Mothers

Today we’re looking at the words for mother and related people in Celtic languages.

Mother Goose

Proto-Celtic *mātīr [ˈmaː.tiːr] = mother
*mātrikʷā, *mātrokʷī = maternal aunt, mother-like
Gaulish mātīr [ˈmaːtiːr] = mother
Celtiberian matrubos = mothers
Old Irish (Goídelc) máthir [ˈmaːθirʲ] = mother
máthrathatu = motherhood
máthramail = resembling one’s mother
Irish (Gaeilge) máthair [ˈmˠɑːhəɾʲ/ˈmˠɑːɾʲ/ˈmˠahærʲ] = mother, source (of a river)
máthairab = abbess
máthairthír = mother country
máthreachas = maternity, motherhood
máthrigh = to mother, bear, foster
máthriúil = motherly, tender, kind, mother-like
máthriúlacht = motherliness
leasmháthair = stepmother
seanmháthair = grandmother
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) màthair [maːhɪrʲ] = mother, origin, source
màthair-uisge = water source (of a river, etc)
màthair-chéile = mother-in-law
màthaireachd [maːhɪrʲəxg] = maternity, motherhood
màthaireil = mother-like, motherly, maternal
màthair athar = paternal grandmother
màthair màthar = maternal grandmother
màthair-sinnsireach = matrilinear
leas-mhàthair = stepmother
Manx (Gaelg) moir = mother, matron, mater, queen, dam; focus, fountainhead, generator
moiragh, moiroil = motherly
moiraght = motherhood
moiraghys, moirys = maternity, motherhood
moir-reilleyder/strong> = matriach
lhiass voir = stepmother
shenn voir = grandmother
Proto-Brythonic *mọdreb = aunt
Old Welsh modreped = aunts
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) modryb = aunt
Welsh (Cymraeg) modryb = aunt, uncle’s wife, matron
modrybaidd = aunt-like, matronly, motherly, respected
modrydaf = queen bee, parent bee-colony, (old) beehive
Old Cornish modereb = aunt
Cornish (Kernewek) modrep = aunt
modrebik = aunty
Old Breton motrep = aunt
Middle Breton mozreb = aunt
Breton (Brezhoneg) moereb [ˈmweːrep] = aunt
moereb-kozh = great aunt

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. (mother) [source].

Proto-Celtic *mamm(y)ā = mother, nanny, mum
Old Irish (Goídelc) muimme [ˈmaːθirʲ] = wet nurse, foster mother, instructress, patroness
Irish (Gaeilge) buime = foster-mother, nurse
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) muime [muimə] = stepmother, (wet) nurse, godmother
muime-chìche = wet nurse
muime-shìthe = fairy godmother
Manx (Gaelg) mimmey = foster mother, god mother, godparent, guardian, sponsor
Proto-Brythonic *mamm = mother
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) mam = mother
Welsh (Cymraeg) mam [mam] = mother, ancestress, dam, queen bee; source, origin, cause, root; womb, matrix, uterus, hysteria, pregnancy
mamaeth = (wet) nurse, foster-mother, mother
mamaetha = to nurse (a child), suckle, foster, nourish, cherish
mamedd = motherhood
mamiaith = mother tongue, vernacular
mamwlad = mother country, motherland, native land
Old Cornish mam = mother
Middle Cornish mam = mother
Cornish (Kernewek) mamm [mæm], mabm = mother
mammeth = foster-mother, wet nurse
mammik = mum
mammrewl, mammrowl = matriarchy
mamm-wynn = grandmother
mamm vesydh = godmother
Middle Breton mamm = mother
Breton (Brezhoneg) mamm [ˈmãmː] = mother, female (animal), womb
mammanv = matron, matriarch
mammelezh = motherhood, maternity
mammvro = motherland, homeland
mamm-gozh = grandmother

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *mammā (mummy, mum) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Herons

Words for heron in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *korxsā / *korxsiyos = heron
Celtiberian *cárcia = heron
Old Irish (Goídelc) corr = crane, heron, stork, crane
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) corr = (grey) heron, stork, crane, leg-necked person
Irish (Gaeilge) corr [kəuɾˠ] = (grey) heron, stork, crane, leg-necked person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) corra [kɔr̪ˠə] = heron, stork, crane
Manx (Gaelg) coar = heron, stork, crane
Proto-Brythonic *krɨxɨð = heron
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) crychyd, krechydd, crechydd = heron
Welsh (Cymraeg) crychydd [ˈkrəχɨ̞ð / ˈkrəχɪð] = heron
Old Cornish cherhit = heron
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cerhidh = heron
Cornish (Kernewek) kerghydh = heron
Old Breton corcid = heron
Middle Breton (Brezonec) quercheiz, querch-eïz, querc’heiz, qarc’hleyz kerc’heiz = heron
Breton (Brezhoneg) kerc’heiz = heron

Etymology: possibly immitative in origin. Words for heron in Spanish (garza) and Portuguese (garça) come from the Celtiberian root [source].

Proto-Brythonic *krexVr = heron
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) crehyr = heron
Welsh (Cymraeg) crëyr [ˈkrɛ.ɨ̞r / kreː.ɪr] = heron

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱrey- (to scream, screech) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Heron

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Horses

Words for horse, stallion, mare, foal and related things in Celtic languages.

Ceffylau / Horses

Note: the commonly-used words for horse in each Celtic language are: capall in Irish, each in Scottish Gaelic, cabbyl in Manx, ceffyl in Welsh, margh in Cornish, and marc’h in Breton.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kaballos, *kapallos, *kappilos = horse
Gaulish *caballos = horse
Old Irish (Goídelc) capall [ˈkapal͈] = horse
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) capall, capail = horse
Irish (Gaeilge) capall ˈkapˠəl̪ˠ] = horse, mare
capallach = equine
capaillín = pony
capall maide = wooden, vaulting horse, hobby-horse
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) capall [kahbəl̪ˠ] = mare, colt, horse, small horse
capall-aibhne = hippopotamus
capall-coille = capercaillie
capall-mara = seahorse
capallach [kahbəl̪ˠəx] = pertaining to or abounding in mares/colts
capallan [kahbəl̪ˠan] = small horse, pony
Manx (Gaelg) cabbyl = horse, mount
cabbyl awin = hippopotamus
cabbyl assylagh = mule
Proto-Brythonic *kėfɨl = horse
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) keffyl, ceffyl = horse
keffylyn = little horse, nag, pony
cavall, cauall = horse, steed
Welsh (Cymraeg) ceffyl [ˈkɛfɨ̞l / ˈkɛfɪl] = horse, nag, hobby
ceffyl yr afon = hippopotamus
ceffylaf, ceffylu = to put on horseback, put one to ride the high horse, extol
ceffylaidd = pertaining to horses, equine, horsy
ceffylan = little horse, nag
ceffyles = mare
ceffylyn = little horse, nag, pony
cafall = horse, steed
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cevil, kevil = horse
Old Breton (Brethonoc) cefel = horse

Etymology: uncertain – related to the Late Latin caballus (horse, nag) and Ancient Greek καβάλλης (kabállēs – nag) and maybe Persian کول (kaval – second class horse of mixed blood). Possibly ultimately from PIE *kebʰ- (worn-out horse, nag). Words from the same roots include cheval (horse) in French, cavalier in English and caballo (horse) in Spanish [source].

The Breton word kefeleg (woodcock) comes from the same Proto-Brythonic root, as does kevelek (woodcock) in Cornish and cyffylog (woodcock) in Welsh [source].

Proto-Celtic *markos = horse
Galatian *μάρκαν (márkan) = horse
Gaulish *markos = horse
Old Irish (Goídelc) marc [mark] = horse
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) marc = horse
Irish (Gaeilge) marc [mˠaɾˠk] = horse (literary / archaic)
marcach = horseman, rider, jockey; cavalryman, Cavalier
marcachas = horsemanship
marchaigh = to ride
marcaíocht = riding, horsemanship, ride drive lift
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) marc [marxk] = charger (warhorse – literary)
marc-shluagh = horsemen, riders, cavalry
marchach = equestrian, mounted; riding
Manx (Gaelg) mark = horse
mark-sleih = horseman
markiagh = to ride, riding, cavalier, equestrian, horseman, jockey, rider
markiaghey = riding
markiaght = drive, equitation, horsemanship, (horse) riding, lift, rider
Proto-Brythonic *marx = horse
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) march = horse
Welsh (Cymraeg) march [marχ] = horse, stallion, war-horse, steed
marchaidd = pertaining to a horse, horsy, horselike, equine
marchallu = horsepower
marchasyn = jackass, male donkey
marchdy = stable
marchfeddyg = horse doctor, farrier
marchfilwr = dragoon, cavalryman, cavalier, trooper
marchog = horseman, rider, jockey, mounted warrior, knight
Old Cornish march = horse
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) march = horse
Cornish (Kernewek) margh [ˈmaɾx] = horse
marghek = knight, rider
margh-leska = rocking horse
marghnerth = horsepower
marghogeth = to ride (a horse)
marghti = stable
Old Breton (Brethonoc) marh = horse
Middle Breton (Brezonec) march = horse
marcheg, marhec = horseman, rider, knight
marecat = to ride (a horse)
marheguez = to ride (a horse), to dominate
Breton (Brezhoneg) marc’h [marx] = horse, easel
marc’h-tan [marxˈtãː.n] = motorbike
marc’heg [ˈmar.ɣɛk] = horseman, rider, knight
marc’hegkaat [mar.ɣe.ˈkɑːt] = to ride (a horse)
marc’hegañ =
marc’hegezh [marˈɣeːɡɛs] = to ride (a horse), to dominate
marc’hegiezh = chivalry, cavalry

Etymology: thought to be from the Proto-Indo-European *márkos, which is also the root of the English words mare and marshal, the French word maréchal (marshal), and related words in other languages [source].

Proto-Celtic *ekʷos [ˈe.kʷos] = horse
Celtiberian ekua- = horse
Gaulish epos = horse
Primitive Irish *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas) [exʷah] = horse
Old Irish (Goídelc) ech [ex] = horse
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ech = horse
airech = packhorse
Irish (Gaeilge) each [ax] = horse, steed (archaic)
eachach = abounding in horses
eachaí = horseman, jockey, equine
eachaire = horse-attendant, groom
each-chumhacht = horse-power
eachmharcach = horseman
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) each [ɛx] = horse
each-aibhne = hippopotamus
each-coimhlinge = racehorse
eachach [ɛxəx] = pertaining to or abounding in horses, horsy
eachaire [ɛxɪrʲə] = equerry
eachan [ɛxan] = small horse, yarnwindle
eachlach [ɛxl̪ˠəx] = horse groom, jockey
Manx (Gaelg) agh [ax] = steed, riding horse
aghee = equine
aghlagh, aghragh = equestrian
eagh = horse, racehorse, riding horse, steed
eagh marrey = sea horse
eagh-veg = hobbyhorse
Early Brittonic *epālos = foal
Proto-Brythonic *eb [ɛːb] = horse
*ebọl [ɛˈbɔːl] = foal
Old Welsh eb = horse
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ep, ebawl = colt, foal
ebawluarch, ebolfarch, ebawlfarch = colt, young horse
ebolyauc, eboliauc = in foal, capable of bearing a foal
Welsh (Cymraeg) ebol [ˈɛbɔl / ˈeːbɔl] = colt, foal, sucker
eboles [ɛˈbɔlɛs] = filly, foal
ebolaidd = coltish, frisky, playful, wanton
ebolfarch = colt, young horse
cyfeb = mare in foal
ebolig = coltish
eboliog = in foal, capable of bearing a foal
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ebel = foal, colt
Cornish (Kernewek) ebel = horse
Old Breton (Brethonoc) ebol = horse
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ebeul = foal, filly
Breton (Brezhoneg) ebeul [ˈe.bøl] = foal
ebeulan, ebeuliañ = to foal
ebeulez = filly
keneb = mare in foal

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos, which is also the root of the Latin word for horse, equus, and the English word equine, and related words in English and other languages [source]. The horse goddess, Epona, may be related as well.

Proto-Celtic *uɸorēdos = horse
Gaulish *werēdos = horse
Proto-Brythonic *gworuɨð = horse
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) goruytaur, goruit, gorwyd , gorŵydd = steed, horse
gorwyddfarch = (war-)horse, steed
Welsh (Cymraeg) gorwydd = steed, horse
gorwyddfarch = (war-)horse, steed

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *uɸo- (under) and *rēdo- (to ride; riding, chariot), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)reydʰ- (to ride). Words from the same Celtic roots include palfrey (a small horse with a smooth, ambling gait), Pferd (horse) in German, and vereda (path, lane) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *(φ?)lārek- = mare
Old Irish (Goídelc) láir = mare
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) láir, lair = mare
Irish (Gaeilge) láír [l̪ˠɑːɾʲ] = mare
An Láír Bhán = the Milky Way
láír bhán = hobby-horse
láíreog = little mare, young mare, filly, well-built girl, woman
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) làir [l̪ˠaːrʲ] = mare
Manx (Gaelg) laair = mare
laaireen = small mare

Etymology: possibly from PIE *pōlH- (animal young), which is also the root of pony and foal in English, pollo (chicken) in Spanish, and poule (hen) in French [source].

Proto-Celtic *kanxstikā = mare
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cassec, kassec = mare
Welsh (Cymraeg) caseg [ˈkasɛg] = mare
Old Cornish casec, cassec, casac = mare
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) casek = mare
Cornish (Kernewek) kasek = mare
Middle Breton (Brezonec) casec, casecq = mare
Breton (Brezhoneg) kazeg [ˈkɑː.zek] = mare

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱonḱ- (horse) [source]. Words from the same root possibly include henchman in English, hengst (stallion) in Dutch, and häst (horse, knight) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *stirrākos = small animal, chick
Old Irish (Goídelc) serrach = colt, faol
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) serrach = colt, faol
Irish (Gaeilge) searrach = colt, faol
searrachúil = foal-like, lively, flighty
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) searrach [ʃɛr̪ˠəx] = colt, faol, filly
searrachan [ʃɛr̪ˠəxan] = little foal
searrach-ruadh = buzzard
Manx (Gaelg) sharragh = faol
sharraghoil = faol-like

Etymology: from PIE *stirp- (progeny). Words from the same root possibly include estirpe (lingeage) in Spanish, and sterpo (dry twig or branch, brushwood) in Italian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Strength

Words for strength and related things in Celtic languages.

Strength

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *brīgos = strength
*brīga = power, worth
Gaulish *brīgos = strength
Old Irish (Goídelc) bríg [bʲrʲiːɣ / bʲrʲiːɣʲ] = force, power, value, virtue, strength, vigour, vitality
brígach = powerful, mighty, strong
brígmar = powerful
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bríg, brigh = power, strength, force, authority, vigour, virtue, might, value, worth, advantage, meaning
brígach = powerful, mighty, forceful
brígda = strong, vigorous
brígmar = powerful, strong, vigorous, lively, efficacious
brígrad = power, force
Irish (Gaeilge) brí [brʲiː] = strength, vigour; force, significance; influence, merit
bríoch = strong, vigorous, efficacious
bríochmar = strong, viorous
bríochtach = strong, vigorous person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) brìgh [brʲiː] = essence, gist, matter, pith, purport, substance; meaning, sense, significance; point (of an argument); energy, force
brìghealachd [brʲiː.əLəxg] = substance, juiciness, pithiness, significance (in mathematics)
brìgheil [brʲiː.al] = meaningful, significant
brìoghmhor [brʲiː(v)ər] = meaningful, energetic, substantial, pithy
Manx (Gaelg) bree = power, energy, stamina, vigour, virtue, initiative, validity, animation, inwardness, glow, exhalation, drift, essence, gist, effect
breeagh = inspiring, vigorous
breeoil = dynamic, energetic, essential, impulsive, valid, vibrant, vigorous, active, powerful
Proto-Brythonic *briɣ = honour, dignity (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) bri = honour, dignity, reputation, fame
Welsh (Cymraeg) bri [briː] = honour, dignity, reputation, fame, prestige, esteem, power, authority, importance, value, popularity
briaeth = honour, dignity
briol = honourable, reverent, dignified
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bry = account, value, worth, price
Cornish (Kernewek) bri = distinction, esteem, importance, relevance, reputation, value, prominence
fowt bri = insignificance
heb bri = irelevant
Old Breton (Brethonoc) bri = importance, weight, authority
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bry = respect, consideration
Breton (Brezhoneg) bri [briː] = dignity, honour, respect, consideration
brient = privilege, prerogative
brientek [bri.ˈɛn.tek] = privileged
brientin = = privileged, aristocrat

Etymology: possibly the Proto-Indo-European *bʰrḗǵʰ-o-s, from *bʰerǵʰ- (to rise, ascend, to be elevated, up high). Words from the same roots, via Gaulish, include brio (vigour, vivacity) in English, briu (energy, push, courage) in Catalan, brio (vivacity, liveliness) in Italian, brío (vigour, mettle, zeal) in Spanish, and brio (brilliance, panache) in French [Source].

Words from the same PIE roots include barrow, burrow, bury, effort, force and fort in English, and brenin (king), bwrw (to hit, strike, cast) in Welsh [Source].

Proto-Celtic *nertom = strength, power
Celtiberian Nerto- = strength (?)
Gaulish Nerto- = strength (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) nert [n͈ʲer͈t] = power, strength
nertaid [ˈn͈ʲer͈tɨðʲ] = to strengthen
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nert, nnert, nirt = strength, might, power, ability, significance
nertaid = to strengthen, confirm, exhort, urge
nertaigid = to strengthen, confirm, encourage, grow strong, side with support
Irish (Gaeilge) neart [nʲaɾˠt̪ˠ / n̠ʲæɾˠt̪ˠ] = strength, force, power, ability, plenty
neartaigh = to strengthen
neartaitheach = strengthening, reinforcing
neartaitheoir = strengthener, abettor
neartmhaire = vigorousness, strength
neartmhar = strong, vigorous, powerful
neartú = strengthening, reinforcement, support
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) neart [̪nʲɛRʃd] = might, strength, force, energy, power, (alcoholic) proof, majority, most
neartachadh [n̪ʲɛRʃdəxəɣ] = strengthening, building up, making strong
neartaich strengthen, build up, make strong
neartaiche = strengthener, emphasiser
neartail = mighty, powerful, emphatic, forcible
neartmhor = mighty, powerful, emphatic, forcible
neartmhorachd = robustness, vigour
Manx (Gaelg) niart = strength, power, force
niartaght = strength
niartal = cogent, forcible, mighty, potent, powerful, strong
niarteyder = strengthener
Proto-Brythonic *nerθ [nɛrθ] = strenght, force, power
Old Welsh (Kembraec) nerthi = to strengthen, reinforce, fortify
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nerth, nyrth = force, strength, power, might
nerthawc, nerthawg, nerthog = strong, mighty, powerful
nerthawl, nerthol = strong, mighty, powerful
nerthu = to strengthen, reinforce, fortify
nerthyd, nerthwr = fortifier, supporter, helper
Welsh (Cymraeg) nerth [nɛrθ] = force, strength, power, might, energy, vigour, hardness
nerthedig = strong, strengthened
nerthog = strong, mighty, powerful, potent
nerthol = strong, mighty, powerful, potent
nerthu = to strengthen, reinforce, fortify, aid, help, exhort, urge
nerthwr, nerthydd = fortifier, supporter, helper
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nerth = might, power, strength, force
Cornish (Kernewek) nerth [nɛrθ] = energy, force, might, power, strength
nertha = to strengthen
nerthek = energetic, powerful, robust
Old Breton (Brethonoc) nerth = force, energy
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nerz, nerh = force, energy
nerzus, nerhus = vigorous, robust, energetic
Breton (Brezhoneg) nerzh [nɛrs] = force, energy
nerzhan nerzhañ [ˈnɛrzan / ˈnɛrzã] = to strengthen, reinforce
nerzhder = vigueur
nerzhek = drastic
nerzhekaat = to give energy
nerzhelour = dynamic
nerzhus = vigorous
nerzhusaat = to strengthen oneself

Etymology: possibly the Proto-Indo-European *h₂ner-to- (virile, strong), from *h₂nḗr- (man, vital, energy). Words from the same roots include njer (man, human, person) in Albanian, άντρας [ˈandras] (man, husband) in Greek, noras (wish, desire, will, intention) in Lithuanian, nêr (lord, chief) in Welsh, and the name Nero [Source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) láitir = strong, powerful
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) láitir, laitir [ˈl͈aːdʲərʲ] = strong, powerful
Irish (Gaeilge) láidir [ˈl̪ˠɑːdʲəɾʲ / ˈl̪ˠaːdʲəɾʲ] = strong, powerful, durable, tough, solid, forcible, loud
láidreacht = strength
láidrigh = to strengthen
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) làidir [l̪aːdʲɪrʲ] = strong, potent, emphatic, robust, substantial
làidireachd = strength
làidireach = strong, potent, emphatic
làidrich = make strong, strengthen
Manx (Gaelg) lajer = strong, potent, vigorous, hard, heavy, powerful, stark
lajeragh = to strengthen, strengthening
lajerid = potency, powerfulness, strength, vigour
lajerys = cogency, force, might, prowess, strength

Etymology: unknown [Source].

Irish (Gaeilge) cadrán = hardness, stubborness, obstinacy
cadránta = hard, unfeeling, stubborn, obstinate
cadrántacht = hardness, stubborness, obstinacy
Proto-Brythonic *kadarn = strong, powerful, mighty (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cadarn, kadarn, katarnn = strong, powerful, mighty
cadarnhau, kadarnaha = to strengthen, secure, fortify, safeguard
kedernyt, kedernit, cedernyt = strength, power, potency, might
Welsh (Cymraeg) cadarn [ˈka(ː)darn] = strong, powerful, mighty, firm, fast
cadarnhad = confirmation
cadarnhau = to strengthen, secure, fortify, safeguard
cadernid = strength, power, potency, might
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cadarn = strong, stout, valiant

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *katus (battle), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (battle), from *keh₃- (to fight). Words from the same roots include Hader (dispute, quarrel) and hadern (to quarrel, bicker, struggle) in German, and words for battle in Celtic languages [Source].

Proto-Celtic *kriɸmos = strong (?)
Proto-Brythonic *krɨβ̃ = strong
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cryf, kryf = strong, powerful, vigorous
cryfder = strength, power, might
Welsh (Cymraeg) cryf [krɨːv / kriːv] = strong, powerful, vigorous, intoxicating, tough, rich, fruitful, intense
cryfder = strength, power, might
cryfhau = to strengthen
Old Cornish crif = strong, mighty, vigorous, hardy
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cref, crŷf, crif, crev = strong, mighty, vigorous, hardy
Cornish (Kernewek) krev = forceful, powerful, robust, strong, substantial
krevder = intensity, strength
Middle Breton (Brezonec) cref, creff = strong, powerful
Breton (Brezhoneg) kreñv [ˈkrẽ(w)] = strong, solid
kreñvaat [krẽˈfɑːt] = to strengthen, reinforce
kreñvder [ˈkrẽ(w)dɛr] = strength, power, might
kreñvlec’h = stronghold, fortress

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kriɸ- (body) from Proto-Indo-European *krep- (body). Words for body in Celtic and other languages come from the same roots [Source].

Proto-Celtic *trexsnos = strong
*trexsos = stronger
Gaulish Trexius, Trexa, Trenus = personal names
Primitive Irish ᚈᚈᚏᚓᚅᚐᚂᚒᚌᚑᚄ (ttrenalugos), ᚈᚏᚓᚅᚐᚌᚒᚄᚒ (trenagusu) = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) trén [tʲrʲeːn] = strong
treise = power, strength
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) trén = strong, powerful, strong man
treise = strength, vigour, power
Irish (Gaeilge) tréan = strong man, warrior, champion, strength, power, intensity, plenty, abundance
tréaniarracht = strong, forcible, attempt
treise = strength, power, dominance, force, emphasis
treisigh = to strengthen, reinforce, fortify
treisiúil = strong, forceful, vigorous
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) trèine [treːnə] = might, power
treise [treʃə] = strength, vigour
treun [treːn] = champion, hero, brave, strong, sturdy
treunar [treːnər] = strong man, champion, hero; very brave, heroic
treunas = might, power
treuntachd = boldness, courage
treuntas = strength, power, magnanimity
Manx (Gaelg) trean = brave, firm, heroic, intensive, mighty, stout, valiant
treanid = braveness, exploit, feat heroics, might, strength, valour
Proto-Brythonic *trex = stronger
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) trech = stronger, mightier, greater, superior, better
Welsh (Cymraeg) trech [treːχ] = stronger, mightier, greater, superior, better
trechedd = supremacy, dominance
trechu = to defeat, overcome, overpower
Cornish (Kernewek) trygh = conquest, victory, superior, triumphant, victorious
trygher = victor
tryghi = to conquer, vanquish
Middle Breton (Brezonec) trech = victorious, victory
trechy, trechiff = to conquer, prevail, overcome
Breton (Brezhoneg) trec’h [briː] = superior, victorious, victory
trec’hadeg = triumph
trec’hadenn = success
trec’hedigezh = defeat
trec’her = winner
trec’hin, trec’hiñ = to conquer, prevail, overcome
trec’hus = victorious

Etymology: the Proto-Indo-European *(s)treg- (to be stiff, rigid, strong) or *treg- (strength). Words from the same roots include þróttur (strength, vigour, energy) in Icelandic, and idrott (sport, physical education) in Swedish [Source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Yew (trees)

Words for yew (tree) (Taxus baccata) in Celtic languages:

Proto-Celtic *eburos [d̪ˠaɾʲ] = yew (tree)
Celtiberian ebur- = yew (tree)
Gaulish eburo- = yew (tree)
Old Irish (Goídelc) ibar [d̪ˠaɾʲ] = yew (tree)
Irish (Gaeilge) iúr [uːɾˠ] = yew (tree)
iubhar [ˈju.əɾ] = yew (tree)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) iubhar / iùbhar [ju.ər] = yew (tree), bow
Manx (Gaelg) euar = yew (tree)
Proto-Brythonic *eβor = yew (tree)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) efwr, ewr, ewur, evwr = hogweed, cow parsnip
Welsh (Cymraeg) efwr [ˈɛvʊr / ˈeːvʊr] = cow parsnip, hogweed
Cornish (Kernewek) evor = hogweed
Old Breton heuor / euor = yew
Breton (Brezhoneg) evor = alder buckthorn

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁ebʰros (yew) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Words for yew (tree) in Celtic languages:

Proto-Celtic *iwos = yew (tree)
Gaulish *iwos = yew (tree)
Old Irish (Goídelc) [eːo̯] = stem, shaft, yew, tree
Irish (Gaeilge) eo [oː/ɔː] = yew tree (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) iodh [jɤɣ] = yew tree
Proto-Brythonic *ɨwī / *ɨwɨnā = yew (tree)
Welsh (Cymraeg) yw [ɨ̞u̯ / ɪu̯] = yew (tree), yew-wood
Old Cornish hiuin = yew (tree)
Cornish (Kernewek) ewin = yew (tree)
Breton (Brezhoneg) iwin / ivin = yew (tree)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHweh₂ (yew) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Ancient Yew

Kings and Queens

Words for king and related things in Celtic languages.

Brian Boru, High King of Ireland (1002-1014)
Brian Boru, High King of Ireland (1002-1014) / Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, Ard-Rí ar Éirinn

Proto-Celtic *rīxs/*rig- = king
Celtiberian reikis = king
Gaulish rīx = king – appears in names like Katurīx, Suādurīx, *Werkingetorīx (Vercingetorix) and Asterix
Primitive Irish ᚏᚔᚌᚐᚄ (rigas) = (of the) king
Old Irish (Goídelc) [r͈ʲiː] = king
rígdae = regal, kingly
rígdún = palace
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rí, ríg, rig = king, head, chief
rígán = a sub-king, chief
rígamail, rioghamhail = royal
rígdacht = kingliness, kingly qualities, a kingdom
rígda(e) = a royal dwelling place, palace
rígrach = = royal, kingly
Irish (Gaeilge) [ɾˠiː] = king, sovereign, monarch
ríoga = regal, royal
ríora = kings, royal persons, royalty, dynasty
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rìgh [r̪ʲiː] = king
banrìgh = queen
àrd-rìgh = high king
mòr-rìgh = emperor
rìoghachadh = reigning, reign
rìoghachd = kingdom, realm
Manx (Gaelg) ree = king
reejerey = cavalier, chevalier, king, knight, lord, paladin, prince
reeoil = kinglike, monarchy, regal, royal
reeaght, reeriaght, riaght, ream = kingdom
Proto-Brythonic *riɣ [ˈriːɣ] = king
Old Welsh rig = king
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ri, rhi = king
rhiaidd, rhïaidd = regal, royal, noble, generous
rieu, riav = king, lord, ruler, chieftain
rriawdr, riawdr = lord, ruler, chieftain, God
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhi [r̥iː] = king, prince, lord, ruler, chieftain
rhiaidd = regal, noble, aristocratic, dignified
rhiau = king, lord, ruler, chieftain
rhiawdr = lord, ruler, chieftain, God
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ruy, ruif = king, sovereign, ruler
ryal, real = royal, kingly
Cornish (Kernewek) riel = regal, royal
Old Breton ri = king
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ri, rí = king

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (king, ruler) [source], which is also the root of the German word Reich (empire, realm), and the English suffix -ric, as in bishopric (a diocese or region of a church which a bishop governs) [source].

Proto-Celtic *rīganī= queen
Gaulish rigani = queen
Old Irish (Goídelc) rígan = queen
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rígain, rígan, rígnae = queen, noble lady
Irish (Gaeilge) ríon = queen, queenly, noble, lady, fair maiden
banríon = queen
(ban)ríonacht = queenship
ríonaí = queenly
ríonaigh = to queen (chess)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rìghinn [r̪ʲi.ɪn̪ʲ] = princess (archaic)
rìbhinn [r̪ʲiːvɪn̪ʲ] = maid, maiden, girl, Venus, adder, queen (archaic)
banrìgh = queen
Manx (Gaelg) reeven = queen
rein = queen
ben-rein = queen
Proto-Brythonic *rriɣėn [r͈iˈɣe̝ːn] = queen
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) riein, riain = (young) woman, girl, damsel, lass, maiden, virgin, queen, noble girl, lady
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhiain = (young) woman, girl, damsel, lass, maiden, virgin, queen, noble girl, lady

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵnih₂ (queen), from *h₃rḗǵs (king, ruler) [source]. Words from the same roots include reine (queen) in French, reina (queen) in Spanish, erregina (queen) in Basque, and regină (queen) in Romanian [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rhỼyf, rwyf, rỼy = king, lord, ruler, chieftain, leader
rwyfaỼ, rwyfaỼ = to have dominion over, govern, rule
rwyuannus, rhwyvanus = royal, kinglike, governing
ruyvenit = prince, king, ruler
rhwyfiadur, ruyfadur, rwyfyadur, rỼyfyadur = chief(tain), lord, leader, ruler, protector
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhwy(f) = king, lord, ruler, chieftain, leader
rhwyfo = to have dominion over, govern, rule, lead, be ostentatious, live in splendour
rhwyfanes = queen, lady
rhwyfaniad = reign, government, rule, kingdom
rhwyfanus = royal, kinglike, governing
rhwyfenydd = prince, king, ruler
rhwyf(i)adur = chief(tain), lord, leader, ruler, protector
Old Cornish ruifanes = queen
ruifadur = chief(tain), lord, leader
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ruy, ruif = king, sovereign, ruler
ruifanes, ruivanes = a female ruler, queen
Cornish (Kernewek) ruvanes = queen
ruvaneth = kingdom
Old Breton roe = king
Middle Breton (Brezonec) roe, roé, roue, rouè = king
rouanes, roanez, rouanés = queen
rouantelez, roeantelez = kingdom
roueel = royal
roueeler = royalist
roueelezh = royalty
roueelouriezh = royalism
roueoni = reign
Breton (Brezhoneg) roue = king
rouanez = queen
rouantelezh = kingdom, monarchy
roueel = royal
roueelezh = royalty
roueelouriezh = royalism

Etymology: from Old French roi (king), from Latin rēgem (king, ruler, despot, tyrant), from Proto-Italic *rēks (king), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (king, ruler) [source].

Words from the same Latin root include re (king) in Italian, roi (king) in French, viceroy in English and rey (king) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic *brigantīnos = (someone) pre-eminent, outstanding
Proto-Brythonic *brɨɣėntin [brɨɣe̝nˈtiːn] = lord, king
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) breenhin, breennin, breyenhin, brenhin = king
brenhynes, brenhines = queen, goddess, queen bee
brenineiziaw = to become kingly
brenhynyaeth, brenhinyaeth = royalty, kingship, reign
Welsh (Cymraeg) brenin [ˈbrɛnɪn / ˈbreːnɪn] = king, sovereign, monarch, head of region
brenineiddio = to make/become regal/kingly, make (sb) a king
breninesaidd = queen-like, queenly
breninesol = queen-like, queenly, pertaining to a queen
breningarol = royalist
breniniaethu = to reign, govern
breninoldeb = kingship, royalty
brenhines = queen, goddess, queen bee
brenhiniaeth = royalty, kingship, reign, government
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) brentyn, bryntyn = privileged, sovereign, noble, excellent
Cornish (KerneweK) bryntin, brentin = grand, great, noble, splendid, superb
Old Breton brientin, brientinion = king
Middle Breton (Brezonec) brientin = aristocrat
brientinelezh = aristocracy
Breton (Brezhoneg) brientin = aristocrat
brientinel = aristocratic
brientinelezh = aristocracy
brienteg, brientek = privileged
brientekaat = to favour
briental = royalties

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰonts (high), from *bʰerǵʰ- (to rise up, ascend) [source].

From the same Proto-Celtic root, , we get the tribal name *Brigantī (Brigantes – a Celtic tribe that occupied much of what is now northern England), Brigantia (a Celtic goddess of victory, and the territory of the Brigantes), the name Bridget, the Irish name Bríd, the Scottish Gaelic name Brìghde, the Manx name Breeshey, and the placenames such as Bragança (a city in northeastern Portugal), Bregenz (a city in western Austria) and Brianza (a city in northern Italy), [source].

English words from the same PIE root include bourgeois, burrow, fort and maybe burgler [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) mechdeyrn, mychdeyrn, machdeyrn = king, lord, monarch, emperor
mechteyrnged, mychteyrnged = tribute due to an overlord from an inferior lord
Welsh (Cymraeg) mechdeyrn, mychdeyrn, machdeyrn = king, lord, monarch, emperor, God, tributary prince, viceroy
mechdeyrnged, mychdeyrnged = tribute due to an overlord from an inferior lord
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) mychtern = sovereign, king
mychternes = queen
mychterneth = sovereignity, dominion, royalty, kingdom
Cornish (Kernewek) myghtern, metern [mɪx’tɛrn] = king, monarch
myghternes, meternes = monarch, queen
myghterneth, meterneth = kingdom
myghternses, meternses = kingship, monarchy
Old Breton machtiern = king

Etymology: from Welsh mach (surety, guarantor, sponsor, hostage) and teyrn (sovereign, monarch, king) [source].

Source: Gerlyver Kernewek, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Man / Husband

Words for man / husband in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *wiros = man, husband
Celtiberian *uiros = man, husband
Gaulish *wiros = man, husband
Primitive Irish *ᚃᚔᚏᚐᚄ (*viras) [u̯irah] = man
Old Irish (Goídelc) fer [fʲer] = man, husband
Irish (Gaeilge) fear [fʲaɾˠ] = man, husband
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fear [fɛr] = man, husband, male
Manx (Gaelg) fer [fɛr] = male, man, gentleman, individual, fellow, bloke, chap
Proto-Brythonic *gwur [ˈˠwur] = man, husband
Old Welsh gur = man, husband
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gur = man, husband
Welsh (Cymraeg) gŵr [ɡuːr] = man, person, anyone, valiant warrior, brave man, hero; vassal; married man, husband; chessman, pawn
Old Cornish uir = husband
Cornish (Kernewek) gour [ɡu:r] = husband
Middle Breton gur = man, husband
Breton (Brezhoneg) gour [ˈɡuːʁ] = man, person, husband (rare)

Selfie / Hunlun

Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós (man, husband, warrior, hero) [source], which is also the root of the English words virile and werewolf.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

To Stand

Words for to stand in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *sista- = to stand
Celtiberian sistat = to stand
Old Irish (Gaídelc) sessam = standing (by/fast), defending, standing resisting, holding out, making a stand
Irish (Gaeilge) seas [ʃasˠ] = to stand, stop, stay, last, keep, remain valid, bear, endure, resist, withstand, stand up for, defend
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) seas [ʃes] = to stand, maintain, support, defend, continue, endure, stop, stand by
Manx (Gaelg) shass [ʃas] = to stand
Proto-Brythonic *stab- = to stand
Welsh (Cymraeg) sefyll [ˈsɛvɨ̞ɬ / ˈseːvɪɬ] = to stand, be standing or upright, be or remain on one’s feet; stand (up), get up; stand or tread (on); to be located, lie; to come to a halt, stand still, stop, come to end, cease, fail
Cornish (Kernewek) sevel [‘sɛvɛl / ‘zɛvɐl] = to stand, arise, get up, rise, halt, raise up, abstain from
Breton (Brezhoneg) sevel = to rise, lift, remove, draw, build, train, compose, sell, invent, push, repay

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Note: the Brythonic words may not come from the same root as the Goidelic words.

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *stísteh₂ti (to be standing up, be getting up), from *steh₂- (to stand) [source].

The sist part of exist, resist, desist, consist, etc comes from the same root, via the Latin sisto (I stand, set, place, appear) [source]

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Hearing, fame & renown

Words for hearing, fame renown and related things in Celtic languages.

Hall of Fame

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *klowos = hearing, fame, renown
Old Irish (Goídelc) clú [kluː] = fame
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clú, clúu, clū = good repute, reputation, fame, good name, rumour, sound
clúach = famous, famed, renowned, celebrated
clúitech = famous, renowned
clúmar = famous, renowned
clúugud = act of singing the praises of, glorifying
Irish (Gaeilge) clú [klˠuː] = reputation, honour, renown
clúiteach = of good repute, honoured, renowned
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cliù [kluː] = reputation, repute, fame, renown, prestige; credit; glory, praise
cliùteach [kluːhdʲəx] = celebrated, famous, renowned, commendable, laudable
cliùteachadh [kluːdʲəxəɣ] = celebrating, praising, lauding
cliùteachd [kluːhdʲəxg] = celebrity, fame, renown
cliùtich [kluːhdʲɪç] = celebrate, praise, laud
cliùmhor [kluː(v)ər] = famous, renowned, prestigious
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) clywet, clywit, keleuuet = to hear, listen, feel, smell, taste, hearing, earshot, report
Welsh (Cymraeg) clyw [ˈklɨu̯ / ˈklɪu̯] = hearing, earshot
clywaf, clywed = to hear, listen, feel, smell, taste, hearing, earshot, report
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) clevet = the hearing
clewas, clowas = to hear, perceive, feel, smell
clowans = the hearing, an echo
Cornish (Kernewek) klew [klɛˑʊ] = hearing
klewansek = aesthetic
klewell = hearing aid
klewes = to feel, hear, perceive, sense, smell
klewwelyek = audio-visual
Middle Breton (Brezonec) cleuet, claeuet, cleufuet = hearing
Breton (Brezhoneg) klev [klew/klef] = hearing
klevedenn = hearsay
kleved = hearing, hearsay
klevigezh = to hear, feel
klevijer = acoustic
klevout = to hear

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwos (fame), from *ḱlew- (to hear) [source]. Words from the same roots include clement, client, listen and loud in English,
luid (loud, sound, assertion) in Dutch, sláva (fame, glory) in Czech, and hljóður (quiet, silent) in Icelandic [source].

Some words for Ears in Celtic languages also come from the same PIE roots.

Proto-Celtic *klutom = rumour, fame, reputation
Celtiberian *kolouton = fame (?)
Gaulish *kl(o)uton = fame (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) cloth [kluː] = fame, reputation
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cloth, clóth = report, rumour, tidings, fame, reputation, generosity
Irish (Gaeilge) cloth [klˠuː] = report, rumour, fame, renown
clothach = renowned
clothaigh = to praise extol (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) clòth† [klˠɔː] = victory, fame, praise, wind
Proto-Brythonic *klod = praise, fame (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) clod, clot, klod = praise, fame, renown, reputation, honour, credit, famous, renowned
clod ueith, clotueith = renowned, celebrated, famed
Welsh (Cymraeg) clod [ˈklɨu̯ / ˈklɪu̯] = hearing, earshot
clodach = vain praise, flattery
clodadwy = laudable, commendable, praiseworthy
clodaf, clodi = to fill with praise, to praise
clodebus = eulogistic, commendatory
clodfolaf, clodfoli = to praise, eulogize, laud, extol
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) clos = glory, happiness, praise
Old Breton (Brethonoc) clot = fame, glory
Middle Breton (Brezonec) clot = fame, glory
Breton (Brezhoneg) klod [kloːt] = fame, glory
diglod = without glory

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós (famous) *ḱlew- (to hear) [source] – see above.

Manx words for fame include ard-ennym (eminence, fame, renown, title), ard-ghoo (fame, illustriousness, renown), and goo (voice, word, utterance, reputation, fame). Goo is cognate with guth (voice) in Irish and Scottish Gaelic.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Silver & Money

Words for silver, money and related things in Celtic languages.

Silver Coins From a Hoard

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *argantom = silver
Gaulish arangto- / *argantom = silver
Celtiberian arkanta / arkato- = silver
Old Irish (Goídelc) argat [ˈarɡad] = silver, money
airgdide = silver
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) argat = silver, currency, money
airgdide = (made of ) silver
airgetlach = mine
Irish (Gaeilge) airgead [ˈaɾʲɪɟəd̪ˠ / ˈæɾʲɪɟəd̪ˠ] = silver, money, sum of money
airgeadaí = financier
airgeadaigh = to silver, electroplate
airgeadaíocht = monetary policy, management
airgeadas = finance
airgeadóir = cashier, (bank) teller
airgeadra = currency
airgeadúil = silvery, financial, moneyed, profitable
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) airgead [ɛrʲɛgʲəd] = money, silver, cash, currency
airgead-beò = mercury (Me), quicksilver
airgead-làimhe = cash
airgead-urrais = insurance
airgeadach [ɛrʲɛgʲədəx] = silver(y), well-off, moneyed, lucrative
airgeadachadh = silvering, silverplating, monetizing
airgeadaichte [ɛrʲɛgədɪçdʲə] = silvered
airgeadas [ɛrʲɛgʲədəs] = finance
airgeadra [ɛrʲɛgʲədrə] = currency
Manx (Gaelg) argid = money, silver, coinage, wages, finance, exchequer
argidagh = fiscal, moneyed, financier, (the) rich, silver(ed)
argidaghey = silver, silver plate
argid-roie, argid cadjin = currency
argideyr = cashier, financier, teller
argidoil = financial, monetary
argidys = finance
Proto-Brythonic *arɣant [arˈɣant] = silver, money
Old Welsh (Kembraec) argant = silver
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aryant, ariant, arian = silver
arandûy, ariandy = bank
arianllais = (having) a clear or melodious voice or sound
arianna, aryanna = to collect or accumulate money, beg for (money)
ariannu = to give money to, fund, finance
aryanheyt, areanneit, aryaneit = silvered, silver-plated, make of silver, silvery, wealthy, rich, moneyed
ariannog = wealthy, rich, moneyed, silver(y)
Welsh (Cymraeg) arian [ˈarjan] = silver, silvery; silver vessel; money, coin(s), coinage, currency, wealth
arianllais = (having) a clear or melodious voice or sound
arianna = to collect or accumulate money, beg for (money)
ariannaf, ariannu = to give money to, fund, finance, silver, inlay, plate
ariannaid = silvered, silver-plated, make of silver, silvery, wealthy, rich, moneyed
arianneg = financial management, finance
Ariannin = Argentinia, Argentinian
ariannog = wealthy, rich, moneyed, silver(y)
ariannwr, ariannydd = cashier, financier, banker, sponsor
Old Cornish argan, arʒant, argans = silver
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) archans, arhans, arrans = silver
Cornish (Kernewek) arghans [‘arhans / ‘ærhɐnz] = money, silver
arghans bew/byw = quicksilver
arghansek = financial, silvery
arghanser, arghansores = banker
arghans-gweres = subsidy
arghanti = bank
Arghantina = Argentina
Old Breton (Brethonoc) argant = silver
Middle Breton (Brezonec) archant = silver
Breton (Brezhoneg) arc’hant [ˈar.ɣãnt] = silver, money
arc’hantadur = silvering
arc’hantaj = silverware
arc’hantan, arc’hantañ = to silver, realize (in money), capitalize, sponsor, convert
arc’hantek = silver (adj)
arc’hanter = silverer
arc’hantiri = silverware
arc’hantus = money-producing, lucrative, capitalizable

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵn̥tom (silver), from *h₂erǵ- (white, glittering) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include Argentina and argentous (of, pertaining to or containing silver) in English, արծաթ (arcatʿ – silver) in Armenian, argento (silver) in Italian, argent (silver, money, cash) in French [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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