Memorable Memories

Today we’re looking at the words for memory, to remember and related things in Celtic languages.

Quiet Moments in Dublin's Remembrance Garden

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kom-men- = memory
Old Irish (Goídelc) cuimne = memory
cuimnigidir = to remember, recall
cuman = remembered, memorable
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cuimne, cumhna, coimne = memory, remembrance, memorial
cuimmech, cuimhneach, cuimneach = mindful, remembering, aware, remembered, memorable, famous
cuman, cumhuin = remembered, memorable
Irish (Gaeilge) cuimhne [ˈkiːnʲə / ˈkɨ̃vʲnʲə] = memory
cuimhneach = recollective, reflective, thoughtful
cuimhneachán = commemoration, memento, souvenir
cuimhneamh [ˈkiːnʲəvˠ] = remembrance, recollection, thought, conception, plan
cuimhnigh [ˈkivʲnʲə / ˈkiːnʲɪɟ] = to remember, consider, think, remind, conceive
cuimhnitheach = memorial
díchuimhne = forgetfulness
díchuimhneach = forgetful
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cuimhin [ku.in̪ʲ] = memory
cuimhine [kɯ̃ĩn̪ʲə] = memory, recollection, remembrance
cuimhneach [kɯ̃ĩn̪ʲəx] = mindful
cuimhneachadh [kɯ̃ĩn̪ʲəxəɣ] = (act of) remembering, minding, remembrance, commemorating
cuimhneachan [kɯ̃ĩn̪ʲəxan] = memorial, keepsake, memento, souvenir, commemoration, reminder
cuimhneachd [kɯ̃ĩn̪ʲəxg] = mindfulness
cuimhnich [kɯ̃ĩn̪ʲɪç] = (to) remember, mind, commemorate
dìochuimhnich [dʲĩə̃xənɪç] = (to) forget
Manx (Gaelg) cooinaght = memory, mind, memorial, remembrance, reminiscence, commemoration
cooinaghtyn = to remember, commemorate
cooinaghan = memorandum
cooinaghtane = keepsake, memento, reminder, souvenir
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cob, cov, cow, cof = memory, mind, sense, remembrance, record, recollection, memorial, regards, mindful
cofiad remembrance, memory, record, memorial, mind, thought
Welsh (Cymraeg) cof [koːv] = memory, mind, sense, remembrance, record, recollection, memorial, regards, mindful
cofair = record, memorial, motto, mnemonic
cofeb = memorial, petition, memorandum, souvenir, memoir
cofgar = mindful, having a retentive memory
cofiad remembrance, memory, record, memorial, mind, thought
cofio = to remember, remind, mention
anghofio = to forget
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cof, côf = remembrance, recollection, memory
Cornish (Kernewek) kov [koːv] = memory, recollection
kova = to remember
kovadh = chronicle, record
kovadha = to record
kovnotya = to minute (a meeting)
kovro = keepsake, memento, souvenir
kovskrif = archive
kovskrifa = to register
Old Breton (Brethonoc) com, cam = memory
Middle Breton (Brezonec) coff, couff, coun, coûn = memory, remembrance, recollection, mind
couffhat, confat, coufat = to remember, recall, recollect
Breton (Brezhoneg) koun [ˈkɛm.bɛr] = memory
kounaat = to remember, recall, recollect
kounadur = mention, reference, commemoration
kounaer = memoirist
kounerezh = = memory, the ability to remember

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with) and *men- (to think), from Proto-Indo-European *kom- (with) and *men- (to think, mind) [source]. Words from the same roots include monitor, money, mint, minion, monster and admonish in English, moneda (coin, currency) in Spanish, and μνήμη (mními – memory) in Greek [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) mebair = memory
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mebair, mebar, memur, memor, mebur = recollection, memory, remembered
mebrach, meabhrach = remembering, mindful, intelligent, quick-witted
mebraigid, memraigh, meabhraigh = to commit to memory, to learn, rehearse, recite, record devise
ainmebair = forgetfulness
coimmebair = commemoration
Irish (Gaeilge) meabhair [mʲauɾʲ / mʲoːɾʲ] = mind, memory, consciousness, awareness, reason, sensation, feeling, sense, meaning
meabhrach = mindful, reflective, thoughtful, intelligent, conscious, aware
meabhrachán = memorial, record
meabhraigh = to commit to memory, remember, meditate, reflect, perceive, sense
meabhraíocht = consciousness, awareness, thought, intelligence
meabhrán = memorandum
meabhránaí = day-dreamer, registrar
meabhrú = memorization, meditation, reflection, perception, feeling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) meomhair [mjo.ɪrʲ] = memory, memorandum, (act of) thinking
meòmhraich [mjɔːrɪç] = (to) ponder, think of something, consider, contemplate, deliberate
meòmhrachadh [mjɔːrəxəɣ] = pondering, thinking, considering, contemplating, deliberating
meòmhrachan [mjɔ̃ːrəxan] = memo(randum), note
meòmhrachail [mjɔ̃ːrəxal] = comtemplative

Etymology: from Latin memoria (memory, remembrance), from memor (mindful, remembering), either from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (to think, remember), or from Proto-Italic *memnos, from Proto-Indo-European *me-mn-os-, from *men- (to think, mind, spiritual activity) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Credible Belief

Today we’re looking at the words for belief, religion and related things in Celtic languages.

Inside St. Patrick's Cathedral Midtown Manhattan New York City NY P00620 DSC_1137

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kreddīti = to believe
Old Irish (Goídelc) creitid [ˈkʲrʲedʲiðʲ] = to believe
creitem = belief, faith
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) creitid, craitid = to believe, trust, give allegiance
creitem = (act of) believing, being converted; belief, faith, religion; credit, credibility, good standing
Irish (Gaeilge) creid [cɾʲɛdʲ / cɾʲɪdʲ] = to believe, give credence to, suppose
creideamh = belief, faith, religion, creed
creidiúint = credit
creidiúnach = creditable, reputable, respectable
creidiúnacht = creditableness, respectability
creidiúnaí = creditor
creidmheach = believer, believing, faithful
creidte = credible
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) creid [krʲedʲ] = (to) believe, suppose
creideadh [krʲedʲəɣ] = belief, creed, faith
creideamh [krʲedʲəv] = belief, creed, faith
creideas [krʲedʲəs] = faith, credit, credibility, credence
creideasachd [krʲedʲəsəxg] = credibility
creideasaiche [krʲedʲəsɪçə] = creditor
creidmheach [krʲedʲvəx] = believer
Manx (Gaelg) cred [kredʲ] = to believe
credjuagh = believer, disciple, believing, believable
credjue = belief, creed, conviction, faith, religion
Proto-Brythonic *krėdid = to believe
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cred, cret, kred = belief, creed, religion, faith
credaduy, credadwy = credible, trustworthy, genuine, authentic, certain sure, believed
credaw, credu, credv = to believe, have faith in, trust
Welsh (Cymraeg) cred = belief, creed, religion, faith, trust, oath, promise, integrity, fidelity, credit
credadwy = credible, trustworthy, genuine, authentic, certain sure, believed
crediniaeth = belief, opinion, religion, creed, faith, confidence, credulity
credu [ˈkrɛdɨ̞ / ˈkreːdi] = to believe, have faith in, trust, give credit, be disposed, feel inclined
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cred, crêd, cresy, cregy = belief, faith
credgyans, credzhans, cregyans = the Creed, belief
Cornish (Kernewek) krysi, kreji = to believe, think
krysadow, kryjus = credible
kryjans, krejyans = belief, religion
kryjyk = religious
Old Breton (Brethonoc) critim = to believe
Middle Breton (Brezonec) cridiff, credyt, credaff = to believe
Breton (Brezhoneg) krediñ [ˈkreː.dĩ] = to believe, dare
kredad = credit
kredañ = credenza, wardrobe
kredapl = believable, likely
kredekaat = to credit
kredenn = belief, superstition
kreder = believer, creditor
kredig, kredik = credulous
kredoniezh = caution

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱreddʰh₁-éh₂ / *ḱréddʰh₁eti (to believe, trust) from *ḱḗr (heart) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include credible, credenza, credit, credo and incredible, in English, credere (to believe, think) in Italian, croire (to believe) in French, and creer (to believe, think, reckon) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Particularly Special

Today we’re looking at the words for special, particular, different and related things in Celtic languages.

Special

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸarekʷennom = extremity, end
Old Irish (Goídelc) airchenn = certain, definite
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) airchenn, airchend = certain, fixed, definite, prominent, leading, chaste, leader, chief
Irish (Gaeilge) airchinneach = hereditary steward of church lands
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) airchinneach = erenagh (monastic role)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) arpennic, arbennyc, arbennig, arbennic = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, chief, prince, leader, head
arbenhicrỽyd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbennigyaỽl, arbenygaul = lord, chieftain, sovereign
arbennedic = generous, noble
Welsh (Cymraeg) arbennig [arˈbɛnɪɡ] = principal, chief, main, foremost, supreme, excellent, wonderful, splendid, sacred, solemn, serious, special, particular, peculiar, distinctive, specific, characteristic
arbenig(i)aeth = speciality, expertise
arbenigo = to make special, specify, denote, specialize
arbenig(i)ol = special, particular, specific, distinct
arbenigrwydd = specialness, particularity, peculiarity
arbenigwr, arbenigydd = specialist, expert, authority
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) arbennec, arbednec = usual, customary
Cornish (Kernewek) arbennik, arbednik = distinctive, particular, special
arbenigel = specialist
arbeniger, arbenigores specialist
arbenikter = specialism, speciality
yn arbennik = especially
Middle Breton (Brezonec) arbennik = soft, tender
Breton (Brezhoneg) arbennik [ar.ˈbɛ.nːik] = special, specialized, expert
arbennigour = specialist, expert
arbennikaat = to specialize
arbennikaat = specialization, expertise, specializing
arbennikaet = specialized, competent
arbennikadur = specialization, expertise, specializing

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic ɸare- (for(e)-) and *kʷennom (head) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include arpent (acre, arpent – an old French unit of area or length) in French [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) ar leith, faoi leith [ɛɾʲˈl̠ʲɛh / fˠiːˈl̠ʲɛh] = apart, separate(ly), several, distinct, remarkable, special
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) air leth = particular(ly), separate(ly), discrete(ly), individual(ly), apart, exceptional(ly)
Manx (Gaelg) er lheh = special, specific, certain, distinctive, aloof, separate

Etymology: from Old Irish leth (side), from Proto-Celtic *letos or from Proto-Celtic *ɸletos (breadth, side). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots include lled (breadth, width, part, half) in Welsh, led (wide, large, broad) in Breton, and les (breadth, width) in Cornish [source]. See the Halves and Sides Celtiadur post for more details.

Irish (Gaeilge) speisialta [ˈsˠpʲɛʃiəl̪ˠt̪ˠə] = special
speisialtacht = speciality
speisialtóir = specialist
speisialtóireacht = specializing, specialization
Welsh (Cymraeg) sbesial = special, especially good

Etymology: from Middle English special(e) (exceptional, extraordinary, particular), from Old French especial (special, powerful, mighty), from Latin speciālis (specific), from speci(ēs) (kind, type, seeing, spectacle, appearance, display), from speciō (to observe, watch, look at), from Proto-Italic *spekjō (to observe, see), from Proto-Indo-European *spéḱyeti (to be looking at) [source].

Proto-Celtic *sani = apart from
*sanis = different
Old Irish (Goídelc) sainredach = characteristic, peculiar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sainredach, sainredaig, sunnarthach = peculiar or belonging to, particular, special, set apart, specific, definite
Irish (Gaeilge) sonrach = particular, specific
sonraigh = particularize, specify, define; to perceive, distinguish
sonraíoch = noticeable, remarkable, peculiar, extraordinary, abnormal,grotesque
sonraíocht = specification
sonrú = specification, notice, perception
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sònraichte [sɔːnrɪçdʲə] = specific, specified, stipulated, certain, special, defined, allocated, assigned, excellent, noted
Manx (Gaelg) sonraghey = to specify
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) han = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Welsh (Cymraeg) hân = separation, divorce, different, other, (out) of, from
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) hanys = from thee
Cornish (Kernewek) ahanav = from me
ahanas = from you (sg)
ahanodho = from him
ahanedhi = from her
ahanan = from us
ahanowgh = from you (pl)
anedha = from them
Old Breton (Brethonoc) han = outside of, other than, different from
Middle Breton (Brezonec) han = outside of, other than, different from
Breton (Brezhoneg) han = outside of, other than, different from

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *senH- (apart, without, for oneself). Words from the same roots possibly include sunder in English, zonder (without) in Dutch, sondern (to separate, sunder) in German, sönder (broken, out of order) in Swedish, senza (without) in Italian, sans (without) in French, sin (without) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Spring Fountains

Words for spring, fountain, well and related things in Celtic languages.

Fountain

Words marked with an * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) topur, topar [ˈto.bər] = source, well, spring
tipra = fountain, spring, well
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) topar, tobar, sopar = well, spring, baptismal font, source
tipra, tiprait = fountain, spring, well, source
Irish (Gaeilge) tobar [ˈt̪ˠɔbˠəɾˠ / ˈt̪ˠʌbˠəɾˠ] = well, fountain, spring, source
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tobar [tobər] = well, spring, source
tobar na h-òige = the fountain of youth
tobar-mhiann = wishing well
tobar naomh = holy well
tobar-sràide = hydrant
Manx (Gaelg) tubbyr = font, fountain, laver
tubbyr niaghan = washtub
tubbyr oonlee = bathtub

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *ber- (to carry, bear), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source].

Proto-Brythonic *funtọn = spring, well, fountain
Old Welsh (Kembraec) finnaun, fynnaun = spring, well, fountain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ffynnawn, ffynnon = spring, well, fountain
ffynnonell, ffynhonnel = source, spring, fount, origin, source
fynhonic = small spring, source, issue
fynonvs, ffynnhonvs, fynhonus = springing, welling, bubbling, gushing
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffynnon [ˈfənɔn] = spring, well, fountain, source, origin, issue, gland
ffynonellu = to spring, originate
ffynhonni, ffynhonna = to well, spring, gush, visit a medicinal spring
ffynhonnell = source, spring, fount, origin, (historical or literary) source
ffynhonnol = original
ffynhonnus = springing, welling, bubbling, gushing
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) fenten, funten = well, fountain
Cornish (Kernewek) fenten = fountain, well, spring
Old Breton (Brethonoc) funton = fountain, spring, font
Middle Breton (Brezonec) feunten = fountain, spring, font
Breton (Brezhoneg) feunteun [ˈfœ̃ntœ̃n] = fountain, spring, font
feunteunier = font maker

Etymology: from Late Latin fontāna (spring, source, fountain), from Latin fons (spring, well, fountain, font, origin, source), from Proto-Italic *fontis (spring, well), from *θontis, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰónh₂-ti-s, from *dʰenh₂- (to flow) [source]. Words from the same roots include font (a receptacle in a church for holy water, especially one used in baptism) in English, fonte (source, spring) in Italian, and fuente (spring, fountain, source, bowl) in Spanish [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)stifflog [əsˈtɪflɔɡ] = cuttlefish, squid
ystiff(i)o = to scour, spurt, jet
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) stifac = cuttlefish
Cornish (Kernewek) stifek = squid
stifella = to spray
stifjyn = jet engine
stiflinder = jet lag
stifliv = jet stream
stifya = to spray
Breton (Brezhoneg) stivell [sti:vɛl] = fountain, gushing spring, water jet, wash house
stivelleg = squid
stivellat = to spring forth (by gushing out), to stick out one’s head

Etymology (Breton): from stiv (spring, source, wash house), perhaps from Latin *stuba, from Proto-Germanic *stubō (room, heated room, living room), which is also the root of the English word stove [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Buckets & Pails

Words for bucket, pail, pitcher and related things in Celtic languages.

Fire buckets

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kelɸurnos = pail, bucket, pitcher, pot, vat, vessel
Old Irish (Goídelc) cilorn(n) = jug, pitcher
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cilorn(n), cilarn, culorn = pitcher, vessel
Irish (Gaeilge) ciolarn = pitcher (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ciolarn, coilorn, ciolurn = milk pitcher with a handle out of its side, a hand-can
Manx (Gaelg) curn = can, milk can
curn jinnairagh = dinner can
curn spreih = watering can
curn tey = billy, tea caddy
Proto-Brythonic *kelurn = pail, pitcher, bucket (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) cilurnn = pail, pitcher, vessel, bucket, tub
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kelurn, kelwrn, celwrn = pail, pitcher, vessel, bucket, tub
Welsh (Cymraeg) celwrn [ˈkelʊrn] = pail, pitcher, vessel, bucket, tub
celwrn llaeth = milk-pail
Cornish (Kernewek) kelorn = bucket, pail
kelorn-godra = milking pail
Middle Breton (Brezonec) quelorn = bucket
Breton (Brezhoneg) kelorn [ˈkeːlɔrn] = bucket, tub, head
kelorniad [keˈlɔr.njat] = bucket (of), contents of a bucket

Etymology: unknown, probably a Wanderwort. Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *kelp- (cauldron, jar) [source]. Words from the same roots include calpar (vessel for liquids, especially for wine, wine cask, wine picher), and Ancient Greek κάλπις (kálpis – jug urn) [source].

Middle Breton (Brezonec) saill = bucket, cylinder
Breton (Brezhoneg) sailh [ˈsalj/ˈsaʎ] = bucket, cylinder
sailhad = (cylinder) capacity, displacement

Etymology: unknown [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) buicéad [ˈbˠʊceːd̪ˠ / ˈbˠʌkɔdʲ] = bucket
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bucaid [buxgadʲ] = bucket, dustbin
bacaid [baxgadʲ] = pimple, pustule, bucket, dustbin
bucaid-theine = fire bucket
bucaideach [buxgɪdʲəx] = pertaining to or abounding in buckets, booming
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bwcket, bwcet = bucket
Welsh (Cymraeg) bwced = bucket
bwcedaf, bwcedu = to bucket
bwcedaid = bucketful
pwced = bucket
Cornish (Kernewek) boket = bucket

Etymology: from English bucket or Middle English buket, boket (bucket), from Anglo-Norman buket, buquet (tub, pail), a diminutive of Old French buc (abdomen), from Vulgar Latin *būcus, from Frankish *būk (belly, stomach), from Proto-Germanic *būkaz (belly, abdomen, body), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw-go-s, from *bʰew- (to swell, inflate); [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) crúsca, crúisce = little jug, cruet
Irish (Gaeilge) crúsca = jug, jar
crúiscín = small jug, smal jar
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) crùisg [kruːʃgʲ] = jug
crùisgean = oil-lamp, small jug, pitcher
Manx (Gaelg) cruick = bucket, pail
cruick gheayil = scuttle
cruick vlieaun = milking pail
lane cruick = bucketful, pailful
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) krwck = tub, pitcher, bucket, pail
Welsh (Cymraeg) crwc = tub, pitcher, bucket, pail

Etymology: possibly from English crock (a stoneware or earthenware jar or storage container) or from Middle English crok(ke) (crock, pot, cauldron, belly, stomach), from Old English crocc(a) (crock, pot, vessel), from Proto-Germanic *krukkō (vessel), from Proto-Indo-European *growg- (vessel). Related words include krukke (jar) in Danish, kruik (jar, jug) in Dutch, cruche (pitcher, jug) in French, and krukka (pot, jar) in Icelandic [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) pitséar = pitcher
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pidsear = pitcher
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pisser = pitcher, jug, can, (milk) pail
piseret = a pitcherful
Welsh (Cymraeg) pis(i)er = pitcher, jug, can, (milk) pail
piseraid = a pitcherful
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pycher = pitcher
Cornish (Kernewek) pycher = pitcher
Middle Breton (Brezonec) picher = pitcher
Breton (Brezhoneg) picher = pitcher

Etymology: probably from Middle English picher, and/or from Old French pichier, pechier (small jug), from Late/Medieval Latin pīcārium, alteration of bīcārium (drinking glass) possibly from bacarium, bacar (a type of wine glass), or from Ancient Greek βῖκος (bîkos – amphora) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Granular Grains

Words for grain, corn and related things in Celtic languages.

grain

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *grānom = grain
Old Irish (Goídelc) grán [ɡraːn] = grain
gráinne = grain, seed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) grán, gran = level surface, grain
gráinne, grainne = a grain, a seed
Irish (Gaeilge) grán [ɡɾˠɑːnˠ / ɡɾˠaːnˠ] = grain, ball, shot, pellet
gráinne [ˈɡɾˠɑːn̠ʲə] = grain, (hard) particle, pinch (small quantity)
gránach = cereal
gránaigh = to granulate, scratch, scrape, graze
gránlach = grain, grit, shot, pellets, granulated, ground, matter
gránú = granulation
gránúll = pomegranate
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gràn [graːn] = grain (cereal, wood), shot (of lead)
gràinne [graː̪nʲə] = small grain, speck, small pellet, small quantity
grànach [graːnəx] = grained, granular
grànlach = corn, grain, cereal
gràinneach [graːn̪ʲəx] = grained, granulous, granular, gritty, granulated
gràinneanach [graːn̪ˠənəx] = pertaining to grains, grainy, granular
Manx (Gaelg) grine = grain, corn, grapeshot, pellet, foresight
grinaghey = grain
grineagh = cereal, grained, granular
grineeghey = to granulate, powder, granulation
grinneegh = grained, grainy, granular, granulated, granulous, gritty
Proto-Brythonic *grọn [ˈlɔːr] = grain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) graun, graỽnn, grawn = grain
grawnwin, grawn-wîn = grapes, wine made from the juice of grapes
gronyn, gronnyne, gronun = a single grain or pip
Welsh (Cymraeg) grawn [ɡrau̯n] = grain, corn, cereal, seed, grapes, berries, fruit, roe, spawn (of fish), shot, grape-shot, load (of a gun)
grawnafal = pomegranate
grawndy, grawnfa = barn, granary
grawnddwyn = grain-bearing, graniferous, bearing grapes or berries
grawnen = grape
grawnfwyd = cereal, grain-food
grawnffrwyth = grapefruit
grawnwin = grapes, wine made from the juice of grapes
grawnwydd = vines
gronyn = a single grain or pip
Old Cornish gronen = grain
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gronen = grain
Cornish (Kernewek) greun(en) [ɡɹøːn] = grain
greunaval = pomegranate
greunek, greunvos = cereal
greunhe = to form grain
greunji, greunva = granary, grange
greunvosow = barley, cereals, corn, wheat
greunya = to form grain in the ear
Middle Breton (Brezonec) garan, greun(enn), grun = grain
greunyaff = to go to seed, to grain, to seed, to spawn
Breton (Brezhoneg) greun(enn) [ˈɡrœ̃ːn] = grain
greunaval(enn) [grønɑ:val] = pommegranate
greunek = grainy, granular
greunenniñ = to granulate, to be granulated
greuniañ = to go to seed, to grain, to seed, to spawn
greunvaen [ˈɡʁœ̃nvɛn] = granite
greunwin = raisins

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm (grain), possibly from *ǵr̥h₂-nós (matured, grown old) from *ǵerh₂- (to grow old, to mature). Words from the same roots include grurë (wheat) in Albanian, corn and grain in English, Korn (kernel, cereal, corn, grain) in German, grano (wheat, corn, grain, peppercorn, money, pin) in Italian, zirnis (pea) in Latvian, зерно (zerno – grain, cereal, seed) in Russian and Ukrainian [source].

Gráinne in Irish, gràinne in Scottish Gaelic, and maybe grine in Manx, come from Old Irish gráinne, from Old French grain (grain), from Latin grānum (grain, seed, small kernel), from Proto-Italic *grānom (grain), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm [source].

Proto-Celtic *arwar = grain
Old Irish (Goídelc) arbar [ˈar.βər] = grain, corn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) arbar, arbor = grain, corn
Irish (Gaeilge) arbhar [ˈaɾˠ(ə)wəɾˠ / əˈɾˠuːɾˠ] = corn, cereals
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) arbhar [aravər] = corn
Manx (Gaelg) arroo = corn, grain
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) erwein(t) = meadow-sweet
Welsh (Cymraeg) erwain(t) = meadow-sweet, Queen of the meadows

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃-wr̥/*h₂r̥h₃-wén-s, from *h₂erh₃- (to plough) [source]. Words from the same roots include aratro (plough) in Albanian, arado (plough) in Spanish, aradr (plough) in Welsh, erv (ridge between furrows) in Breton, and arti (to plough) in Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Masters

Words for master and related things in Celtic languages.

Singing in Pontio / Canu ym Mhontio

Old Irish (Goídelc) maigister [ˈmaɣʲisʲtʲer] = master, teacher
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) maigister, maigistir, magistor, magister = teacher, master, lord, owner
Irish (Gaeilge) máistir [ˈmˠɑːʃtʲəɾʲ / ˈmˠaiʃtʲəɾʲ] = master, person in control, teacher, skilled person
máistreacht = mastering, mastery, office of master, mastership
máistreás = mistress, wife
máistrigh = to master, lord it over s.o.
máistriúil = masterful, imperious, masterly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) maighistir [majɪʃdʲɪrʲ] = master
maighstir [maiʃdʲɪrʲ] = master
maighstireachd [maiʃdʲɪrʲəxg] = office of a master, mastery
Maighstir = Mr
maighstir-lagha = magistrate
maor-sìthe = constable
maorsainneachd [mɯːr̪ˠsɪn̪ʲəxg] = mastership, prefecture
maighstireil = masterly, lordly, domineering
Manx (Gaelg) mains(h)tyr, mainshter = boss, master, skipper, taskmaster
mainshtyragh = bossy, domineering, master
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) meistyr = master, ruler, chief, lord#
meistres, mastres = mistress, woman in authority, lady, madam
meistrawl, meistrol = masterly, masterful
meistroli = to master, overcome, defeat, conquer
Welsh (Cymraeg) meistr, ma(e)str = master, ruler, chief, lord, landlord, employer, teacher, instructor, guide
meistr(i)aeth = mastery, authority, supremacy
meistres, ma(e)stres = mistress, woman in authority, lady, madam
meistr(i)ol = masterly, masterful
meistr(i)oli = to master, overcome, defeat, conquer
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) maister = master
Cornish (Kernewek) mester = boss, master, mister, Mr
mester cirk = ringmaster
mestres = boss, mistress, Mrs, Ms
Mestresik = Miss
mestrieth, mestrionieth = master’s degree
mestrynses = dominion
Middle Breton maestr, mestr, mestre = master
Breton (Brezhoneg) mestr [ˈmɛst(r)] = master, chief, champion
kartemestr = quartermaster
mestr-kêr = mayor
mestr-skol = teacher, school master
mestrañ = to dominate, to lead
mestrerezh = preponderance, dominance
mestrez = mistress, (female) boss

Etymology: from Latin magister (master, chief, head, superior, teacher, instructor), from Proto-Italic *magisteros (bigger, greater) from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂- (good, great), or *meǵh₂- (big, great). Words from the same roots include master, maestro (a master in some art, especially a composer or conductor), magistrate and mister in English, maestro (master, expert) in Italian, maître (master, leader, teacher) in French, and мастер (master – master, craftsman, expert, foreman, repairman) in Russian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) ollam [ˈol͈aβ̃] = a master in a particular trade or skill, a professor, the highest rank of fili, chief poet, doctor
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ollam, olloman = the highest grade of fili, an expert in any art or science, a professor, chief
Irish (Gaeilge) ollamh [ˈɔl̪ˠəvˠ / ˈɔl̪ˠuː] = master poet, master, expert, learned man, professor
ollúnacht = professorship
ollúnta = professorial
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ollamh [ɔl̪ˠəv] = professor
ollamhachd [ɔl̪ˠəvəxg] = professorship
ollamhan [ɔl̪ˠəvan] = doctor (of medicine / philosophy), bard of the first order
Manx (Gaelg) olloo = doctor, don, professor, pundit
trong>ollooaght = professorship

Etymology: from Old Irish oll (great, vast and -am (occupational noun-forming suffix) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) múintid, múntith = teacher, instructor
Irish (Gaeilge) múinteoir [mˠuːn̠ʲˈtʲoːɾʲ / ˈmˠuːn̠ʲtʲoːɾʲ] = teacher
múinteoireacht = (act of) teaching

Etymology: from Old Irish múnid (to teach, instruct, learn, show, point out), possibly from Latin moneō (to warn, advise, remind) [source], from Proto-Italic *moneō (to remind, warn), from *monejō, from Proto-Indo-European *moné-ye-ti, from the root *men- (to think). Words from the same roots include monitor in English, muñir (to arrange) in Spanish, and monieren (to criticize, complain about) in German [source].

Other words for teacher can be found on these post Scholarly Pupils and Fathers

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Malt

Words for malt and related things in Celtic languages.

Malt

Proto-Celtic *mrakis = malt
Gaulish bracis = malt (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) mraich = malt
braichles = wort
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) braich = malt, malt liquor
braichles = mash, wort
Irish (Gaeilge) braich = malt
braicheadh = malting
braicheadóir = malster
braichleann = malt liquor
braichlis = wort
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) braich [braç] = malt, fermented grain
brach [brax] = ferment!, malt!, fill with pus!, gather!
mac na bracha/braiche = single malt whisky
Manx (Gaelg) bry, braih = malt
braghee = malted, malty
braghey = to ferment, malt, malted, fermentation
Proto-Brythonic *brag = malt (?)
Middle Welsh (Kyrmraec) brac, brag = malt, barley grain
bragio, bragv = to brew, malt, scheme, spoil, ruin, germinate, sprout, shoot
Welsh (Cymraeg) brag [braːɡ] = malt, barley grain, alcoholic drink produced by fermentation of malt, ale; a brewing, fermentation; brewery
brag(i)af, bragu, brag(i)o = to brew, malt, scheme, spoil, ruin, germinate, sprout, shoot
braglyn = malt liquor
bragodyn = germ, sprout
bragwr, bragydd = brewer, maltster
brecâf, brecáu = to mash (malt in brewing)
bracty, bragdy = brewery, malthouse
Old Cornish brag = malt
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) brag, brâg = malt
Cornish (Kernewek) brag = malt
Middle Breton braguez = (germ of) grain
Breton (Brezhoneg) bragez [ˈbrɑːɡes] = (germ of) grain

Etymology: uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥ke/o / *morko, from *merk- (to be soaked, be weak). Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish bracem and Old French bracier (to brew), include brasser (to brew, intermingle), brasserie (brewery, brasserie, beer parlour), and brasseur (brewer) in French, brasserie in English.

Words from the same PIE roots include marcire (to rot, fester, go bad) in Italian, marchito (wilted, faded) in Spanish, marcir (to wilt) in Catalan, and mer̃kti (to wet, moisten, soak) in Lithuanian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Breaking the Wind

A post about words for flatulence and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

rising wind

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bragyeti = to fart, flatulate
*braxsman = fart
*brag-(y)o- = to fart
Gaulish *bragiū = to fart (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) braigid [ˈdʲesʲkʲibul] = to fart
broimm = fart
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) braigid = to fart
broimm, broim = fart(ing)
Irish (Gaeilge) broim [bˠɾˠiːmʲ] = fart, to fart
broimneach = (act of) farting
broimnéis = (of speech) windiness, fury
broimnéiseach = loud-voiced, furious, bellicose
broimseán = windiness, rudeness
broimseánaí = windbag, rude person
broimseánta = rude
bromaire = farter, windbag, boaster
bromaireacht = windiness, (act of) boasting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bram [brãũm] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
braim [brɤim] = fart, breaking wind (with noise)
bramag [bramag] = small fart
Manx (Gaelg) breim = fart, raspberry
breimeragh = to fart, farting
breimmey = to fart
Proto-Brythonic *bramm = fart (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bram, bràm = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bremain, brammu = to fart, break wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) bram [bram] = fart, gentle puff
bramu, bramio = to fart, break wind
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bram = fart
bramme = to fart
Cornish (Kernewek) bramm, brabm = fart
bramm an gath!, brabm an gath! = cat’s fart! fiddlesticks!
bramma, brabma = to fart
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bram = fart
brammet = to fart
Breton (Brezhoneg) bramm [brãmː] = fart
brammadenn = fireball
brammañ, brammat = to fart
brammellat = to backfire
brammer = farter

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥Hg-yé-ti, from *bʰreHg- (to stink, smell, have a strong odour) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *bragiū (fart) and Latin bragiō (to bray, cry, weep), include (to) bray in English, braire (to bray, shout, cry, weep) and brailler (to shout, yell, speak very loudly) in French, sbraitare (to shout, scream, yell, rant) in Italian, and breté in Gallo [source].

Words from the same PIE roots possibly include braña (mire, bog, fen, march, moorland) in Galician, flair, fragrant in English, flairer (to smell, sniff, scent, sense) in French, fragare (to smell) in Italian, cheirar (to smell) in Portuguese, and words for rotten, putrid, foetid, etc in Celtic languages, such as braen (rotten, putrid, corr) in Welsh – see the post Rotten Fragrance for more details [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) tútt = smell
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tút(t), túth = smell, stench
Irish (Gaeilge) tuth = odour, stench, funk
tuthóg [ˈt̪ˠʊhoːɡ] = puff, fart
tuthógach = puffing, farting, malodorous
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tùd [tuːd] = stink, stench, (silent) fart)
tùdach [tuːdəx] = stinking, farty, abounding in (silent) farts

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic *ɸrikkā, *frikkā = fart
Proto-Brythonic *rrex = fart
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rech, rhêch = fart
rhechain = to fart
rechyaỽc = farting
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhech [r̥eːχ] = fart
rhechu = to fart
rhechiog = farting
rhechwr = farter
dim gwerth rhech dafad = worthless (“not worth a sheep’s fart”)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *perd- (to fart loudly, to pass gas, break wind) [source]. Words from the same roots include fart, partridge in English, pjerdh (to fart) in Albanian, пърдя (pǎrdjá – to fart) in Bulgarian, Furz (fart) in German and fjärta (to fart) in Swedish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis


Nights

A post about words for night, evening and related things in Celtic languages, and related words in other languages.

Beach Road, Bangor at night

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) adaig [ˈaðəɣʲ] = night
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) adaig, aidche, oidche, adhaigh = night
Irish (Gaeilge) oíche [ˈiːhɪ/ˈĩːçə/ˈɪhə] = night, period of darkness, night-time, nightfall, eve
anoíche = late hour of night
meánoíche = midnight
oíchí = nocturnal, nightly
Oíche Shamhna = Halloween
Oíche Nollag = Christmas Eve
oíche chinn bliana = New Year’s eve
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oidhche [ɤ̃ĩçə] = night
oidhcheach [ɤ̃ĩçəx] = nightly, nocturnal
oidhcheil [ɤ̃ĩçal] = nightly
Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween
Oidhche Nollaige = Christmas Eve
oidhche Challainn [ɤ̃çəˈxal̪ɪn̪ʲ] = New Year’s eve
adhaigh†, adhuigh† = night
Manx (Gaelg) oie [ɛi/iː] = night, eve, night time, nocturnal, evening
oieagh = nocturnal
oieoil = nightly
Oie Houney = Halloween, Hop tu Naa
Oie Nollick = Christmas Eve
Oie Nollick Veg = New Year’s eve
Proto-Brythonic *exuɨð = night (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hecuuyt, echwyd, echwyt = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat
Welsh (Cymraeg) echwydd [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = the third hour of the day (9am), interval between 9am and 12 noon, noon, time of the day when cattle etc. shelter from the heat, afternoon, evening, close of day, autumn
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ewhe = evening
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ehoaz, ehoa = cattle rest at midday, resting place, shade for animals, rest
ehoazaff = to day a midday rest
Breton (Brezhoneg) ec’hoaz [ˈhyː(z)il] = midday rest, siesta
ec’hoazañ = to take a midday rest
ec’hoaziad = siesta
ec’hoaziata = to take a siesta

Etymology: uncertain. The Goidelic words, and maybe the Brythonic words, are possibly related to āter (dull black, dark, gloomy, sad) in Latin [source], which comes from Proto-Italic *ātros (black), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₁ter- (fire) [source].

Words from the same roots may include atrocious and atrocity in English, âtre (hearth, matte black) in French, atro (dark, black, bleak, brooding) in Italian, and atro (jet-black, bad, evil, sinister) in Portuguese [source].

Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu- = night (?)
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Gaulish nox = night (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nocht = night
innocht = tonight
Irish (Gaeilge) anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
Manx (Gaelg) noght = tonight
Proto-Brythonic *hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nos = night
henoid = tonight
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nos = night
nosa, nossi, nosi = to become night, fall (of night)
nossavl, nossol, nosawl = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
nos hon, noshon, nosson = evening, night
nosweith, nossweith, noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Welsh (Cymraeg) nos [noːs] = night, evening, darkness (of night), vigil
nosi, nosáu = to become night, fall (of night)
nosaidd = nightlike
nosol = nightlike, nocturnal, nightly
noson = evening, night
noswaith = evening, night
heno = tonight
Old Cornish nos = night
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nos, nôs = night
haneth = tonight
Cornish (Kernewek) nos = night
nosweyth = night-time, at night
noswiker = smuggler
haneth = tonight
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nos = night
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nos = night
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) noz [ˈnoːs] = night
noziñ [ˈnoːzĩ] = to get dark
nozvezh [ˈnoz.vɛs] = overnight stay, duration of one night
nozik = a little dark
henoazh = tonight
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology: either from Latin nox, from Proto-Italic *nokts (night), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (night). Or via Proto-Celtic *noxs (night), from the same PIE root [source].

Words from the same roots include night in English, Nacht (night) in German, ochtend (morning) in Dutch, otta (dawn, early morning) in Swedish, ακτίνα (aktína – light ray, sunbeam) in Greek [source]

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis