To Write

Words for writing, script and related things in Celtic languages:

Illuminated manuscript

Old Irish (Goídelc) scríbaid [ˈsʲkʲrʲiːviðʲ] = to write (down), compose
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) scríbaid = to write (down), compose
aithscríbaid = rewrites
scríbend = the act of writing
Irish (Gaeilge) scriobh [ʃcɾʲiːvˠ / ʃcɾʲiːw] = to write, fill in, compose; (hand)writing
scriobhaí = scribe, amanuensis
scríobhneóir = writer, author
scríobhneóireacht = writing, penmanship, literary work
scríofa = written
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgrìobh [sgrʲiːv] = to write, compose, inscribe
sgrìobhadh [sgrʲiːvəɣ] = writing, composing, inscribing, inscription, penmanship, writings, works
sgrìobhaiche = scribe, correspondent, writer
sgrìobhair = writer, scribe
Manx (Gaelg) screeu = document, writing; to inscribe, pen, scribe, write
screeuee = of writing
screeudeyr = scribe, secretary, secretary bird, writer
scrudeyr = scribe, secretary
screeudeyrys = writing
screeuit, screeut, scruit = written
Proto-Brythonic *skriβenn = writing, something written
Old Welsh scribenn = writing
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) yscriven, ysgriuen = writing
escryuennu, ysgriuennv, sgriuenv = to write
Welsh (Cymraeg) (y)sgrifen [əsˈɡrɪvɛn / ˈsɡrɪvɛn] = writing, manuscript, inscription, handwriting, letter, document, writ, deed, certificate, bill
(y)sgrifenedig = written, recorded, signed
(y)sgrifenlyfr = manuscript, writing-book
(y)sgrifennaf, (y)sgrifennu, sgwennu = to write, note (down), take a census
(y)sgrifennydd = secretary, scribe, clerk, copyist, writer, author
(y)sgrifennyddiaeth = orthography, spelling, handwriting
ysgrafo = to scratch, claw
Old Cornish scriuen = writing
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) screfa, scrife = to write
screft = scripture
scrife = writing
scriven = writing, letter, missive
scriviniat, scriuinat = writer
scrivit, scriut = writing
Cornish (Kernewek) skrif [skriːf] = document, script, writing, article
skrifa = to write, script, writ, writing
skrienyas, skrienyades = secretary
skrifenyaseth = secretariat
skrifer, skrifores = writer
skrifwas = clerk
Middle Breton (Brezonec) skriv, scrihuë = written
skrivadenn = something written
skrivadur = spelling, way of writing
skrivagner = scribe, secretary
skrivailher, skrivantour, skrivagnerez = writer
skrivañ, skriviñ, skriv = to write
Breton (Brezhoneg) skrivad = writing
skrivadenn = dictation
skrivagner = writer
skrivañ = to write

Etymology: from Latin scrībō (I write), from Proto-Italic *skreiβō (I carve), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreybʰ- (to scratch, to tear) [source].

Words from the same roots include scribble, scribe, script, shrift and shrive in English, and scritta (writing, notice, sign) and scrìvere (to write, spell) in Italian [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Talkative

Words for talkative, to speak, to sing and related things in Celtic languages.

"Hello, friend!"

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros = talkative
*amɸlabros = dumb, mute
Gaulish lab(a)ro- = talkative, eloquent, sonorous, speaker – appears in the names Labarus and Labrios
Old Irish (Goídelc) labar = talkative, boastful
labraithir = to talk, speak
amlabar = dumb, mute
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) labar = talkative, arrogant, boastful
labraithir = to talk, speak
labarthach = talkative, noisy
labra = gift of speech, talkativeness, utterance, sound, speaking
labraithir = to speak, talk, utter, say
amlabar = dumb, mute
Irish (Gaeilge) labhair = to speak, hail
labhairt = speaking, speech, utterance, voice, call
labharthacch = talkative, vociferous, noisy
labharthacht = talkativeness
labhra = speech, utterance
amhlabhra = inarticulateness, bad delivery
amhlabhrach = crude of speech, inarticulate
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) labhair [l̪ˠau.ɪrʲ] = to speak, say, talk, speak!, utter!
labhar = speaking loudly, loquacious, boastful
labhairt = speaking, uttering, utterance
labhairteach = loquacious, oral
labhairte = said, spoken
amhlabhair = mute, dumb, speechless (obsolete)
co-labhairt = conference, symposium
neach-labhairt = speaker, spokesperson
ro-labhairt = prologue
Manx (Gaelg) loayr = to speak, extemporise
loayreyder = mouthpiece, speaker, talker
loayrt = to speak, talk, utter, express
loayrit = oral, spoken
amloayrtagh = dumb, mute
Proto-Brythonic *laβar [laβaːr] = prone to talking, eloquent
*aβ̃laβar = dumb, mute
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llawar, llavar, llauar = loud, clear, vociferous
lleueir, llauarei, llafaraf = to speak, say, tell
aflauar = mute, dumb, speechless, silent
Welsh (Cymraeg) llafar [ˈɬa(ː)var] = loud, clear, vociferous, resounding, resonant, sonorous; pertaining to the voice, vocal (of music, in contrast with instrumental); talkative, loquacious; spoken (language), oral, verbal
llafarder = talkativeness, loquaciousness
llafaredig = spoken, uttered, oral, verbal, articulate
llafareiddio = to make more colloquial, speak naturally
llafariad = vowel
llefaru = to speak, say, tell, declare
lleferydd = speech, voice, expression, uttereance, pronunciation
aflafar [avˈlavar] = mute, dumb, speechless, silent
Old Cornish lauar = talkative
aflauar = dumb, mute
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lavar = utterance, speech, voice, a saying, word, proverb
lavary = to speak, say, tell, pronounce, declare
avlavar, afavar = speechless, dumb, mute
Cornish (Kernewek) lavar = expression, idiom, utterance, sentence
lavaren = phrase
amlavar = dumb, mute
leverel, lawl = to pronounce, say, tell
leveryans = pronunciation
avlavar = dumb
Old Breton labar = talkative
Middle Breton (Brezonec) lauaret = to say, promise
Breton (Brezhoneg) lavar [ˈlɑːvar] = to say, word, language
lavaradenn – to tell
lavarenn [laˈvɑːrɛn] = proposal
lavaret = to say, promise
lavariant = communicative
lavariantiz = communication
amlavar = dumb, mute

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (to babble), which is also the root of words such as barbarian in English, pleurer (to cry) in French, and llorar (to cry, weep) in Spanish [Wiktionary].

Old Irish (Goídelc) asbeir [asˈbʲerʲ] = to say, utter, mention, speak
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) atbeir = to say, speak
Irish (Gaeilge) abair [ˈabˠəɾʲ] = to say, utter, speak, express, state, allege, give opinion, suppose, assume, mean, direct, report
abairt sentence, phrase
abartha given to repartee
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) abair [abɪrʲ] = to say, speak, utter, tell
abairt [abər̪ˠʃdʲ] expression, phrase, collocation, saying, comment
abartach [abər̪ˠʃdəx] talkative, bold. impudent
Manx (Gaelg) abbyr = to say, state, assume
abbyrt = sentence, dialect, phrase, expression, period

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ess (ex-, out) and *beirid (to carry, bring, bear, give) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kaneti = to sing
*kantlom = singing
*toɸareuɸokaneti = to prophesize
Old Irish (Goídelc) canaid = to chant, praise, recite, sing, speak
cainnt [kan͈ʲtʲ] = speech, talk, conversation; act of speaking
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) canaid = to sing, recite, chant
canamain = singing, chanting
cantain = singing, reciting, chanting, uttering
cainnt = speach, talk, conversation, act of speaking
cainntech = talkative, loquacious
Irish (Gaeilge) can [kan̪ˠ/kanˠ] = to chant, sing, speak, talk, call, name
canadh [kan̪ˠə/ˈkanˠuː] = singing, chanting
cantaire = chanter, chorister
caint [kan̠ʲtʲ / kəin̠ʲtʲ] = speech, talking
cainteach = talkative, chatty
cainteoir = speaker, talker
caintigh = to speak, address, accost
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) can [kan] = (to) say
cainnt [kãĩn̠ʲdʲ] = to speak, talk, commune
cainnteach [kãĩn̠ʲdʲəx] = loquacious, talkative
cainnteanas [kãĩn̠ʲdʲənəs] = speech
cainntear [kãĩn̠ʲdʲər] = orator, speaker
cainntearachd [kãĩn̠ʲdʲərəxg] = eloquence, rhetorical expression
cainnteas [kãĩn̠ʲdʲəs] = attractive speech
cànan [kaːnan] = language
cànanachas = linguistics
cànanaiche = linguist
Manx (Gaelg) caaynt = spoken language, spoken word, talk
caayntagh = loquacious
Proto-Brythonic *kėnɨd [ke̝ˈnɨːd] = to sing
Old Welsh canam = to sing
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kan, cân = song
kanu, canu = to sing
kantor, kantoryeit = singer, songster, vocalist, musician, cantor
kanwr, kantoryeit = singer, vocalist
ynganv = to speak, talk, say
Welsh (Cymraeg) cân [kaːn] = song
canaf, canu [ˈkanɨ̞/ˈka(ː)ni] to sing; to intone, chant, to state, say, to produce musical sounds, to play (the harp, piano, etc), to compose poetry, to celebrate in song
cantor, cantores = singer, vocalist, musician, cantor
canwr = singer, vocalist
ynganu = to speak, talk, say, tell, declare, express, pronounce
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) can = song
canas = song
cane, cana = to sing (a song), to sing as birds, to crow
canor, canores = singer
Cornish (Kernewek) kan = poem, song
kana [‘kana / ‘kɒnɐ] = to sing
kaner, kanores = singer
kanik = ditty, jingle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) can = song
canaff = to sing
caner = singer
Breton (Brezhoneg) kan [ˈkãːn] = song
kanadeg = concert, cantata
kanañ [ˈkãː.nã] = to sing
kanaouenn [kã.ˈnɔ.wːɛn] = song
kaner [ˈkãː.nɛr] = singer

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (to sing) [source]. The English words accent, cant, chant, charm, enchant, hen and incantation come from the same root, as does the Breton word kentel (lesson, moral), the French word chanter (to sing), and the Spanish word cantar (to sing) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kom-wep-s- = conversation
Welsh (Cymraeg) comio = to talk converse
ymgom = (subject of) chat or conversation
ymgomiad = chat, conversatoin, talk, dispute, debate
ymgomio, ymgoniaf = to chat, converse, mention, discuss, dispute, debate
ymgomiol = chatty, conversational, colloquial
ymgomiwr = conversationalist, talker, speaker
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cews, cowms, cows = speech, discourse, talk
cewsel, cowsa = to speak, say, tell, relate
cows = to speak, say, tell
cowses = a speech, discourse
Cornish (Kernewek) kows [kɔʊz] = to speak, talk
kewsel [ˈkɛʊzɛl] = to speak, talk
Middle Breton comps = speech, to say, tell, pronounce
Breton (Brezhoneg) komz [ˈkɔ̃ms] = to speak, talk, express oneself
komzapl = expressible
komzer = speaker
komzerzh = expression
komzidigezh = speech
komzus = expressive

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with) and *wepos (speech, voice), from Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (to speak), which is also the root of epic, vocal, voice and vowel in English [source].

Proto-Celtic *kom-wep-s- = conversation
Old Irish (Goídelc) comrád = conversation, dialogue, talking
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) comrád. comrad = conversing, talking, dialogue, speech, utterance, saying
comráidid = to converse
comráitech = chatty, talkative
Irish (Gaeilge) comhrá [ˈkoːɾˠɑː/ˈkõːɾˠɑ̃] = conversation
comhráiteach = conversationalist, conversational
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) còmhradh [kɔ̃ːrəɣ] = conversing, conversatoin, dialogue, discussion, negotiation
Manx (Gaelg) cowag = babble, chat

Etymology: from Old Irish com- (mutual, joint, co-) and rád (speech, talk, conversation), from Proto-Celtic *kom- (with) and *rādīti, from *rādī (to talk) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Shoulders

Words for shoulder and related things in Celtic languages.

Shouldered

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) gúala = shoulder
Middle Irish gúala, gualann, gūaluinn = shoulder
gúaillech = shouldered, branched, branching
gúaillid = companion, comrade
gúalaire = load, burden
Irish (Gaeilge) gualainn [ˈɡuˑəl̪ˠənʲ] = shoulder
guailleadóireacht = (act of) shouldering, swaggering
guailleáil = to shoulder, to jostle with shoulder, to lurch with shoulders, to saunter, to swagger
guailleálaí = shoulderer, lurcher, saunterer, swaggerer
guailleán = shoulder-strap, braces
guailleog = epaulet(te)
guaillí = companion
guaillíocht = companionship
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) guaille [guəl̪ˠə] = shoulder
guailleach [guəl̪ˠəx] = pertaining to shoulders
guailleachan / guailleag [guəl̪ʲəxan / guəl̪ʲag] = shoulder-mantle, shawl
gualann [guəl̪ˠən̪ˠ] = shoulder, corner of a house, tack (nautical), brow (geography), shoulder (of mutton), shaft (of a cart), curve of a (ship’s) bow
Manx (Gaelg) geaylin = shoulder, corner (of house)
geayliney = shoulder
geaylinagh = shouldered
geaylaig = epaulette

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (to bend, curve, arch, vault) [source]. Words from the same roots include cuttlefish, gown, kidney, chitterling and gyration in English, Kuhle (hollow, depression) in German, kiel (keel) in Dutch, gonna (skirt) in Italian, and keula (bow, prow) in Finnish [source].

Proto-Celtic *skēdos = wing, shoulder
Old Irish (Goídelc) scíath = wing
Middle Irish scíath = wing
scíathán, sgíthéan, sgiathán = wing
scíathánach = winged
Irish (Gaeilge) sciathán [sˠciəˈhɑ̃ːn̪ˠ] = wing, side, extension, part, piece, arm
sciathánach = winged, long-armed
An tOileán Sciathánach = Isle of Skye
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sgiath [sgʲiə] =wing, fin
sgiathan [sgʲiahan] = small wing
sgiathach [sgʲiəhəx] = pertaining to shoulders
sgiathadaich [sgʲiəhədɪç] = fluttering
sgiathadh [sgʲiəhəɣ] = (act of) flying
sgiathag [sgʲiəhag] = little wing
sgiathaire [sgʲiə.ɪrʲə] = winger (in sports)
An t-Eilean Sgitheanach = Isle of Skye
Manx (Gaelg) skian [skʲiən] = wing, pinion, mudguard, baffle
skianagh = winged, finned, pinioned, winged creature
Ellan Skianagh = Isle of Skye
Proto-Brythonic *skuïð = shoulder
Old Welsh (Kembraec) iscuid = shoulder
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ysgwyt, ysgwyd, ysgỽyd = shoulder
ysgwydawc, yscwyddoc, ysgwyddoc = shoulder(-blade), (upper part of) arm, shoulder (meat), having shoulders
Welsh (Cymraeg) ysgwydd [ˈəsɡwɨ̞ð / ˈəsɡʊi̯ð] = shoulder
ysgwyddo = to shoulder, push with the shoulder(s), hustle, jostle, support, shrug
ysgwyddiad = standing out, jutting out, projection, protusion, cornice
ysgwyddog = shoulder(-blade), (upper part of) arm, shoulder (meat), having shoulders
ysgwyddol = scapular, like a shoulder in shape
Old Cornish scuid =shoulder
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak) scuid, scudh, scoudh, scôdh, scûdh = shoulder
scuidlien = a hood
Cornish (Kernewek) skoodh [sko:ð / sku:ð] = shoulder
skoodhya = to assist, back, help, second, support
skoodhyans = assistance, help, support
skoodhyer = assistant, exponent, fan, supporter
Middle Breton (Brezonec) scoaz = shoulder
Breton (Brezhoneg) skoaz [ˈskwɑː(s)] = shoulder, help
skoazek = (person) with broad shoulders, killer whale
skoazell [ˈskwɑː.(z)ɛl] = help, assistance
skoazellañ [skwa.ˈ(z)ɛ.lːã] = to help, to rescue, to subsidize
skoazeller = assistant, helper, auxiliary
skoaziañ [ˈskwa(z)jã] = to support, to help, to assist

Etymology: unkown, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *skeyd- (to split, divide) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Fists, Palms, Hands & Arms

Words for fist, palm, hand, arm and related things in Celtic languages.

palm

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā = palm, hand
Old Irish (Goídelc) lám [l͈aːṽ] = hand, arm, prowess, accomplishment, power
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) lám = hand, arm, prowess, accomplishment, power
lámann, lámand, lámínd = glove, gauntlet, sleeve
lámannán, lamannan = bladder
Irish (Gaeilge) lámh [l̪ˠɑːvˠ / l̪ˠæːw] = hand, arm, handle, signature, measure (of horses)
lámhach = skill in handling, in casting, dexterity
lámhadóir = handler
lámhainn = glove
lámhainneoir = glove-maker
lámhainneoireacht = glove-making
lámhaíocht = helping hand, subscription
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) làmh [l̪ˠaːv] = hand, arm, handle
làmhainn [l̪ˠaːvɪn̪ʲ] = glove, mitten, gauntlet
làmhchaireach = handy
làmhcharach = dexterous, handy
làmhchran, làmhrachan = handle
làmhnan = handyman
làmhadh = pawing, handling, groping
Manx (Gaelg) laue [læu] = hand, handful, foreleg, grasp (of oar), arm
lauee = dexterous, handy, useful, versatile, manual
lauean = glove
laueys = alacrity, elbow grease, skilfulness, industy
Proto-Brythonic *lọβ̃ [ˈlɔːβ̃] = palm, hand
Old Welsh lau = hand
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lav, law, llav, llaw = hand
llaw agor, llawegor, llaw egor = generous, bountiful
Welsh (Cymraeg) llaw [ɬaːu̯ / ɬau̯] = hand; authority, control, rule, management, power; ownership, possession; influence; agency, instrumentality, part; guardianship, keeping, custody, care, protection; side, direction, position; skill, touch
llawagor, llawegor = generous, bountiful, liberal, open-handed, creeping thistle, water-pepper
llawaid = handful
llawan = little hand
Old Cornish lof = hand
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lau, lef, lof, luef = hand
lofgurchel = utensil
Cornish (Kernewek) leuv [lœ:v / le:v] = hand
leuvdosa = to massage
leuvdosans = massage
leuvherdhya = to hand-off
leuvvedhegel = surgical
leuvvedhek, leuvvedhoges = surgeon
leuvwelen = baton
Old Breton lom = hand
Middle Breton (Brezonec) lau = hand
Breton (Brezhoneg) lav [lav] = feathered hand

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂ (palm, hand). The Faroese word lámur (flipper, paw, left hand) comes from the same Proto-Celtic root, via the Old Norse lámr (hand, arm) [source].

Proto-Celtic *bostā = palm, fist
Gaulish *bostyā = palm, fist
Old Irish (Goídelc) bos / bas = palm
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) bas, bos, bass = palm of the hand
basach = having hoofs or claws
baslach = handful
Irish (Gaeilge) bos = palm (of hand); handful; slap; flat end, blade
bosach = bladed, flat-footed
bosachán = flat-footed person
bosaíl = patting, flat-footedness
boslach = handful
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bas [bas] = palm (of hand), lower end of a shinty stick, eye (of a fishing hook)
bas-bhualadh = clapping of hands, applause
baslachadh= clapping, cupping (in one’s hands)
basgar = applause, skirl (in music)
baslach = handful, palmful, baptism
Manx (Gaelg) bass = palm, flat of hand, blade of oar, scale pan, bass
bassag = backhander, clap, clout, pat, slap, smack
bassey = applause, clap, clapping
basslagh = double handful, enough to cover palm, palmful
Proto-Brythonic *bos [ˈbos] = hand
Old Welsh bos = palm
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bos = palm
Welsh (Cymraeg) bos = palm (of the hand), unit of length
Middle Breton (Brezonec) boz = hollow of the hand
Breton (Brezhoneg) boz [ˈboːs] = hollow of the hand

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *gʷésdos (branch) [source]. The Middle Latin word bostia (small box, reliquaire was borrowed from the Gaulish *bostyā, and became bostellus (bushel), the root of the French word boisseau (bushel, hollow cylinder), and the English word bushel [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) rig [r͈ʲiɣ] = forearm
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) rig = forearm from wrist to elbow
Irish (Gaeilge) [ɾˠiː] = forearm
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ruighe [r̪ˠujə] = plain, flat ground, (at base of a mountain), shieling area, forearm
ruigheadh = laying out a body, shrouding, stretching out
ruigheachas = tussle, armwrestling
ruigheachdail = accessible
Manx (Gaelg) roih = arm, forearm

Etymology: possibly from the Old Irish *reg (to stretch) [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) brac, brach = arm, hand
bracann, bracand = sleeve
braccaille = glove
Irish (Gaeilge) brac = arm (literary), bracket
bracach = brachial
bracaíl = brachiation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) brac [braxg] = arm, curve (of a breaking wave), branch (of antlers), deer (poetic)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ureich, ureych, braich = arm
Welsh (Cymraeg) braich [brai̯χ] = arm, care, assistance, support, power, might, strength, forelimb of animal, wing, headland, creek
braich olwyn = spoke (of wheel)
braich o’r môr, braich o fôr = arm of the sea, inlet
braich ym mraich = arm-in-arm
Old Cornish bregh = arm
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) brech, brêch, breh = arm
brechol = sleeve
Cornish (Kernewek) bregh [brɛ:x /bre:ʰ] = arm
breghel = sleeve
breghellik = bracelet
Middle Breton (Brezonec) brech, breach, bræch = hand, paw
Breton (Brezhoneg) brec’h = hand
brec’had = handful
brec’hata = to grasp round the waist, embrace

Etymology: from Latin bracchium (hand). Words from the same Latin root include brachium (upper arm) in English, bras (arm) in French, brazo (arm, branch, (tree) limb) in Spanish, and braccio (arm) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *durnos = fist
Old Irish (Goídelc) dorn = fist
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) dorn, dornn, dord = hand, fist, possession, handle
dornach = generous-handed
dornán = fistful, handful, sheaf
dornasc = bracelet
dornóc = glove, mitten
Irish (Gaeilge) dorn [d̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ] = fist; punch; fistful, small quantity; handle, grip
dornáil = boxing
dornálaí = boxer
dornán = fistful, handful, small quantity or number, small handle, grip
dornóg = mitten
dornúil = pugilistic
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dòrn [dɔːr̪ˠn̪ˠ] = fist; punch, hilt, handle
dòrnach = fistful, boxer, pugilist
dòrnadaireachd = boxing, pugilism
dòrnan = small fist, handful, grip,
dòrnag = fist-sized pebble/stone, oar handle, gauntlet
dòrnair = boxer, pugilist
dòrnlach = handful, batch
Manx (Gaelg) doarn = fist, pad, sword handle, grip
doarnane = haft, hilt, spoke, handle, hand grip, fistful
doarney = box, boxing, buffet
doarneyr = boxer
doarneyrys = boxing (match), fighting
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) durn, dwrn,, dyrn = fist, hand, paw, hilt, handle
Welsh (Cymraeg) dwrn = fist, hand, paw, hilt, handle, haft, pommel, knob
dwrn caead = clenched fist
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dorn = fist, hand, handle, hilt
Cornish (Kernewek) dorn [dɔrn] = fist, hand, handle
dorna = to bash, beat, punch, strike, thrash
dornas = fistful, handful
dornbel = handball
dornel = manual
dornlyver, dornlever = handbook
dornskrif = manuscript
dornweyth = handicraft
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dornn, dorn, dourn = hand
dornat, dournat, dournad = handle, handful
dornaff, dournaff = to beat, hit
dornec = large-handed
Breton (Brezhoneg) dorn [ˈdɔʁn] = hand, fist
dornad = handle, handful
dornañ = to beat, hit
dornek = large-handed

Etymology: probably loaned from a non-Indo-European substrate language [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Heads & Brains

Words for heads, brains, minds and related things in Celtic languages.

Aquileia

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kʷennom = head
*en-kʷennio- = brain
Gaulish pennon, πεννο, πεννοου = head
Primitive Irish ᚉᚒᚅᚐ-ᚉᚓᚅᚅᚔ (cuna-cenni) = dog’s head
Old Irish (Goídelc) cenn [kʲen͈] = head, end, leader
inchinn = brain
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cenn, cend = head, roof, end, chief, leader
cenna (adj.) = chief, principal
cennacht, ceannacht = headship, supremacy, leadership
cennas, cendus = headship, leadership, superiority, precedence
cennide = headgear, headdress, helmet
cennmar, cennmhar = big-headed
cennphort = capital, chief, leader
cenntromm, ceanntrom = heavy-handed
inchinn, inchind = brain(s), mind, intelligence, intention
Irish (Gaeilge) ceann [caun̪ˠ / cɑːn̪ˠ / can̪ˠ] = head; end, extremity; one; chief, main
ceannas = headship, sovereignty, authority, command, forwardnewss, self-assertiveness
ceannasach = ruling, sovereign, commanding, masterful, forward, self-assertive, bold, assured, dominant (chord)
ceannasaí = commander, controller
ceanntrom = bullying, oppression, top-heavy, sluggish, drowsy
inchinn [ˈɪɲçən̠ʲ] = brain
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ceann [kʲaun̪ˠ] = head, end, close, finish, lid, roof, subject, topic, leader
ceann-suidhe = president
ceannadair [kʲan̪ˠədɪrʲ] = leader
ceannara [kʲan̪ˠər̪ˠə] = resolute, strong-headed
ceannard [kʲãũn̪ˠər̪ˠd] = chief, leader, head, boss, president, headland
ceannardach [kʲãũn̪ˠər̪ˠdəx] = chiefly, commanding, imperious
ceannas [kʲan̪ˠəs] = presidency, rule, superiority, dominance
eachainn [ɛnɛxɪn̪ʲ] = brain, brains
Manx (Gaelg) kione [caun / coːn / coᵈn] = head, headland, chief, ringleader, bottom, poll, end, extreme, close, finish, top-end, top, point of argument, termination, closing, extremity, point, dyke, tribune
kionard = chief
kionnoort = chief(tain), captain, governor, ruler, prince, deputy, constable
kioneys = dominance, domination, command, hegemony
Proto-Brythonic *penn [ˈpenː] = head
Cumbric pen = head
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) penn, pen = head, chief
pennadur = ruler, chief(tain), lord, nobleman, aristocrat, prince, king, sovereign
pennaethu = to act as a chief, to rule
pennaytheid = chieflike, princely
penryn, penrin, pennrynn = cape, promontory, headland, point, peninsula
talcen, talken = forehead, brow
Welsh (Cymraeg) pen [pɛn] = head, obverse (of coin); top, summit, roof, highest point; extremity, end, beginning; headland, promontory, projecting point of rock; pole
penadur = ruler, chief(tain), lord, nobleman, aristocrat, prince, king, sovereign
penaethu = to act as a chief, to rule
penr(h)yn = cape, promontory, headland, point, peninsula
talcen = forehead, brow
ymennydd [əˈmɛnɨ̞ð / əˈmɛnɪð] = brain, brains, intellectual capacity, mind
Old Cornish penn = head
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pen = an extremity, end, conclusion, head, chief, beginning, the upper part, summit
pencanguer = centurion (“head of 100 men”)
pendevig, pensevic, pedhzhivig = prince, chief, nobleman
pendruppia = to nod, shake the head
penryn = promontory, cape, head-land
Cornish (Kernewek) penn, pedn [pɛn:] = end, head, summit, top, main, premier, top
pennek = big-headed
pennen = buddle-head
pennseviges = princess
pennsevik = chief, noble, prince
pennskol = university
ympynnyon brain
Old Breton penn = head, chief
Middle Breton (Brezonec) penn, pen = head, chief
pennec = big-headed, stubborn, obstinate
Breton (Brezhoneg) penn [pɛnː] = head, chief, leader
pennad [ˈpɛ.nːat] = piece, end, moment, chapter, article
pennadur = authority
pennan = main, dominant
pennañ = to form a head, to stand up to
pennek [ˈpɛnːɛk] = big-headed, stubborn, obstinate
penntir [ˈpɛntiʁ] = promontory
empenn = brain

Etymology: unknown. The words for brain all mean “in (the) head” [source]. The tal in Welsh talcen comes from tâl (end, extremity, top, side, edge, front), from Proto-Celtic *talu (front, forehead) – see the post about Foreheads, while the cen retains the c [k] from Proto-Celtic.

Old Irish (Goídelc) in(n)tinn [ˈin͈ʲtʲin͈ʲ] = head, end
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) in(n)tinn = mind, view, disposition, attention, intention, will, purpose, high spirits, courage
dall-inntinn = dullness, stupidity, dull, stupid, heavy
Irish (Gaeilge) intinn [ˈiːn̠ʲtʲən̠ʲ] = mind, mental state, disposition, attention, spirits, intention, accord
intinneach = willing, intent(ional), strong-willed, spirited, in high spirits
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) inntinn [ĩːn̪ʲdʲɪn̪ʲ] = (human) mind; intellect, intelligence; intention, purpose
inntinneach [ĩːn̪ʲdʲɪn̪ʲəx] = interesting, high-minded, high-spirited, jolly, merry
inntinneachd [ĩːn̪ʲdʲɪn̪ʲəxg] = high-mindedness
inntinneil = mental
Manx (Gaelg) inchyn, inçhyn = brain, grey matter, intellect, spirit
inchynagh = brainy, cerebral, intelligent, mental, witted
inchynaght = intellect, intelligence
ard-inchynys = brilliance
co-inchynys = telepathy
far-inchynaght = artificial intelligence

Etymology: from the Latin intentiō (strain, tension, increase, exertion, charge, purpose, intention), from intendō (to stretch out, strain, turn one’s attention to, focus (on), aim, direct), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (to stretch, extend) [source]. Words from the same roots include tend, tent, tense, tenure and intention in English, entendre (to hear, mean) in French, tener (to have, possess, hold) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Sacks, bags & stomachs

Words for sack, bag, stomach in Celtic languages.

Belly up

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bolgos = sack, bag, stomach
Gaulish *bolgā = sack, bag, stomach
Old Irish (Goídelc) bolc = belly, stomach; bag, satchel; bellows
Irish (Gaeilge) bolg [ˈbˠɔlˠəɡ] = belly, stomach, abdomen; bag; bulge, broad part, middle; bellows
bolgach = big-bellied, bulging
bolgadán = corpulent person or animal
bolgán = bubble, bulb, air-bladder (of fish), puff-ball, windbag (of person)
bolgchaint = ventriloquism
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bolg [bɔl̪ˠɔg] = blister, bulge, (light) bulb
bolgach = abounding in bags/blisters, bellied, bulging, jutting, knobby
bolgadh = billowing, puffing up/out, ballooning, swelling
bolgan = (plant) bulb, lightbulb
Manx (Gaelg) bolg [bolɡ] = stomach, abdomen, belly, tummy, corporation, bilge, bowl (of lamp)
bolgagh = abdominal, bellied, billowy, blisterm bulging, puffy
bolgan = bladder, blister, sac, vesicle, bubble
Proto-Brythonic *bolɣ = sack, bag, stomach
Old Welsh bolg = belly, stomach
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bol, boly = belly, stomach
Welsh (Cymraeg) bol [bɔl] = belly, paunch, abdomen, stomach, bowels; tripe; appetite, desire, gluttony, liking; womb; swelling, bulge, surface, side
bolio = to gorge, belly, swell, bulge, swagger
boliog = (big-)bellied, corpulent, swollen, bulging, pregnant
Cornish (Kernewek) bolgh [bɔlx] = breach, gap, opening
bolghen = boll, capsule
Middle Breton bolc’h = flax pod
Breton (Brezhoneg) bolc’h = flax pod

Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰólǵʰ-os (skin bag, bolster), from *bʰelǵʰ- (to swell) [source]. English words from the same PIE root include bellows, belly, and bolster, via Old English and Proto-Germanic, billow via Old Norse and Proto-Germanic, foolish and folly via Old French and Latin [source], and bulge, budge and budget via Old French, Latin and Gaulish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Thick

Words for thick and related things in Celtic languages.

Thick & Thin

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *tegus = thick
Old Irish (Goídelc) tiug [tʲiu̯ɣ] = thick, dense
tiget = thickness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tiug = thick, dense, solid, density, press, crowd
tiugaigid = to thicken
Irish (Gaeilge) tiú = thick, dense
tiubh [tʲuː / tʲʊ(w)] = thick, dense, closely set; fast
tiubhaigh = to thicken, conventrate
tiúchan = concentration
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tiugh [tʲu] = thick; stout, portly, buxom; fat, viscous (paint); frequent
strong>tiughachadh [tʲu.əxəɣ] = (act of) thickening, squeezing
strong>tiughad(as) [tʲu.əd(əs)] = thickness
strong>tiughaich [tʲu.ɪç] = thicken, squeeze
strong>tiughalach [tʲu.əl̪ˠəx] = dregs
Manx (Gaelg) chiu = stout, thick, heavy, blubber, thick-set ( hedge), strong (solution), whipped (cream), intense; foggy, turbid
cheeid = thickness, density, grossness
chiughey = to become heavy, to clot, to concentrate, to congeal, to thicken
Proto-Brythonic *teɣ = thick
Old Welsh teu = thick
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tew, teỽ, tev = thick, strong, sturdy, deep
teỽder, tewder thickness, depth, density, fatness
tewet, tewhet, teỽet = thickness, depth, fat
tewhau, tevhau = to make or become fat, to fatten, to thicken, to congeal
Welsh (Cymraeg) tew [teːu̯ / tɛu̯] = thick; made of thick cloth; strong, sturdy, powerful; deep
tewder thickness, depth, density, fatness, corpulence, obesity, hardness (of hearing)
tewed = thickness, depth, fat
tewhad = fattening, thickening, coagulation, condensation
tewhau = to make or become fat, to fatten, to thicken, to congeal
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tew = thick, gross, fat, foggy
tewder = thickness, grossness, fatness
tewraga = to thicken
Cornish (Kernewek) tew [tɛˑʊ] = fat, bulky, dense, thick, chubby
tewder = bulk, consistency, density, thickness
tewhe = to thicken, fatten
Middle Breton teu, teo = thick, fat, big
teuhat = to thicken, grow
teuder, teoder = thickness, size
Breton (Brezhoneg) tev [ˈtew] = thick, fat, big, obese, opaque
tevaat {teˈvɑːt] = to thicken, grow
tevded [ˈtew.det] = thickness, size
tevder [ˈtew.dɛr] = thickness, size
tevdur = thickening, enlargment, coagulation

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *tégus (thick), from *teg- (to cover) [source]. Words from the same roots include thick, protect, thatch, thug and tile in English, dik (thick, fat, cool, nice) in Dutch, dick (thick, fat) in German, tjock (thick, fat) in Swedish, tykky (thick snow or rime on trees) in Finnish, and deahkki (muscle) in Northern Sami [source].

Proto-Celtic *remros = fat, thick
Old Irish (Goídelc) remor [ˈr͈ʲeβ̃or] = fat, stout, thick
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) remor, reamur, remar = stout, thick, bulky, corpulent
remraigid = to thicken, fatten, make stout
Irish (Gaeilge) ramhar [ɾˠauɾˠ / ˈɾˠãuəɾˠ] = fat, thick
ramharaigh = to fatten, thicken, batter, stupefy
ramharú = fattening, coagulation, fulling, dulling stupefying, beating
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) reamhar [r̪ˠãũ.ər] = fat, plump, meaty, fleshy
reamhrachd [r̪ˠɛ͂ũrəxg] = fatness, state of being overweight
ro-reamhar = obese
Manx (Gaelg) roauyr = fat, thick, stout, gross, bulky, plump, overweight
roauyragh = fattening, fatness, fat person
roauyraghey = to fatten, to thicken, to gain weight, fattening, thickening
roauyrey = fat
Proto-Brythonic *rreβ̃ = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ref = thick, stout, great, large
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhef = thick, stout, great, large, bundle
rhefder = thickness, stoutness, girth

Etymology: unknown [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis




Green & Verdant

Words for green, verdant and related things in Celtic languages.

Gleann Cholm Cille

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Brythonic *gwɨrð = green, verdant
Old Welsh (Kembraec) guird = green, verdant, bluish green, grey
guirdglas = sea-green, dark green, verdant, greenish
Middle Welsh (Kymraec ) guirt, gwyrd, gwyrt =green, verdant, bluish green, pale (blue), grey; fresh, lively; grassy
gwyrddv = to become green, sprout, make verdent
gwyrd(d) velyn, gwyrddvelyn = greenish-yellow, olive, light green
gwyrddlas, gwyrdlas, gwyrdd-las = sea-green, dark green, verdant, greenish
gwyrdloewet = bright green
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwyrdd [ɡwɨ̞rð / ɡwɪrð] = green, verdant, bluish green, pale (blue), grey; fresh, lively; grassy
gwyrdd
gwyrdd(i)af, gwrddu, gwyrddio = to become green, sprout, make verdent
gwyrddaidd = greenish, leek-green
gwyrddfelyn = greenish-yellow, olive, light green
gwyrddlas = sea-green, dark green, verdant, greenish
gwyrddloyw = bright green
Old Cornish guirt = green
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) guirt, gwirdh, gwêr = green, flourishing
Cornish (Kernewek) gwyrdh [gwɪrð] = green (not of plants or the sea)
gwer [gwɛ:r / gwe:r] = green
gwerdhu = dark green
gwerem = emerald
gwerik = greenish
gwerlas = blueish-green, teal
Middle Breton (Brezonec) guerz, guezr = green
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwer [ɡweːr/ɡɥeːr] = green (artificial)
gwerin, gweriñ = to green

Etymology: from Latin viridis (green, young, fresh, lively, youthful), from vireō (to be verdant, to sprout), from Proto-Italic *wizēō, from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (to increase) [source]. Words from the same roots include verdant, verdigris and verdure in English, vert (green) in French, verde (green) in Spanish, and verdhë (yellow, pale) in Albanian [source].

Proto-Celtic *udnios/*utnio- = green (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) úaine = green, greenness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) úaine = green, verdant, greenness
Irish (Gaeilge) uaine [ˈuənʲə/ˈwɛnʲə] = (vivid) green, greenness, verdue
uaine éadrom = pale green
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uaine [uən̪ʲə] = green, greenness
uaineach [uən̪ʲəx] = tedious
Uaineach [uən̪ʲəx] = Green Party supporter, a Green
uaineachadh [uən̪ʲəxəɣ] = turning green, being humbled
uainead [uən̪ʲəd] = greenness
uainealach [uən̪ʲəlˠ̪əx] = greenish
sìor-uaine = evergreen
Manx (Gaelg) eayney/geayney = green, greenness, verdure
geaynaght = verdure
geaynid = bile, greenness, verdure
Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (green) [source]. Words from the same roots include [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec ) ehoec = heather-colour(ed), purple, green
Welsh (Cymraeg) ehöeg = heather-colour(ed), purple, green, green colour
hoeg = green
Etymology: possibly from *oec (heather) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Grey

Words for grey and related words in Celtic languages.

Traeth Dinas Dinlle Beach

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸlētos = grey
Old Irish (Goídelc) líath [l͈ʲiːa̯θ] = grey, grey-haired
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) líath, liath = grey, grey-haired, aged
Irish (Gaeilge) liath [ˈl̠ʲiə] = grey, grey-haired (person), pale
liathábhar = grey matter
liathach = greyish
liathacht = greyness, greyishness
liathadh = greyness
liathbhán = greyish white, pale, wan
liathbhuí = sallow
liathdhearg = pale red, pinkish
liathghlas = pale green, pale grey
liathghorm = pale blue, blue-grey, livid
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) liath [l̪ʲiə] = grey, grizzled
liath-dhearg = pink
liath-ghlas = light grey, hoary
liath-ghorm = lilac
liathach = greyish, dirty white
liathachadh = making grey, creamer, whitener
liathad = degree of greyness, staleness
liathadh = making grey, becoming grey, greying, growing mouldy
liathtas = greyness
Manx (Gaelg) lheeah = grey, silver, grey- or white-haired, grey-headed, hoary, musty, mould
lheeaghid = greyness
lheeaghys = greyness, hoariness, mustiness
lheeah-ghlass = light grey, sage green
lheeah-ghorrym = blue-grey, glaucous, livid
lheeah gorrym-yiarg = mauve
lheeah-vane = whitish
lheeah-wuigh = yellowish
Proto-Brythonic *luɨd = grey
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) luit, llvid, lluid, lluyd, llwyt = grey, pale, pallid, wan
lwytlas = greyish-blue, pale
Welsh (Cymraeg) llwyd [ˈɬuːɨ̯d / ˈɬʊi̯d] = grey, faint; pale, pallid, wan; russet, brown; turbid, muddy (water); grey-haired, grey-headed, old, ancient; grey (hair), grizzled
llwydaf, llwydo = to turn grey or brown, to become turbid or muddy, turn pale, fade, grow old, deteriorate, decay
llwydaidd = greyish, rather pale, brownish, turbid, drab, poorish, dreary, dismal, lacking enthusism, lukewarm
llwyd-ddu = dark grey, greyish black, blackish, dusky, swarthy, dun
llwydedd = greyness, mouldiness, mould, mildew, mustiness, hoariness, pallor, paleness
llwyd-felyn = greyish-yellow, beige, fawn, pale brown, khaki, buff
llwydlas = greyish-blue, pale
Old Cornish luit, lot = grey, mouldy
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) loys = grey, mouldy
Cornish (Kernewek) loos [lo:z / lu:z] = grey, hoary, mouldy
Old Breton loit = mold, moldy
Middle Breton (Brezonec) loüet = mold, moldy
loedadur = moldy
Breton (Brezhoneg) loued = grey, mouldy
louedadur = mold, blight
louedan, louedañ = to turn grey, mold
louedek = to greyness

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (pale). Words from the same roots include fallow, pale, pallid and polio in English, and the names Floyd and Lloyd [source].

Proto-Celtic *blāros = grey
Gaulish *blāros = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) blár = grey, blaze (on a horse)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) blár = grey
Irish (Gaeilge) blár = blaze on animal’s forehead
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) blàr [bl̪ˠaːr] = blaze, white-faced, having a white foreheard (applied to cows and horses)
blàrach [bl̪ˠaːrəx] = white-faced (of an animal)
blàradh [bl̪ˠaːrəɣ] = (act of) blazing, roughly hewing
blàrag [bl̪ˠaːrag] = blaze, white-faced animal (cow or horse)
blàras [bl̪ˠaːrəs] = blace (i.e. white spot)
Proto-Brythonic *blọr = grey (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) blawr, blaur, blaỽr = grey, greyish-blue, pale-blue, white, greyish-white, hoary, tawny, russet (of horses)
blawrfrych = speckled grey
Welsh (Cymraeg) blawr = grey, greyish-blue, pale-blue, white, greyish-white, hoary, tawny, russet (of horses)
blawrgoch = tawny, russet, greyish-red
blawrio = to turn pale, green or grey; become hoary, grow light
blawrwyn = grey, whitish-grey, light grey, white, hoary, pale blue

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (yellow, blue). The Occitan word blar (glaucous) comes from the root, via Gaulish *blāros and Latin Blārus. The English word blue comes from the same PIE root [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Red

Words for red in Celtic languages.

Flowers / Blodau

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dergos = red, crimson
Old Irish (Goídelc) derg [dʲerɡ] = red
dergaid = to redden
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) derg, derc = red, ruddy, bloody, sanguinary, red-hot, incandescent
dergadas = to redden
dergaid = to redden, make red, kindle, burn
dergaide = reddish
derge = redness, ruddiness, flushing
dergthach = red, ruddy, hot, reddish
Irish (Gaeilge) dearg [ˈdʲaɾˠəɡ / ˈdʲæɾˠəɡ] = red, rouge, red ink, glowing, raw, bloody
deargadh = reddening, blushing, glow(ing), light(ing), bloodying, wounding, chafing, soil-turning, digging
deargán = red matter or object, chafed, patch, glow
dearglasta = blazing, red-hot
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dearg [dʲɛrɛg] = red, ruddy, flamming, red-hot
dearg-amadan = bloody fool, complete idiot
dearg-bhuidhe = orange
dearg-lasrach [dʲɛrɛg l̪ˠasrəx] = flaming red, red hot
deargachadh [dʲɛrɛgəxəɣ] = reddening, making an impression, blushing, drawing blood
dearg-ruadh = bright red (hair, wool, etc)
Manx (Gaelg) jiarg = red, sanguine, ruddy, bloodshot, rouge, gules, glowing, stark, florid, live, burning, abandoned, fair (intensive), turned (land)
jiargey = chafe, sore, red
jiargaghey = to blush, flush, glow, redden, blushing, glowing
jiargid = grossness, reddishness, redness
jiarg-bwee = orange
jiarg-cheh = red hot
jirgid = blush, glow, reddness, ruddiness

Etymology from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (to dim, darken) [source]. The English word dark comes from the same root [source].

Proto-Celtic *roudos = red
Gaulish *roudos = red
Old Irish (Goídelc) rúad [r͈uːa̯ð] = red, reddish
rúadnaid = to redden
forrúad = red, russet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rúad = red, brownish, dark red, strong, mighty
rúadnaid = to make red, redden
Irish (Gaeilge) rua [ɾˠuə] = red, reddish-browm, russet, copper-brown; wild, fierce; rough, strong
ruachan = reddening, rusting (vegetation
ruachorcra = puce
ruacht = redness (of hair)
ruafholtach = red-haired
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ruadh [r̪ˠuəɣ] = (browny) red, rust-coloured, ginger, russet, red colour, redness; strength; red deer
ruadhachadh [r̪ˠuə.əxəɣ] = reddening, making red
ruadhan [r̪ˠuəɣan] = reddishness, overcooked good, tea which has been boiling all day
ruadh-bhuidhe = auburn
Manx (Gaelg) ruy [rɛi/riː] = red, ginger, tan, copper-complexioned, red-haired, foxy, sandy
ruyagh = reddish
ruyghey = bronze, brown, redden, tan(ned)
ruyid = brownness, reddishness, redness, tan
ruissagh = florid, reddish, rose-coloured, rosy, ruddy
ruissaght = reddishness, rosiness, ruddiness
Proto-Brythonic *rʉð = red
Old Welsh (Kembraec) rud = red
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rud, rut, rhudd = red, ruddy
rudit, rutaỽ, rudaỽ, rhuddo = to make or become red, crimson or violet
rudell, ruddell = red, reddish
rutem, rud em, rudem = ruby, garnet, ruby-coloured
rudcoch, rruddgoch, rudgoch = red, crimson, purple, blood-red, bloody
ruddlas, ryddlas = reddish-blue, purple, violet
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhudd = red, ruddy, purplish, bay, tawny, brown, bloody, covered with blood, scorched, crimson, violet, purple
rhuddaf, rhuddo = to make or become red, crimson or violet
rhuddel(l) = red, reddish, brown, bay, red ochre, red colour
rhuddem = ruby, garnet, ruby-coloured
rhuddgoch = red, crimson, purple, blood-red, bloody
rhuddiad = becoming red or pink, blushing, redness
rhuddlas = reddish-blue, purple, violet
Old Cornish rud = red
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak) rudh, rud, rûdh ruydh = red, crimson
Cornish (Kernewek) rudh [ry:ð / ri:ð] = ginger, red
rudh min = lipstick
rudhek = robin
rudhel = auburn, russet red
rudhem = ruby
rudhgogh = blood-red
rudhik = reddish
rudhlas = purple, reddish purple
rudhlasdu = crimson
rudhlos = greyish red, russet
rudhvelyn = orange, reddish orange
rudhwyn = gay, pink, reddish pink
rudhya = to blush, redden
Old Breton (Brethonoc) rud = red
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ruz, ru, rus = red
Breton (Brezhoneg) ruz = red
ruzded = redness
ruzdu = brown
ruzellat = to glow
ruzian, ruziañ = to blush

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (red). Words from the same root include red, robust, ruby, ruddy, russet and rust in English [source].

Proto-Celtic *kokko-/*kokki = red
Proto-Brythonic *kox = red
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) coch = red
cochi, kochi = to make or become red, redden, brown, scorch, blush
cochder, cochter, kochder = redness, ruddiness, flush
kochdduy, coch-ddu, cochddû = reddish-black, russet, brown
cochliw = red-coloured, bloody, redness, ruddiness
kochwen = reddish-white, pink
coghyn, kochyn, cochen = red-haired person, hare
Welsh (Cymraeg) coch [koːχ] = red, redness, ruddy, scarlet, bloody; ginger (hair); brown; poor, feeble, unskilful
cochaf, cochi = to make or become red, redden, brown, scorch, blush
cochaidd = reddish, ruddy, bloody
cochder = redness, ruddiness, flush
cochddu = reddish-black, russet, brown
cochfelyn = copper-coloured, reddish yellow
cochlas = purple, violet, reddish blue
cochliw = red-coloured, bloody, redness, ruddiness
cochliwaf, cochliwio = to paint red
cochrudd = crimson, ruddy
cochwyn = reddish-white, pink
cochyn = red-haired person, hare
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak) coch, couch = red, bloody
Cornish (Kernewek) kogh = blood-red, crimson, scarlet

Etymology: from the Latin coccum (a scarlet berry), from the Ancient Greek κόκκος (kókkos – berry). This is also the root of coccinus (scarlet, scarlet-dyed), from which comes the English word cochineal, and related words in other languages [source].

Proto-Celtic *wlannos = blood red
Old Irish (Goídelc) flann = red, blood-red
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) flann, fland [flan͈] = red, blood-red, blood
Irish (Gaeilge) flann = (blood-)red, bloody, sanguinary, blood (poetic)
flannbhuí = orange (colour)
flanndearg = vermilion
flannrua = blood-red
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) flann [fl̪ˠaun̪ˠ] = blood (archaic)
flann-dhearg = blood-red (archaic)

Etymology from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (to strike, hit, wound). Words from the same roots include vulnerable, valkyrie and Valhalla in English [source] and words for blood in Celtic languages.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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