Category: Old Breton

Lord, Ruler

By Simon

Words for lord / master / ruler in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *tigerno(s) = lord, master
Primitive Irish ᚈᚔᚌᚔᚏᚅ (tigirn) = lord
Old Irish (Goídelc) tigerna = lord
Irish (Gaeilge) tiarna [ˈtʲiəɾˠn̪ˠə] = lord, master, ruler
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tighearna [tʲi.əɾˠn̪ˠə] = lord, The Lord, laird, chief, ruler, baronet, master, superior
Manx (Gaelg) çhiarn [ˈtʃaːrn] = laird, lord, peer
Gaulish Tigernum = placename
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) teern, teyrn = lord, master
Welsh (Cymraeg) teyrn [teɨ̯rn / tei̯rn] = monarch, sovereign, king, prince, lord, ruler, leader, dictator, tyrant, royal
Cornish (Kernewek) machdeyrn = king
Old Breton tiarn = lord, master
Breton (Brezhoneg) tiern = lord, master

King

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

King

By Simon

Words for king in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *rīxs = king
Celtiberian reikis = king
Gaulish rix = king
Primitive Irish ᚏᚔᚌᚐᚄ (rigas) = king
Old Irish (Goídelc) rí [r͈ʲiː] = king
Irish (Gaeilge) rí [ɾˠiː] = king, sovereign, monarch
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rìgh [rʲiː] = king, Lord (God)
Manx (Gaelg) ree = king
Proto-Brythonic *riɣ [ˈriːɣ] = king
Old Welsh ri = king
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ri = king
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhi [r̥iː] = king, prince, lord, ruler, chieftain
Middle Cornish ruy = king, sovereign ruler
Old Breton ri = king

Brian Boru, High King of Ireland (1002-1014)
Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (king, ruler) [source], which is also the root of the German word Reich (empire, realm), and the English suffix -ric, as in bishopric (a diocese or region of a church which a bishop governs) [source].

The Gaulish word rix appears in names such as Vercingetorix, Dumnorix and Asterix.

Proto-Celtic *brigantīnos = (someone) pre-eminent, outstanding
Proto-Brythonic *brɨɣėntin [brɨɣe̝nˈtiːn] = lord, king
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) breenhin = king
Welsh (Cymraeg) brenin [ˈbrɛnɪn / ˈbreːnɪn] = king, sovereign, monarch, head of region
Middle Cornish brentyn / bryntyn = king
Old Breton brientin / brientinion = king

Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (to rise; high, lofty; hill, mountain) [source],.

Welsh (Cymraeg) mechdeyrn, mychdeyrn, machdeyrn = king, lord, monarch, emperor, God, tributary prince, viceroy
Cornish (Kernewek) metern [mə’tɛrn] / myghtern [mɪx’tɛrn] = king
Old Breton machtiern = king

Etymology
From the Welsh mach (surety, guarantor, sponsor, hostage) and teyrn (sovereign, monarch, king) [source],.

Source: Gerlyver Kernewek, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru

Middle Breton roe = king
Breton (Brezhoneg) roue = king

Etymology
From the French roi (king), which comes, via Latin, from the Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (king, ruler) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Blubrry podcast hosting

Sons

By Simon

Words for son in Celtic languages.

My sister and her son (my nephew)
My sister and her son (my nephew)

Proto-Celtic *makʷos [ˈma.kʷos] = son
Primitive Irish ᚋᚐᚊᚔ (maqi), ᚋᚐᚊᚊᚔ (maqqi), ᚋᚐᚊ (maq), ᚋᚐᚉᚉᚔ (macci) = son
Old Irish (Goídelc) macc [mak] = boy, bond, surety
macc foesma = adoptive son
macc muine = love child
macc raite = illegimate child
macc tíre = wolf (“son of the land”)
Irish (Gaeilge) mac [mˠɑk / mˠaːk / mˠak] = son, descendent, boy
mac dearthár = nephew (brother’s son)
mac deirféar = nephew (sister’s son)
mac mic = grandson (son’s son)
mac iníne = grandson (daughter’s son)
mac uchta = favourite son, pet; adopted son
mac Dé = the Son of God
mac léinn = student (“son of the learning”)
mac rí = prince
mac tíre = wolf (“son of the land”)
macacht = childhood, youthful state
macán = little son, young boy, youngster, pet child
macánta = childlike, gentle, meek, mild; honest
macántacht = boyhood, childhood; gentleness, meekness, mildness; honesty
macaomh = young person, youth, boy
macaomhact = youth, youthfulness; youthful beauty
garmhac = grandson, adopted son, sister’ son
leasmhac = stepson
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mac [maxg] = son, offspring
mac-bràthar = nephew (brother’s son)
mac-peathar = nephew (sister’s son)
mac-céile = stepson
mac-màthar = everyone, every man
mac-mallachd = the Devil
mac an duine = mankind, human being
macail [maxgal] = filial, affectionate
mac Dhé = the Son of God
mac-tìre = wolf (“son of the land”)
Manx (Gaelg) mac = son
mac braarey = nephew (brother’s son)
mac shayrey = nephew (sister’s son)
mac braar ayrey = first cousin (father’s brother’s son)
mac braar mayrey = first cousin (mother’s brother’s son)
oe mac = grandson
lhiass vac = stepson
mac mollaght, mac imshee = devil
Gaulish mapos = son
Proto-Brythonic *mab [ˈmaːb] = son
Old Welsh map = son
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) map = son
Welsh (Cymraeg) mab [maːb] = boy, son, infant, child, minor, youth; descendant; man, male
mab anweddog, mab gwedde = bachelor
mab bedydd = godson
mab caru = lover, suitor
mab cynnwys = adopted son
Mab Duw = the Son of God
mab (y) dyn = man, human being, living soul
mab mam = mother’s son, human being, living soul
mab maeth = foster son, foster child
mab yng nghyfraith = son-in-law, stepson
maban = baby, infant, young child, little boy, young son
Old Cornish mab, map = son
Cornish (Kernewek) mab [ma:b / mæ:b] = son, male child, boy
mab meythrin = foster son
mab wynn = grandson
mab den = humankind
mab an pla = devil, annoying man
maban, meppik = little son
Old Breton map, mab = son
Middle Breton mab = son
Breton (Brezhoneg) mab = son
mab henañ = older son
mab yaouañ = younger son
mab-kaer, mabeg = son-in-law
mab-bihan = grandson
mab-den= son of man
mab-lagad= pupil (of the eye)
mabel = filial

Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱwos, from *meh₂ḱ- (to raise, grow) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Woman / Wife

By Simon

Words for woman / wife in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *benā = woman
Gaulish benā = woman, wife
Old Irish (Goídelc) ben [bʲen] = woman
Irish (Gaeilge) bean [bʲanˠ] = woman, wife
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bean [bɛn] = woman, wife
Manx (Gaelg) ben = woman, lady, wife
Proto-Brythonic *ben = woman
Old Welsh ben = woman
Welsh (Cymraeg) benyw = female, girl, woman, feminine
menyw = woman, female, feminine
Old Cornish benen = woman
Cornish (Kernewek) benyn [‘bɛnɪn / ‘bɛnən] = woman
Old Breton ban = woman
Breton (Brezhoneg) e-ben = woman

Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn (woman) [source], which is also the root of the English words queen and gynecology, words for woman in some other Germanic languages, such as kvinna in Swedish, and words for woman / wife in Slavic languages, such as žena in Czech.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Proto-Celtic *wrakkā = woman
Old Irish (Goídelc) frac = woman
Proto-Brythonic *gwrėg [ˈɡwre̝ːɡ] = woman, (human) female, wife
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gureic, gwreic = wife, woman
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwraig [ɡuˈrai̯ɡ] = wife, woman, (human) female
Old Cornish greg, grueg = wife
Middle Cornish gurek = wife
Cornish (Kernewek) gwreg [gwrɛ:g / gwre:g] = wife
Middle Breton gruec = wife
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwreg [ˈɡwʁɛːk] = wife

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Proto-Celtic English Word List, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Troop, host, throng

By Simon

Words for troop / army in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *slougos = troop, army
Gaulish *slugi = troop, army
Old Irish (Goídelc) slóg, slúag = army, host; throng, crowd, company, assembly
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) slúagh = army, host; throng, crowd, company, assembly
Irish (Gaeilge) slua [sˠl̪ˠuə] = host, force, army; crowd, multitude, throng
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sluagh [sl̪ˠuəɣ] = folk, people, populace; the fairy host; crowd
Manx (Gaelg) sleih = people, public, family, relations, inhabitants, crowd, populace
Proto-Brythonic *lʉɣ [ˈlʉːɣ] = troop
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) llu = host, throng, multitude
Welsh (Cymraeg) llu [ɬɨː / ɬiː] = host, a large number (of people), a great many, multitude, throng, crowd, flock (of birds); army, body of armed men, regiment
Old Cornish lu = army
Cornish (Kernewek) lu [ly: / liˑʊ] = army, military, troop
Old Breton lu = army
Breton (Brezhoneg) lu = army

Manchester Day Parade

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *slowgʰos / *slowgos (entourage), which is also the root of the English words slew and slogan [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Person, people, human

By Simon

Words for person, people and related words in Celtic languages.

Colourful people in Llandudno

Proto-Celtic *gdonyos = person
Old Irish (Goídelc) duine [ˈdunʲe] = person
duineta = human
dóenacht [ˈdoːi̯naxt] = humanity
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) duine = human, human being, man, mankind, person
Irish (Gaeilge) duine [ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə] = human being, man, mankind, person, people, one
duineata = human, kindly
duineatacht = humaneness, kindliness
duiniúil = human, natural, kindly
duiniúlacht = humanity, kindliness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) duine [dɯn̪ʲə] = fellow, person, man, husband, (any)one
daonnachd [dɯːn̪ˠəxg] = humanity, charity, benevolence, liberality, hospitality
duine-uasal = gentleman
Manx (Gaelg) dooinney [ˈd̪uːnʲə] = human, man, fellow, husband
deiney = human, man, menfolk
dooinnalys = humanity, human nature
dooinnidaght = humaneness
Proto-Brythonic *dün [ˈdyːn] = human, person
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) din, dyn = man, human being
Welsh (Cymraeg) dyn [dɨːn / diːn] = man, human being; person, one, anyone; mankind, the human race; manservant, vassal; manly or competent person
dynes [ˈdənɛs] = woman
dynegwr, dynegydd = anthropologist
dynfarch [ˈdənvarχ] = centaur
dyneidd(i)o = to render man-like or human, personify, humanize, civilize, tame, refine
dyneiddiol = humanistic, humanitarian, humanizing, civilizing
Old Cornish den = man, person
Cornish (Kernewek) den [dɛ:n / de:n] = man, guy, human, person
dengerenjedhek, dengerensedhek = humanitarian
denladh = homicide, manslaughter
denladhyas = assassin, killer, murderer
denses = humanity
Old Breton den / don = man, person
Middle Breton den = man, person
Breton (Brezhoneg) den [ˈdẽːn] = human being, person, man, husband

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰom-yo- (earthling, human), from *dʰéǵʰōm (earth), which is also the root of the English words human, humus and (bride)groom [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) popul [ˈpobul] = people; tribe, nation, inhabitants; folk; populace, crowd
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) popul = people
Irish (Gaeilge) pobal [ˈpˠɔbˠəlˠ / ˈpˠʌbˠəlˠ] = people, community; parish, congregation; population
pobalscoil = community school
poblacht = republic
poblachtach = republican
teach pobail = church, chapel
teange an phobail = vernacular
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) poball [pobəl̪ˠ] = folk, people; community; laity, lay people
poballach [pobəl̪ˠəx] = popular, populous
poblachd [pɔbl̪ˠəxg] = republic
Manx (Gaelg) pobble = people, population, community, folk, congregation, masses
pobbylagh = public, populous
pobblaght = republic
Proto-Brythonic *pobl = people
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pobyl = people
Welsh (Cymraeg) pobl [ˈpʰɔbl̩ˠ / ˈpʰɔbl̩] = people, public, nation, tribe, crowd, inhabitants
pybl = people, the common person, folk
poblog = populous, peopled, populated; popular, acceptable; common
poblogaeth = population, populousness
poblogedig = populated, inhabited
poblogeiddio = to popularize
poblogi = to populate, people, inhabit; to popularize
Old Cornish popel = people
Cornish (Kernewek) pobel = people
pobla = to populate
poblans = population
poblansorieth = demographics
poblansoriethek = demographic
Breton (Brezhoneg) pobl = people, multitude

Etymology: from the Latin populus (people, nation, community), from the Proto-Italic *poplos (army) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

To Burn

By Simon

Words for to burn in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *lāɸ-sk-ī- = to burn
Old Irish (Goídelc) loscim = burn
Irish (Gaeilge) loisc = to burn, fire, scorch, sear, sting – (verb noun = loscadh)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) loisg [l̪ˠɔʃɡ̊ʲ] = to burn, inflame, consume, parch, singe; scorch, scald; fire (a gun) – (verb noun = losagadh)
Manx (Gaelg) losht = to burn, burn up, burn away, incinerate, cremate, fire, alight – (verb noun = lostey)
Welsh (Cymraeg) llosgi [ˈɬɔskɪ / ˈɬɔski] = to be on fire, blaze, be alight, be burnt or be fired, burn up, burn down, burn away; be inflamed, smart, sting, be sunburnt; be inflamed with anger, passion, etc
Cornish (Kernewek) leski [lɛski] = to burn
Old Breton lescsit = to burn
Breton (Brezhoneg) leskiñ / loskañ = to burn

Junior Jarl squad

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European lāp- (to burn, shine) [source].

Sources: Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Wet

By Simon

Words for to wet in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *wlikʷos = to wet
Old Irish (Goídelc) fliuch [fʲlʲiu̯x] = wet
Irish (Gaeilge) fliuch [fʲlʲʊx] = wet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fliuch [flux] = wet, watery, rainy, moist, damp, oozy, fluid, liquid
Manx (Gaelg) fliugh = wet, soggy, inclement, marshy, swampy, humid, dank, watery or waxy (of potatoes)
Proto-Brythonic *gwlɨb [ˈɡwlɨːb] = wet
Old Welsh gulip = wet
Middle Welsh (Kyrmaec) gulip / gwlyp = wet
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwlyb [ɡwlɨːb / ɡwliːb] = wet, moist, fluid, liquid; rainy; addicted to drink; drink, liquor, gravy
Cornish (Kernewek) glyb [glɪ:b] = moist, damp, wet
gleb [gle:b] = moist, damp, wet
Old Breton gulip = wet
Middle Breton gloeb / glueb = wet
Breton (Brezhoneg) gleb = wet, humid

Macro Mondays: Wet.

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wleykʷ- (moist, to wet) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

To Run

By Simon

Words for to run in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *reteti = to run
Old Irish (Gaídelc) reithid = to run, to speed
Irish (Gaeilge) rith [ɾˠɪ(h)] = to run, hurry, flow
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ruith [r̪ˠih] = to run, race, rush, melt, flow
Manx (Gaelg) roie = to run, race, scurry, bolt, dart, burst, flow, smuggle
Proto-Brythonic *rėdɨd = to run
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) redec [ˈr̥edeɡ] = to run
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhedeg [ˈr̥ɛdɛɡ] = to run, gallop, canter, race, rush; run away, flee; glide, stretch
Middle Cornish resek = to run
Cornish (Kernewek) resek [‘rɛzɛk / ‘rɛzɐk] = to run, race
Old Breton redec = to run
Breton (Brezhoneg) redek = to run, flow, open up

Welsh Athletics Championships / Commonwealth Games Trials

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *Hret- (to run, roll) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Trees, Wood(s) & Forests

By Simon

Words for trees, wood(s) & forests in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *kʷresnom = tree, wood
Gaulish prenne = big tree
Old Irish (Goídelc) crann = tree
Irish (Gaeilge) crann [kɾˠaun̪ˠ / kɾˠan̪ˠ] = tree; mast, boom, pole; stock, handle; shaft, beam; stick
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) crann [kraun̪ˠ] = mast; plough; beam; lot (in drawing lots); tree (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg) croan = boom, mast, flag pole
Proto-Brythonic prenn [ˈprenː] = wood, tree
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) prenn = wood, tree
Welsh (Cymraeg) pren [prɛn] = tree, bush, shrub; timber, wood, wooden; piece of wood, wooden stick; cross, gallows, gibbet
Old Cornish pren = wood
Cornish (Kernewek) prenn [prɛn:] = bar, beam, log, timber, lot (gambling)
Old Breton pren = wood
Breton (Brezhoneg) prenn = wood, piece of wood, antler

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *kʷres (bush, thicket) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Old Irish (Goídelc) cráeb / cróeb = tree
Irish (Gaeilge) craobh = branch, bough; tree
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) craobh [krɯːv] = tree, bush
Manx (Gaelg) crouw = stock, bush, dwarf tree, stick, bunch, wide spreading tree, tributary of river

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary

Proto-Celtic *belyom = tree
Old Irish (Goídelc) bile [ˈbʲilʲe] = tree, especially a large, ancient, sacred one
Irish (Gaeilge) bile [ˈbʲɪlʲə] = (large, sacred) tree; scion; distinguished person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bile [kraun̪ˠ] = mast; plough; beam; lot (in drawing lots); tree (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg) billey = tree, big bush
Welsh (Cymraeg) pill [bɪɬ] = (tree) trunk, stock, log, branch, pole, stake, post; fortress, castle, stronghold, refuge, sanctuary, safety, strength, force; snatch of song, verse
Breton (Brezhoneg) bil = trunk

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰolyo- (leaf) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary

Proto-Celtic *widus = wood, trees
Old Irish (Goídelc) fid = tree
Irish (Gaeilge) fiodh = tree, wood, timber
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fiodh [fjɤɣ] = wood, timber, wooden, made of wood
Manx (Gaelg) fuygh = timber, wood
Proto-Brythonic *gwɨð [ˈɡwɨːð] = wood, trees
Old Welsh guid = tree
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwydd = tree
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwŷdd [ɡwɨːð / ɡwiːð] = tree(s), branches, twigs; forest, woods, shrub(s); lineage, genealogical tree, stock; stem
Cornish (Kernewek) gwydh [gwɪ:ð] = trees
gwedhen = tree
Old Breton guid = trees
Middle Breton guez = trees
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwez [ɡwe] = trees
gwezenn = tree

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *widʰu- (tree, beam) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Proto-Celtic *kaitos = wood, forest
Proto-Brythonic *koɨd [ˈkoɨ̯d] = wood, forest
Old Welsh coit = wood, forest
Welsh (Cymraeg) coed [koːɨ̯d / kɔi̯d] = forest, wood, trees; shrubs; timber, pieces of wood
coeden [koːɨ̯d / kɔi̯d] = tree
Old Cornish cuit = wood, forest
Middle Cornish coys = wood, forest
Cornish (Kernewek) koos [ko:z / ku:z] = forest
Middle Breton coat = wood, forest
Breton (Brezhoneg) koad [ˈkwɑːt] = wood, forest

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *widʰu- (tree, beam) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

The usual words for tree in the modern Celtic languages are: crann (Irish), craobh (Scottish Gaelic), billey (Manx), coeden (Welsh), gwedhen (Cornish), gwezenn (Breton).