Hearing, fame & renown

20th November 201823rd September 2024 By Simon

Words for hearing, fame renown and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*klowos = hearing, fame, renown
Old Irish (Goídelc)	clú [kluː] = fame
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	clú, clúu, clū = good repute, reputation, fame, good name, rumour, sound clúach = famous, famed, renowned, celebrated clúitech = famous, renowned clúmar = famous, renowned clúugud = act of singing the praises of, glorifying
Irish (Gaeilge)	clú [klˠuː] = reputation, honour, renown clúiteach = of good repute, honoured, renowned
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cliù [kluː] = reputation, repute, fame, renown, prestige; credit; glory, praise cliùteach [kluːhdʲəx] = celebrated, famous, renowned, commendable, laudable cliùteachadh [kluːdʲəxəɣ] = celebrating, praising, lauding cliùteachd [kluːhdʲəxg] = celebrity, fame, renown cliùtich [kluːhdʲɪç] = celebrate, praise, laud cliùmhor [kluː(v)ər] = famous, renowned, prestigious
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	clywet, clywit, keleuuet = to hear, listen, feel, smell, taste, hearing, earshot, report
Welsh (Cymraeg)	clyw [ˈklɨu̯ / ˈklɪu̯] = hearing, earshot clywaf, clywed = to hear, listen, feel, smell, taste, hearing, earshot, report
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	clevet = the hearing clewas, clowas = to hear, perceive, feel, smell clowans = the hearing, an echo
Cornish (Kernewek)	klew [klɛˑʊ] = hearing klewansek = aesthetic klewell = hearing aid klewes = to feel, hear, perceive, sense, smell klewwelyek = audio-visual
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	cleuet, claeuet, cleufuet = hearing
Breton (Brezhoneg)	klev [klew/klef] = hearing klevedenn = hearsay kleved = hearing, hearsay klevigezh = to hear, feel klevijer = acoustic klevout = to hear

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwos (fame), from *ḱlew- (to hear) [source]. Words from the same roots include clement, client, listen and loud in English,
luid (loud, sound, assertion) in Dutch, sláva (fame, glory) in Czech, and hljóður (quiet, silent) in Icelandic [source].

Some words for Ears in Celtic languages also come from the same PIE roots.

Proto-Celtic	*klutom = rumour, fame, reputation
Celtiberian	*kolouton = fame (?)
Gaulish	*kl(o)uton = fame (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cloth [kluː] = fame, reputation
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cloth, clóth = report, rumour, tidings, fame, reputation, generosity
Irish (Gaeilge)	cloth [klˠuː] = report, rumour, fame, renown clothach = renowned clothaigh = to praise extol (literary)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	clòth† [klˠɔː] = victory, fame, praise, wind
Proto-Brythonic	*klod = praise, fame (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	clod, clot, klod = praise, fame, renown, reputation, honour, credit, famous, renowned clod ueith, clotueith = renowned, celebrated, famed
Welsh (Cymraeg)	clod [ˈklɨu̯ / ˈklɪu̯] = hearing, earshot clodach = vain praise, flattery clodadwy = laudable, commendable, praiseworthy clodaf, clodi = to fill with praise, to praise clodebus = eulogistic, commendatory clodfolaf, clodfoli = to praise, eulogize, laud, extol
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	clos = glory, happiness, praise
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	clot = fame, glory
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	clot = fame, glory
Breton (Brezhoneg)	klod [kloːt] = fame, glory diglod = without glory

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós (famous) *ḱlew- (to hear) [source] – see above.

Manx words for fame include ard-ennym (eminence, fame, renown, title), ard-ghoo (fame, illustriousness, renown), and goo (voice, word, utterance, reputation, fame). Goo is cognate with guth (voice) in Irish and Scottish Gaelic.

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Silver & Money

18th October 201827th February 2024 By Simon

Words for silver, money and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*argantom = silver
Gaulish	*arangto- / argantom** = silver
Celtiberian	arkanta / arkato- = silver
Old Irish (Goídelc)	argat [ˈarɡad] = silver, money airgdide = silver
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	argat = silver, currency, money airgdide = (made of ) silver airgetlach = mine
Irish (Gaeilge)	airgead [ˈaɾʲɪɟəd̪ˠ / ˈæɾʲɪɟəd̪ˠ] = silver, money, sum of money airgeadaí = financier airgeadaigh = to silver, electroplate airgeadaíocht = monetary policy, management airgeadas = finance airgeadóir = cashier, (bank) teller airgeadra = currency airgeadúil = silvery, financial, moneyed, profitable
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	airgead [ɛrʲɛgʲəd] = money, silver, cash, currency airgead-beò = mercury (Me), quicksilver airgead-làimhe = cash airgead-urrais = insurance airgeadach [ɛrʲɛgʲədəx] = silver(y), well-off, moneyed, lucrative airgeadachadh = silvering, silverplating, monetizing airgeadaichte [ɛrʲɛgədɪçdʲə] = silvered airgeadas [ɛrʲɛgʲədəs] = finance airgeadra [ɛrʲɛgʲədrə] = currency
Manx (Gaelg)	argid = money, silver, coinage, wages, finance, exchequer argidagh = fiscal, moneyed, financier, (the) rich, silver(ed) argidaghey = silver, silver plate argid-roie, argid cadjin = currency argideyr = cashier, financier, teller argidoil = financial, monetary argidys = finance
Proto-Brythonic	*arɣant [arˈɣant] = silver, money
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	argant = silver
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	aryant, ariant, arian = silver arandûy, ariandy = bank arianllais = (having) a clear or melodious voice or sound arianna, aryanna = to collect or accumulate money, beg for (money) ariannu = to give money to, fund, finance aryanheyt, areanneit, aryaneit = silvered, silver-plated, make of silver, silvery, wealthy, rich, moneyed ariannog = wealthy, rich, moneyed, silver(y)
Welsh (Cymraeg)	arian [ˈarjan] = silver, silvery; silver vessel; money, coin(s), coinage, currency, wealth arianllais = (having) a clear or melodious voice or sound arianna = to collect or accumulate money, beg for (money) ariannaf, ariannu = to give money to, fund, finance, silver, inlay, plate ariannaid = silvered, silver-plated, make of silver, silvery, wealthy, rich, moneyed arianneg = financial management, finance Ariannin = Argentinia, Argentinian ariannog = wealthy, rich, moneyed, silver(y) ariannwr, ariannydd = cashier, financier, banker, sponsor
Old Cornish	argan, arʒant, argans = silver
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	archans, arhans, arrans = silver
Cornish (Kernewek)	arghans [‘arhans / ‘ærhɐnz] = money, silver arghans bew/byw = quicksilver arghansek = financial, silvery arghanser, arghansores = banker arghans-gweres = subsidy arghanti = bank Arghantina = Argentina
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	argant = silver
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	archant = silver
Breton (Brezhoneg)	arc’hant [ˈar.ɣãnt] = silver, money arc’hantadur = silvering arc’hantaj = silverware arc’hantan, arc’hantañ = to silver, realize (in money), capitalize, sponsor, convert arc’hantek = silver (adj) arc’hanter = silverer arc’hantiri = silverware arc’hantus = money-producing, lucrative, capitalizable

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵn̥tom (silver), from *h₂erǵ- (white, glittering) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include Argentina and argentous (of, pertaining to or containing silver) in English, արծաթ (arcatʿ – silver) in Armenian, argento (silver) in Italian, argent (silver, money, cash) in French [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Fresh & New

7th October 20182nd January 2023 By Simon

Words for fresh and new in Celtic languages.

Words for new in Celtic languages

Proto-Celtic	*ɸūros = new
Old Irish (Goídelc)	úr = fresh, new
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	úr = fresh, new, bright, noble, generous, fair, active, recent
Irish (Gaeilge)	úr [uːɾˠ] = fresh; free, liberal, moist úrach = green timber úraigh = to freshen, scour, cleanse, become moist, damp úras = new milk úrchneasach = fresh-complexioned
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ùr [uːr] = new, fresh ùrachadh = refreshing, renewing, renovating, renewal ùr-ghnàthaich = innovative, innovatory ùr-ghnàthaichear = innovator ùrad = degree of newness, novelty
Manx (Gaelg)	oor = new, sweet, novel, sappy, crisp, span, fresh, hour, raw ooragh = hourly, refreshing ooraghey = to freshen, purify, refresh, relieve, sweeten ooraghtoil, oorey = refreshing
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ir [iːr] = verdant, green, juicy, sappy, moist, succulent, not withered, not dried up or coagulated, fresh, undried; mild; alive, thriving, lively, vigorous; new, fresh, young, unripe iraidd = fresh, verdant, green, juicy, sappy, moist, liquid
Cornish (Kernewek)	yr [ɪ:r/iːr] = fresh

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *puHrós (wheat), possibly from *pewH- (to be clean, pure) [Source].

Words from the same PIE roots include pure in English, პური (ṗuri – bread, wheat) in Georgian, and պուրի (puri – a type of bread) in Armenian [Source].

Proto-Celtic	*nouyos = new
Gaulish	novios = (used in place names*)
Celtiberian	nouiza = new
Old Irish (Goídelc)	núa [n͈uːa̯] = new
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	núa(e) = new, recent, fresh, lusty, vigorous, fair, clear, bright, lately, anew, again, recently
Irish (Gaeilge)	nua [n̪ˠuə / n̪ˠuː] = new, fresh, recent, novel; newness, new thing nua-aimseartha = modern nuachan = novation nuacht = news, novelty nuachtóir = reporter, journalist
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	nuadh [nuəɣ] = new, fresh, recent, novel, modern, unfamiliar a-nuadh = anew nua-aimsireach = modern, up to date nua-fhasanta = newfangled nuadhachadh = renewing, renovating nuadhachas = novelty, innovation
Manx (Gaelg)	noa = fresh, modern, new, novel, original, recent, unused noa-emshiragh = modern noaght = freshness, modernity, newness, novelty noaid = freshness, innovation, newness, novelty, originality aanoaghey = to rejuvenate, renew, renovate
Proto-Brythonic	*newɨð = new
Old Welsh	neguid = new
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	newyt, newyd = new, recent, modern, late, novel newydhau, newyddhau = to renew, renovate, restore
Welsh (Cymraeg)	newydd [ˈnɛu̯.ɨ̞ð/ˈnɛu̯.ɪð] = new, recent, newly-grown, modern, late, novel, changed, different; new (moon), unused, fresh newyddaf, newyddu = to renew, renovate, restore, be renewed or restored, replace, change, reform, modernize, innovate newyddaidd = newish, new, modern, newfangled, fresh, renewed newyddair = neologism, new word or spelling newyddeb = novelty, innovation newyddiadur = newspaper newyddiadura = to be a journalist newyddiadureg = jouralese, journalism
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	newydh, nowydh, nowedh = new, fresh, late, recent
Cornish	nowydh = fresh, new, novel, newly, just nowydh flamm = brand new nowydh genys = newborn
Old Breton	nouuid = new
Breton (Brezhoneg)	nevez [ˈne.ve] = new nevezadeg restoration campaign nevezadenn = innovation nevezadenniñ = to innovate nevezadur = innovation, updating, actualisation nevezer = innovator

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *néw(y)os (new) [Source]. The town of Noia in A Coruña in Galicia in the northwest of Spain probably gets its new from the same Proto-Celtic root possibly via Celtiberian [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Gods and Goddesses

28th September 201812th August 2023 By Simon

Words for gods, deities & days in Celtic languages.

The Gallo-Roman Horse Goddess Epona

Proto-Celtic	dēwos = god, deity, day dēwā = goddess
Gaulish	deuognata, teuoxtonio-, dēuos, dēwos, dēvona = god
Celtiberian	teiuoreikis, deobriga = god
Old Irish (Goídelc)	día [dʲiːa̯] = god bandía = goddess díadae, deoda = godly, divine, holy deacht = godhead
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	día, dea, déa, de, dee = god, goddess, supernatural being, object of worship deacht, déacht = godhead, divity díadae, díade, diadu = divine, godly, holy
Irish (Gaeilge)	dia [dʲiə] = god, deity bandia = goddess diaga = divine, godly, godlike, sacred, holy diagacht = divinity, godhood, godliness, piety, theology diagaigh = to deify, apotheosize diagaire = divine, theologian diaganta = godly, pious dia-aithis = blasphemy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dia [dʲiə] = god, God ban-dia = goddess diadhachd [dʲiə.əxg] = deity, divinity, godhead diadhaidh [dʲiə.ɪ] = divine, godly, pious diadhaireachd [dʲiə.ɪjəxg] = godliness diadhaidheachd [dʲiə.ɛrʲ] = theologian diadhair [dʲiə.ɛrʲ] = theologian
Manx (Gaelg)	jee = god, deity, godhead ben jee = deity, goddess jeeoil = divine, godlike, godly jeeoilys = divinity, theology jeeoilagh = divine, theologian jeeaght = deity, divinity jeeaghteyr = theologian
Proto-Brythonic	*duɨw [ˈduɨ̯w] = god
Old Welsh	duiu = god
Middle Welsh (Kymreac)	duiu, duu, dyu, diu, duw = god dwyes, dwywes = goddess, noble lady, queen dywdap, dywdot, duwdab = the divine nature, divinity, theology dywol, duwiol = godly, devout, religious, pious, good, holy, sanctimonious
Welsh (Cymraeg)	duw / Duw [dɨu̯ / dɪu̯] = god, the Supreme Being, the Almighty, the Christian Trinity; O God! duwies, dwywes, dwyes = goddess, noble lady, queen duwdeb = the divine nature, divinity, theology duweiddiad = deification, apotheosis duweiddiaf, duweiddio = to deify, make a god of, turn into an object of worship duwgar = loving God, pious, devout duwiol, duwol = godly, devout, religious, pious, good, holy, sanctimonious
Old Cornish	duy = god
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	dew, du, duy = god, God, a divinity dues = goddess
Cornish (Kernewek)	duw [dyˑʊ / diˑʊ] = god duwes = goddess duwonieth = theology duwonydh, duwonydhes = theologian Duw genes = goodbye (“god with you”)
Old Breton	doi = god
Middle Breton	doe, doué, dou = god doueadur = apotheosis, deification doueañ = to deify doueadur = apotheosis, deification doueañ = to deify doueegezh = divinity, deity doueek, doeel, doueel = divine
Breton (Brezhoneg)	doue [du] = god doueez =goddess douead = theist doueadegezh = deism doueegezh = divinity doueel = divine

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (god), from *dyew- (sky, heaven) [source]. The Deva rivers in Galicia get their name from the same Proto-Celtic root, and the Latin name for the city of Chester, Deva, possibly comes from the same Celtic root [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Celtiberian

Hearing, fame & renown

Silver & Money

Fresh & New

Gods and Goddesses