Knees

Here are some words for knee and related things in Celtic languages, as well as related words in other languages.

Bellona, goddess of war

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *glūnos = knee
Old Irish (Goídelc) glún [ɡluːn] = knee
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) glún, glun, glūn = knee, generation, pedigree
glúnmar, glunmár = big-kneed
Irish (Gaeilge) glúin [ɡl̪ˠuːnʲ / ɡlˠuːnʲ] = knee, generation, step (in a series), node
glúineach = (big-)kneed, noded, nodulous, branching, proliferous
glúinfheacadh = genuflection
glúiníneach = swelling in knees
glúinteas = housemaid’s knee
bean ghlúine = midwife
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glùin [ɡl̪ˠuːn̪ʲ] = knee, generation, lap
glùn [gl̪ˠuːn] = knee, generation
glùineach [ɡl̪ˠuːn̪ʲəx] = pertaining to knees, kneed, jointed; large-kneed woman
glùineachan [ɡl̪ˠuːn̪ʲəxan] = garter
glùineag [ɡl̪ˠuːn̪ʲag] = (act of) kneeing
bean-ghlùine = midwife
Manx (Gaelg) glioon [ɡlʲuːnʲ] = joint, knee crooked timber
glioon-lhoobey = genuflect, genuflection
glioonagh = jointed, kneed
gliooney = to kneel, kneeling
glioon(i)t = kneed, kneeled
Proto-Brythonic *glin = knee
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) glin = knee
pen y lin, penn glin = knee
Welsh (Cymraeg) glin [ɡliːn] = knee
pen (g)lin [pɛnˈ(ɡ)liːn] = knee
glingam = knock-kneed, bow-legged
gliniadur = laptop (computer)
glinio = to kneel, knee, pod
gliniog = kneed, jointed, knotty
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) glin = knee
penglin, penclin, pedn glin = knee
Cornish (Kernewek) glin [ˈɡliːn] = knee
penn glin / pedn glin = kneecap
Middle Breton (Brezonec) glin = knee
Breton (Brezhoneg) glin [ɡlĩːn] = knee
penn-glin = knee
(penn)glinañ = to kneel down, worship, bow one’s knee
glinad = knee pain
glineg = strong knees
glinwisk = knee brace

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (knee) [source]. Words from the same roots include genuflect (to bend the knee, grovel), knee and jeans in English; genou (knee, lap) in French; and knie (knee) in Dutch [source].

From the Proto-Celtic word *glūnos we also get the Proto-Celtic word *genwā ((river) bend), which is the root of the names Geneva, Genoa.

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo

Seals

Words for seal and other creatures in Celtic languages.

Seals

Species of seals that may be found around the Celtic lands include the common or harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Other species are available.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) rón = seal
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rón, ron = seal
Irish (Gaeilge) rón = seal
rón beag = harbour/common seal
rón glas = grey seal
rónach = seals, abounding in seals
cladach rónta = shoal of seals
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ròn [r̪ˠɔːn] = seal
ròn cumanta / ròn-dubh = harbour/common seal
ròn glas = grey seal
rònan [r̪ˠɔːnan] = little seal
rònach [r̪ˠɔːnəx] = pertaining to or abounding in seals
rònanach [r̪ˠɔːnanəx] = pertaining to or abounding in little seals
Manx (Gaelg) raun = seal
raun beg = harbour/common seal
raun glass/ghlass = grey seal
raunagh = seal-like, seal hunt
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) moelronyeit, moelrawn, moelrhawn = hippopotamus, seal
Welsh (Cymraeg) moelrhon, moelrhawn = seal, porpoise, dophin, hippopotamus
moelrhonaidd = seal-like
moelrhoniwr = seal hunter
Cornish (Kernewek) reun = seal
reun kemmyn = harbour/common seal
reun loos = grey seal
Breton (Brezhoneg) reunig = seal
reunig morleue = harbour/common seal
reunig gris = grey seal

Etymology: possibly from Old English hran (whale), from Proto-Germanic *harza/harza- (a kind of fish). Incidentally, the Irish name Rónán means “little seal” [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) morhwch, morwch = seal, porpoise, dolphin
Welsh (Cymraeg) morwch, môr-hwch = seal, porpoise, dolphin
Old Cornish morhoch = porpoise
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) morhoch = porpoise
Cornish (Kernewek) morhogh = porpoise
Middle Breton (Brezonec) morhouch, mourouch, moroch = porpoise
Breton (Brezhoneg) morhoc’h = porpoise

Etymology (Welsh): from môr (sea) and hwch (calf). The words in Cornish and Breton come from similar roots [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) morylo = seal
Welsh (Cymraeg) morlo [ˈmɔrlɔ] = seal, sealskin
morlo cyffredin = common seal
morlo llwyd = grey seal
Breton (Brezhoneg) leue-mor = seal

Etymology (Welsh): from môr (sea) and llo (calf). The word in Breton come from similar roots [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo

Hawks and Falcons

Words for hawk / falcon in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) sebac [ˈsʲevak] = hawk
Irish (Gaeilge) seabhac [ʃəuk] = hawk; warrior
seabhac gorm/seilge = peregrine falcon
seabhac buí/gaoithe = kestrel, windhover
seabhac mara = sea-hawk, skua
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) seabhag [ʃo.ag] = falcon, especially peregrine falcon
seabhag na seilge / seabhag-ghorm / seabhag-shealgair = peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus)
seabhag-ghorm an fhraoich / seabhag-bheag ghlas = merlin (falco columbarius)
seabhac mara = sea-hawk, skua
seabhag nan uiseag = hobby (falco subbuteo)
Manx (Gaelg) shawk = hawk, falcon
shawk eeastee = osprey
shawk ny sperriu = goshawk
shawk sperriu = sparrow hawk
shirragh = buzzard, falcon, seeker, bird of prey, kite
shirragh ny bogleeyn = marsh harrier
shirragh ny giark = hen harrier
shirragh ny ree = peregrine falcon
Welsh (Cymraeg) hebog = hawk, lanner falcon; noble chieftian, brave fighter, hero
hebog chwyldro = gerfalcon
hebog yr ehedydd = hobby
hebog (g)las = hen harrier
hebog y weru = marsh harrier
hebog tramor = peregrine falcon
gwlach = hawk, falcon; fine soldier, brave fighter, nobleman, hero; wily knave, rascal, rogue, wag
gwalch bach = merlin
gwalch banred = sparrow-hawk
gwalch glas = peregrine falcon
gwalch gweilgi = osprey
Cornish (Kernewek) hok = hawk
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwalc’h = falcon, hawk, sea bream

Etymology: from the Old English heafoc/hafoc (hawk), from Proto-Germanic *habukaz (hawk). The English word hawk comes from the same root [source].

The Welsh gwalch and the Breton gwalc’h come from the Old English wealh-hafoc / *wealc-hafoc (foreign hawk) [source]

Old Irish (Goídelc) faucon = falcon
Irish (Gaeilge) fabhcún = falcon
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) faolchon = falcon
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffaw(l)cwn = falcon
Cornish (Kernewek) falghun = falcon
Breton (Brezhoneg) falc’hun = falcon, hawk

Etymology: from the Old French faucon (falcon), from Latin Latin falcō (falcon). The English word falcon comes from the same root [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Notes
A falcon is a bird of prey of the genus falco. Kestrels, hobbys, merlins and peregrine falcons are all in this genus.

Falcon

A hawk is a bird of prey of the genus accipitridae. These include buzzards, kites, harriers, eagles, goshawks and sparrowhawks.

Sparrowhawk

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Crows and Ravens

Words for crow and raven in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *branos = crow, raven
Gaulish Branodūnon = place name
Primitive Irish ᚁᚏᚐᚅᚐ brana = crow, raven
Old Irish (Goídelc) bran [bran] = crow, raven
Irish (Gaeilge) bran = raven
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bran [bran] = raven (corvus corax)
Proto-Brythonic *bran = crow, raven
Welsh (Cymraeg) brân [braːn] = crow, rook, raven; warrior; crowbar
branos = little crows, young crows; warriors
cigfran = raven
Cornish (Kernewek) bran [bɹæːn] = crow
branvras = raven
Breton (Brezhoneg) bran = raven, crow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *werneh₂- (crow), from *wer- (to burn) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) fennóc = a scald; royston crow (hooded crow)
Irish (Gaeilge) feannóg = (hooded) crow (corvus cornix)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) feannag [fjan̪ˠag] = crow, rook
Manx (Gaelg) fannag = crow, crake

Etymology: unknown [source].

Proto-Celtic *wesākos = raven, grebe
Old Irish (Goídelc) fiach, fíach [fʲi.əx] = raven
Irish (Gaeilge) fiach [ˈfʲiəx] = raven
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fitheach [fi.əx] = raven
Manx (Gaelg) feeagh = crake, raven
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwyach [ɡʊɨ̯.aχ /ɡʊi̯.aχ] = grebe

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Celtic *wes- (to feed, feast) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Raven.

Snakes

Words for snake in Celtic languages.

Adder

Proto-Celtic *natrixs = snake
Old Irish (Goídelc) nathir [ˈnaθirʲ] = snake
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) nathir = snake
Irish (Gaeilge) nathair [ˈn̪ˠæhəɾʲ] = snake
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) nathair [n̪ˠahɪrʲ] = snake, serpent, viper, adder
Manx (Gaelg) aarnieu / ardnieu = adder, serpent, snake, viper
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nadret, nadred, neidyr = snake, serpent
Welsh (Cymraeg) neidr [nei̯dr / ˈnei̯dɪr] = snake, serpent
Old Cornish nadar = snake
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nader = snake, viper, adder
Cornish (Kernewek) nader = adder
Old Breton natrolion = snakes
Middle Breton nazr, azr, aër, aer = snake
Breton (Brezhoneg) naer = snake

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁tr- (adder), or from *(s)neh₂- (to swim) [source].

The English word snake comes from a different root: the Old English snaca (snake, serpent, reptile), from the Proto-Germanic *snakô (snake), from *snakaną (to crawl), from the Proto-Indo-European *sneg- (to crawl; a creeping thing) [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) gwiber = viper, adder, poisonous snake, water-snake, mythical flying serpent, the devil, scoundrel, scold, venomous woman
colwiber snake, serpent, viper
Breton (Brezhoneg) wiber = viper

Etymology: from the Latin vīpera (viper), possibly from vivus-pario (one that gives live young) [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) sarff = serpent, snake, scorpion; hero, warrior, leader, chieftain
Cornish (Kernewek) serpont = snake, serpent
sarf = serpent
Breton (Brezhoneg) sarpant = snake, dragon, kite

Etymology: from the Latin serpēns (snake), from serpō (I creep, crawl), from the Proto-Indo-European *serp- (to creep, crawl) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Donkeys

Words for donkey (Equus asinus) and related beasts in Celtic languages.

The Donkey Sanctuary

Old Irish (Goídelc) asal = ass, she-ass
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) asal, assal = ass, she-ass
asan, assan = ass
Irish (Gaeilge) asal [ˈasˠəlˠ] = ass, donkey
láir asail = she-ass
searrach asail = donkey foal
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) asal [asal̪ˠ]= ass, donkey
aiseal [aʃəl̪ˠ] = ass, donkey
asan [asan] = ass, donkey
asalach = asinine
asal-stiallach = zebra
leth-asal = mule
Manx (Gaelg) assyl = ass, donkey
assylagh = asinine
laair assyl = female donkey, jenny, she-ass
sharragh assyl = donkey foal
lieh-assyl, cabbyl assylagh = mule
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) asin, assyn = (male) donkey / (he-)ass
assenn, assen = donkey, ass; female donkey, she-ass, jenny
asennic = little/young (female) donkey
Welsh (Cymraeg) asyn [ˈasɨ̞n / ˈasɪn] = (male) donkey / (he-)ass, an absurd or stubborn person
asyneiddiwch = asininity, mulishness, stupidity, obstinacy
asynnaidd = asininie, mulish, stupid, obstinate
asynnyn = little/young donkey
asen [ˈasɛn] = donkey, ass; female donkey, she-ass, jenny
asennig = little/young (female) donkey
asennyn = young/little ass
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) asen = ass, donkey
Cornish (Kernewek) asen = ass, donkey
asenik = ass foal
Middle Breton (Brezonec) azen, asenn, asen = donkey, ignorant man
azenaat = to become ignorant
azenañ, asénna = to give birth, farrowing (donkey)
azener = donkey-driver
azenerezh = stupid/idiotic comment, stupidity
azenez = she-ass
azenig = baby/little donkey
Breton (Brezhoneg) azen = donkey
azenañ = to give birth, farrowing (donkey)

Etymology: the Brythonic words come from the Latin asina from asinus (donkey, ass), which is of unknown origin [source]. The Goidelic words come from the same root via the Latin asellus (young ass, donkey) [source].

The English word ass (donkey) was borrowed from an old Brythonic language, via the Middle English asse (ass, donkey) and the Old English assa and assen (she-ass) [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Pigs

Words for pig and related beasts in Celtic languages:

Pigs

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *mokkus = pig
*mokk(w)yatis = swineherd
Old Irish (Goídelc) mucc [muk] = pig, sow; a war engine: a shed to cover sappers
muccaid [ˈmukiðʲ] = swineherd
muccaidecht [ˈmukiðʲext] = herding swine
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) muc, mucc = pig, sow
muc(c)ach = pertaining to swine
muc(c)aid = swineherd
muc(c)aidecht = herding swine
muc(c)álach = a brood or litter of pigs
muc(c)lach = piggery
Irish (Gaeilge) muc [mˠʊk] = pig; heap, bank, drift; scowl; sow
mucachán = (of person) pig, swine
mucaire = slovenly worker
mucaireacht = slovenly work
mucais = pit sty; dirty, slovely person; hogback
muicí = swineherd
muicíocht = swine-herding
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) muc [muxɡ] = pig, sow
mucag [muxgag] = little pig, piggy, (rose)hip
mucaidh = swineherd
mucaireachd = swineherding, herding pigs
muicfheoil [muçgʲɔl] = pork
muc-mhara [muxgˈvarə] = whale
muc-stigean = porpoise
Manx (Gaelg) muc = hog, swine, pig, grunter
muclagh = piggery, pigsty, sty
muick = swine
bochilley muickey = swineherd
muc hallooin = aardvark
muc varrey = whale, porpoise
Proto-Brythonic *mox = pig
*möxjad = swineherd
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) moch = pigs, swine
mochduy = pigsty
mochawg = piggish, swinish
meichiat, meicheit, meichad = swineherd
Welsh (Cymraeg) moch [moːχ] = pigs, swine, hogs; greedy, dirty, lazy, drunk, or immoral persons; small pumps used underground in coal-mines to remove water
mochyn [ˈmɔχɨ̞n / ˈmoːχɪn] = pig, swine, hog
mocha, mochi, mochian = to behave like a pig, wallow, grunt, defile, sully
mochach = contemptible or swinish people
mochaidd = swinish, filthy, dirty, vile, immoral, greedy
mochdra = filthiness, dirtines
mochdy = pigsty
mochgig = pork, ham, bacon
mochog = piggish, swinish
mochwr = swineherd, pig-dealer, untidy workman
meich(i)ad = swineherd
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) moch, môch = pigs
mochyn = pig
Cornish (Kernewek) mogh [mɔːx / moːʰ] = pigs, swine
Old Breton moch = pigs, swine
mochiat = swineherd
Middle Breton (Brezonec) moch = pigs, swine
Breton (Brezhoneg) moc’h [moːχ] = pigs, swine
moc’haer = swineherd

Etymology: borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root include mocke (a slovenly woman) in Middle Dutch and moche (sow, female pig) in Middle High German [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) cullach [ˈkul͈ax] = boar, stallion
muccullach = boar
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cullach, colach = boar, stallion
Irish (Gaeilge) collach [kəˈl̪ˠɑx / ˈkɔl̪ˠəx / ˈkʌl̪ˠax] = boar (male pig); male crab; crude, fleshy, person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cullach = mature male (unneutered) animal (such as boars, hogs, etc)
Manx (Gaelg) collagh = boar, male, stallion
collagh muc = boar (domestic)
Welsh (Cymraeg) ceilliog = having testicles, uncastrated, entire, male
Middle Breton (Brezonec) callouch, qalloc’h, calloc’h = entire, standard, stallion
Breton (Brezhoneg) kalloc’h = entire

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kalljo- (testicle).

Proto-Celtic *t(w)orkos = boar (pig)
Old Irish (Goídelc) torc [tork] = (wild) boar, chieften, hero
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) torc = (wild) boar, chieftan, hero
Irish (Gaeilge) torc [t̪ˠɔɾˠk / t̪ˠʌɾˠk] = (wild) boar, hog; portly, corpulent person, man of substance
torcán = little, young boar; small corpulent person
torc allta = wild boar
torc-chú = boar hound
torcshleá = boar-spear
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) torc = [tɔr̪ˠxg] = boar, hog
torc-nimhe, torc-fiadhaich = wild boar
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tỽrch, twrch, tyrch = hog, (wild) boar, mole
Welsh (Cymraeg) twrch [tʊrχ] = hog, (wild) boar, mole
twrch (y) coed = woodlouse
twrch daear = mole, badger
tyrchu, tyrchio = to burrow, dig (up), root up, nuzzle, rummage; to catch (moles)
tyrchaidd = hoglike, hoggish, swinish, greedy
tyrchwr, trychydd = mole-catcher, bulldozer
Old Cornish torch = hog
Middle Cornish (Cernewc) torch = hog
Cornish (Kernewek) torgh = hog, boar
Old Breton torch = boar
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tourch = boar, ram; a debauched man
Breton (Brezhoneg) tourc’h = boar, macho, debauched

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *twerḱ- (to cut) [source]. English words from the same PIE root include trunk, truculent and sarcasm [source].

Proto-Celtic *sukkos = pig
Old Irish (Goídelc) socc = pig, sow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) suic, socc, soc = snout, ploughshare
Irish (Gaeilge) soc [sˠɔk] = sow
socach = nozzled, snouted, beaked, pointed
socadán = person with pointed face, nosy person, interloper, busybody
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) soc [sɔxg] = beak, snout, sockt, ploughshare, short, chubby person
socach [sɔxgəx] = snouted, beaked
Manx (Gaelg) sock = bow, nose, snout, tow; ploughshare, nozzle
Proto-Brythonic *hux = pig
*sux = ploughshare
Welsh (Cymraeg) hwch [huːχ] = sow, pig, swine, dirty creature
Old Cornish hoch = pig, hog
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) hoch = pig, hog
hochwayu = hog-spear
Cornish (Kernewek) hogh = hog, pig, swine
hogh Gyni = Guinea pig
hoghwuwa = to pigstick
hoghwuwans = pig sticking
Old Breton hoch = sow
Middle Breton (Brezonec) houch, houc’h, hoh = sow
oc’hal, hoc’ha, hoc’he = to grunt, oink
oc’hellât, houc’hellat = to burrow, dig
hoch-goez, houch guez = wild boar
oh mor, hoc’h-mor = porpoise
houc’h-tourc’h = boar
Breton (Brezhoneg) houc’h = pig (male, often neutered)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European suH- (pig, hog, swine). The English word hog was possibly borrowed into Old English from Welsh. Other words from the same Proto-Celtic root include socket in English, and soc (ploughshare) in French [source].

Proto-Celtic *ɸorkos = piglet
Gaulish *orkos = pork, piglet
Old Irish (Goídelc) orc [ork] = piglet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) orc = young pig
Irish (Gaeilge) arc(án) = piglet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) orc [ɔr̪ˠxg] = young animal, offspring (esp. piglet or sheep); whale (archaic)
orcan [ɔr̪ˠxgan] = piglet, young pig
Manx (Gaelg) ark = young pig, piglet, sucking pig
Pictish orc = piglet, young pig

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European pórḱos (piglet), which is also the root of the English word farrow (a litter of piglets), and the German word Ferkel (piglet) [source].

The name Orkney comes from the Old Norse Orkneyjar (seal islands), from orkn (seal) and ey (island). It is thought that Norwegian settlers reinterpreted the original Pictish tribal name element orc (piglet) [source].

Proto-Celtic *banwos = pig
Gaulish Banuus, Banuo = pig
Old Irish (Goídelc) banb [ban͈v] = piglet, young pig
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) banb, bainb = young pig
Irish (Gaeilge) banbh [ˈbˠanˠəvˠ] = piglet; Ace of Hearts
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) banb, bainb = young pig
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) banbh [banav] = young pig, piglet
banbhan [banavan] = small piglet
banbhradh [banavrəɣ] = herd of piglets
Manx (Gaelg) bannoo = sucking pig, piglet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) banv = (young) pig, piglet
Welsh (Cymraeg) banw = (young) pig, piglet, weaned pig, hog; young animal
Old Cornish baneu = sow
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) banb = sow
Cornish (Kernewek) banow = sow
Middle Breton (Brezonec) banv = sow, pig
Breton (Brezhoneg) banv = mother sow

Etymology: unknown – possibly from a non-Indo-European language [source].

Proto-Brythonic *porxell = piglet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) porchell, parchell = (young) pig, piglet
Welsh (Cymraeg) porchell [ˈpɔrχɛɬ] = sucking-pig, piglet, little pig, porker, pig, swine, hog
Old Cornish porchel = young pig, piglet
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) porhel = young pig, piglet
Cornish (Kernewek) porghel = young pig, piglet
porghellik = piglet, sucking pig
Old Breton porchill = piglet
Middle Breton (Brezonec) porhell, porchell, porchel = piglet
porchelles = sow
Breton (Brezhoneg) porc’helleg = piglet

Etymology: from the Late Latin porcellus (piglet), from the Latin porcus (pig), from the Proto-Italic *porkos (pig) from the Proto-Indo-European pórḱos (piglet) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include varken (pig) in Dutch, pork in English, and porc (pig, pork) in French [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Wagons & Carts

Words for wagons, carts, cars and related things in Celtic languages:

Traffic Congestion Lostwithiel Style. Panasonic Lumix DMC TZ70. P1040866.

Proto-Celtic *karros = wagon
Gaulish *karros = wagon
Old Irish (Goídelc) carr = cart, wagon
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) carr = cart, waggon
Irish (Gaeilge) carr [kɑːɾˠ / kæːɾˠ] = car
carraeireacht = carting, carriage, haulage
carrán = small cart
carrbhealach = carriageway
carrchlós = car park
otharcharr = ambulance
carr sleamhnáin = sledge
carr róchain = swing
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) càr [kar] = car, cart, raft
Manx (Gaelg) carr = car, cab, van
carr laadee = lorry, wagon
carr oanluchkee = = hearse
carr surranse = ambulance
Proto-Brythonic *karr [ˈkar͈] = wagon, cart, load
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) car, kar, karr = wagon, cart
Welsh (Cymraeg) car [kar] = vehicle, car, sled, dray; rack, stand
car a cheffyl = horse-drawn carriage
car caws = cheese rack
car cerdded = go-cart, child’s cart
car trol = cart, wagon
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) carios = cart, carriage
Cornish (Kernewek) karr [karː / kær] = car
karr bonk = dodgem
karr ergh = snowmobile
karr klavji = ambulance
karr kreslu = police car
karr slynk = sleigh
karr stret = tram
karr tan = motor-car
kerrik = cart, carriage, buggy
kerrik flogh = baby carriage
Old Breton carr = cart
Middle Breton karr = cart, car, coach, carriage
Breton (Brezhoneg) karr = car, coach, carriage, trailer, vehicle
karr-ar-argad = tank
karr-a-dan = automobile, locomotive
karr-ar-marv = hearse
karr-chalbotat = lorry, truck

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós (vehicle), from *ḱers- (to run) [source].

The Gaulish word *karros was borrowed into Latin as carrus (wagon, cart, cartload), which became carro (wagon, cart, van, lorry, truck) in Italian; carro (cart, car, bus) in Spanish; car (bus, coach) in French; car, carriage and chariot in English; and similar words in other languages [source].

Words from the same PIE root include horse in English, hors (mare, female foal, frivolous woman) in Norwegian (Nynorsk), hross (horse) in Icelandic, and currus (chariot, car, wagon) in Latin [source].

Proto-Celtic *karbantos = (war) chariot, wagon
Gaulish *karbanton, carbantos = chariot, wagon
Old Irish (Goídelc) carpat [ˈkarbad] = chariot
cairptech = chariot owner, chariot-fighter
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) carpat = war-chariot, car, waggon
carpaitniadh = chariot-fighter
carpat saer/ailtire = chariot-builder
Irish (Gaeilge) carbad [ˈkaɾˠəbˠəd̪ˠ] = chariot
carbadóir = charioteer
fo-charbad = undercarriage
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) carbad [karabad] = chariot, coach, carriage, wagon, vehicle, bier, jaw(bone)
carbadach = abounding in chariots, coaches, etc
carbadachd = (act of) driving a chariot
carbadair = charioteer, cab driver, coachman, teamster
carbad-eich = horse carriage
carbad-eiridinn = ambulance
carbad-fànais = spacecraft
carbad-mharbh = hearse
carbad-smàlaidh = fire engine
carbad-smùide = steam locomotive
carbad-suain = sleeping coach
Manx (Gaelg) carbyd = bus, coach, vehicle, bier, hearse
carbyd bee = dining car, restaurant car
carbyd clienney = pram, baby carriage
carbyd-lheeys = ambulance
carbyd-mooghee = fire engine
Proto-Brythonic *karr [ˈkar͈] = wagon, cart, load
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kerbyt = wagon, cart
Welsh (Cymraeg) cerbyd [ˈkɛrbɨ̞d / ˈkɛrbɪd] = car, carriage, chariot, wagon, coach; clumsy fellow, bungler
cerbyd agored = open carriage, landau
cerbyd cyflog = hackney-carriage, stage-coach
cerbyd rhyfel = war chariot
cerbydan = small carriage, chaise, gig, cab
cerbydol = vehicular
cerbydwr = wagoner, coachman, charioteer
Old Cornish (Cernewec) cerpit = chariot, wagon
Old Breton cerpit = chariot, wagon
Breton (Brezhoneg) karbed = vehicle
karbed-tan = motor vehicle
karr tredan = electric vehicle

Etymology: possibly related to the Proto-Celtic word *korbos (wagon, basket) [source]. The Brytonic words were borrowed from Old Irish [source].

The Gaulish word carbantos was borrowed into Latin as carpentum (carriage, chariot, wagon, cart), which became charpente (framework, structure) in French [source].

Proto-Celtic *wegnos = wagon, cart
*wegnyā = wagon
Old Irish (Goídelc) fén [fʲeːn] = wagon, cart
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fén = waggon, cart, conveyance of some kind
Irish (Gaeilge) féan [fʲeːnˠ] = wagon, wain, cart
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) feun [fian] = cart, wain, chariot
feunair = waggoner
feun-cogaidh = war chariot
feun-mòine = peat cart
Manx (Gaelg) fainagh = carriage, chariot, coach
fainagh cabbil = horsedrawn coach
fainagh-bee = restaurant car
Proto-Brythonic *gweɨn = wagon, cart

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (to go, transport) [source]. English words from same PIE root include wagon, weigh, way wain (a four-wheeled cart for hauling loads, usually pulled by horses or oxen), vehicle and vector [source].

There appear to be no descendents of the Proto-Brytonic word *gweɨn in the Brythonic languages, but the Welsh word certwain (cart, wagon, wain) is indirectly related. It comes from the Old English crætwǽn (chariot, wain – lit.”cart-wain”) [source], from cræt / ceart (cart, wagon, chariot), from the PIE *krattijô (basket) [source], and wæġn (wagon, carriage) [source].

Proto-Celtic *bennā, *bondyo = bracelet
Gaulish *benna = carriage
Old Irish (Goídelc) buinne [ˈbun͈ʲe] = circlet, (arm-)ring, bracelet, wattle, wickerwork
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) buinne = circlet, (arm-)ring, bracelet, wattle, wickerwork
Irish (Gaeilge) buinne [ˈbˠɪn̠ʲə] = course of interwoven rods, wale; hoop; ridge; welt (of shoe); flange (of vessel); band, bracelet; shroud
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) benn, ben = cart, wagon, carriage, wain
benneit = cart-load, wain-load
Welsh (Cymraeg) ben = cart, wagon
bennaid = cart-load, wain-load

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (to bind, bond). Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via the Latin benna (a kind of carriage), include benne (bin, skip, dump truck, barrow, cable car) in French, bin in English, and benna (bucket, grab) in Italian [source].

English words from the same PIE root include band, bandage, bandana, bend, bind, bond, bonnet, bundle, funicular, tulip and turban [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Tables

Today we’re looking at words for table in Celtic languages.

IMG_5575

Proto-Celtic *klārom / *klāros = plank, board, table
Old Irish (Goídelc) clár [klaːr] = board, plank, stave, gameboard, table, writing tablet, level, expanse
Irish (Gaeilge) clár [klˠɑːɾˠ/klˠæːɾˠ] = board, stave, table, counter, flat surface, plane, platform, list, programme
clárach = made of boards, wooden, flat, broad, splay (of feet)
cláraigh = to flatten, beat, belabour, tabulate, list, register, enrol
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) clàr [kl̪ˠaːr] = smooth surface, stave, staff (in music), board, plank, agenda, register, schedule, disk, chart, record, tablet, cover, lid, table, shallow wooden plate
clàraidh = wooden partition, wooden floor, decking
clàradh = record(ing), enroling, registering, enrolment, registration
clàrach = tabular, bare, bald
Manx (Gaelg) claare = stave, board, play bill, table (list), batten, platter, bar counter, programme
claaragh = partition
claaraghey = index, enrolment, enrol, programme
Proto-Brythonic *klọr [klɔːrˑ] = board, cover, plank
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cláúr / klawr = cover, lid, shutter, valve, board, plank, face, surface, plate
Welsh (Cymraeg) clawr [klau̯r] = cover, lid, plank
clawrddor = hatch, trap-door
clawr ffenestr = shutter
clawr llyfr cover of a book
clawr lygad = eyelid
clawr tawlbwrdd = chess board, draught board
Breton (Brezhoneg) kleur = stilt peg

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂ro- (plank), from *kleh₂ (to cut) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) bord = table
Irish (Gaeilge) bórd [bˠoːɾˠd̪ˠ / bˠəuɾˠd̪ˠ] = board, table; board (organisation), council; border; side (of ship), gunwale
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bòrd [bɔːr̪ˠd] = table, deck, board, plank; board (organisation)
Manx (Gaelg) boayrd = shelf of rock, table, plank, board
Welsh (Cymraeg) bwrdd [bʊrð] / bwrd = table, board; food and drink, daily sustenance, hospitality; board, body of councillors, committe; deck, board; side of a ship; board, plank
Cornish (Kernewek) bordh = board, table
bord = board
Breton (Brezhoneg) bourzh = side (of a boat)

Etymology: from the Old English bord (board, plank, table, shield, the side of a ship), from the Proto-West Germanic *bord (board, plank), from the Proto-Germanic *burdą (board, plank, table) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Irish (Gaeilge) tábla [ˈtaːblɒ] = table
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tàbla [taːbl̪ˠə] = table
Manx (Gaelg) taabyl = table
Welsh (Cymraeg) tabl = table, board (for games); inscribed tablet, writing-tablet; picture, painting; genealogical table; table (of figures or facts)
Cornish (Kernewek) tabel = table
Breton (Brezhoneg) taol = table

Etymology: from the Latin tabula (board, plank, table) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Another word for table in Cornish is moos, the origins of which are not known.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Blubrry podcast hosting

Roads

Words for roads in Celtic languages.

Bilingual sign

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *bow-itros = road (“cow path”)
Old Irish (Goídelc) bóthar = road, lane, track
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bóthar, báthar, bothor, bothar = track, road
Irish (Gaeilge) bóthar [ˈbˠoːhəɾˠ / ˈbˠoːɾˠ / ˈbˠɔhəɾˠ] = road, way, manner
taobh-bhóthar = side-road
bóthar mór = main road
bóthar iarainn = railroad, railway
bóthar trasna = cross-road
bóithreoir = road-walker, traveller, vagrant
bóithreoireacht = (act of) walking, travelling the road, vagrancy
bóithrín = country lane, boreen
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bòthar [boː.ər] = alley, lane
Manx (Gaelg) bayr = lane, (country) road, roadway, pad, drive, avenue, thoroughfare
beyr = lane
bayr mooar = highroad
bayr gleashtanagh = motorway
bayr fo-halloo = subway
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) beu der, benedyr = cattle track
Welsh (Cymraeg) beudr = cattle track
Old Cornish bouder = lane
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) bounder = feeding ground, pasture, common, lane
bounder tre = village
Cornish (Kernewek) bownder [‘bɔʊndɛr / ‘bɔʊndɐr] = farm lane, lane

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *bāus (cow) and *itos (path [?]), from PIE *gʷṓws (cattle) and *h₁itós (passable) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) rót [r͈oːd] = road, highway
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rót = road, highway
Irish (Gaeilge) ród [ɾˠoːd̪ˠ / ɾˠɔːd̪ˠ] = road, roadstead, route, anchorage, mooring
ródaí wayfarerm rover, road guide
ródaíocht = wayfaring, travelling, wandering from house to house tale-bearing, riding at anchor
ródán = little road, path
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rathad [r̪ˠa.ad] = road, way, route, path, track
rathad-iarainn = road, way, route
rathad goirid = shortcut
rathad-mòr = highway, major road, highroad
rathadach [r̪ˠa.ədəx] = pertaining to or abounding in roads, ingenious, capable, go-ahead, enterprising
rathad-beag = minor road
rathad aon-slighe = one-way road
Manx (Gaelg) raad [reːd̪ / raːd̪] = road, track, route, direction, roadway, trail, way; vent, vent-hole
raad elley = elsewhere
raad ennagh = somewhere
raad erbee = any place, anywhere
raad mooar = highway, main road, major road
raad shaghnee = by-pass
raad ushtey = waterway
raad yiarn = railway (line)
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhawd = course, way, path, journey, career, period
Middle Breton (Brezonec) rout = route, trace, itinerary
Breton (Brezhoneg) roud = route, trace, itinerary
roudenn = line, ray, stripe
rouder = road
roudoureg = to ford (a river)

Etymology: possibly from Middle English rode (riding, ride, voyage), from Old English rād (riding, hostile incursion), from Proto-West Germanic *raidu (riding, ride), from Proto-Germanic *raidō (a ride), from PIE *reydʰ- (to ride). Words from the same roots include road and raid in English.

Alternatively, the Goidelic words come from Old Irish rout, from ro-ṡét, from ro- (very, great) and sét (path), from Proto-Celtic *φro-sentu- [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) forás = growth, increase
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) forás, foras = growth, increase
Irish (Gaeilge) forás = growth, development, progess
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) foraimh [r̪ˠa.ad] = journey, excessiveness (archaic)
foras [fɔrəs] = growth, increase, (river) ford
Proto-Brythonic forð [forð] = road, path, way, mannerh
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ford, fort, fordh, forth = road, way, street, path
yforthaul, ffordawl = traveller wayfarer, passer-by
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffordd = road, way, street, path, passage, course, route, journey
fforddiadol = acquianted with the road
ffordd(i)af, fforddi(o) = to make a way, instruct, direct, guide, travel
fforddol(yn) = traveller wayfarer, passer-by, road-mender
fforddolaf, fforddoli = to journey, traverse, guide, direct, train
fforddoliaeth = direction, instruction
ffordd(i)wr = guide, instructor, wayfarer
cyffordd = junction
croesffordd = crossroads
rheilffordd = railway\
Old Cornish ford = way, road, manner
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) fordh, ford = way, road, passage
Cornish (Kernewek) fordh [fɔrð] = way, road, manner
fordh a-dro = roundabout
fordh dhall = cul-de-sac, dead end
fordh dhibarth = junction
fordh veur = highway
fordh dremen
Breton (Brezhoneg) forzh = vagina

Etymology: from the Old English ford (ford) [source], from the Proto-West Germanic *furdu (ford), from Proto-Germanic *furduz (ford), from the Proto-Indo-European *pr̥téw-/*pértus (crossing) [source]. Words for ford in the Brythonic languages come from the same PIE root.

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo