Ears

20th November 201823rd September 2024 By Simon

Words for ears, hares and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*kloustā = ear, hearing
Old Irish (Goídelc)	clúas [kluːa̯s] = ear, hearing
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	clúas, cluas = (sense of) hearing, ear clúasach, clūasach = pleasing to the ear, having (big) ears or handles, big-eared
Irish (Gaeilge)	cluas [klˠuəsˠ] = ear; ear-shaped object; lug, handle; cleat; tab; corner, margin cluasach = having ears, long-eared cluasachán = long-eared person or animal cluasaí = listener, eavesdropper cluasaíocht = eavesdropping, whispering, listening, talking in a furtive manner cluasán = earphone, headphone cluasánach = listless, inattentive person cluasántacht = listlessness, inattention
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cluas [kl̪ˠuəs] = ear, lug, handle cluasach [kl̪ˠuəsəx] = pertaining to ears, aural, having (a) handle(s) cluasachan [kl̪ˠuəsəxan] = pillow cluasag [kl̪ˠuəsag] = pillow, bolster cluasagach [kl̪ˠuəsagəx] = pertaining to or abounding in pillows cluasaire [kl̪ˠuəsɪrʲə] = (person with) bigs ears cluasan [kl̪ˠuəsan] = earphone, headset
Manx (Gaelg)	cleaysh [kleːʃ] = ear, cleat, handle, lug, top corner of net, corner of sail cleayshagh = aural, (large-)eared, lugged cleayshtynagh = audible, listener
Proto-Brythonic	*klʉst = ear
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	clust = ear, hearing, handle clustueinyd, clustfeinydd = attentive or eager listener, eavesdropper clustiog, klustioc = (large-/long-) eared, having a handle, pertaining to the ear clustot, clustog, clustoc = cushion, pillow, bolster
Welsh (Cymraeg)	clust [klɨːst / klɪst] = ear, sense of hearing, attention, willingness to listen; handle of a vessel, tag of a boot, top part of a bell; creek or inlet; auricle (of the heart) clustfeinio = to listen closely or attentively, prick up the ears, eavesdrop clustfeiniol = listening attentively or intently clustfeiniwr, clustfeinydd = attentive or eager listener, eavesdropper clustffon, clustffôn = earphone, headphone clustiog = (large-/long-) eared, having a handle, pertaining to the ear clustog = cushion, pillow, bolster clustogi = to cushion, pillow, bolster up, upholster

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlow-steh₂, from *ḱlew- (to hear) [source]. Words from the same roots include clement, client, listen and loud in English, quaj (to call, name, value, declare) in Albanian, luid (loud, sound, assertion) in Dutch, sláva (fame, glory) in Czech, and hljóður (quiet, silent) in Icelandic [source].

Words for Hearing, Fame and Renown in Celtic languages also come from the same PIE roots.

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sgiarnag, sgibearnag = hare
Proto-Brythonic	skuβarn = ear skuβarnọg = hare
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	esgyuarn, ysgyuarn, yscyfarn, yskyuarn = ear ysgyuarnauc, yscyfarnawc, y scyuarnaỽc, ysgyuarnawc, yscyfarnoc = hare
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ysgyfar(n) = ear (y)sgyfarnog, sgwarnog = hare ysgyfarnogaidd = harelike, leporine
Old Cornish	scouarn = ear scouarnoc = hare
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	scovarn, scouarn, scovern, scovorn, scoforn = ear scovarnog, scowarnak, scowarnog = hare
Cornish (Kernewek)	skovarn [‘skɔvarn / ‘skɔvɐrn] = ear, handle skovarnek = hare
Old Breton	scobarn = ear
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	scouarn = ear scouarnec = having large or long ears, long-eared, having handles
Breton (Brezhoneg)	skouarn [skwarn] = ear, gills, handle skouarnad [ˈskwar.nat] = a slap (on the ear) skouarnañ = to garnish with an ear or handle skouarnata [skwarˈnatːa] = to slap, to rub or pull ears skouarneg [ˈskwar.nɛk] = hare skouarnek [ˈskwar.nɛk] = having large or long ears, long-eared, having handles

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (to observe, perceive) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include cautious, caveat and show in English, schouwen (to inspect, examine) in Dutch, schauen (to look, watch, view) in German, and cauto (prudent, cautious, sly) in Italian [source].

Irish (Gaeilge)	giorria [ˈɟɪɾˠiə/ˈɟaɾˠiə] = hare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	geàrr [gʲaːr̪ˠ] = hare gearrach [gʲar̪ˠəx] = hare giorrasach [gʲir̪ˠəsəx] = hare geàrr-fhiadh = hare gearrag [gʲar̪ˠag] = leveret, young hare

Etymology: from Old Irish gerr (short) and fíad (deer, wild animal(s)) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	míl maige = hare
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	míl maige = hare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	maigheach [mɤjəx] = hare
Manx (Gaelg)	mwaagh = hare cha follan as mwaagh = brimful of health (“as healthy as a hare”)

Etymology: from Old Irish míl (animal) and mag (plain, field) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*kasnī = hare
Old Irish (Goídelc)	Cainnech = personal name
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ceinach = hare
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ceinach [ˈkei̯naχ] = hare (archaic – originally meant “(the) grey/white one”) ceinachgi = harrier, hare-hound

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s- (hare). Words from the same PIE root include hare in English, haas (hare) in Dutch, Hase (hare) in German, and hase (female rabbit, hare) in French [source].

Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gad = hare
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	gat = hare
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gad [ɡɑːt] = hare

Etymology: unknown [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Heads & Brains

19th November 201826th September 2024 By Simon

Words for heads, brains, minds and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	kʷennom = head en-kʷennio- = brain
Gaulish	pennon, πεννο, πεννοου = head
Primitive Irish	ᚉᚒᚅᚐ-ᚉᚓᚅᚅᚔ (cuna-cenni) = dog’s head
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cenn [kʲen͈] = head, end, leader inchinn = brain
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cenn, cend = head, roof, end, chief, leader cenna (adj.) = chief, principal cennacht, ceannacht = headship, supremacy, leadership cennas, cendus = headship, leadership, superiority, precedence cennide = headgear, headdress, helmet cennmar, cennmhar = big-headed cennphort = capital, chief, leader cenntromm, ceanntrom = heavy-handed inchinn, inchind = brain(s), mind, intelligence, intention
Irish (Gaeilge)	ceann [caun̪ˠ / cɑːn̪ˠ / can̪ˠ] = head; end, extremity; one; chief, main ceannas = headship, sovereignty, authority, command, forwardnewss, self-assertiveness ceannasach = ruling, sovereign, commanding, masterful, forward, self-assertive, bold, assured, dominant (chord) ceannasaí = commander, controller ceanntrom = bullying, oppression, top-heavy, sluggish, drowsy inchinn [ˈɪɲçən̠ʲ] = brain
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ceann [kʲaun̪ˠ] = head, end, close, finish, lid, roof, subject, topic, leader ceann-suidhe = president ceannadair [kʲan̪ˠədɪrʲ] = leader ceannara [kʲan̪ˠər̪ˠə] = resolute, strong-headed ceannard [kʲãũn̪ˠər̪ˠd] = chief, leader, head, boss, president, headland ceannardach [kʲãũn̪ˠər̪ˠdəx] = chiefly, commanding, imperious ceannas [kʲan̪ˠəs] = presidency, rule, superiority, dominance eachainn [ɛnɛxɪn̪ʲ] = brain, brains
Manx (Gaelg)	kione [caun / coːn / coᵈn] = head, headland, chief, ringleader, bottom, poll, end, extreme, close, finish, top-end, top, point of argument, termination, closing, extremity, point, dyke, tribune kionard = chief kionnoort = chief(tain), captain, governor, ruler, prince, deputy, constable kioneys = dominance, domination, command, hegemony
Proto-Brythonic	*penn [ˈpenː] = head
Cumbric	pen = head
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	penn, pen = head, chief pennadur = ruler, chief(tain), lord, nobleman, aristocrat, prince, king, sovereign pennaethu = to act as a chief, to rule pennaytheid = chieflike, princely penryn, penrin, pennrynn = cape, promontory, headland, point, peninsula talcen, talken = forehead, brow
Welsh (Cymraeg)	pen [pɛn] = head, obverse (of coin); top, summit, roof, highest point; extremity, end, beginning; headland, promontory, projecting point of rock; pole penadur = ruler, chief(tain), lord, nobleman, aristocrat, prince, king, sovereign penaethu = to act as a chief, to rule penr(h)yn = cape, promontory, headland, point, peninsula talcen = forehead, brow ymennydd [əˈmɛnɨ̞ð / əˈmɛnɪð] = brain, brains, intellectual capacity, mind
Old Cornish	penn = head
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	pen = an extremity, end, conclusion, head, chief, beginning, the upper part, summit pencanguer = centurion (“head of 100 men”) pendevig, pensevic, pedhzhivig = prince, chief, nobleman pendruppia = to nod, shake the head penryn = promontory, cape, head-land
Cornish (Kernewek)	penn, pedn [pɛn:] = end, head, summit, top, main, premier, top pennek = big-headed pennen = buddle-head pennseviges = princess pennsevik = chief, noble, prince pennskol = university ympynnyon brain
Old Breton	penn = head, chief
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	penn, pen = head, chief pennec = big-headed, stubborn, obstinate
Breton (Brezhoneg)	penn [pɛnː] = head, chief, leader pennad [ˈpɛ.nːat] = piece, end, moment, chapter, article pennadur = authority pennan = main, dominant pennañ = to form a head, to stand up to pennek [ˈpɛnːɛk] = big-headed, stubborn, obstinate penntir [ˈpɛntiʁ] = promontory empenn = brain

Etymology: unknown. The words for brain all mean “in (the) head” [source]. The tal in Welsh talcen comes from tâl (end, extremity, top, side, edge, front), from Proto-Celtic *talu (front, forehead) – see the post about Foreheads, while the cen retains the c [k] from Proto-Celtic.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	in(n)tinn [ˈin͈ʲtʲin͈ʲ] = head, end
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	in(n)tinn = mind, view, disposition, attention, intention, will, purpose, high spirits, courage dall-inntinn = dullness, stupidity, dull, stupid, heavy
Irish (Gaeilge)	intinn [ˈiːn̠ʲtʲən̠ʲ] = mind, mental state, disposition, attention, spirits, intention, accord intinneach = willing, intent(ional), strong-willed, spirited, in high spirits
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	inntinn [ĩːn̪ʲdʲɪn̪ʲ] = (human) mind; intellect, intelligence; intention, purpose inntinneach [ĩːn̪ʲdʲɪn̪ʲəx] = interesting, high-minded, high-spirited, jolly, merry inntinneachd [ĩːn̪ʲdʲɪn̪ʲəxg] = high-mindedness inntinneil = mental
Manx (Gaelg)	inchyn, inçhyn = brain, grey matter, intellect, spirit inchynagh = brainy, cerebral, intelligent, mental, witted inchynaght = intellect, intelligence ard-inchynys = brilliance co-inchynys = telepathy far-inchynaght = artificial intelligence

Etymology: from the Latin intentiō (strain, tension, increase, exertion, charge, purpose, intention), from intendō (to stretch out, strain, turn one’s attention to, focus (on), aim, direct), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (to stretch, extend) [source]. Words from the same roots include tend, tent, tense, tenure and intention in English, entendre (to hear, mean) in French, tener (to have, possess, hold) in Spanish [source].

Legs & Feet

17th November 20181st October 2024 By Simon

Words for legs, feet and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*koxsā = foot, leg
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cos(s) [kos] = foot, leg
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	cos, cas = foot, leg, stem, support, handle, shaft, infantry cosach = pertaining to feet or legs, long-legged
Irish (Gaeilge)	cos [kɔsˠ] = leg, foot; handle, shaft, stem; lower end cosán = path, footway, track, way, passage, direction cosarálaí = trampler, clumsyfooted person coiscéim = footstep coisí = pedestrian
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cas [kas] = foot, trotter; leg; handle, shaft shank (of a fishing hook casach [kasəx] = (many-)footed, legged, abounding in feet casachan [kasəxan] = pedal, treadle cos [kɔs] = foot, leg, handle, shaft
Manx (Gaelg)	cass [kaːs] = leg, barrel, foot, shaft, peg, bottom, outlet, mouth of river, stalk, hilt, stem of a pipe, crop of a whip cassagh = footed, pedal, spiral, objective kass = foot
Proto-Brythonic	*koɨs = leg, shank, stem
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	coes = leg, shank koescyn = leg, shank, stalk, stem
Welsh (Cymraeg)	coes [koːɨ̯s / kɔi̯s / koːs] = leg, shank; handle, haft, stem, stalk coes = little leg coesgyn = leg, shank, stalk, stem coesi(o) = to run away, leg it, walk, stride
Cornish (Kernewek)	koos = leg

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *koḱs- (joint) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include cushion in English, Hachse (hock, shank, knuckle, leg) in German, coxa (thigh, drumstick) in Portuguese, and cuisse (thigh) in French [source].

Proto-Celtic	*tregess = foot
Gaulish	treide = foot
Old Irish (Goídelc)	traig [traɣʲ] = foot (part of body / measurement), step
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	traig = foot, step
Irish (Gaeilge)	troigh [t̪ˠɾˠɪɟ / t̪ˠɾˠɔ / t̪ˠɾˠiː] = foot (part of body / measurement), step troitheach = foot-soldier, pedestrian troitheán = pedal, treadle troithíocht = sound of footsteps
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	troigh [trɔç] = foot (part of body / measurement), sole of foot troighean = pedal
Manx (Gaelg)	trie [strɛin] = foot, sole, twelve inches
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	troed, troet = foot troeduet, troetued, troydvedd = foot (measurement) troedaỽc, troedauc, troediog, troedyavc, troydawc = having a foot, footed, walking, ambulant, nimble-footed, sure-footed
Welsh (Cymraeg)	troed [troːɨ̯d / trɔi̯d] = foot, shaft, handle, bottom, base, pedestal, foundation, extremity, end, stalk, foot-joint troed-droed, troetroed = step by step, in step (with) troedfa = pavement, foundation, base troedfedd = foot (measurement) troedfys = toe troedffordd = footpath, footway troediad = step, pace, walk, gait, kick troed(i)o = to tread, step, walk, tample (on), plod, trudge troed(i)og = having a foot, footed, walking, ambulant, nimble-footed, sure-footed
Old Cornish	truit = foot
Middle Cornish	trois, tros, trôs = foot troishys = foot (length)
Cornish (Kernewek)	troos [tro:z / tru:z] = foot, on foot troos-hys, troos-hes = foot (length)
Old Breton	treit, treyt = foot
Middle Breton	troat = foot troatet = foot (length)
Breton (Brezhoneg)	troad [trwɑːt] = foot, handle troadeg = with big feet, infantryman, pedestrian troadek [ˈtrwɑː.dɛk] = having big feet, having a foot troadikell [trwa.ˈdikː.ɛl] = pedal troadikellañ [trwa.di.ˈkɛlː.ã] = to pedal troadikeller [trwa.di.ˈkɛlː.ɛr] = pedalboard. pedaler troatad [ˈtrwatː.at] = foot (length)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (to run, walk), apparently a variant of *dʰregʰ- (to run, drag, pull) [source]. Words from the same roots include drag, draw, train and treaty, and droichead (bridge) in Irish [source].

Proto-Celtic	*garros = shank, leg, calf
Gaulish	*garra = leg
Old Irish (Goídelc)	gairr = calf of the leg
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	gairr, gair = calf of the leg
Proto-Brythonic	*garr = shank, calf of the leg
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	garr, gar = leg, shank, thigh, ham, hough
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gar [ɡar] = leg, shank, thigh, ham, hough gar(r)an = leg, shank, shaft, axle garanu = to fix a shank or handle, to fit with a shaft or axle, to crane
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gar = shank, leg
Cornish (Kernewek)	garr [ɡarː/ɡɒr] = leg, stem garren = calf, stalk
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	gar, garr = leg, paw
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gar [ɡɑːr] = leg, paw garegenn = leg (of trousers) gargen = leg warmer gallek [ˈɡa.rːɛk] = (having) long legs

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰs-r- (hand), from *ǵʰes- (hand, to take, give in exchange) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root include garra (shank, claw, talon) in Catalan, jarret (hough, hock) in French, garter (a band worn around the leg to hold up a sock or stocking) in English, and garra (claw, talon, paw, hook, passion, dedication) in Spanish [source].

Words from the same Proto-Info-European roots include dorë (hand) in Albanian, paže (arm) in Czech, and host (the consecrated bread of the Eucharist) in English [source].

Heavy

24th October 20188th October 2023 By Simon

Words for heavy and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*trummos = heavy
Old Irish (Goídelc)	trom = heavy, burden, distress, elder, weight trummae = heaviness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag)	trom = heavy, great, vast, powerful, mighty, weight, burden, bulk, severity, distress, difficulty, sorrow, blame, censure trummae, truime = heaviness, weight, severity, rigour, sorrow, grief
Irish (Gaeilge)	trom [t̪ˠɾˠuːmˠ] = weight, burden, oppression, bulk, preponderance, importance, blame, heavy, stodgy, dense, thick, abundant tromábhal = massive troime = heaviness, weightiness tromaí = weighty, onerous, grave, serious, heavy-handed tromaigh = to become heavier, make heavier, add weight to, intensify, deepen, press upon tromán = weight tromas = oppression, distress
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	trom [trɔum] = heavy; weighty, ponderous; pregnant; deep, profound; oppressive (mood); mournful, melancholic; burden, weight tromach = heavy / clunky one tromadach = bulky, large, substantial, massive, ample, weighty, lumpish tromaich = make/become heavy, burden, load, oppress troman = great weight
Manx (Gaelg)	trome [t̪roːm] = heavy, difficult, grave, substantial, weighty, deep, sweated, emphatic, hard, gruelling, harsh tromey = heavy, grievous trommey = heavy
Proto-Brythonic	*trumm = heavy
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	trum, trỼm, trom, trwm = heavy, solid, bulky, large
Welsh (Cymraeg)	trwm [trʊm] = heavy, solid, bulky, large, thick, intense, severe, hard, excessive; extensive, plentiful; boring, abstruse; close, muggy, oppressive trwmgalon, trymgalon = heavy-hearted, sad, sorrowful, downhearted, troubled, sadness trymhau = to make/become heavier pendrwm = downcast, downhearty, sorrowful, dejected
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	trom = heavy, weighty, sad
Old Breton	trum = heavy (?)
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	trum, trumm = quickly, fast, soon, sudden
Breton (Brezhoneg)	trumm = sudden

The Breton words might not be cognate with the words in the other languages.

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *trewd (thrust, press) [source].

Words from the same roots include intrude, protrude, threat and thrust in English, troid (fight) in Irish, trod (quarrelling, wrangling, scolding) in Scottish Gaelic and troddan (campaign, fight, quarrel) in Manx [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag)	pís = name of a weight, pennyweight
Proto-Brythonic	*puɨs = heavy
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	pvys, pwys = weight pwysedic = weighed, pressed, weighty, heavy pvysuaur, pwys-fawr = heavy, important, momentous, serious pwyssic = important, weighty, momentous
Welsh (Cymraeg)	pwys [puːɨ̯s/pʊi̯s] = weight, pressure, impetus, burden, pound (lb) pwysaf, pwyso = to weigh, be heavy, press, emphasize pwysedig = weighed, pressed, weighty, heavy pwysedd = pressure pwysfawr = heavy, important, momentous, serious pwysig = important, weighty, momentous, cautious
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	poys, pôs, poes, poays, boys = weighty, heavy, grevious poesder, pysder = weight
Cornish (Kernewek)	poos = heavy, emphasis, importance, pressure, weight, muggy poosa = to weigh posek = important poster = heaviness
Old Breton	pois, puisou = heavy, important, strong
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	pouez = weight, authority, heavy peosaff, poesa = to weigh poesant = heavy poesus = heavy
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pouez [ˈpweːs] = weight, rhythm, importance pouezañ [ˈpweːzã] = to weigh, insist pouezadenn [pweˈzɑːdɛn] = weighing, pressure pouezant = heavy pouezer [ˈpweːzɛr] = weighing pouezus [ˈpweːzys] = important

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from Vulgar Latin *pēsum, from pēnsum (allotment, portion, weight) [source]. Words from the same roots include poids (weight) in French, and peso (weight) in Italian and Spanish [source].

Middle Breton (Brezonec)	ponnher, ponner, pouner = heavy, important, strong
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pounner [pu.nɛʁ] = heavy, exaggerated, strong, serious pounneraat = to gain weight pounnerder = gravity pounnerglev = hard of hearing

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: unknown

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Full

23rd October 201818th May 2024 By Simon

Words for full and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*ɸlānos = full
Old Irish (Goídelc)	lán [l͈aːn] = full láine = fullness línad = filling
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	lán, lan = full, filled (with), whole, complete
Irish (Gaeilge)	lán [l̪ˠɑːnˠ / l̪ˠæːnˠ] = full, pride, arrogance lánaigh = to fill out, give volume to, mould lánán = charge, filling iomlán = all, the whole, total, aggregate, full, whole, complete
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	làn [l̪ˠaːn] = full, replete; complete; filled, sat(iat)ed, satisfied; fullness; high tide; complement, fill lànach[l̪ˠaːnəx] = filling, fruitful lànachadh [l̪ˠaːnəxəɣ] = fulness, plentitude, prime lànmhòr [̪ˠaːn(v)ər] = full, complete, plentiful làntachd [[l̪ˠaːn̪ˠdəxg] = plethora iomlan [imil̪ˠan] = full, complete, whole, entire
Manx (Gaelg)	lane [lɛdn] = full, replete, crowded, swelling, fully, total, gravid, lot, unexpurgated (edition), much, loaded, plenary, sound, full-blooded, at full strength laneid = fullness, repletion, satiety lhieeney = to fill (in/out), load, flow lhieent = completed, filled, full, fullfilled, stuffed
Proto-Brythonic	*lọn [ˈlɔːn] = full
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	llawn, llaunt = full llewny, llaỽna, lleỽni, llewni = to full llawnder = abundance, plenty, fullness
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llawn [ɬau̯n] = full; covered, saturated; filled to capacity; teeming with, abounding in; charged with emotion llawnaeth = fullness, plentitude, plenty, abundance llawnaf, llewni, llawnu = to full, satiate, be filled llawnder = abundance, plenty, fullness llawnedig = filled
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	leun, luen, lên = full, replete, complete
Cornish (Kernewek)	leun [lø:n / le:n] = full, complete, thorough, total leun a dus = crowded leun a styr = meaningful leunder = fill, fullness leunhe = to fill
Old Breton	lon = full
Middle Breton	leun = full leunhat = to fill leunyaff = to fill, complete leunidigaez, leunydigaez = fullness, filling, supply
Breton (Brezhoneg)	leun [ˈlœ̃ːn] = full, covered leunaat = to fill leunded = fullnes leunder = entirety leuniadur = to fill, complete leuniañ [ˈlœ̃njã] = to fill, complete leunidigezh = filling

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós (full), from *pleh₁- (to fill) [source]. Words from the same roots include complete, fill, full, plain and plenty in English, voll (full, filled, drunk) in German, lleno (full) in Spanish, plein (full, plenty, solid) in French [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Purple

23rd October 20181st April 2024 By Simon

Words for purple and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	corcarda = purple, crimson corcair = purple / crimson dye, murex
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	corcarda, corcra = purple, crimson purpuir = purple, crimson
Irish (Gaeilge)	corcra = purple corcraigh = purple, crimson, bloody corcair = a kind of purple dye corcairdhearg = crimson corcairghorm = violet purpair = purple, purple cloth purpal = purple purparaigh = purple
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	corcar [kɔr̪ˠxgər] = purple; any lichen yielding a purple dye corcra [kɔrxgrə] = purple, crimson corcarach [kɔrxgrəx] = purple, crimson corcaire [kɔrxgɪrʲ] = make/dye purple corcradh [kɔrxgrəɣ] = making/dying purple purpaidh [purbɪ] = purple purpar [purbər] = purple
Manx (Gaelg)	purple = purple
Proto-Brythonic	*porfor = purple
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	porfor, porffor, porphor = purple
Welsh (Cymraeg)	porffor [ˈpɔrfɔr] = purple, puce, violet, red, crimson, scarlet, clad in purple, royal, imperial porffori, porffora(f) = to become/turn purple or crimson porfforaid = purple (coloured), purplish, clad in purple purpur = purple, scarlet, red, purple cloth
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	purpur = purple, purple robe
Cornish (Kernewek)	purpur [‘pʏrpʏr / ‘pərpər] = purple, violet purpurwyn = light purple
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	pourp, pourpr = purple
Breton (Brezhoneg)	pourpré = purple

Etymology: from Latin purpura (purple), from Ancient Greek πορφύρα [por.pʰý.raː] (purple-fish (Hexaplex trunculus), purple dye from that fish). The English word purple comes from the same roots, as do words for purple in various other European languages [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec )	ehoec = heather-colour(ed), purple, green
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ehöeg = heather-colour(ed), purple, green, green colour hoeg = green

Etymology: possibly from *oec (heather) [source].

Other words for purple in Welsh include:

piws [pɪu̯s] (puce, [reddish] purple). It comes from the English puce (brownish-purple, deep red), from French puce (flea), from Latin pūlicem (flea), from Proto-Indo-European *plúsis (flea), which is also the root of the English word flea [source].
cochlas [ˈkɔχlas] (purple, reddish blue), from coch (red) and glas (blue/green) [source].
glasgoch [ˈɡlasɡɔχ] (purple, bluish red), from glas (blue/green) and coch (red) [source].

Other words for purple in Manx are gorrym jiarg and jiarg gorrym, and purpleness is gorrym jiargid.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Brown & Dun

22nd October 20184th May 2024 By Simon

Words for brown, dun and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*dusnos = dark brown
Old Irish (Goídelc)	donn [don͈] = brown, tawny, dun; hazel (eyes), chestnut (animals)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	donn = dun, brown donnaid = to make brown or red
Irish (Gaeilge)	donn [d̪ˠɔn̪ˠ / d̪ˠuːn̪ˠ / d̪ˠəun̪ˠ] = brown, brown-haired, hard brown timber donnaigh = brown, tan, rust donnbhuí = yellowish brown, fallow, biscuit(-coloured) donnchiabhach = brown-haired donndearg = reddish brown donnfhionn = light brown donnroscach = brown-eyed donnrua = chestnut (colour), russet (cloth), bay (horse) strong>donnúchán = browning
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	donn [dɔun̪ˠ ~ dɯn̪ʲə] = brown, brown-haired, brunette donn-gheal = light brown, slightly tanned donn-ruadh = bay, chestnut (coloured) donn-uaine = olive(-brown) donnachadh [dɔ̪nˠəxəɣ] = browning, making brown, tanning
Manx (Gaelg)	dhoan, dhone, doan = brown, brown-haired, hazel, swarthy, dark-skinned dhoanaghey = brown, tan doan ruy = sepia dhone-ruy = bay (colour) dhoan-ruy = chestnut
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	dwnn, dwn = dun, dark red, brown
Welsh (Cymraeg)	dwn = dun, dark red, brown; swarthy, dark

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-/*dʰewh₂- (smoke, mist, haze) [source]. Words from the same root possibly include dew, dun, dusk, dust and fume in English [source].

Proto-Celtic	*gelos = shining, white
Gaulish	*gelā
Old Irish (Goídelc)	gel = bright, clear, white gile = brightness, whiteness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	gel, geal = fair, white, bright, shining gelach = moon gelaid = to make white, bleach, make fair gelaigid = to brighten, give light to gelán = brightness, a flash, whiteness gelcaid = to whiten geldae = fair, bright
Irish (Gaeilge)	geal [ɟalˠ] = white, bright, pure, glad, happy, dear, beloved, fond gealach [ɟəˈl̪ˠɑx] = moon gealacán = white (of egg/eye) gealachán = bleaching, clothes hung out to dry gealacht = brightening gealadh = dawning, dawn, bleaching, greying, lightening of colour, gladness, fondness gealán = gleam, flash, bright spell gealánach = gleaming, flashing, bright
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	geal [gʲal̪ˠ] = white, fine gealach [gʲal̪ˠəx] = moon gealachd [gʲal̪ˠəxg] = whiteness gealadh [gʲal̪ˠag] = blight, whitening, fade-in gealaich [gʲal̪ɪç] = blanch, bleach, whiten gealaichte [gʲal̪ɪçdʲə] = blanched, bleached, whitened
Manx (Gaelg)	gial = bright, clear, white, shining, snowy, light-coloured, fulgent giallagh = moon gialan = egg white giallaghey = to blanch, bleach, brighten, whiten gillid = brightness, clearness, light, lustre
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gell = bay, brown, auburn
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gell = bay, brown, auburn, orange, yellow, tawny-coloured
Cornish (Kernewek)	gell [gɛl:] = (light) brown gellburpur = puce gellrudh = auburn, russet brown gellvelyn = tawny brown
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	guel(l) = bay, fawn, red
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gell [ˈɡɛlː] = bay, brown, ripe, exhausted gellaat [ɡɛˈlɑːt] = to make or become brown gellan, gellañ = = to brown, ripen gelleg = bay colour

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₂os, from *ǵʰelh₂- (to shine) [source]. English words from the same PIE roots include arsenic, gall, gild, gild, gold and yellow [source].

Proto-Celtic	*gurmos = dun, dark, blue
Old Irish (Goídelc)	gorm = blue, dark, green
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	gorm = (deep) blue, green, dark, swarthy, black
Irish (Gaeilge)	gorm [ˈɡɔɾˠəmˠ] = blue, dyeing-blue; azure, dark-blue; livid, purple goirme = blueness gormaigh, gormú = to colour blue, become blue gormchló = blue-print gormghlas = blue-green, sea-green, aquamarine gormroscach, gormshúileach = blue-eyed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	gorm [gɔrɔm] = blue; green, verdant; green, inexperienced, wet (behind the ears) gorm-ghlas = azure, cerulean, dapple grey (horse) gorm_shùileach = blue-eyed (person) gorm-uaine = blue-green gormachadh [gɔrɔməxəɣ] = making blue or grey gormailean = blue-eyed person, highly naive person muc-ghorm = blue whale
Manx (Gaelg)	gorrym = blue, black, dark-skinned gormaghey = blue, cyanosis gorrymaghey = blue gorrym dorraghey = dark blue bane-ghorrym = light blue doo-ghorrym = navy blue
Proto-Brythonic	*gurm = dun, dark, blue
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gurum, gurim, gwrym, gurem = brown, dark-brown gwrymde, gurym de = dark-blue, greyish-blue, swarthy, wearing mourning gwrymseirch, gwrmseirch, gurumseirch = dark-blue armour or harness, horse-trappings, traces
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwrm, gwrwm = brown, dark-brown, reddish, greyish-brown, dark-grey, dark, dusky, black, dark-blue, blue gwr(w)mder = blackness, duskiness, murkiness, mist gwr(w)mdde = dark-blue, greyish-blue, swarthy, wearing mourning gwr(w)mddu = dusky, blackish, black garment gwr(w)mseirch, gwrymseirch = dark-blue armour or harness, horse-trappings, traces
Cornish (Kernewek)	gorm [gɔrm] = (dark/dull) brown
Old Breton	uurm-haelon = with dark brows

Etymology: uncertain – possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate [source]

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Green & Verdant

21st October 201810th February 2024 By Simon

Words for green, verdant and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Brythonic	*gwɨrð = green, verdant
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	guird = green, verdant, bluish green, grey guirdglas = sea-green, dark green, verdant, greenish
Middle Welsh (Kymraec )	guirt, gwyrd, gwyrt =green, verdant, bluish green, pale (blue), grey; fresh, lively; grassy gwyrddv = to become green, sprout, make verdent gwyrd(d) velyn, gwyrddvelyn = greenish-yellow, olive, light green gwyrddlas, gwyrdlas, gwyrdd-las = sea-green, dark green, verdant, greenish gwyrdloewet = bright green
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwyrdd [ɡwɨ̞rð / ɡwɪrð] = green, verdant, bluish green, pale (blue), grey; fresh, lively; grassy gwyrdd gwyrdd(i)af, gwrddu, gwyrddio = to become green, sprout, make verdent gwyrddaidd = greenish, leek-green gwyrddfelyn = greenish-yellow, olive, light green gwyrddlas = sea-green, dark green, verdant, greenish gwyrddloyw = bright green
Old Cornish	guirt = green
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	guirt, gwirdh, gwêr = green, flourishing
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwyrdh [gwɪrð] = green (not of plants or the sea) gwer [gwɛ:r / gwe:r] = green gwerdhu = dark green gwerem = emerald gwerik = greenish gwerlas = blueish-green, teal
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	guerz, guezr = green
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gwer [ɡweːr/ɡɥeːr] = green (artificial) gwerin, gweriñ = to green

Etymology: from Latin viridis (green, young, fresh, lively, youthful), from vireō (to be verdant, to sprout), from Proto-Italic *wizēō, from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (to increase) [source]. Words from the same roots include verdant, verdigris and verdure in English, vert (green) in French, verde (green) in Spanish, and verdhë (yellow, pale) in Albanian [source].

Proto-Celtic	udnios/utnio- = green (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	úaine = green, greenness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	úaine = green, verdant, greenness
Irish (Gaeilge)	uaine [ˈuənʲə/ˈwɛnʲə] = (vivid) green, greenness, verdue uaine éadrom = pale green
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	uaine [uən̪ʲə] = green, greenness uaineach [uən̪ʲəx] = tedious Uaineach [uən̪ʲəx] = Green Party supporter, a Green uaineachadh [uən̪ʲəxəɣ] = turning green, being humbled uainead [uən̪ʲəd] = greenness uainealach [uən̪ʲəlˠ̪əx] = greenish sìor-uaine = evergreen
Manx (Gaelg)	eayney/geayney = green, greenness, verdure geaynaght = verdure geaynid = bile, greenness, verdure

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (green) [source]. Words from the same roots include [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec )	ehoec = heather-colour(ed), purple, green
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ehöeg = heather-colour(ed), purple, green, green colour hoeg = green

Etymology: possibly from *oec (heather) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Grey

21st October 20182nd March 2025 By Simon

Words for grey and related words in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*ɸlētos = grey
Old Irish (Goídelc)	líath [l͈ʲiːa̯θ] = grey, grey-haired
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	líath, liath = grey, grey-haired, aged
Irish (Gaeilge)	liath [ˈl̠ʲiə] = grey, grey-haired (person), pale liathábhar = grey matter liathach = greyish liathacht = greyness, greyishness liathadh = greyness liathbhán = greyish white, pale, wan liathbhuí = sallow liathdhearg = pale red, pinkish liathghlas = pale green, pale grey liathghorm = pale blue, blue-grey, livid
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	liath [l̪ʲiə] = grey, grizzled liath-dhearg = pink liath-ghlas = light grey, hoary liath-ghorm = lilac liathach = greyish, dirty white liathachadh = making grey, creamer, whitener liathad = degree of greyness, staleness liathadh = making grey, becoming grey, greying, growing mouldy liathtas = greyness
Manx (Gaelg)	lheeah = grey, silver, grey- or white-haired, grey-headed, hoary, musty, mould lheeaghid = greyness lheeaghys = greyness, hoariness, mustiness lheeah-ghlass = light grey, sage green lheeah-ghorrym = blue-grey, glaucous, livid lheeah gorrym-yiarg = mauve lheeah-vane = whitish lheeah-wuigh = yellowish
Proto-Brythonic	*luɨd = grey
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	luit, llvid, lluid, lluyd, llwyt = grey, pale, pallid, wan lwytlas = greyish-blue, pale
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llwyd [ˈɬuːɨ̯d / ˈɬʊi̯d] = grey, faint; pale, pallid, wan; russet, brown; turbid, muddy (water); grey-haired, grey-headed, old, ancient; grey (hair), grizzled llwydaf, llwydo = to turn grey or brown, to become turbid or muddy, turn pale, fade, grow old, deteriorate, decay llwydaidd = greyish, rather pale, brownish, turbid, drab, poorish, dreary, dismal, lacking enthusism, lukewarm llwyd-ddu = dark grey, greyish black, blackish, dusky, swarthy, dun llwydedd = greyness, mouldiness, mould, mildew, mustiness, hoariness, pallor, paleness llwyd-felyn = greyish-yellow, beige, fawn, pale brown, khaki, buff llwydlas = greyish-blue, pale
Old Cornish	luit, lot = grey, mouldy
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	loys = grey, mouldy
Cornish (Kernewek)	loos [lo:z / lu:z] = grey, hoary, mouldy
Old Breton	loit = mold, moldy
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	loüet = mold, moldy loedadur = moldy
Breton (Brezhoneg)	loued = grey, mouldy louedadur = mold, blight louedan, louedañ = to turn grey, mold louedek = to greyness

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (pale). Words from the same roots include fallow, pale, pallid and polio in English, and the names Floyd and Lloyd [source].

Proto-Celtic	*blāros = grey
Gaulish	*blāros = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	blár = grey, blaze (on a horse)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	blár = grey
Irish (Gaeilge)	blár = blaze on animal’s forehead
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	blàr [bl̪ˠaːr] = blaze, white-faced, having a white foreheard (applied to cows and horses) blàrach [bl̪ˠaːrəx] = white-faced (of an animal) blàradh [bl̪ˠaːrəɣ] = (act of) blazing, roughly hewing blàrag [bl̪ˠaːrag] = blaze, white-faced animal (cow or horse) blàras [bl̪ˠaːrəs] = blace (i.e. white spot)
Proto-Brythonic	*blọr = grey (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	blawr, blaur, blaỽr = grey, greyish-blue, pale-blue, white, greyish-white, hoary, tawny, russet (of horses) blawrfrych = speckled grey
Welsh (Cymraeg)	blawr = grey, greyish-blue, pale-blue, white, greyish-white, hoary, tawny, russet (of horses) blawrgoch = tawny, russet, greyish-red blawrio = to turn pale, green or grey; become hoary, grow light blawrwyn = grey, whitish-grey, light grey, white, hoary, pale blue

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (yellow, blue). The Occitan word blar (glaucous) comes from the root, via Gaulish *blāros and Latin Blārus. The English word blue comes from the same PIE root [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Red

21st October 201813th February 2024 By Simon

Words for red in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*dergos = red, crimson
Old Irish (Goídelc)	derg [dʲerɡ] = red dergaid = to redden
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	derg, derc = red, ruddy, bloody, sanguinary, red-hot, incandescent dergadas = to redden dergaid = to redden, make red, kindle, burn dergaide = reddish derge = redness, ruddiness, flushing dergthach = red, ruddy, hot, reddish
Irish (Gaeilge)	dearg [ˈdʲaɾˠəɡ / ˈdʲæɾˠəɡ] = red, rouge, red ink, glowing, raw, bloody deargadh = reddening, blushing, glow(ing), light(ing), bloodying, wounding, chafing, soil-turning, digging deargán = red matter or object, chafed, patch, glow dearglasta = blazing, red-hot
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dearg [dʲɛrɛg] = red, ruddy, flamming, red-hot dearg-amadan = bloody fool, complete idiot dearg-bhuidhe = orange dearg-lasrach [dʲɛrɛg l̪ˠasrəx] = flaming red, red hot deargachadh [dʲɛrɛgəxəɣ] = reddening, making an impression, blushing, drawing blood dearg-ruadh = bright red (hair, wool, etc)
Manx (Gaelg)	jiarg = red, sanguine, ruddy, bloodshot, rouge, gules, glowing, stark, florid, live, burning, abandoned, fair (intensive), turned (land) jiargey = chafe, sore, red jiargaghey = to blush, flush, glow, redden, blushing, glowing jiargid = grossness, reddishness, redness jiarg-bwee = orange jiarg-cheh = red hot jirgid = blush, glow, reddness, ruddiness

Etymology from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (to dim, darken) [source]. The English word dark comes from the same root [source].

Proto-Celtic	*roudos = red
Gaulish	*roudos = red
Old Irish (Goídelc)	rúad [r͈uːa̯ð] = red, reddish rúadnaid = to redden forrúad = red, russet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	rúad = red, brownish, dark red, strong, mighty rúadnaid = to make red, redden
Irish (Gaeilge)	rua [ɾˠuə] = red, reddish-browm, russet, copper-brown; wild, fierce; rough, strong ruachan = reddening, rusting (vegetation ruachorcra = puce ruacht = redness (of hair) ruafholtach = red-haired
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ruadh [r̪ˠuəɣ] = (browny) red, rust-coloured, ginger, russet, red colour, redness; strength; red deer ruadhachadh [r̪ˠuə.əxəɣ] = reddening, making red ruadhan [r̪ˠuəɣan] = reddishness, overcooked good, tea which has been boiling all day ruadh-bhuidhe = auburn
Manx (Gaelg)	ruy [rɛi/riː] = red, ginger, tan, copper-complexioned, red-haired, foxy, sandy ruyagh = reddish ruyghey = bronze, brown, redden, tan(ned) ruyid = brownness, reddishness, redness, tan ruissagh = florid, reddish, rose-coloured, rosy, ruddy ruissaght = reddishness, rosiness, ruddiness
Proto-Brythonic	*rʉð = red
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	rud = red
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	rud, rut, rhudd = red, ruddy rudit, rutaỽ, rudaỽ, rhuddo = to make or become red, crimson or violet rudell, ruddell = red, reddish rutem, rud em, rudem = ruby, garnet, ruby-coloured rudcoch, rruddgoch, rudgoch = red, crimson, purple, blood-red, bloody ruddlas, ryddlas = reddish-blue, purple, violet
Welsh (Cymraeg)	rhudd = red, ruddy, purplish, bay, tawny, brown, bloody, covered with blood, scorched, crimson, violet, purple rhuddaf, rhuddo = to make or become red, crimson or violet rhuddel(l) = red, reddish, brown, bay, red ochre, red colour rhuddem = ruby, garnet, ruby-coloured rhuddgoch = red, crimson, purple, blood-red, bloody rhuddiad = becoming red or pink, blushing, redness rhuddlas = reddish-blue, purple, violet
Old Cornish	rud = red
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	rudh, rud, rûdh ruydh = red, crimson
Cornish (Kernewek)	rudh [ry:ð / ri:ð] = ginger, red rudh min = lipstick rudhek = robin rudhel = auburn, russet red rudhem = ruby rudhgogh = blood-red rudhik = reddish rudhlas = purple, reddish purple rudhlasdu = crimson rudhlos = greyish red, russet rudhvelyn = orange, reddish orange rudhwyn = gay, pink, reddish pink rudhya = to blush, redden
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	rud = red
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	ruz, ru, rus = red
Breton (Brezhoneg)	ruz = red ruzded = redness ruzdu = brown ruzellat = to glow ruzian, ruziañ = to blush

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (red). Words from the same root include red, robust, ruby, ruddy, russet and rust in English [source].

Proto-Celtic	kokko-/kokki = red
Proto-Brythonic	*kox = red
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	coch = red cochi, kochi = to make or become red, redden, brown, scorch, blush cochder, cochter, kochder = redness, ruddiness, flush kochdduy, coch-ddu, cochddû = reddish-black, russet, brown cochliw = red-coloured, bloody, redness, ruddiness kochwen = reddish-white, pink coghyn, kochyn, cochen = red-haired person, hare
Welsh (Cymraeg)	coch [koːχ] = red, redness, ruddy, scarlet, bloody; ginger (hair); brown; poor, feeble, unskilful cochaf, cochi = to make or become red, redden, brown, scorch, blush cochaidd = reddish, ruddy, bloody cochder = redness, ruddiness, flush cochddu = reddish-black, russet, brown cochfelyn = copper-coloured, reddish yellow cochlas = purple, violet, reddish blue cochliw = red-coloured, bloody, redness, ruddiness cochliwaf, cochliwio = to paint red cochrudd = crimson, ruddy cochwyn = reddish-white, pink cochyn = red-haired person, hare
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)	coch, couch = red, bloody
Cornish (Kernewek)	kogh = blood-red, crimson, scarlet

Etymology: from the Latin coccum (a scarlet berry), from the Ancient Greek κόκκος (kókkos – berry). This is also the root of coccinus (scarlet, scarlet-dyed), from which comes the English word cochineal, and related words in other languages [source].

Proto-Celtic	*wlannos = blood red
Old Irish (Goídelc)	flann = red, blood-red
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	flann, fland [flan͈] = red, blood-red, blood
Irish (Gaeilge)	flann = (blood-)red, bloody, sanguinary, blood (poetic) flannbhuí = orange (colour) flanndearg = vermilion flannrua = blood-red
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	flann [fl̪ˠaun̪ˠ] = blood (archaic) flann-dhearg = blood-red (archaic)

Etymology from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (to strike, hit, wound). Words from the same roots include vulnerable, valkyrie and Valhalla in English [source] and words for blood in Celtic languages.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Verbs

Ears

Heads & Brains

Legs & Feet

Heavy

Full

Purple

Brown & Dun

Green & Verdant

Grey

Red