Grey

12th October 20185th June 2024 By Simon

Words for blue, green, grey and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*glastos = green, blue
Gaulish	*glastom = green, blue
Old Irish (Goídelc)	glas [ɡlas] = green, greenish (esp of growing things); blue, green-blue, grey-blue; metallic (colour); ice/frost colour; grey; wan (complexion); bluish, livid, discolored; faded
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	glas = green, greenish (esp of growing things), blue, greenish blue, greyish blue, wan (complexion), livid, discoloured, faded (of garments) glasaid = to grow pale or livid, to become yellow, to make green glase = greenness, blueness, steel-colour
Irish (Gaeilge)	glas [ɡlˠasˠ] = green (grass, politics), grey (horses, cloth, eyes), blue, pale, pallid, immature, unseasoned, raw inexperienced glasaigh = to become green, sickly, grey, raw or chill, to make green glasra = green, garden, stuff, vegetable, vegetation glasrachán = pale, sickly-looking, person. glasta = shiny, glossy
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	glas [gl̪ˠas] = grey-green, pale, wan, sallow, green, unripe glasadh, glasachadh = greying, dawning glasail [gl̪ˠasal] = greyish, pale, wan glasraich [ɡl̪ˠasrɪç] = vegetable(s), greens glasraichear [ɡl̪ˠasrɪçər] = vegeratian
Manx (Gaelg)	glass = green (of nature), verdant, soft, pale, pasty, ashen (colour), grey (of animal), raw, unfledged, sappy, callow (of youth) glassrey = vegetable, to vegetate glassoil = greenish glassaghey = greying, pale
Proto-Brythonic	*glas = green, blue
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	glas, glâs = blue, greenish blue, sea-green glasu, glassu = to (turn) pale, turn grey, burnish, polish glasỽellt, glaswellt = grass, green grass or pasture glaswyn, glaswen = light blue, pale blue
Welsh (Cymraeg)	glas [ɡlaːs] = blue, azure, sky-blue, greenish blue, sea-green, green, grass-coloured, bluish green, verdant, unripe (of fruit), greyish-blue, slate-coloured, livid, pallid, pale, grey, silver glasaf, glasu = to (turn) pale, turn grey, burnish, polish glasddu = dark blue, deep blue, violet glasgoch = blue tinged with red, purple, violet, puce glaswellt = grass, green grass pr pasture glaswelltir = glassland, pasture glaswyn = light blue, pale blue
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	glas, glâs = blue, azure, sky coloured, gray, ash coloured, verdant, green glase = to become blue, to grow pale, to be green, to flourish glasygyon = a green, green plot
Cornish (Kernewek)	glas [ɡla:z /ɡlæ:z] = blue, green, grey, sea colour glasdu = dark blue glasik = blueish glasneth = vegetation, uncultivated land glasrudh = blueish purple, purple, violet glaswr, glaswyrdh = sea green, turquiose glaswyn = light blue, sky blue
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	glas = blue, green, azure
Breton (Brezhoneg)	glas/glaz [ɡlɑːs] = blue, green (nature), grey (horse), raw & salty, fresh, bitter, pale glasaat = to green, freshen up glasded = greenness glasdu = dark blue glasvez = greenery glaswenn = light blue

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃stós, from *ǵʰelh₃- (to flourish, green, yellow) [source]. Words from the same roots include chlorine, gall, gild, glow, gold, yellow in English, gul (yellow) in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, and words for clean and pure and words for white, bright and fawn in Celtic languages [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

White

9th October 20184th May 2024 By Simon

Words for white in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*windos [ˈwin.dos] = white
Gaulish	*windos/uindos = white
Old Irish (Goídelc)	finn [fʲin͈] = white, bright, blessed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	finn = white, bright, lustrous, fair, light-hued (complexion, hair, etc), handsome, blessed, fair, just, true finnaid = make white, becomes white finne = fairness, brightness finnemail = whitish
Irish (Gaeilge)	fionn [fʲũːn̪ˠ/fʲɨ̞n̪ˠ] = white, fair-haired, blond, bright, clear; to whiten, make white, clear, brighten, scorch, singe, set alight finne = whiteness, fairness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fionn [fjũːn̪ˠ] = white, fair, pale; sincere, true, certain; small; fine, pleasant; wan; lilac; resplendent, bright; prudent finne [fin̪ʲə] = whiteness, fairness, fair maiden
Manx (Gaelg)	fynn = blond(e), fair (hair, skin), pure white, sprite; cataract fynnid = whiteness
Proto-Brythonic	gwinn [ˈɡwɨnː] = white (m) gwenn = white (f)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	guin(n), gỽynn, gwyn(n) = white (m) guenn, gwenn = white (f) gwyn(n)der, gỽynnder = whiteness, pallor gwyndawd, gwyndawt = felicity, bliss, happiness, success, gain, good gwynhaa, gwynhau = to whiten, bleach, blanch
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwyn [ɡwɨ̞n / ɡwɪn] = white (m), greyish-white, pale; light, shining, bright; brilliant, white-hot; silver; amber-coloured; fair-haired, fair-faced, of fair complexion; holy, blessed, beatific, good, happy; splendid, excellent, beautiful, fair, pleasant; favourite, darling, white-headed gwen = white (f) gwynder = whiteness, pallor, brilliance, brightness, radiance gwyndod = felicity, bliss, happiness, success, gain, good gwynhaf, gwynhau = to whiten, bleach, blanch
Old Cornish	guyn = white
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gwyn (m)= white, fair, pleasant, glorious, blessed gwen = white (f) gwynna = to make white, whiten
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwynn/gwydn [gwɪn:] = white, fair, pale, blessed gwynnik = whitish gwynnrudh = pink, whiteish pink gwynnvys = blessed, fortunate, lucky
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	guinn = white, pale
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	guen(n) = white, blond guenna, gwenna = to whiten guender = whiteness
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gwenn [ɡwɛnː] = white, pale, pure, bright, sacred, useless, vain gwennañ [ˈɡɥɛnː.ã] = to whiten, planing (wood), exonerate gwennder [ˈɡwɛn.dɛr/ˈɡɥɛn.dɛr] = whiteness gwennerezh = laundry

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-Etymology *weyd- (to see) [source]. English words from the same roots include advice, clairvoyant, druid, guide, history, idea, wit, wise and wisdom [source].

Proto-Celtic	*banos = white
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bán [baːn] = white, pure
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	bán = white, fair, bright, pure, holy, blessed, blank bánad = act of turning pale, the paleness of death bánaid, bánaigid = turns pale, whitens
Irish (Gaeilge)	bán [bˠɑːn̪ˠ / bˠæːn̪ˠ] = white, white-headed, fair, pale, blank, empty, idle, wild crazy bánach = fair-haired person, white person bánaí = albino (person) bánaigh = to whiten, bleach, blanch, dawn, clear out, empty bánú = whitening, dawning, clearance, dispersal
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	bàn [baːn] = fair(-haired), white (haired); blank, empty, unoccupied, vacant; pallid, pale; fallow bànachadh [baːnəxəɣ] = (act of) whitening, making pale bànachd [baːnəxg] = whiteness, paleness bànaich [baːnɪç] = whiten, make pale, vacate
Manx (Gaelg)	bane = white, blank, fair, blond(e), pallid; fallow, unbroken (ground) banee = albino, pale, white baneid = whiteness, blankness, paleness, lightness baneaghey = whiten, whitening
Welsh (Cymraeg)	bân [baːn] = white, whitish, grey, pale (borrowed from Irish)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (to shine) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include beacon, buoy and phantasm in English [source].

Proto-Celtic	*gelos = shining, white
Gaulish	*gelā
Old Irish (Goídelc)	gel = bright, clear, white gile = brightness, whiteness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	gel = fair, white, bright, shining gelach = moon gelaid = to make white, bleach, make fair gelaigid = to brighten, give light to gelán = brightness, a flash, whiteness gelcaid = to whiten geldae = fair, bright
Irish (Gaeilge)	geal [ɟalˠ] = white, bright, pure, glad, happy, beloved, fond gealach [ɟəˈl̪ˠɑx] = moon gealacht = brightening gealán = gleam, flash, bright, spell gealánach = gleaming, flashing, bright gealas = gleam of light, brightness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	geal [gʲal̪ˠ] = white, fine gealach [gʲal̪ˠəx] = moon gealachd [gʲal̪ˠəxg] = whiteness gealadh [gʲal̪ˠag] = blight, whitening, fade-in gealaich [gʲal̪ɪç] = blanch, bleach, whiten gealaichte [gʲal̪ɪçdʲə] = blanched, bleached, whitened
Manx (Gaelg)	gial = bright, clear, white, shining, snowy, light-coloured, fulgent giallagh = moon gialan = egg white giallaghey = to blanch, bleach, brighten, whiten gillid = brightness, clearness, light, lustre
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gell = bay, brown, auburn
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gell = bay, brown, auburn, orange, yellow, tawny-coloured
Cornish (Kernewek)	gell [gɛl:] = fawn, light brown, tan gellburpur = puce gellrudh = auburn, russet brown gellvelyn = tawny brown
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	guel(l) = bay, fawn, red
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gell [ˈɡɛlː] = bay, brown, ripe, exhausted gellaat [ɡɛˈlɑːt] = to make or become brown gellan, gellañ = = to brown, ripen gelleg = bay colour

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₂os, from *ǵʰelh₂- (to shine) [source]. English words from the same PIE roots include arsenic, gall, gild, gild, gold and yellow [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Old

7th October 201823rd December 2023 By Simon

Words for old and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*senos = old
Gaulish	*senos = old
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sen = old, ancester, old person, sendatu = longevity, old age senóir = elder, old person, senior senórdacht = elderliness, old age sentonn = old woman sentu = old age
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	sen = old, ancient, long-standing, ancestor sendatu = old age, long life senóir, seanóir = senior, elder, old person senórdacht, senordacht = old age, seniority sentonn, sentuinne, sentain = old woman sentu = old age
Irish (Gaeilge)	sean [ʃanˠ] = old, aged, mature; senior, ancestor; long-established, old fashioned; great, exceeding seanaimsir = old times seanaois = old age seanársa = primitive seanda = old, aged, ancient, antique, stale seanóir = old person, senior, elder
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sean [ʃɛn] = old, aged, elderly; former seanachd [ʃɛnəxg] = ancientness, oldness seanair [ʃɛnɪrʲ] = grandfather, elder, ancestor seanmhair [ʃɛnɛvɪrʲ] = grandmother, grandma seannda [ʃãũndə] = ancient, old-fashioned seanndaidh [ʃãũn̪ˠdɪ] = ancient, old-fashioned, infirm, frail seantaidh [ʃan̪ˠdɪ] = primeval, primitive, shanty
Manx (Gaelg)	shenn = old, stale, aged, former, time-fusty, inveterate, ancient, vintage, veteran, old-established, olden, antiquarian, worn, elderly, consecrated, archaic, ex, senile, long-standing shennaghys = annals, antiquity, history, story-telling, tradition shennayr, shaner = ancestor, father, forebear, grandfather shenndeeagh = ancient, historical
Proto-Brythonic	*hen = old
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	hen = old henadur, henadûr = alderman, elder, presbyter, (church) father, senior in rank henv, henu, hena = to grow old or decrepit, weaken, deteriorate, fail henaidd = oldish, old, aged, ancient, archaic, antiquated heneint, henaint = old age, oldness, antiquity, the aged
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hen [heːn] = old, aged; ancient, antique, pristine, former; inveterate, chronic; original; senior, elder; stale, mouldy, musty, fusty henadur = alderman, elder, presbyter, (church) father, senior in rank henaf, henu = to grow old or decrepit, weaken, deteriorate, fail henaidd = oldish, old, aged, ancient, archaic, antiquated henaint = old age, oldness, antiquity, the aged
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	hen, hén, hên = old, ancient, antique hendas = grandfather hengog = great great grandfather
Cornish (Kernewek)	hen [hɛ:n / he:n] = old, archaic, long-standing henavek, henavoges = elder(ly), senior, older hendas = ancestor, forefather hendedhyow = the olden days hendheskonieth = archaeology henedh = generation hengov = tradition henlavar = proverb
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	hen = old, ancient henaff = elder, senior henavelezh = birthright, right of primogeniture
Breton (Brezhoneg)	hen = old, ancient henadur = = archaism henamzer = antiquity henañ = elder, senior henanded = primogeniture henavelezh = birthright, right of primogeniture

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *sénos (old) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include senate and senior in English, sens (ancient, old) in Latvian, sẽnas (old) in Lithuanian [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Young

7th October 201818th November 2023 By Simon

Words for young in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*yowankos = young
Gaulish	Iouinca = name (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	óc [oːɡ] = young, young man, warrior ócbad = young people, youths óclach = young man, warrior, servant
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	óc = young, young man, warrior, poet ócbad, ócbud = young folk, youths, youth óclach, ócleach = young man, warrior, attendant, servant, vassal
Irish (Gaeilge)	óg [oːɡ/ɔːɡ] = young (person, animal, bird), youth, junior, minor, new, fresh, early ógánach = young man, youth, crafty person, boyo, trickster óigeanta = youthful, youthful-looking óigeantacht = youthfulness óglach = young man, (young) warrior), attendant, servant, vassal, volunteer óglachas = manhood, warriorship, armed service, vassalage ógra = young people, youths
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	òg [ɔːg] = young, youthful ògail [ɔːgal] = adolescent, youthful ògalachd [ɔːgəl̪ˠəxg] = youthfulness, youth, youthful conduct ògan [ɔːgan] = tendril, twig, seedling, lambkin òganach [ɔːganəx] = youth, young man, bough òganta [ɔːgən̪ˠdə] = juvenile
Manx (Gaelg)	aeg [ɛːɡ] = young, adolescent, immature, juvenile aegey = young, juvenile aegid = adolescence, immaturity, young people, youth aeglagh = adolescent, juvenile, young ones, youth aegoil = youngish, youthful
Proto-Brythonic	*jowank = young
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ieuangc, yeueing, yeuejg, yefeink, ieuanc, ieueinc = young, juvenille, unmarried ieu, iau = younger yeuhaf, yeuaw, ieuhaf, ieuaf = (the) youngest euectyt, euenctit, ieuegtit, ieuengtit = youth, adolescence
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ifanc [ˈɪvaŋk / ˈiːvaŋk] = young, youthful, adolescent; inexperienced, immature; recent; unmarried, newly wed iau, ieuach, ifach = younger, not as old ieuaf, i(e)faf = (the) youngest, the younger (of two), junior ieuant = young person, youth, adolescence ieuenctid = youth, adolescence
Old Cornish	iouenc, youonc = young
Middle Cornish	yowync, iouenc, youonc = young, youthful yonc = young, youthful, juvenile yowyncneth = youth, youthfulness
Cornish (Kernewek)	yowynk, yonk [‘jɔwɪŋk/jɔˑŋk] = juvenille, young, youthful yowynka, yonka = younger yonker, yonkores = youngster, youth yowynkneth, yonkneth = youth
Middle Breton	youanc, ioanc, iouanc = young yaouancquat, youancat, youanchat = to rejuvenate yaouanctet, iaouanctet = youth(fulness)
Breton (Brezhoneg)	yaouank = young yaouankaat = to rejunvenate yaouankadur = rejunvenation yaouank(t)iz = youth yaouankted = youth(fulness)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós (young), from *h₂yéwHō (young), from *h₂óyu (long time, lifetime) [source].

Words from the same roots include young and youth in English, jeudg (youth) in Dutch, Jugend (youth) in German, jeune (young) in French and joven (young(ster), youth(ful), young person) in Spanish [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Fresh & New

7th October 20182nd January 2023 By Simon

Words for fresh and new in Celtic languages.

Words for new in Celtic languages

Proto-Celtic	*ɸūros = new
Old Irish (Goídelc)	úr = fresh, new
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	úr = fresh, new, bright, noble, generous, fair, active, recent
Irish (Gaeilge)	úr [uːɾˠ] = fresh; free, liberal, moist úrach = green timber úraigh = to freshen, scour, cleanse, become moist, damp úras = new milk úrchneasach = fresh-complexioned
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ùr [uːr] = new, fresh ùrachadh = refreshing, renewing, renovating, renewal ùr-ghnàthaich = innovative, innovatory ùr-ghnàthaichear = innovator ùrad = degree of newness, novelty
Manx (Gaelg)	oor = new, sweet, novel, sappy, crisp, span, fresh, hour, raw ooragh = hourly, refreshing ooraghey = to freshen, purify, refresh, relieve, sweeten ooraghtoil, oorey = refreshing
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ir [iːr] = verdant, green, juicy, sappy, moist, succulent, not withered, not dried up or coagulated, fresh, undried; mild; alive, thriving, lively, vigorous; new, fresh, young, unripe iraidd = fresh, verdant, green, juicy, sappy, moist, liquid
Cornish (Kernewek)	yr [ɪ:r/iːr] = fresh

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *puHrós (wheat), possibly from *pewH- (to be clean, pure) [Source].

Words from the same PIE roots include pure in English, პური (ṗuri – bread, wheat) in Georgian, and պուրի (puri – a type of bread) in Armenian [Source].

Proto-Celtic	*nouyos = new
Gaulish	novios = (used in place names*)
Celtiberian	nouiza = new
Old Irish (Goídelc)	núa [n͈uːa̯] = new
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	núa(e) = new, recent, fresh, lusty, vigorous, fair, clear, bright, lately, anew, again, recently
Irish (Gaeilge)	nua [n̪ˠuə / n̪ˠuː] = new, fresh, recent, novel; newness, new thing nua-aimseartha = modern nuachan = novation nuacht = news, novelty nuachtóir = reporter, journalist
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	nuadh [nuəɣ] = new, fresh, recent, novel, modern, unfamiliar a-nuadh = anew nua-aimsireach = modern, up to date nua-fhasanta = newfangled nuadhachadh = renewing, renovating nuadhachas = novelty, innovation
Manx (Gaelg)	noa = fresh, modern, new, novel, original, recent, unused noa-emshiragh = modern noaght = freshness, modernity, newness, novelty noaid = freshness, innovation, newness, novelty, originality aanoaghey = to rejuvenate, renew, renovate
Proto-Brythonic	*newɨð = new
Old Welsh	neguid = new
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	newyt, newyd = new, recent, modern, late, novel newydhau, newyddhau = to renew, renovate, restore
Welsh (Cymraeg)	newydd [ˈnɛu̯.ɨ̞ð/ˈnɛu̯.ɪð] = new, recent, newly-grown, modern, late, novel, changed, different; new (moon), unused, fresh newyddaf, newyddu = to renew, renovate, restore, be renewed or restored, replace, change, reform, modernize, innovate newyddaidd = newish, new, modern, newfangled, fresh, renewed newyddair = neologism, new word or spelling newyddeb = novelty, innovation newyddiadur = newspaper newyddiadura = to be a journalist newyddiadureg = jouralese, journalism
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	newydh, nowydh, nowedh = new, fresh, late, recent
Cornish	nowydh = fresh, new, novel, newly, just nowydh flamm = brand new nowydh genys = newborn
Old Breton	nouuid = new
Breton (Brezhoneg)	nevez [ˈne.ve] = new nevezadeg restoration campaign nevezadenn = innovation nevezadenniñ = to innovate nevezadur = innovation, updating, actualisation nevezer = innovator

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *néw(y)os (new) [Source]. The town of Noia in A Coruña in Galicia in the northwest of Spain probably gets its new from the same Proto-Celtic root possibly via Celtiberian [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Expensive Fools

7th October 201818th November 2023 By Simon

Words for expensive, unfree & foolish in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	dóer, doír [doːi̯r/doːi̯rʲ] = servile, unfree, serf
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	dóer, doír = unfree, lowborn, serf, base, ignoble, slavish, enslaved, subject, guilty doíraid = to debase, take, captive, enslave, condemn
Irish (Gaeilge)	daor [d̪ˠeːɾˠ / d̪ˠiːɾˠ] = unfree; base, servile; convicted, condemned; hard, severe; costly; dear, high-priced daoradh = enslavement, conviction, condemnation daorán = slave, servile creature daoránach = convict daorobair = servile work, hard labour
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	daor [dɯːr] = condemned; enslaved, in bondage daorachadh = condemning, dooming, condemnation, enslaving daoran [dɯːran] = ned, lout daorsa [dɯːr̪ˠsə] = bondage, captivity daorsanach [dɯːr̪ˠsanəx] = convict
Manx (Gaelg)	deyr = unfree, serf deyrey = to condemn, convict doom; condemnation, conviction deyrsnys = bondage, enslavement, serfdom, servitude, slavery, subjection deyraneagh = convict

Etymology: from the Old Irish do- (to) & fer (man, husband) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*drūtos = foolish, lewd; costly; daring, wanton; furious, grievous
Gaulish	Trutiknos (personal name)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	drúth = buffoon, jester, moron
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	drúth = professional jester, buffoon, poet, learned man, imbecile drúthacht = buffoonery drúthán = little jester, little fool drúthlach = cuckold, foolish man
Irish (Gaeilge)	drúth = irresponsible person, imbecile; jester, buffoon drúthacht = buffioonery
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	drùth = lecherous, lascivious, foolish drùthach = obscene
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	drut, drud = dear, expensive drudwr = brave warrior
Welsh (Cymraeg)	drud = dear, high-priced, costly, expensive; precious, valuable; daring, brave, valiant, courageous, bold; rash, reckless, foolish drudedd = obstinacy drudfawr = expensive, precious, courageous, valiant drudlew = valiant and daring
Cornish (Kernewek)	drudh = cherished, favourite, precious

Etymology: unknown [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Sorrow & sadness

6th October 20189th June 2023 By Simon

Words for sorrow, sadness and related things in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	trougos/trowgo- = sorry, sad, wretched
Old Irish (Goídelc)	trúag, tróg = miserable, wretched, emaciated, wretch trúagdae = miserable, wretched trógán, trúagán = miserable person, wretch, pauper trúaige = affliction, compassion, misery, pity, wretchedness
Middle Irish (Gaedhealg)	trúag = wretched, pititable, miserable, sad; thin, lean, emaciated; wretch, miserable person trúagdae, trogdae, trúagdai, troghda = miserable, wretched. piteous trúagán = miserable person, wretch, pauper trúagnait, trógnait = wretch, miserable person trúaige = misery, wretchedness, affliction trúaigméil = pitiable, sorrowful
Irish (Gaeilge)	trua [t̪ˠɾˠuə] = pity, sympathy, compassion, miserable person, wretch; pitiable, miserable, wretched; lean, thin, emaciated truacánta = piteous, plaintive truacántacht = piteousness, plaintiveness truachroíoch = kind-hearted, compassionate, heartrending, piteous truacht = leanness atruach = compassionate truán = miserable person, wretch; thin, emaciated creature, importunate person truanairt = wretch truánta = wretched; thin, emaciated truántacht = wretchedness; thinness, emaciation
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	truagh [truəɣ] = abject, forlorn, miserable, pitiful, poor, sorry truaghan [truəɣan] = poor soul/thing, wretch truaghag [truəɣag] = poor/pitiful thing, poor wee thing (female) truaghaileachd [truəɣaləxg] = compassionateness, tender-heartedness truaghanachd [truəɣən̪ˠəxg] = abjectness, miserableness, wretchedness truas [truəs] = pity, compassion, sympathy
Manx (Gaelg)	truan = misery truanagh = miserable, mournful, sorrowful person truanys = misery treih = abject, deplorable, feeble, forlorn, fragile, miserable, pathetic, piteous, pitiful, regrettable, rueful treihaght = misery, pitifullness, pitifulness treihnagh = mournful treihys = abjection, abjectness, fragility, misery
Gaulish	*trugan = wretch
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tru, trv = wretched, miserable, deplorable, pitiful, pathetic truan = wretch, miserable person truanu = to take pity, feel compassion truaneid, truanaidd = wretched, miserable, deplorable tryanedd, tayyrnedd = wretchedness trueni = misery, wretchedness, abjectness, degradation truanus = wretched, miserable, deplorable, poor trỽch, troch, truch = unfortunate, sad, wretched
Welsh (Cymraeg)	tru [trɨː/triː] = wretched, miserable, deplorable, pitiful, pathetic truan = wretch, miserable person; wretched, miserable, deplorable, pitiful, pathetic, poor, weak truanaf, truanu = to take pity, feel compassion truanaidd = wretched, miserable, deplorable, pitiful truanedd = wretchedness trueni = misery, wretchedness, abjectness, degradation truenus = wretched, miserable, deplorable, poor trwch = unfortunate, sad, wretched, poor; bad, evil, wicked; unfortunate person, wretch, scoundrel
Old Cornish	troc = miser
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	tru = alas, pity, sad, woe trueth = pity, compassion troc = wretched, miser
Cornish (Kernewek)	tru = alas truan = sadly, miserable, unfortunate, wretched truedh = pity, sympathy truedhek = sadly, pathetic, pitiful, plaintive, sad trogh = broken, wretched
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	tru = pitiful, wretched, miserable truant = pitiful, wretched, miserable trugarez = pity, mercy, forgiveness, thanks, misery
Breton (Brezhoneg)	tru = pitiful, wretched, miserable, wretch trugarez = thank you, mercy, forgiveness truant = beggar truanter = cheater, supplicant

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (to rub, turn, drill, pierce). Words from the same roots possibly include truant in English, and truand (crook, gangster, beggar) in French [source].

Proto-Celtic	*brugnos = saddness, pain
Old Irish (Goídelc)	brón [broːn] = sorrow, grief, lamentation, distress, burden
Irish (Gaeilge)	brón [bˠɾˠoːnˠ] = sorrow, grief, grieving, lamentation; distress, burden brónach [ˈbˠɾˠoːnˠəx] = sad, sorrowful
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	bròn [brɔːn] = grief, sadness, sorrow, mourning, affliction brònach [ˈbrɔːnəx] = doleful, miserable, rueful, sad, sorrowful; disconsolate
Manx (Gaelg)	bran = sorrow, blackness of soul branagh = mournful, black (as outlook)
Welsh (Cymraeg)	brwyn [bruːɨ̯n / brʊi̯n] = sorrow, grief, sadness; sorrowful, grievous, sad, heavy; pensive

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷruHǵʰ-nó-, from *gʷrewHǵʰ- (to bite) + *-nós, or from *bʰreg- (to break) [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg)	trist [triːst / trɪst] = sad, unhappy, sorrowful, mournful, pensive, downhearted, miserable, anxious
Cornish (Kernewek)	trist = sad, mournful
Breton (Brezhoneg)	trist = sad

Etymology: from Latin trīstis (sad, unhappy, melancholy, morose), from Proto-Indo-European *tréystis (stubborn, in a bad mood) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Happy & fortunate

6th October 20185th November 2023 By Simon

Words for happy, forunate and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*sognāwos = well-grown
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sona [ˈsona] = happy, fortunate sonaide = prosperous, fortunate, happy, lucky
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	sona = prosperous, fortunate, lucky sonaide = prosperous, fortunate, happy, lucky sonaige = happiness sonann = properous land
Irish (Gaeilge)	sona [ˈsˠʊn̪ˠə] = happy, lucky, fortunate sonaídeach = easy, untroubled sonas = happiness, good luck, good fortune sonasach = happy, lucky, fortunate
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sona [sɔnə] = content, happy sonas [sɔnəs] = happiness, contentment
Manx (Gaelg)	sonney = affluent, lucky, fortunate, happy

Etymology: from Proto-European *ǵneh₃- (to recognise, know) [source]. Words from the same root include gnomon (a pointer on a sundail), ignore, noble, normal, glory in English, the Irish word gnúis (face) in Irish, gnùis (face) in Scottish Gaelic, and gnis (jaw, chin, face) in Welsh [source].

Proto-Celtic	*lowenos = merry, joyful
Gaulish	Lawenos = name*
Proto-Brythonic	*llowen = happy
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	llauen, llewyn, llawen = merry, jovial, glad, cheerful, happy llawena, llawenu = to make happy, gladden, cheer, delight llawenhau, llywenhav, lawenhäu = to rejoice, be/make joyful
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llawen [ˈɬau̯ɛn / ˈɬau̯an] = merry, jovial, glad, cheerful, happy, blithe, joyful, joyous, jubilant; bringing happiness, pleasant, delightful llawenaf, llawenau = to make happy, gladden, cheer, delight llawenaidd = glad, cheerful, happy, pleasant, delightful llawender = gladness, happiness, joy llawenhaf, llawenhau = to rejoice, be joyful, be/make glad, be joyous, exult, be cheerful, gladden, cheer (up), hearten llawenol = glad, cheerful, happy, jubilant
Old Cornish	louen = happy
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	lowen = glad, joyful, merry loweneder = joy, mirth lowene, lowené = joy, bliss, gladness, mirth lowenec, lowenek = glad, joyful, merry lowenhe, lowenhé = to cause, rejoice, make/be glad, gladden, comfort
Cornish (Kernewek)	lowen [‘lɔwɛn / ‘lu:ɐn] = glad, happy lowenek [lɔ’wɛnɛk / lə’wɛnɐk] = cheerful, gay, happy, joyful, merry lowena = bliss, cheer, happiness, joy lowender = mirth lowenek = cheerful, happy, joyful, merry lowenhe = to rejoice, delight, make happy
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	louen, laouen = happy, cheerful, cordial, warm louenhat, louenhaff = to become more cheerful, rejoice
Breton (Brezhoneg)	laouen [ˈlɔwːɛn] = happy; willingly, gladly laouenaat = to rejoice, satisfy laouenek = friendly, convival

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (to seize, gain, benefit, prize) [source]. Words from the same roots include golud (wealth, riches) in Welsh, luach (value, price, reward) in Irish, lucre and galore in English, and lön (reward, salary, wage) in Swedish [source].

The Welsh word hapus [ˈhapɨ̞s/ˈhapɪs] (happy, cheerful, blessed, satisfactory, fortunate, successful, prosperous) comes from English hap (chance, fortune, luck, fortuitous event), from Middle English hap(pe) (chance, luck, fortune), from Old English ġehæp (fit, convenient) and/or Old Norse happ (chance, good luck) [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Bad

5th October 20183rd November 2023 By Simon

Words for bad and related things in Celtic languages.

Good

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*drukos = bad
Gaulish	druco- = bad
Old Irish (Goídelc)	droch [drox] = bad, ill
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	droch = bad
Irish (Gaeilge)	droch [drɔx] = bad, poor, evil, ill, un- drochbhéas = vice, bad habit drochmheas = contempt drochobair = bad work, mischief drochrath = ill luck, misfortune drochrud = bad thing, inferior thing, bad/evil person, devil drochrún = evil intention drochuair = evil hour, unfortunate occasion
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	droch [drɔx] = bad, evil, wicked, mischievous, sad, calamitous, dark, obscure, secretive droch-aigne = ill-will droch-allaidh = libel droch-chòrdadh = disagreement droch-fhàistinneach = ominous droch-mhèin = malice droch-thuarach = sinister
Manx (Gaelg)	drogh [drɔx] = evil, wicked, bad, abusive, unenviable, misfortune, badness, ill, sinister, vile drogh aghtalys = misbehaviour, misconduct drogh chaaynt = bad language, smut, swearing drogh chonagh = misfortune drogh hraghtey = to smuggle, smuggling drogh oor = bad luck, ill-times, misfortune
Proto-Brythonic	*drug = bad
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	druc, dryg, drỽc, drwc = bad drycaruer , drygarver, drycarver = bad habit, abuse, misuse drygdafod = scurrilous language, evil tongue
Welsh (Cymraeg)	drwg [druːɡ] = bad, rotten, putrid; poor, piteous, wretched; sorry, grievous, sad; unfavourable, causing disquiet; injurious, harmful; unpleasant (taste); indecent, obscene (words); counterfeit, false; bad; harsh, cruel, severe, ruthless; corrupt, depraved, sinful, wicked, mischievous, naughty strong>drwgabsen = malicious defamation, slander drwgafer = bad habit, abuse, misuse drwgdafod = scurrilous language, evil tongue drwgenwog = infamous, notorious, disreputable
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	droc, drôg, drog = evil, wickedness, harm, injury, wrong, bad, wicked, hurtful, mischievous droca, droga = worst drocoleth = an evil deed, ill doing, injury, damage droga, droaga = to do harm, hurt, injure drogbrederys = evil-minded, malicious, envious drogbres = ill will, spite, grudge drogdavasec = ill-tongued, foul-mouthed, back-biting, reviling drogger = ill report, infamy, reproach droggeriit = infamous, reproachful droggras = revenge, requital drogober, drôk-ober = an evil deed, a crime
Cornish (Kernewek)	drog [drɔ:g / dro:g] = bad, harm, hurt, ill, wrong, evil, invalid, nasty, naughty, wicked, wrong drogdybi = to suspect drogedh = vice drogfara = to behave badly drogga = wrong droghandla = to abuse, mishandle droglam = accident, crash, mishap drogober = crime drogboeror, drogoberores criminal, culprit drogura = to smear drokoleth = widkedness drokter = wickedness
Middle Breton (Brezoneg)	drouc = bad, illness, anger drouc Ælez = the devil, bad angel drouc auantur = misfortune, bad luck droucyez, drouguyez = wickedness, malice, animosity drouc = drouc =
Breton (Brezhoneg)	drouk [druːk] = bad, evil, naughty droug [druːk] = bad, wickedness drougiezh [druˈɡiːɛs] = wickedness, malice, animosity droukrañsus [druˈɡrãsːys] = angry, resentful droukaat = to become bad, make bad drouziwezh [dru.ˈziː.wɛs] = defeat, disaster dizrouk [ˈdi.zruk] = inoffensive, without anger

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (to deceive) [source]. Word from the same roots include dream in English, droom (dream) and driegen (to deceive) in Dutch, Traum (dream) and trügen (to deceive, be deceptive) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic	*dognawos = badly grown (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	dona [ˈdona] = unlucky, unfortunate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	dona = unfortunate, unlucky, wretched donaide = ill-disposed, wretched donán = miserable creature, wretch donas = ill-luck, misfortune, calamity donogad = act of making wretched
Irish (Gaeilge)	dona [ˈd̪ˠɔn̪ˠə/ˈd̪ˠʌnˠə] = unfortunate, unlucky, bad, poor, wretched, ill donacht = badness, wretchedmess, misfortune, illness donagar = bad condition, misfortune donaigh = to make worse, aggravate, become word, deteriorate, injure, maim donaire = wretch donaireacht = wretchedness donaisín = little wretch, weakling donas = ill-luck, misfortune, affliction, misery, mischief
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dona [dɔnə] = bad, not well donachas [dɔnəxəs] = mischief, harm, bad luck, mishap, devil donachd [dɔnəxg] = mischief, harm, bad luck, mishap donad [dɔnəd] = degree of badness, severity donadas [dɔnədəs] = badness, evil donas [dɔnəs] = mischief, harm, bad luck, devil donasag [dɔnəsag] = imp
Manx (Gaelg)	donney [ɔlk] = calamitous, ill-advised, inauspicious, unfortunate, unlucky, very ill, woeful, unhappy donnan = dolt, dunce, stupid person, worse donnys = affliction, bad luck, mischief, woe

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (to recognise, know) [source]. Words from the same root include can, canny, gnome, ignore, know and quaint in English [source].

Proto-Celtic	*ulkos = evil, bad
Old Irish (Goídelc)	olc [olk] = bad, evil olcas = badness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	olc, olcc = evil, bad, wrong, misfortune olcach = hurtful, injurious, harm, injury olcas = badness
Irish (Gaeilge)	olc [ɔl̪ˠk] = evil, harm, bad, harmful, poor, wretched, ill-disposed, hardly, scarcely olcach = causing evil, harmful, injurious. olcas = badness, evil, bad state, bad nature, spite
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	olc [ɔl̪ˠxg] = evil, wicked, bad, infamous, ill, iniquity olcag [ɔl̪ˠxgag] = little brat (female) olcair [ɔl̪ˠxgɛrʲ] = evildoer olcas [ɔl̪ˠxgəs] = wickedness, badness
Manx (Gaelg)	olk [ɔlk] = bad, evil, ill, injury, lousy, truculence, unfavourable, vicious, wicked, mischief, naughty, sinful olkeyr = criminal, culprit, evil-doer, offender, mischief-maker olkid = badness, evilness olkys = badness, evilness, iniquity, mischief olkyssagh = baleful, elfish, diabolical, iniquitous, malicious, malignant, mischievous, naughty, vicious, wicked

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ- (bad [?]) [source]. Words from the same root include ill and possibly ulcer in English, illa (badly, poorly, not well) in Swedish, and ilkeä (bad, mean, wicked, evil) in Finnish [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Good

3rd October 201820th October 2023 By Simon

Words for good and related things in Celtic languages.

Good

Proto-Celtic	*matis = good
Old Irish (Goídelc)	maith [maθʲ] = good maithe = goodness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	maith, maid = good, profiable, excellent, fitness, proficiency, wealth
Irish (Gaeilge)	maith [mˠa(h) / mˠaɪ(h)] = good; goodness, kindness; good things; fertility maithe = goodness, good maitheamh = forgiveness, pardon, abatement, remission maitheas = goodness, good, good thing, kindness, gift maitheasach = good, useful, kind, obliging maitheasaí = good worker maithiúnas = forgiveness, pardon
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	math [mah] = good, well maitheadh = forgiving, pardoning maitheas = goodness maitheanas = forgiveness, pardon maitheamhnas = forgiveness
Manx (Gaelg)	mie [maɪ] = good, nice, moral, fair, pious, ready, goodness, favourable, virtuous, virtue, goodly mienys = favourableness, good, goodness
Proto-Brythonic	*mad = good
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	mad, mat [maːd] = fortunate, lucky, good, etc matweith, madwaith = good work, goodness
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mad [maːd] = fortunate, lucky, auspicious, happy, suitable, proper, good, beneficial, holy, fair, pleasant, beautiful, goodness, fairness, benefit, good deed, kindness madedd = goodness, generosity, bounteousness madog = good man, good, just, righteous madol = fair, good, beneficial madwaith = good work, goodness madwr = benefactor, patron
Old Cornish	mad = good
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	mas, mat, mâs, mâd = good, beneficial
Cornish (Kernewek)	mas [ma:z / mæ:z] = good, respectable, moral, virtuous maseth = morality
Old Breton	mat = good
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	mat, mad = good
Breton (Brezhoneg)	mat, mad [mɑːt/maːd] = good, good product, moral, well (done), sweet madek = wealthy, gentle, soft madelezh = kindness, benevolence madelezhus = beneficent, generous madig = sweet, bonbon madoberer = benefactor, patron mataat = to improve, moralize demat [deˈmɑːt] = hello, good day demata = to greet, say hello peurvat [ˈpør.vat] = perfect

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂tis (ripe, good), from *meh₂- (to ripen, to mature) [source].

Words from the same roots include demure and mature in English, matin (morning) and mûr (mature, ripe) in French, and , mañana (tomorrow, soon, morning) and maduro (mature, ripe) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic	*dagos = good
Gaulish	dagos = good
Old Irish (Goídelc)	dag- = good
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	dag = good, well
Irish (Gaeilge)	dea- [dʲa/ dʲeː] = good, well dea-bhéasach = well-mannered, well-behaved dea-chruthach = well-shaped, shapely, handsome dea-dhéanta = well-made, of good figure, physique
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	deagh [dʲoː] = good, fine, nice, pretty, rather well deagh-rùn = good intention deagh-aithnichte = well-known deagh-chliù = good reputation, fame deagh-spiorad = good spirit deagh-ghean = goodwill, benevolence
Proto-Brythonic	*daɣ = good
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	dá, da = good, beneficial, acceptable, suitable, useful daeoni, dayoni, daioni = goodness, uprightness, graciousness, kindness, bravery daionvs, daionus, dayonus = good, beneficial, bountiful, kind, loving, gracious
Welsh (Cymraeg)	da [daː] = good, beneficial, acceptable, suitable, useful daeder = goodness, quality, of goodness daionedd = goodness, benefit daioni = goodness, uprightness, graciousness, kindness, bravery daionus = good, beneficial, bountiful, kind, loving, gracious daionusrwydd = goodness daionuster = goodness, beneficence, benefit
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	da = good dader = goodness, excellence
Cornish (Kernewek)	da [da:] = good da lowr = alright, mediocre, OK, passable da-ober = good deed dader = goodness mellyer/melyores dader = do-gooder
Old Breton	da = good
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	da = good
Breton (Brezhoneg)	da [da] = pleasant, agreeable, satifactory; good (archaic)

Etymology: related to the Proto-Indo-European *déḱos (that which is proper), from *deḱ- (to take, perceive) [source].

Words from the same roots include dech (best) in Old Irish and dainty, decent, decor, dignity, docile doctor and dogma in English [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Gaulish

Blue / Green / Grey

White

Old

Young

Fresh & New

Expensive Fools

Sorrow & sadness

Happy & fortunate

Bad

Good