Leaves

Words for leaves, foliage and related things in Celtic languages.

Here be trees!

Proto-Celtic *dolyā = leaf
Gaulish doula, dula = leaf
Old Irish (Goídelc) duilne = leaf
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) duille = leaf, foliage
duillebad = foilage
duillebar = leafage, foilage
duillech = leafy, abounding in foliage, leaf-shaped
Irish (Gaeilge) duille [d̪ˠɪlʲə] = leaf, foliage, eyelid, glory, wealth, handout, leaflet
duilleach = leafy, leaf-shaped, leaf-patterned
duilleachán, duilleoigín = leaflet
duilleog = leaf, page (of book), sheet (of paper)
duilligh = to foliate
duilliúr = leaves, foliage, greenery
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) duille [dɯl̪ʲə] = sheath, blade
duille-dhoras = valve
duilleach = foliage, leaf
duilleag = leaf, page, sheet, lobe, sternum
duilleach = leafy
duilleagach = leafy, abounding in leaves
Manx (Gaelg) duilley = leaf
duillag = page, pamphlet, sheet, leaf
duillaghey = foliation, infoliate, leaf
Proto-Brythonic *döl = leaf
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) deil = leaves, leaf, foliage, herbs
deilyar = with rustling leaves
deilyawc = leafy, green with foliage
deiloed = a tryst in a leafy bower
Welsh (Cymraeg) dail = leaves, leaf, foliage, (medicinal) herbs, (metal) foil
deiliaf, deilio = to bear/put forth leaves, to shoot or sprout (into foliage), to bear progeny
deiliant = sprouting of leaves, foliage, leafage
deiliar = with rustling leaves
deiliedig = bearing leaves, leafy
deilig = small leaf, leaflet
deiliog = leafy, green with foliage, leaf-like, laminated, foliate
dalen = leaf (of a book/table), sheet (of paper), plate, (metal) foil
Old Cornish delen = leaf
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) delen = leaf
deil = leaves
Cornish (Kernewek) delen = leaf
delennek = leafy
Old Breton dol = leaf, foliage
Middle Breton (Brezonec) deil, del = leaf
Breton (Brezhoneg) deil, del = leaf, foliage

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁- (to grow). Words from the same roots include դալար (dalar – green, verdant, young) in Armenian, dal (I exit, go out, leave) in Albanian, and θάλλω (thállō – to bloom, sprout, grow) in Ancient Greek, [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Second Others

Today we’re looking at the words for second or other and related things in Celtic languages.

Second, Other

Proto-Celtic *alyos [ˈal.jos] = other, second
Leptonic 𐌀𐌋𐌉𐌏𐌔 (alios) = second, other
Gaulish allos, alos = second, other
Old Irish (Goídelc) aile = other, second
indala [in͈ˈdala] = other (of two)
Middle Irish (Goídelc) aile, oile, eile = other, second, another
indala = one (of two), less often, the other, later, the second
Irish (Gaeilge) eile [ˈɛlʲə] = other, another, next, more, else
dara [ˈd̪ˠɑɾˠə / ˈd̪ˠaɾˠə] = second (2ⁿᵈ), next, other
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) eile [elə] = other, another, else
eileadh [eləɣ] = other
eilich [elɪç] = alienate
eileachadh = (act of) alienating, alienation, othering
dala [dal̪ˠə] = second (2ⁿᵈ)
Manx (Gaelg) elley = other, else, another, additional, alternative
derrey = second in command, till, pending
yn derrey = second (2ⁿᵈ)
Proto-Brythonic *ėl [ˈe̝ːlˑ] = second, other
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ail, eil, eyl = second, other
Welsh (Cymraeg) ail [ai̯l] = second, like, similar, equivalent, equal; son, grandson, heir, descendant; helper, supporter
ailgylchu = to recycle
eilaidd = secondary
eilfed = second (number)
eilaid = second (of time)
Middle Cornish eil = second, another
Cornish (Kernewek) eyl = one of two, second
eyla = to second
eylafinans = refurbishment
eylgelghya = to recycle
eylskrifa = to copy
Middle Breton) eil = second
Breton (Brezhoneg) eil [ˈɛjl] = second
eilvet = second (number)
eilad = second, copy, reproduction
eilañ = to accompany, copy
eiladiñ = to duplicate
eiladuriñ = to reproduce, reproduction

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (other, another), from *h₂el- (beyond, other) [source]. The Old Irish word indala, which is the root of the Irish dara, the Scottish Gaelic dala and the Manx derrey, comes from the Old Irish ind (the) and aile (second) [source]..

Some words from the same PIE roots include else, all and ultra in English, al (all, all of) in Dutch, eller (else, otherwise) in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, and այլ (ayl – another, other) in Armenian [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Fresh & New

Words for fresh and new in Celtic languages.

Words for new in Celtic languages

Proto-Celtic *ɸūros = new
Old Irish (Goídelc) úr = fresh, new
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úr = fresh, new, bright, noble, generous, fair, active, recent
Irish (Gaeilge) úr [uːɾˠ] = fresh; free, liberal, moist
úrach = green timber
úraigh = to freshen, scour, cleanse, become moist, damp
úras = new milk
úrchneasach = fresh-complexioned
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ùr [uːr] = new, fresh
ùrachadh = refreshing, renewing, renovating, renewal
ùr-ghnàthaich = innovative, innovatory
ùr-ghnàthaichear = innovator
ùrad = degree of newness, novelty
Manx (Gaelg) oor = new, sweet, novel, sappy, crisp, span, fresh, hour, raw
ooragh = hourly, refreshing
ooraghey = to freshen, purify, refresh, relieve, sweeten
ooraghtoil, oorey = refreshing
Welsh (Cymraeg) ir [iːr] = verdant, green, juicy, sappy, moist, succulent, not withered, not dried up or coagulated, fresh, undried; mild; alive, thriving, lively, vigorous; new, fresh, young, unripe
iraidd = fresh, verdant, green, juicy, sappy, moist, liquid
Cornish (Kernewek) yr [ɪ:r/iːr] = fresh

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *puHrós (wheat), possibly from *pewH- (to be clean, pure) [Source].

Words from the same PIE roots include pure in English, პური (ṗuri – bread, wheat) in Georgian, and պուրի (puri – a type of bread) in Armenian [Source].

Proto-Celtic *nouyos = new
Gaulish *novios = (used in place names)
Celtiberian nouiza = new
Old Irish (Goídelc) núa [n͈uːa̯] = new
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) núa(e) = new, recent, fresh, lusty, vigorous, fair, clear, bright, lately, anew, again, recently
Irish (Gaeilge) nua [n̪ˠuə / n̪ˠuː] = new, fresh, recent, novel; newness, new thing
nua-aimseartha = modern
nuachan = novation
nuacht = news, novelty
nuachtóir = reporter, journalist
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) nuadh [nuəɣ] = new, fresh, recent, novel, modern, unfamiliar
a-nuadh = anew
nua-aimsireach = modern, up to date
nua-fhasanta = newfangled
nuadhachadh = renewing, renovating
nuadhachas = novelty, innovation
Manx (Gaelg) noa = fresh, modern, new, novel, original, recent, unused
noa-emshiragh = modern
noaght = freshness, modernity, newness, novelty
noaid = freshness, innovation, newness, novelty, originality
aanoaghey = to rejuvenate, renew, renovate
Proto-Brythonic *newɨð = new
Old Welsh neguid = new
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) newyt, newyd = new, recent, modern, late, novel
newydhau, newyddhau = to renew, renovate, restore
Welsh (Cymraeg) newydd [ˈnɛu̯.ɨ̞ð/ˈnɛu̯.ɪð] = new, recent, newly-grown, modern, late, novel, changed, different; new (moon), unused, fresh
newyddaf, newyddu = to renew, renovate, restore, be renewed or restored, replace, change, reform, modernize, innovate
newyddaidd = newish, new, modern, newfangled, fresh, renewed
newyddair = neologism, new word or spelling
newyddeb = novelty, innovation
newyddiadur = newspaper
newyddiadura = to be a journalist
newyddiadureg = jouralese, journalism
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) newydh, nowydh, nowedh = new, fresh, late, recent
Cornish nowydh = fresh, new, novel, newly, just
nowydh flamm = brand new
nowydh genys = newborn
Old Breton nouuid = new
Breton (Brezhoneg) nevez [ˈne.ve] = new
nevezadeg restoration campaign
nevezadenn = innovation
nevezadenniñ = to innovate
nevezadur = innovation, updating, actualisation
nevezer = innovator

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *néw(y)os (new) [Source]. The town of Noia in A Coruña in Galicia in the northwest of Spain probably gets its new from the same Proto-Celtic root possibly via Celtiberian [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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