating, explosive, husked, shelled
bleaystaghey = to shell, unhusk
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) plisc(yn), plisg(in) = shell(s), pod(s), husk(s), rind, skin(s)
plisco = to shell, peel
Welsh (Cymraeg) plisg(en/yn) [plɪsɡ] = shell(s), pod(s), husk(s), rind, skin(s), membrane; speech impediment, cataract, scab
plisgaf, plisgo = to shell, husk, peel
plisgynnog = having a shell, skin or husk
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pliscin = eggshell
plisg = husk, shell, paring
Cornish (Kernewek) plisk(en) = shell(s), husk(s)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) plusq(uenn) = peeling(s), skin(s), husk(s), shell(s), hull(s), eggshell(s)
plusqad = peelings
plusqua = to peel
Breton (Brezhoneg) plusk(enn) = peeling(s), shaving(s), shell(s), pod(s), bark(s)
pluskadur = peeling
pluskan, pluskañ [ˈplyskã] = to peel
pluskennek = to fluff

Etymology: possibly related to peluche (plush [toy], fluff) in French and plush in English, which come Vulgar from Latin *pilūc(i)cāre (to remove parts of sth), from Latin pilāre (to remove hair), from pilus (hair) the Proto-Indo-European *pilo- (hair) [source].

Other words from the same roots include pelo (hair) in Spanish, poil (hair) in French and pelare (to pluck, skin, shear, peel) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *sleg = shell (?)
*sleggio = shell (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) slice = shell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) slice = shell
slicén, sligen = shell
Irish (Gaeilge) slige [ˈʃl̠ʲɪɟɪ] = shell, shard, melting pot
sligeach = shells, place abounding in shells
sliogán [ʃlʲəˈɡɑ̃ːn̪ˠ] = shell
sliogán mara = scallop; seashell
sliogánach = testacean, shelled, testaceous, abounding in shells, dappled, mottled
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) slige [ʃl̪ʲigʲə] = shell, hull (of a boat)
sligean [ʃl̪ʲʲigʲan] = small shell, small hull, small drinking shell, small shard
sligeach [ʃl̪ʲigʲəx] = carapace, casing, case, crustacean, having a shell
sligeanach [ʃl̪ʲigʲanəx] = tortoise
Manx (Gaelg) shlig = shell, scale, body
shliggan = shell, bomb
shligganaghey = testaceous, tortoise
shligganaghey = bomb, bombard

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *slak- (to hit, strike, throw) [source]. The town and county of Sligo (Sligeach and Contae Shligigh in Irish), get their name from the Irish word sligeach [source]..

Proto-Celtic *krok-enā = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cregyn, cragen, cregin, krogen = shell, framework, husk
Welsh (Cymraeg) cragen, crogen [ˈkraɡɛn / ˈkrɔɡɛn] = shell, framework, husk
cragenbysg, crogenbysg = shellfish
cragenfaen, crogenfaen = pearl
cragennu = to form into a shell, become a shell
cregynna [krɛˈɡəna] = to gather shells
Old Cornish crogen = shell
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) crogen, crogan = shell
crogen an penn = skull
Cornish (Kernewek) krogen = shell
krogen benn/bedn = skull
krogen brierin / Sen Jamys = scallop
krogen benn/bedn = clam
Middle Breton (Brezonec) creguin, croguen = shell
croguennec = hooked
Breton (Brezhoneg) kregen = shells
krogenn [ˈkroː.ɡɛn] = shell, carapace
kroegennan, kroegennañ = to shell
kroegennek = hooked

Etymology: unknown. Related to cregen (clay vessel) and cragen (potsherd) in Welsh, and possibly conch in English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) mocol = cluster, husk, mesh, shell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mocol, mogal = mesh, network, web, globe, sphere, round mass, husk, shell, pid, troop, band
Irish (Gaeilge) mogall [ˈmˠɔɡəl̪ˠ] = mesh, husk, shell, pod, compacy body, cluster of people
mogallach = meshed, reticular, clustered
mogallaigh = to (en)mesh, cluster
mogallóir = mesh-rod (for measuring)
mogallsúileach = goggle-eyed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mogal [mogəl̪ˠ] = husk, shell, skin, mesh
Manx (Gaelg) moggyl = grid, mesh, network
mogglagh = meshed, networklike
eddyr-voggyl = internet
Proto-Brythonic *magl = trap, snare
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) magl, magyl = trap, snare
maglyt, maglu, meglyt = to snare, net, enmesh
Welsh (Cymraeg) magl [ˈmaɡal] = snare, noose, trap, gin, manacle, fetter; obstruction, obstacle, cataract
maglu, maglo = to snare, net, enmesh
magledig = ensnaring, entrapping, caught, ensnared, trapped
Old Cornish maglen = trap, snare
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) maglen = snare, halter, spring
Cornish (Kernewek) maglen = trap, gear
maglenna, magledna = to change gear, tangle, trap
magli = to tangle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) maclou = slime (?)

Etymology: from Latin macula (mesh), from Proto-Italic *smatlom, from Proto-Indo-European *smh₂-tló-m (wiping [?]) [source]. Words from the same roots include (chain) mail in English, macchia (stain, smear, spot) in Italian, maquis (thicket, resistance, underground) in French, and Makel (flaw, blemish) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Razors

Today we’re looking at the words for razor and related things in Celtic languages.

Vintage razors

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *altēn = razor
Old Irish (Goídelc) altan = razor, blade
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ailt = edge, blade, edged weapon
ailtech = well jointed, finely bladed
altan = sharp blade, razor
Irish (Gaeilge) altán [ˈɑhəɾʲ/ˈahæɾʲ] = sharp knife
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ealtainn [jal̪ˠdɪn̪ʲ] = flock, sharp blade, razor
Old Welsh elinn = razor
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ellyn = razor
eillyaỽ, eillaw, eillya = to shave, cut off, destroy completely, exterminate, erase, pillage
ellyaeth = tenancy, support or sustenance
eilliedydd = shaver, barber
Welsh (Cymraeg) ellyn [ˈɛɬɨ̞n/ˈɛɬɪn] = razor
eill(i)af, ell(i)o [ˈei̯ɬjɔ] = to shave, cut off, destroy completely, exterminate, erase, pillage
eilliad = a shaving, tonsure
eilliedig = shaved, shaven, tonsured
eilliwr, eillydd = barber, shaver
eillty = barber’s shop
Old Cornish elinn = razor
Cornish (Kernwek) alsen [alzɛn/ɒlzɐn] = razor
alten [altɛn/ɒltɐn] = razor
Old Breton (Brethonoc) altin = razor
Middle Breton autenn = razor
Breton (Brezhoneg) aotenn [ˈɔtːɛn] = razor
aotenn-dredan [ˈɔtɛnˈdʁeːdɑ̃n] = electric razor
aotenniñ [oˈtɛnːĩ] = to shave

Etymology: unknown. Most likely from a non-IE substrate language [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) rásúr [ɾˠɑːˈsˠuːɾˠ/ˈɾˠɑːsˠuːɾˠ] = razor
rásúr sábhailte = safety razor
lann rásúr = razor blade
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ràsar [r̪ˠaːsər] = razor
Manx (Gaelg) rhesar, razor = razor
Welsh (Cymraeg) r(h)asel, rasal [ˈrasɛl / ˈrasal] = razor
r(h)asel ddiogel = safety razor
r(h)asel hogi = cut-throat razor
raselaidd, rasalaidd = razor-like, sharp
r(h)aser = razor
Middle Breton razaff = to shave
Breton (Brezhoneg) razher = razor
razhañ, razhiñ = to shave
razher = barber, gelder
razherezh = shave, cut, equality
razhouarn = razor, shaver

Etymology (Irish and Breton) from Old French rasour (razor), from raser (to shave), from Vulgar Latin *rāsāre (to shave), from Latin rāsus, from rādō (to scrape, shave, scratch, rub, smooth, graze), from Proto-Italic *razdō, from Proto-Indo-European *rh₁d-dʰ-, from *reh₁d- (to scrape, scratch, gnaw) [source].

Etymology (Scottish Gaelic, Manx and Welsh) from English razor, from Middle English rasour (razor), from Old French rasour (razor) – see above [source].

Words from the same roots include errode, rash, rat, raze, rodent, rostrum in English, rhathu (to scrape, chafe) in Welsh, roder (to polish, wear in, hone) in French, and roer (to gnaw, pick at, wear down) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Monday Moons

Today we’re looking at the words for moon, Monday and related things in Celtic languages.

Blue Moon

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *louxsnos = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) lúan = moon, Monday, radiance
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lúan [ˈl͈uːə̯nʲ] = moon, Monday, doomsday, judgement day
día lúain [dʲiːə̯ ˈl͈uːə̯nʲ] = (on) Monday
Irish (Gaeilge) Luan [l̪ˠuən̪ˠ] = Monday, Aureole, nimbus, halo
Dé Luain [dʲeːˈl̪ˠuənʲ] = (on) Monday
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) Luan [l̪ˠuən] = Monday, the moon (poetic)
Diluain [dʲɪˈl̪ˠuən̪ʲ] = Monday
Manx (Gaelg) luan, lune = moon
Jelune, Jyluain, Lhein, Luain = Monday
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llun = Monday, (the) moon
Welsh (Cymraeg) llun, Llun [ɬɨːn /ɬiːn] = Monday, (the) moon
dydd Llun [dɨːð ˈɬɨːn / diːð ˈɬiːn] = Monday
Middle Cornish lin = the moon
di-lin, De Lun = Monday
Cornish (Kernewek) Lun = Monday
dy’Lun, de Lun = Monday
Breton (Brezhoneg) Lun = the moon
dilun [di.ˈlỹːn] = Monday

Etymology from PIE *lówksneh₂ (moon, shining thing), from *lewk- (to shine, to see, bright) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include illumiate, light, lucent, lucid, Lucifer, luminous, lunar, lustre, and lynx in English [source].

Etymology (Monday words) from Latin *diēs Lūnae (Monday), from diēs (day) and Lūna (the moon, Luna [a moon goddess]), or calques of this word [source].

Words from the same roots include dilluns (Monday) in Catalan, dilunes (Monday) in Occitan, and dilon (Monday) in Walloon [source].

Proto-Celtic *lugrā = moon
Proto-Brythonic *lloɨr = moon
*lloɨrkann = moonlight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) loyr = moon
loiraul = lunar
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lloer = moon
lloerferch = one as fair as the moon, fair maiden, beautiful woman
lloergan = (bright) moonlight, moonlit
lloeric = lunatic, moonstruck, insane, mad, frantic, wild, lunar
lloerol = lunar
Welsh (Cymraeg) lloer [ˈɬoːɨ̯r /ˈɬɔi̯r] = (the) moon, satellite
lloeraidd = lunar, lunatic
lloeren = circle, round spot, satellite, little moon
lloerennol = satellite, pertaining to the moon
lloergan = (bright) moonlight, moonlit
lloergannu = to shine (of the moon)
lloeri = to crook like the new moon, make cresent-shaped
lloerig = lunatic, moonstruck, insane, mad, frantic, wild, lunar
Old Cornish luir = moon
Middle Cornish loer, lor, lôr, loor, lour, lûr = moon
Cornish (Kernewek) loor = moon
lorel = lunar
lorell = satellite
lorek, loroges = lunatic, maniac, psychotic
Old Breton (Brethonoc) loir, loer = moon
Middle Breton (Brezonec) loar = moon
loer cann = full moon
Breton (Brezhoneg) loar = moon
loargann = full moon
loarieg = lunatic

Etymology from PIE *lewk- (bright, light, to shine, to see), or from *lewg- (to bend, twist) [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lleuad, lleuat = moon
lleuadic = mad, lunatic
Welsh (Cymraeg) lleuad [ˈɬeɨ̯.ad /ˈɬei̯.ad] = the moon
lleuadu = to crook like the new moon, make cresent-shaped
lleuadaidd = lunar
lleuadig = mad, lunatic
lleuadog = lunar, moon-like, moonlit, lunatic, moonstruck, mad, insane

Etymology from PIE *lewk- (bright, light, to shine, to see). Related to lleu (light, brightness) and golau (light, bright, fair) in Welsh [source].

Proto-Celtic *ēskyom = moon
Old Irish (Goídelc) éscae, aesca, æscae, ésca, æscæ, éisce [ˈeːske] = moon, lunar month
éscaide = lunar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) éscae = moon
éscaide = lunar
Irish (Gaeilge) éasca [ˈiːɑ̯skə / ˈeːsˠkə] = moon
éascaí = lunar
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) èsga [eːsgə] = moon (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg) eayst = moon, lunar
lane-eayst = full moon

Etymology from PIE *h₁eysk- (to shine, glitter) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gelach = moon
Irish (Gaeilge) gealach [ɟəˈl̪ˠɑx / ˈɟalˠəx] = moon, brightness (as of moon), moonlight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gealach [gʲal̪ˠəx] = (the) moon
gealach làn = full moon
gealachail [gʲal̪ˠəxal] = lunar
gealachan [gʲa̪ˠəxan] = lunatic
Manx (Gaelg) giallagh = moon

Etymology from Old Irish gel (fair, white, bright), from Proto-Celtic *gelos (shining, white), from PIE *ǵʰelh₃os, from *ǵʰelh₃- (to shine) [source].

Words from the same roots include words for white, bay and brown in Celtic languages, and arsenic, gall, gild, gild, gold and yellow in English [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) = moon
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ré, re = the moon
Irish (Gaeilge) = moon, phase of the moon, month, period, portion of time, span of life, career, age, era, epoch
na ré = lunar
(oíche) rédhorcha = moonless
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) [r̪eː] = the moon (poetic)
Manx (Gaelg) re, ray = moon

Etymology possibly from Proto-Celtic *rowis [source].

Another word for moon in Welsh is cannwyll awyr (“sky candle”), and the word cannaid (white, bright, shining, pure, clean radiant) used to mean moon in Carmarthenshire (and sun in north Wales).

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Similar Likeness

Today we’re looking at words for likeness, similarity and related things in Celtic languages.

Horses at Castlebridge Stud, Ireland

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *samalis = likeness, similarity
Gaulish samalo- = similar, like
Old Irish (Goídelc) samail [ˈsaβ̃ɨlʲ] = likeness, similarity, description
cosmail [ˈkosβ̃ɨl] = like, alike, similar
maccsamla = equal, match
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) samail, samhail = likeness, similarity, description, simile, metaphor; like, as
cosmail = like, similar, likely, probable, fitting, proper, becoming, likeness, similarity
mac(c)samla = an equal, match, the like (of)
Irish (Gaeilge) samhail = likeness, semblance, similitude, image, effigy, represetation, model, phantom, spectre
samhailchomhartha = symbol
samhailchomharthaigh = to symbolize, typify
samhailteach = imaginary
samhalta = visionary, fanciful, unreal, virtual
samhaltach = symbolic
samhaltas = symbolism
cosúil [kəˈsˠuːlʲ / ˈkɔsˠuːlʲ] = resembling like
macasamhail = like, equal, counterpart, reproduction, copy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) samhail, samhla [sãũ.al / sãũl̪ˠə] = figure, sign, symbol, shape, form, allegory, metaphor, likeness, (re)semblance, like, as similar to
samhailt [sãũ.aldʲ] = figure, sign, symbol, shape, form, example, apparition
samhlach = emblematical, typical, ghostly
samhlachas = analogy, symbolism
samhlachdainn = comparing, likening, symbolising
samhlaidheachd = symbolism
cosail [kɔsal] = similar, (a)like
mac-samhail = likeness, replica, duplicate, facsimile, equal, like
Manx (Gaelg) soyl = model
cosoyley = semblance, simile, symbol, analogy
cosoylagh = alike, allegoric(al), likely, symbolic
macsoyley = instance, metaphor
Proto-Brythonic *haβ̃al [haˈβ̃aːlˑ] = like, similar, as
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) haval, haual, hafal = like, similar
val, fal = as, like, similar
cyhaual, kyhafal, cyhafal = (very) similar, like, resembling, alike, even, equal
dyfaly, dyfalu = to guess, suppose
euylychv, euelychu = to imitate, copy
Welsh (Cymraeg) hafal [ˈhaval] = like, similar, resembling, equal, fellow
hafalu = to equal(ize), equate
hafaledd = equality
hafaliad = equation
fel, fal [vɛl, val] = as, like, similar
cyhafal = (very) similar, like, resembling, alike, even, equal
dyfalu = to guess, suppose, fancy, imagine
efelychu = to imitate, copy
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) haval = like, similar, resembling
havalder = likeness, similitude, resemblance
avel = like, similar
cehafal = equal, like, similar
Cornish (Kernewek) haval = alike, resembling, similar
avel, vel = as, like
kehaval = alike, equal
kehavalen = equation
Old Breton (Brethonoc) amal, hamal, hemel = similar, thus, like, similarly
Middle Breton (Brezonec) haual, haffual, hânvel = similar, likely
haualder = resemblance, likeness
haualier = to compare, seem, resemble
dishaval = dissimilar, different
Breton (Brezhoneg) hañval [ˈhã.val] = similar, likely
heñval [ˈhɛ̃ː.vɛl] = similar, same
hañvalat = apparent, seeming
hañvalder = resemblance, likeness
hañvalidigezh = appearance, aspect, resemblance
hañvalout = to compare, seem, resemble
dishañval = dissimilar, different, extra, great, super

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *sem-h₂-lo-, from *sem- (together, one) [source]. Words from the same roots include mile, same, seem, simple, some, similar and system in English [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Seeds

Words for seed and related things in Celtic languages.

Seeds

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *sīlom = seed
Old Irish (Goídelc) síl [sʲiːl] = seed, cause, origin, semen, race, progency, descendants, offspring, breed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) síl = seed, race, progency, descendants, offspring, breed,
sílach = seed
sílaid = to sow spread, breed, sower
sílaige = disseminator, one who propagates
sílaigthid = sower
sílem = sower
sílne = seed, sperm
Irish (Gaeilge) síol [ʃiː(ə)l̪ˠ] = seed, semem, sperm, offspring, progeny
síolach = seedy
síoladóir = seedsman, sower, disseminator
síoladóireacht = (act of) seeding, sowing
síoladaí = disseminator, propagator
síolaicme = race, breed
síolaigh = to seed, sow, disseminate, spread
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sìol [ʃiəl̪ˠ] = seed, sperm, descendants, progency, line, lineage, increase
sìolach [ʃiə̪ˠəx] = breed, brood, offspring
sìolachadh [ʃiəl̪ˠəxəɣ] = (act of) sowing seed, reproducing, propagating, breeding
sìoladair [ʃiəl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = seedsman, sower
sìolag [ʃiəl̪ˠag] = seedling, strainer
sìolaiche [ʃiəl̪ɪç] = propagator
Manx (Gaelg) sheel = seed, sperm,
sheelag = seedling
sheelagh = seedy, fruitful, seminal
sheeleyder = seedsman, distiller, dribbler, refiner
sheelraghey = to breed, propagate, breeding
Proto-Brythonic *hil = race, lineage
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hil = seed, issue, offspring, progeny, descendents
hiliad = producing, generation, propagation
hylyo, hilyo = to bring forth, breed, beget
Welsh (Cymraeg) hil [hiːl] = seed, issue, offspring, progeny, descendents, posterity, stock, lineage, race
hiliad = producing, generation, propagation, procreation, progency, lineage, offspring
hiliaeth = generation, progeny, lineage
hilio = to bring forth, breed, beget, propagate, increase, populate
hiliog = prolific, fruitful, fecund, fertile, pregrant
hiliogaeth = issue, offspring, seed, breed, race, posterity, descendants, lingeage
hiliwr, hilydd = racist
Cornish (Kernewek) hil = ethnicity, race
hilegydh(es) = racist
hilgasieth = racism
Breton (Brezhoneg) hil = seed, posterity
hilian, hiliañ = to procreate

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (to sow, plant, impress, insert) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include earn, season, seed, seminar and sow in English, säen (to sow) in German, siać (to spread, leave smth and forgot its location) in Polish, and sēt (to sow) in Latvian [source].

Proto-Celtic *satos = seed
Proto-Brythonic *had = seed
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hat, had = seeds
hadv, hadu = to bring forth or produce seed
Welsh (Cymraeg) had [haːd] = seeds, origin, source, bit, mite
hadaf, hadu = to bring forth or produce seed, grow seed, multiply, become fruitful, run to seed, sow, propagate
hadaidd = having seed, seedy, running to seed
hadblanhigyn = seedling
hadfa = seed-plot, nursery-garden
hadle = seed-plot, nursery, seminary, school
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) has, hâs = seed
Cornish (Kernewek) hasa = to sow
hasek = fruitful
has, hasen = seed, sperm
haslet = contraceptive
haslettyans = contraception
Old Breton (Brethonoc) att = seed
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hat = seed, grains, pips
hadaff, hadet, hada = to sow
Breton (Brezhoneg) had = seed, spawn, offspring
hadeg = seeding
hader = sower
haderezh = sowing
hadañ = to sow

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (to sow, plant, impress, insert) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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A Shovelful of Spades

In this post we’re looking at words for shovel, spade, oar, and related things in Celtic languages.

spades

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *rāmyos = oar, spade, shovel
Old Irish (Goídelc) ráma = oar
ráïd = to row (with oars), sail, voyage
imm·rá = to row (about), navigate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rám(a), rámha = oar, spade
imm-rá, immará = to row (around), navigate, go
Irish (Gaeilge) rámh = oar
rámhach = oared
rámhaíocht = rowing, oarsmanship
rámhainn = spade, spade-length
rámhaí = oarsman
rámhaigh = to row
iomair = to row
iomróir = oarsman, rower
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ràmh [r̪ˠaːv] = oar, paddle
ràmhach [r̪ˠãːvəx] = row(ing) boat, set of oars
ràmhachd [rˠ̪ãːvəxg] = (act of) rowing, oar-making
ràmhadh [r̪ˠaːvəɣ] = (act of) rowing
ràmhaiche, ràmhair [r̪ˠaːvɪçə / r̪ˠaːvɛrʲ] = oarsman, rower
iomair [imɪrʲ] = to row (a boat)
iomramhaiche [imərəvɪçə] = oarsman, rower
Manx (Gaelg) raue = rowing
raueder = rowing man
ymmyrt = oar, rowing, to row, to launch
ymmyrtagh = oarsman, rower, waterman, ferryman, rowing
reuyrey = to delve, dig (up), root, spade
Proto-Brythonic *rrọβ = shovel, spade
*rruɨβ̃ = oar
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rau, raỽ, raw, rhaw = shovel, spade
rawyet, rhawieit = shoveful, spadeful
rwyf, rỽyf, rwyff = oar, paddle
rỽyuaỽ, rhwyfo = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey
rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhaw [r̥aːu̯ / r̥au̯] = shovel, spade
rhaw(i)aid = shoveful, spadeful
rhawffon = spade, shovel, paddle
rhawiaf, rhawio, rhoddio, rhofio = to shovel, dig
rhawiwr = shoveller
rhwyf = oar, paddle
rhwyfadain, rhwyfaden = fin (of a fish), propeller
rhwyf(i)af, rhwyf(i)o = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey, agitate, shake, swing, wave
rhwyfwr = oarsman, rower, sailor, seaman, boatman, mariner
Old Cornish ruif = oar
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ruif, rev = oar, ruler, king
ruifadur, revadar, ruivadur = rower, oarsman
Cornish (Kernewek) reuv = shovel
reuv arader = ploughshare
rev = oar
revya = to row, paddle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) reuf = spade
reuff, roeuff = oar
Breton (Brezhoneg) roev = spade
roeñv [rwẽʷ] = rowing, oar
roenvier, roevier = rower, oarsman

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (to row). Words from the same PIE root include row, rudder and Russia in English, roeien (to row [with oars]) and riem (oar, paddle) in Dutch, (to row, sail out to fish, rock backwards and forwards) in Icelandic, ro (to row, quickly hand over, pass) in Swedish, rame (oar, paddle) in French [source].

Etymology: the Brythonic words for oar come from Latin rēmus (oar), from Proto-Italic *rē(z)mos, from a PIE *h₁reh₁- (to row) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) slúasat = shovel
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) slúasat, slúasad = shovel, paddle, tooth
slúaistech = shovel-like
Irish (Gaeilge) sluasaid = shovel, shovelful
sluaisteáil = to shovel, gather in large quantities, scoop
sluaisteog = (small) shovelful
sluaisteoir = shoveller
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sluasaid [sl̪uəsadʲ] = shovel, spade
sluaist [sl̪uəʃdʲ] = shovel, spade
sluaisreadh [sl̪uəʃrʲəɣ] = shovelling, water washing up and down a beach
Manx (Gaelg) sleayst = shovel
sleaystey = to shovel, scoop, mix; shovelling, mixing
sleaysteyder = shoveller, scooper

Etymology: unknown [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fàl [faːl̪ˠ] = scythe
fàladair [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = scyther, reaper, mower
fàlaireachd [faːl̪ˠədɪrʲəxg] = scything, mowing
fàlaid [faːl̪ˠadʲ] = scythe
Manx (Gaelg) faayl = turfcutter, turfspade
foll = scythe
folderagh = to cut with a scythe, mowing
Old Welsh (Kembraec) pelechi = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pal, pál = spade, shovel
palach = cudgel, club, staff
Welsh (Cymraeg) pâl [paːl] = spade, shovel, dug soil, tilth, a digging,
palach = cudgel, club, staff
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pal = spade, shove, mattock
Cornish (Kernewek) pal = spade
palas = to dig, excavate
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pal = shovel, spade
Breton (Brezhoneg) pal [pɑːl] = shovel, spade
palad [ˈpɑːlat] = shoveled
palat [ˈpɑːlat] = to dig
palerez [pa.ˈleː.res] = excavator

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (to turn). Words from the same PIE root include collar, cult and wheel in English, and Hals (neck, throat) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Light Lungs

Words for light, lungs and related things in Celtic languages.

Feather

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *skamos = light (weight)
Old Irish (Goídelc) scam = lungs
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) scamán, scaman = lung
scoim, scaim = lungs
Irish (Gaeilge) scamhóg [sˠkəˈvˠoːɡ / ˈsˠkawoːɡ] = lung
scamhógach = pulmonary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgamhan [sgavan] = lung
sgamhanach [sgavanəx] = pulmonary
Manx (Gaelg) scowan = lung
scowanagh = pulmonary, chesty, bronchial
Old Welsh (Kembraec) scamnhegint = to lighten
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ysgaỽn, yscafyn, ysgavyn, ysgafyn, yscawin, ysgawn = light, quick, swift, nimble
yscafny = to lighten
escavynder, yscavnder = lightness, frivolity, levity
yscaunhav, ysgauynhav, ysgauynhau = to lighten
eskeueynt, (y)scheueyn, yscefeint, ysgyueint = lungs, lights (food)
Welsh (Cymraeg) ysgafn [ˈəsɡavn] = light, quick, swift, speedy, brisk, fleet, nimble, light-footed, mild, slight, cheap, easy, unimportant, trifling, soft (drink)
(y)sgafnaf, (y)sgafnu = to lighten, become giddy, brighten
ysgafnder = lightness, frivolity, levity
ysgafnhad = lightening, alleviation
ysgafnhau = to lighten
(y)sgyfaint, (y)sgyfain = lungs, lights (food), pulmonary disease, pneumonia
ysgyfeinaidd, ysgyfeiniol = pulmonary
Old Cornish sceuens = lungs
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) scaf, scâv, scâff, sc(h)aff, sgav = light in weight, nimble
scevens, sceuens, skephans = lungs, lights
Cornish (Kernewek) skav = agile, flimsy, light, nimble, quick, slight, swift
skavder = agility, quickness, speed
skafhe = to lighten
skevens = lungs
scowanagh = pulmonary
Old Breton (Brethonoc) scam = light, frivolous, alert
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scanff = light, frivolous, alert
scaffhat = to lighten, mitigate, attenuate
squeuent, squèuent = lungs
Breton (Brezhoneg) skañv [ˈskã(w)] = light, frivolous, alert
skañvaad [skã.ˈfɑːt / skã.ˈvɑːt] = to lighten, mitigate, attenuate
skañvbennadurezh = frivolity
skañvded [ˈskãː.det] = lightness
skevent [ˈskeː.vɛnt] = lungs, pulmonary

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱem- [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) étromm [ˈeːdrum] = light
étrommaigid = to lighten, alleviate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) étromm, etrom, étrom = light, airy, buoyant, slight, trifling, unimportant
Irish (Gaeilge) éadrom [ˈiːa̯d̪ˠəɾˠəmˠ / ˈeːd̪ˠɾˠəmˠ] = light, not deep, weak, thin, sparse, frivolous, trivial, light-headed, free from care
éadromaigeanta = light of spirit, light-hearted
éadromaigh = to lighten
éadromán = lightened, air-filled, object, balloon, float, light-headed person
éadromántacht = light-headedness, frivolity
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) aotrom [ɯːdrəm] = light, light-hearted, trivial, frivolous
aotromachd [ɯːdrəməxg] = lightness, levity, buoyancy
aotromaich [ɯːdrəmɪç] = lighten, make ligter, alleviate
aotromas [ɯːdrəməs] = lightness
Manx (Gaelg) eddrym = light(weight), unsubstantial, slight, mild, feint, benign, weak, empty (headed), flighty, shallow, silly, vain, frivolous
eddrymaghey = to lighten, unburden, alleviate, ease
eddrymid = lightness, levity, giddiness, mildness, shallowness
eddrymys = lightness, levity

Etymology: from Old Irish é- (un-) and trom (heavy) [source]. More on words for heavy in Celtic languages.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Acorns

Words for acorns and related things in Celtic languages.

Acorns

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *messus = acorn, tree fruit
Old Irish (Goídelc) mess [mʲes] = nuts and berries, mast (fruit of forest trees, esp. if fallen and used as fodder for pigs, etc)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mes(s) = tree fruit, mast
mes(s)ach = fruitful
Irish (Gaeilge) meas [mʲasˠ] = fruit of forest tree, mast, offspring (literary)
measach = fruitful
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) meas [mes] = fruit, mast
measraich [mɛsrɪç] = jam
measach [mesəx] = fruitful, fruity
measag [mesag] = small fruit
Manx (Gaelg) mess = fruit, issue
mess yn darragh = acorn
messoil = fruitful, fructiferous, plentiful, prolific, productive
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) mes = acorns, mast, glands, measles (in animals)
messyryt, mesyryd = (abundance of) mast, autumn
Welsh (Cymraeg) mes = acorns, mast, glands, measles (in animals
mes derw = oakmast, acorns
mes Iau = chestnuts
mesa = to gather acorns, feed pigs on acorns
mesaig = meal of acorns
mesog = abounding in acorns, acorn-bearing, glandular, glandulous
meswr = acorn gatherer
Old Cornish mesin, mesen = acorn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) mesen = acorn
Cornish (Kernewek) mesen = acorn
mes = acorns
Old Breton (Brethonoc) mes = acorns, glands
Middle Breton (Brezonec) mez, mès, mes = acorns, glands
Breton (Brezhoneg) mezenn, mesenn = acron, gland
mez, mes [meːs] = acrons, glands
mesa = to look for acorns

Etmology: unknown, possibly from an non-Indo-European source [source].

Proto-Celtic *derkos = berry (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) derc [dʲerk] = berry
dercu = acorn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) derc = berry
dercu, derucc, dearca, dercain = acorn
dercnach = abounding in acorns
Irish (Gaeilge) dearc = berry (literary)
dearca = acorn
dearcán = acorn, (head of) thistle
dearcnach = abounding in acorns
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dearc [dʲɛr̪ˠxg] = berry
dearc-dharaich = acorn
dearcach [dʲɛr̪ˠxgəx] = pertaining to or abounding in berries
dearcag [dʲɛr̪ˠxgag] = small berry, shinty ball
dearcnag [dʲɛr̪ˠxgnag] = blackberry, brambles

Etmology: from PIE *dʰreh₂ǵ-, or from *derḱ- (to see) [source].

Another word for acorn in Welsh is gwerbl, the origins of which are uncertain.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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