Dough

Today we’re looking at the words for dough and related things in Celtic languages.

Rested Pasta Dough 2

Proto-Celtic *taistos, *taysto- = dough
Old Irish (Goídelc) taís, taés [ˈtai̯s] = dough
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tóes, táes = dough
Irish (Gaeilge) taos [t̪ˠeːsˠ/t̪ˠiːsˠ/t̪ˠiːsˠ] = dough, paste
taosach = doughy, pasty
taosaigh = to paste
taosrán = pastry
taoschnó = doughnut
taos fiacla = toothpaste
taos géar = sourdough
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) taois [tɯːʃ] = dough, paste
taoiseach = doughy, pasty
taoiseag = doughnut
taois-uighe = (egg) batter
taois-chailce = putty
taois gheur = sourdough
Manx (Gaelg) teayst = dough, pastry, paste
teaystag = dumpling
teaystagh = doughy, ill-baked, pasty, under-cooked
teaystyn, teaystnee = to knead
Proto-Brythonic *toɨs = dough
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) toes = (lump of) dough or pastry
Welsh (Cymraeg) toes [toːɨ̯s/tɔi̯s] = (lump of) dough or pastry, paste, sticky mass
toesaidd = doughy, doughlike
toesen = lump of dough, doughnut
toesi = to make into dough, become a dough, knead, soften
toeslud = putty
toeslyd = doughy, doughlike, badly baked, soft, pasty, sticky, clammy, stodgy, heavy
surdoes = leaven, sourdough, ferment
Cornish (Kernewek) toos = dough
know toos = doughnuts
toos alamandys = marzipan
toos gwari = playdough
Middle Breton toas = dough, batter
Breton (Brezhoneg) toaz = dough, batter
toazadur = thickening, pastiness
toazenn = noodle
toazenner = pasta machine
toazennoù = pasta
toazennek = pasted, thickened

Etymology possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *teh₂ys-t- (dough), from *teh₂- (to knead, melt, flow) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include desem (sourdough, leaven, yeast) in Dutch, těsto (dough) in Czech, ciasto (dough, batter, cake, pie) in Polish, тесто [ˈtʲestə] (dough, paste, batter) in Russian, and тісто [ˈtʲistɔ] (dough) in Ukrainian [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

italki - Win cash rewards for learning any language

Country and Land

Words for land, country and related words in Celtic languages.

Cwm Idwal

Proto-Celtic *tīros = dry land, land, earth
*wo-tīro- = piece of land
Old Irish (Goídelc) tír = land, country, territory, ground
Tír inna n-Óc = (mythical) Land of Youth
Irish (Gaeilge) tír [tʲiːɾʲ] = country, land, state, nation; region, district. territory, rural district, country native, ordinary
tírdhreach = landscape
tíreach = native, of the country
tíreachas = domesticity
tíreánach = mainlander
tíreolaí = geographer
tíreolaíocht = geography
tírghrá = patriotism
tírghrách = patriotic
tírghráthóir = patriot
Tír na nÓg = (mythical) Land of the Young/Youth
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tìr [tʲiːrʲ] = land, country, territory
tìreach = countryman, patriot
tìr-eòlas = geography
tìr-ghràdhaiche = patriot
tìr-mór = mainland, continent
Tìr nan Òg = (mythical) Land of the Young/Youth
àrd-tìr = highland
Manx (Gaelg) çheer = land, country, state, territory, shore
çheeragh = native
çheer-ghraihagh = patriotic
çheer-oayllee = geographer
çheer-oaylleeaght = geography
çheer vooar = mainland
çheer yalloo = landscape
Çheer ny Aeg = (mythical) Land of Youth
Proto-Brythonic *tir [ˈtiːr] = land
Old Welsh tir = land
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tir, tyr = land
Welsh (Cymraeg) tir [tiːr] = land, ground, soil, turf, estate, open land, region, territory, domain, country, earth, ridge
tiriaf, tirio = to land, come ashore, disembark, arrive, reach
tir(i)og = landowning, landed
tiriogaeth = territory, realm, district, tract, (piece of) land
tiriogaethol = territorial
tirwedd = landscape, scenery, (geographic) relief
Cornish (Kernewek) tir = land, earth
tira = to land, come ashore
tiredh = territory
tirlanow = landfill
tir meur = mainland
tirnos = landmark
tirwedh = landscape
konna tir = peninsula
penn tir = headland
Breton (Brezhoneg) tir = land
penn-tir = headland

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *tērs-os/tḗrs (to heap up, increase, enlarge) [source].

Princes Street Gardens

Proto-Celtic *wlatis = sovereignty, rule
*walo- = prince, chief
*walatro- = ruler
Old Irish (Goídelc) flaith [flaθʲ] = lordship, sovereignty, rule, kingdom, realm, prince, ruler
flaithem = prince, ruler
flaithemail = princely, munificent
flaithemnacht = rule
flaithemnas, flaithius = rule, sovereignty
flaithiúlacht = princeliness, munificence, lavishness, generosity
Irish (Gaeilge) flaith [fˠlˠah/fˠlˠa] = lordship, sovereignty, ruler, prince, lord, chief
banfhlaith = princess
flaithbheartach = princely, generous
flaithbhile = princely scion, noble champion
flaitheas = rule, sovereignty, kingdom, realm
flaitheasach = heavenly, celestial
co-fhlaitheas = confederation
flaithiúil = princely, munificent, lavish, generous
flaithiúlach = lavish, generous
flaithiúnta = sovereign, heavenly
mì-fhlathail = ignoble
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) flath [fl̪ˠah] = king, prince, ruler, noble
banfhlath = wife of a chieftain, noblewoman
flath-shonas [fl̪ˠahənəs] = dominion, kingdom, heaven, the heavens
flathail = noble, gallant, patrician, princely, majestic; blithesome
mì-fhlathail = ignoble
Manx (Gaelg) flah = prince, potentate
flaunys = heaven, utopia, paradise
Proto-Brythonic *gwlad [ˈɡwlaːd] = sovereignty, country
*gwlėdig = civil, secular, established, national
*gwaladr [ɡwaˈladr̩] = ruler
Old Welsh gulat = country, realm
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gulat, gulad, gwlat, gwlad = country, realm
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwlad [ɡwlaːd/ɡlaːd] = country, land, province, region, district, kingdom, realm, domain; nation, the people of a country
gwaladr = ruler, sovereign
gwladaidd = rural, rustic countrified, homely, plain, mean, poor, boorish, vulgar, rough, clumsy, awkward
gwladiath = native tongue, mother tongue
gwladwr = countryman, peasant, rustic, compatriot, inhabitant, citizen
gwledig = rural
rhyngwladol = international
Old Cornish gulat = country
Cornish (Kernewek) gwlas = country
gwlaskar = patriotic
gwlaskarer / gwlaskarores = patriot
gwlaskarenja / gwlaskerensa = patriotism
gwlaskor = kingdom, realm
Old Breton guletic = prince
Middle Breton gloat = kingdom, wealth
gloedic = count
Breton (Brezhoneg) glad [ɡlɑːt] = inheritance, heritage, patrimony

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂wélh₁tis/*h₂wl̥h₁téy-, from *h₂welh₁- (to rule, strong, powerful) [source].

Proto-Celtic *talamū = earth
Gaulish *talamon = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc) talam [ˈtalaṽ] = earth, (dry) land, country, soil, dirt, clay
Irish (Gaeilge) talamh [ˈt̪ˠɑlˠəvˠ/ˈt̪ˠalˠə/ˈt̪ˠalˠu] = earth, ground, land, dry land, soil, soild base (for discussion, understanding)
talamhchreathach = seismic
talamhchrith = earthquake
talamhiata = land-locked
talamhluas = ground speed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) talamh [tal̪ˠav] = earth, ground, Earth
talamh bàn = fallow/unmanured ground
talamh-dearg = tiled soil, ploughed land
talamh-làidir, talamh-glas = unploughed land
talamh-rèisg = marshy/boggy ground
talamh-àitich = arable land, cultivable land
Manx (Gaelg) thalloo = country, land, shore, terrain, territory, clod, earth, ground , soil
thallooinaghey = to earth, earthing

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (ground) [source]. The French surname Talmont, and the placenames Talmont-sur-Gironde and Talmont-Saint-Hilaire come from the same Proto-Celtic root, via the Gaulish *talamon, and the Latin Talamone / Talmun.

Words from the same PIE root include tellurian (of or relating to the earth) in English, тло [tɫɔ] (background, environment, ground, basis) in Ukrainian, потолок [pətɐˈɫok] (ceiling, upper limit, roof) in Russian, tło [twɔ] (background) in Polish, तल [t̪əl] (bottom, level, storey, floor) in Hindi [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Languages and Tongues

Today we’re looking at the words for language and tongue and related things in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *tangʷāss, tangʷāt = tongue
Old Irish (Goídelc) tengae [ˈtʲeŋɡe] = tongue, language
Irish (Gaeilge) teanga [ˈtʲaŋə / ˈtʲaŋɡə] = tongue, language
teangach = tongued, lingual, wordy, loquacious
teangachruthach = tongue-shaped, linguiform
teangaigh = to tongue (in music)
teangaire = interpreter
teangeolaí = linguist, expert in linguistics
teangeolaíocht = linguistics
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) teanga [tʲɛŋgə] = tongue, speech, spit (of land)
teangan = tongue
teangaidh = tongue, speech
teangach = abounding in tongues, loquacious, langued (in hearldry)
teangair = linguist, interpreter, orator, philologist
Manx (Gaelg) çhengey [ˈtʃɛnʲə] = bell-clapper, clasp, feather, strap-hinge; catch (of buckle); tongue; language, speech; utterance
çhengeyr çhyndaader = interpreter
çhengeyder = linguist
çhengoaylleeaght = linguistics
çhengey ny mayrey = mother tongue
daa-hengagh = bilingual
yl-çhengagh = polyglot
Proto-Brytonic *tau̯āt, *tavọd = tongue
Old Welsh tauawt = tongue, language
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tauaut = tongue, language
Welsh (Cymraeg) tafod [ˈtavɔd / ˈtaːvɔd] = tongue, faculty of speech, power of expression; language, speech, dialect, accent
tafod aur = pleasant or witty talk, eloquence (“gold tongue”)
tafod bach = uvula
tafod cloch = clapper (of bell)
tafodiaeth = language, vernacular or native language, dialect, pronunciation, articulation, verbal expression
tafodi = to scold, rebuke, chide, berate, cheek, abuse (verbally), tongue (in music)
tafodiad = a scolding or berating, pronunciation
tafodwr = speaker, talker
Old Cornish tauot = language, tongue
Middle Cornish tawes = language, tongue
Cornish (Kernewek) taves = language, tongue
tavosa = to scold, tell off
tavosek = talkative, verbose
tavoseth = idiom, jargon
Old Breton tavod = tongue
Middle Breton teaut, teut = tongue
Breton (Brezhoneg) teod [ˈtɛwt] = tongue
teodel = oral
teodek = talkative, gossipy
teodyezh = speech, dialect, way of speaking
teodyezhañ = to speak
teodyezher = speaker

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (tongue) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include: tongue and language in English, lingua (tongue, language) in Italian, язик [jɐˈzɪk] (tongue) in Ukrainian, and jazyk (tongue, language) in Czech and Slovak [source].

Proto-Celtic *yaxtī = language
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) icht = race, people, tribe; province, district
Proto-Brythonic *jeiθ, *i̯ekti = tongue
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ieith, yeith = language, nation, race
Welsh (Cymraeg) iaith [jai̯θ] = language, tongue; people, nation, race, tribe
ieithiadur = grammar
ieithio = to pronounce, proclaim, express
ieithog = having language or several languages, multilingual, polyglot
ieithydd = one who has thorough knowledge or command of a language or languages, linguist, grammarian, philologist, interpreter, speark, poet
ieithyddiaeth = linguistics, philology, grammar
ieithgi = one who is interested in the study of language (rather than of literature), philologist
Cornish (Kernewek) yeth [eːθ / jeːθ] = tongue, language
yeth le-usys = minority language
yethador = grammar
yethel = linguistic
yethonieth = linguistics
yethor, yethores = linguist
Middle Breton yez = language
Breton (Brezhoneg) yezh [ˈjeːs] = language
yezhadur = grammar
yezhadurel = grammatical
yezhel = linguistic
yezher = speaker
unyezher = unilingual
divyezher = bilingual
liesyezher = polyglot

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *yek- (to utter). It is uncertain if the Middle Irish word icht is cognate with the Brythonic words [source].

Words from the same PIE root include: joke and Yule in English, jul (Yule, Christmas) in Danish and Norwegian, juego (play, game, sport) in Spanish, and joc (game, play, dance) in Romanian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) bélrae [ˈbʲeːl͈re] = language, speech
bélrae Féne = legal language
bélrae na filed = acrane vocabulary, poetic language
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bérla(e) = speech, language
Irish (Gaeilge) béarla = speech (archaic)
béarlachas = Anglicism
béarlagair = jargon
béarlamhail = having command of language, fluent (archaic)
Béarla [ˈbʲeːɾˠl̪ˠə] = English (language)
Béarlóir = English speaker
Béarlóireacht = (act of) speaking English
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) Beurla [bjɤːr̪ˠl̪ˠə] = English (language)
Beurlachas = Anglicism
Beurla Leathann = Broad Scots
Manx (Gaelg) Baarle [bɛːᵈl] = English (language)
Baarlagh = of or pertaining to the English language
Baarlaghys = Anglicism
Baarleyr = English-speaker, anglophone
Baarle Albinagh = Scots, Lallans
Baarle Ghaelagh, Baarle Vanninagh = Anglo-Manx (language)
Baarle Heenagh = pidgin
Baarle chiart = the Queen’s English

Etymology: from the Old Irish bél (mouth) and -ra (collective suffix) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com