Category: German (Deutsch)

Fathers

By Simon

Today we’re looking at the words for father and related people in Celtic languages.

Father & son

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸatīr [ˈɸa.tiːr] = father
*ɸatriyos = paternal
Old Irish (Goídelc) ath(a)ir [ˈaθɨrʲ] = father
athramail = fatherly, paternal, fatherlike
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) athair, athir = father
aithre, aithreacha = parents, forefathers, ancestor
Irish (Gaeilge) athair [ˈɑhəɾʲ/ˈahæɾʲ] = father, ancestor, sire
aithriúil = fatherly
ardathair = patriarch
athair mór = maternity, fatherhood
leasathair = stepfather
seanathair = grandfather
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) athair [ahɪrʲ] = father, progenitor, sire
athair-baistidh = godfather
athair-cèile = father-in-law
bràthair-athar = parternal uncle
leas-athair = stepfather
piuthar-athar = parternal aunt
prìomh-athair = forefather, patriarch
taobh athar = paternal
Manx (Gaelg) ayr [ˈeːar] = father, matron, mater, queen, dam; focus, fountainhead, generator
ayroil = fatherly, parternal
ayrvarroo = patricide
shennayr = grandfather
Old Welsh -atr = ?

Etymology from the Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr (father) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include father, padre, paternal in English, and Vatter (father) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic *attyo-, *attiyos = father, foster-father
Old Irish (Goídelc) aite [ˈadʲe] = foster-father; tutor, teacher
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) aite = foster-father, tutor, teacher
aitecht = tutorage, instruction
Irish (Gaeilge) oide [ˈɛdʲə] = foster-father; tutor, teacher
oideachas = education
oideachasóir = educationalist
oideachasúil = educational
oideas = instruction, teaching, prescription, recipe
oideoir = educator
oideolaíoch = pedagogic(al)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) oide [ɤdʲə] = tutor, foster-father, stepfather, godfather
oide-altraim = foster-father
oide-baistidh = godfather
oide-foghlaim = instructor
oide-ionnsachaidh = tutor
oide-sgoile = schoolmaster
oidich = instruction
Manx (Gaelg) gedjey = foster-father, godfather, guardian, sponsor

Etymology from the Proto-Indo-European *átta (father) [source].

Proto-Celtic *tatos = dad, daddy
Proto-Brythonic *tad = father
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tad = father
Welsh (Cymraeg) tad [taːd] = father
tadaidd = fatherly, paternal
tadeiddiad = fatherhood
tadenw = patronymic
tadol = paternal, fatherly, inherited from the father
tadu = to father (a child), become a father; ascribe, attribute (to)
tadwlad = fatherland, native land
tadwys = family, lineage, fatherhood
tadwysaeth = paternity
Old Cornish tat = father
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tad, tat = father
tadvath, tatvat = nurser, breeder
Cornish (Kernwek) tas [taːz/tæːz] = father
tasek = patron
tasrewl = patriarchy
tasveth = foster-father
tas bejydh = godfather
tas gwynn = grandfather
Tas Nadelik = Father Christmas
tas sans = patron saint
ugheldas = patriarch
Middle Breton tat = father
tadelez = paternity
Breton (Brezhoneg) tad [ˈtɑːt] = father
tadeg = father-in-law
tadek = paternal
tadelezh = paternity
tadig = dad, daddy
tad-kaer = father-in-law
tad-kozh = grandfather
tad-kuñv = great-grandfather
tata = dad

Etymology from the Proto-Celtic *attiyos (father, foster-father), the Proto-Indo-European *átta (father) [source]. The English word dad possibly has Celtic roots [source].

Proto-Celtic *altrawū = foster uncle
Old Irish (Goídelc) altra = foster-father
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) altra = foster-father
altrannas = fostering, fosterage, nurture
banaltra = foster-mother, nurse
Irish (Gaeilge) altra [ˈɛdʲə] = nurse (gender-neutral), foster-father†
banaltra = (female) nurse
altram = fosterage
altramaí = fosterer, foster-parent
altramaigh = to foster
altranas = nursing
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) altram [al̪ˠdrəm] = nursing, nurturing, dandling, fostering, fosterage, rearing
altraim = nurse, nurture, dandle, foster, rear
altrach = fosterer, one who fosters, nurse
banaltram [ban̪ˠal̪ˠdrəm] = nurse, wet-nurse
neach-altram = nurse, nursing profession
Manx (Gaelg) boandyr = nanny, nurse, nursemaid
boandyrys = to nourish, nurse, nursing
Proto-Brythonic *alltrọw = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) athro, athraw = teacher, instructor, tutor
athrawes, athravves = female teacher, tutor, governess, school mistress
athronddysg, athrondysc, athronddysc = doctrine, teaching, instruction, learning
alldraỽ, alldraw = godfather, godparent
Welsh (Cymraeg) athro [ˈaθrɔ] = teacher, instructor, tutor, doctor (of law, literature, etc), scholar, master, professor
athrawes [aˈθrau̯ɛs] = female teacher, tutor, governess, school mistress
athronddysg = doctrine, teaching, instruction, learning
alltraw [ˈaɬtrau̯] = godfather, godparent; (ecclesiastical) sponsor, representative, attorney
alltrewes [aɬˈtrau̯ɛs] = godmother
Old Cornish alltrow = stepfather
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) altrou = stepfather
altruan = stepmother
aultra = godfather
aultruan = godmother
Cornish (Kernwek) altrow = stepfather
altrewen = stepmother
Old Breton (Brethonoc) altro = foster-father
Middle Breton autrou, otrou, eutreu = lord, foster-father
Breton (Brezhoneg) aotroù [ˈɔ.tru] = lord, gentleman, Mr
aotrouniaj = lordly, stately, manorial, seigneurial
aotrouiek = seigneurial, authoritarian.
aotrouniekaat = to act authoritarian
aotrouiezh = authority
aotrounius = imperious

Etymology from the Proto-Celtic *altros (foster), from *altos (nourished, fostered) + *awū (uncle), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os (maternal grandfather, maternal uncle). Words from the same roots include uncle in English, abbi (grandfather, old man) in Faroese, and oncle (uncle) in French [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo

Walls

By Simon

Today we’re looking at the words for walls, weirs and related things in Celtic languages.

wall

Irish (Gaeilge) balla [ˈbˠal̪ˠə] = wall
cúlbhalla = back wall
idirbhalla = party wall
uchtbhalla = parapet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) balla [bal̪ˠə] = wall
balla-tòin = back wall
balla-tarsainn = partition (wall)
balla-dìon = protective wall, safety barrier
Manx (Gaelg) boalley = bulwark, dyke, wall
boallee = to wall, enclose, impale
boallit = walled, dyked, enclosed
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) wal/gwal = wall
Welsh (Cymraeg) (g)wal [(ɡ)wal] = wall
walio = to wall
Middle Cornish gwal = wall

Etymology: from the Old English weall (wall, dike), from the Proto-Germanic *wallaz / *wallą (wall, rampart, entrenchment), from the Latin vallum (rampart, military wall), from vallus (stake, pallisade, point), from the Proto-Indo-European *welH-/*wel- (to turn, wind, roll) [source].

Words from the same roots include wall, wallow, well and valve in English, wal (coast, shore, earthen levee) in Dutch, Wall (rampart, parapet, earthwork, levee, embankment) in German, valla (fence, barricade, obstacle) in Spanish, and vall (moat) in Catalan [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) múr = wall
Irish (Gaeilge) múr [mˠuːɾˠ] = wall, rampart, pile, building, dwelling, bank, mound, heap, mass, shower, profussion, abundance
múrach = having walls, walled, mural
múrdhathadóireacht = wall-painting
múr báistí = rain-cloud, heavy fall of rain
múr cathrach = city wall
múr ceo = bank of fog
múr tine = wall of flame, conflagration
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mùr [muːr] = (defensive) wall, rampart, fortification
Proto-Brythonic *mʉr = wall
Old Welsh mur = wall
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) mur = wall
Welsh (Cymraeg) mur [mɨːr/miːr] = wall, rampart, fortification, defender
murio = to build (a wall) to wall, fortify, lay bricks or stones
muriog = walled, fortified, wall-like, defensive
murlen = poster, placard
murlun = mural, frieze
Breton (Brezhoneg) mur = (exterior) wall

Etymology: from the Latin mūrus (wall), from the Proto-Italic *moiros, from the Proto-Indo-European *mey- (to fix, to build fortifications or fences) [source].

Words from the same roots include mere (boundry, limit) in English, mur (wall) in French, muro (wall) in Italian, and muur (wall, barrier) in Dutch [source].

Proto-Celtic *wraga = ?
Gaulish *brāca = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc) fraig = wall (interior)
Irish (Gaeilge) fraigh = (interior of) wall, rafters, roof
fraighfhliulch = damp-walled, damp from contact with a wet wall (of clothes)
fraighleach = roofing, rafters
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fraigh [frɤj] = partition, partitioning wall, border, edge, fringe, shelf
fraighnidh [frɤin̪ʲɪ] = water oozing through a wall

Etymology: unknown

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) paret, parwyt = wall
Welsh (Cymraeg) pared = wall, surface of a wall, dividing-wall, partition
Old Cornish poruit = wall

Etymology: from the Latin pariēs (the wall of a house or room). Words from the same roots include parete (wall, side, surface) in Italian, pared (wall) in Spanish, and paroi (inner wall, inside surface, side) in French [source].

Proto-Celtic *koret = palisade, wall
Old Irish (Goídelc) cora = weir
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cora = stone fence, weir
Irish (Gaeilge) cora [ˈkɔɾˠə] = weir, rocky crossing-place in river, rocky ridge extending into sea or lake
cora éisc = fish weir
cloch chora = stepping-stone
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) caradh [karəɣ], cairidh [karʲɪ] = weir, mound (in a body of water)
cairidh-iasgaich = fishing weir
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kored, cored, coret = weir, dam, fishgarth
Welsh (Cymraeg) cored = weir, dam
Old Breton kored / gored = fish weir
Breton (Brezhoneg) kored = fish weir

Etymology: uncertain – possibly related to the German word Hürde (hurdle) and/or the Old English word *hyrd (framework, door), which is the root of the English word hurdle.

The usual word for wall in Cornish is fos, which is cognate with words for ditch in other Celtic languages. See Ditches and Trenches.

Another word for wall in Breton is moger. See Fields, Meadows and Pastures.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Blubrry podcast hosting

Thunder

By Simon

Words for thunder and related words in Celtic languages.

Thunder

Proto-Celtic *toranos = thunder
Gaulish *taranus = thunder
Tanaris / *Toranos / *Tonaros / *Tanaros = Celtic god of thunder.
Old Irish (Goídelc) torann = thunder
Irish (Gaeilge) torann [ˈt̪ˠɔɾˠən̪ˠ/ˈt̪ˠʌɾˠən̪ˠ] = noise, thunder, (tumult of) battle
toirneach [ˈt̪ˠoːɾˠn̠ʲəx/ˈt̪ˠaːɾˠn̠ʲa(x)] = thunder, thunderclap
toirniúil = thundery, thundering, noisy
torannach / toranda = noisy
torannáil = (act of) making noise, rumbling
marbhthoirneach = subdued, distant thunder
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) torrann [tɔr̪ˠən̪ˠ] = loud murmur, rumble, thunder
torrunn [tɔr̪ˠən̪ˠ] = loud murmur, rumble, thunder
toireann [tɤrʲən̪ˠ] = thunder
tàirneach [taːr̪ˠn̪ʲəx] = thunder
tàirneanach [taːr̪ˠn̪ʲənəx] = thunder
torrann-sgòth = thundercloud
mòthar an tàirneanaich = the roar of thunder
Manx (Gaelg) taarnagh / taarnaghey = thunder, thundering
rooit haarnee = thunder-clap
bodjal taarnee = thunder cloud
frass taarnee = thunder shower
Proto-Brythonic *taran = thunder
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) taran = (peal of) thunder, thunderclap
Welsh (Cymraeg) taran [ˈtaran/ˈtaːran] = thunder, thunderclap, thunderbolt
taranau = thunder
taranu = to thunder, roar, fulminate, vociferate, cause/give forth thunder
taran(i)ad = thundering, clap of thunder, roar, loud noise like thunder
mellt a tharanau = thunder and lightning
Old Cornish taran = thunder
Cornish (Kernewek) taran = thunder
tarenna, taredna = to thunder
taran sonek = sonic boom
tardh taran = thunderclap
Old Breton taran = thunder
Breton (Brezhoneg) taran = thunder, thundering, flashes, growls, grumbling

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (to thunder) [source].

Words for thunder in Germanic languages come from the same PIE root, via the Proto-Germanic *þunraz (thunder, Germanic deity), including thunder in English, donder in Dutch, Donner in German, and torden in Norwegian, and also the Old Norse Þórr (Thor – god of thunder), from whom we get the word Thursday [source].

The English word tornado comes from the same PIE root, via the Spanish tronada (thunderstorm), from tronar (to thunder), from the Latin tonō (to thunder), from which we also get words for thunder in Romance languages [source].

The name of the River Tanaro in northwestern Italy comes from the Latin Tanarus, from the Gaulish *Tanaros [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Blubrry podcast hosting

Parts and Portions

By Simon

Words for part, portion, piece, thing and related words in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Puzzle pieces

Proto-Celtic *rannā = part
Old Irish (Goídelc) rann = part (of a whole)
randatu = the property of belonging to a part of speech
rannaid = to divide (into parts), to apportion
ranngabáil = participle
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rann, rand, ran, rán = part, lot, portion, faction, alliance
Irish (Gaeilge) rann [ɾˠanˠ] = part, side (in dispute), partition
rannach = apportioning, sharing, open-handed
rannadóir = divider, sharer
rannán = division
rannóg = section
rannpháirt = participation, part, share
roinn = share, portion, distribution, dealing, trading, division
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rann [r̪ˠaun̪ˠ] = stanza, quatrain, verse, bond, deed, division, part, portion, section
rann-phàirt = participation, portion, participle
roinn [r̪ˠɤin̪ʲ / r̪ˠɤn̪ʲə] = dividing, partitioning, section, share, allotment, partition, department, division
roinneadair = divider, divisor, sorter
Manx (Gaelg) rheynn = divide, classify, distribute, dispense, share
fo-rheynn = section
so-rheynn = divisible
Proto-Brythonic *rrann = part
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rann = part
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhan [r̥an] = part (of something), portion, division, element, constituent, component
rhanadwy = divisible, dividend
rhanedig = shared (out), divided, parted, split, separate
rhannu = to divide, separate, part, divide
Old Cornish radn = part, portion
Cornish (Kernewek) radn = lot, part, portion, role, share
ranna = to share
Middle Breton (Brezonec) rannaff = to share, separate, divide, pronounce, split
Breton (Brezhoneg) rann [rãnː] = part, fraction, division, slot
rannañ [ˈrã.nːã] = to share, separate, divide, pronounce, split
ranned [ˈrã.nːet] = dividend
ranngalon [ʁɑ̃nˈɡɑːlɔ̃n] = deep sorrow, desolation, heartbreak
rann

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *per- (to sell) [source], which is also the root of such English words as depart, jeopardy, parcel, part, partition and portion [source].

Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis = piece, portion
Old Irish (Goídelc) cuit [kudʲ] = part, portion, share
cuit adaill, cuit adíll = a passing visit, a brief visit
cuitigid = to share, partake
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cuit = share, part, portion
cuit(gi)d = to share, partake, participate
Irish (Gaeilge) cuid [kɪdʲ] = part (of whole), share, portion, some,
cuideach = wealthy, prosperous
cuideachta = company, companionship, social amusement, fun
cuideachtaigh = to bring together, associate
cuideachtúil = companionable, sociable
cuideachtúlacht = sociableness
cuidí = component
cuidigh = to share, help, requite, repay (usually for misdeed), do for, do away with
cuiditheoir = helper, supporter, seconder
cuidiú = to help, assistance
cuidiúil = helpful, cocky, conceited
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cuid [kudʲ] = portion, share, allotment, ration, effects, means, belongings, some (people), accommodation, victuals
cuid-eigin [kudʲegʲɪn] = someone, somebody
cuideachail [kudʲəxal] = helpful, constructive, subsidiary
cuideachair [kudʲəxɛrʲ] = auxiliary, helper
cuideachas [kudʲəxəs] = help, suppprt
cuideachd [kudʲəxg] = company, society, throng, troop; also, too, jointly, together
cuideachdadh [kudʲəxgəɣ] = accompanying
cuideag [kudʲag] = small portion / share
Manx (Gaelg) cooid = certain, some, stuff, assets, goods, helping, means, part, possessions, proportion, resources
cooidjagh = accompanying, jointly, together, inclusive
cooidjaghtagh = companion, companionable
Gaulish *pettiā, = (?)
Pictish *ᚚᚔᚈ (pit) = (a parcel of) land, a portion (?) – found in placenames like Pitlochry
Proto-Brythonic *peθ = part
Old Welsh (Kembraec) ped = thing, object
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) peth = thing, object
Welsh (Cymraeg) peth [peːθ] = thing, object, material, suff, substance, device, instrument, personal possessions, belongings, tools, equipment, something, anything
peth(eu)ach = (unimportant) things, trifles
pethdod = thingness, thinghood, reality, substantiality
petheiddio = to reify, make real or concrete
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) peth, pêth, peyth, pŷth = thing, something, article
pethow = things, riches, wealth
Cornish (Kernewek) pyth, peth [pɪːθ / pɛθ] = commodity, material, matter, possession, property, thing, that which, what, appliance
pyth ha da, peth ha da = possessions
pythek, pethek = concrete
pythow, pethow = belongings, wealth
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pez, pezz = piece, bit, part
Breton (Brezhoneg) pezh [peːs] = piece, bit, room, part, what
pezhiad = (big) piece, piece (of)
pezhig = (an) ugly piece

Etymology: unknown, possibly borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source [source]. Words from the same roots via Gaulish *pettyā and Latin pettia (piece, portion), include piece in English, pièce (room, patch, piece, play, document) in French, peza (piece, fragment, part) in Galician, pieze (piece, part) in Spanish, biisi (song) in Finnish, and ピース (pīsu – piece) in Japanese [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) písa, pissa = piece, fragment, coin
Irish (Gaeilge) piosa [ˈpʲiːsˠə] = piece, bit, patch, piece-work, literary or musical composition, coin
piosaáil = to piece together, patch
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pìos [piːs] = bit, piece, sandwich, piece, (musical) composition, hunk (person)
pìosach [piːsəx] = in pieces / fragments
pìosail [piːsal] = sexy, attractive
pìosan [piːsan] = small piece / bit
Manx (Gaelg) peesh = bit, cutting, patch, piece, length (of thread), parcel
Cornish (Kernewek) pis = piece

Etymology: from Middle English pece (piece, morsel, bit), from Anglo-Norman piece (piece, bit, part), from Late Latin petttia (piece, portion), from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (piece, portion) – see above [source].

Proto-Celtic *darnos, *darnā = piece, part
Old Irish (Goídelc) drécht [dʲrʲeːxt] = portion, part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) drecht, drécht = part, portion, section; poem, literary composition
dréchtach = numerous; skilled in song or poetry
dréchtfaid = to divide up
Irish (Gaeilge) dréacht [dʲɾʲeːxt̪ˠ]= part, portion, draft, detachment, number; (literary) piece, composition; draft
dréachtach = composer, poet; skilled in/diligent at compostion
dréachtaigh = to draft
dréachtín = versicle, stanza
dréachtóir = drafter, draughtsman (of documents)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dreachd [drɛxg] = draft
dreachd-aithisge = draft report
dreachd-dhealbh = working drawing
Manx (Gaelg) draght, dreaght = draft
draghtey = to draw up
dreaght feeleeaght = a piece of poetry
Gaulish *darnā = piece
Proto-Brythonic *darn = piece (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) darn = piece, fragment, part
darnaw, darnio, darnu = to break or tear in pieces
Welsh (Cymraeg) darn [darn] = piece, fragment, part, coin, passage
darn(i), darnu = to break or tear in pieces
darn(i)edig = broken or torn to pieces
darniog = broken, shattered, fragmentary
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) darn = fragment, piece
pethow = things, riches, wealth
Cornish (Kernewek) darn = bit, fragment, part, piece
darnas = portion
Middle Breton (Brezonec) darn = fragment, part
darnaou = broken, very tired
darnaouet = torn to pieces, very tired, bored
Breton (Brezhoneg) darn [peːs] = fragment, part, some
darnan, darnañ = to fragment, chip, shorten
darnaou = broken, very tired
darnaouin = to break
darnek = partial

Etymology: from PIE *der- (to split, separate, tear, crack, shatter). The French word darne (steak, fillet) was borrowed from Breton darn (fragment, part, some). Words from the same PIE root include dermal, tear and tier in English, and tirar (to throw) in Spanish, zehren (to live on, feed on, undermine, wear out) in German, and драть [dratʲ] (to tear to pieces) in Russian [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo

Bark and Beehives

By Simon

Words for bark, beehives and related words in Celtic languages.

Beehives

Proto-Celtic *ruskos = bark, beehive
Gaulish rusca / ruskā = bark, beehive
Old Irish (Goídelc) rúsc [ruːsk] = (tree) bark, basket, covering
Irish (Gaeilge) rúsc [ɾˠuːsˠk] = (tree) bark, vessel made of bark
rúscach = bark-like; rough, wrinkled (skin)
rúscán = strip of bark, vessel made of bark, kind of seaweed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rùsg [r̪ˠuːsg] = (tree) bark, peel, rind, husk, crust, fleece
rùsg-caorach = sheep’s fleece
rùsg-abhaill = apple peel
rùsg na Talmhainn = crust of the Earth
rùsgan [r̪ˠuːsgan] = thin (tree) bark, thin peel/rind/husk, thin crust, small fleece, bark boat
rùsgach = fleecy
Manx (Gaelg) roost [ruːst] = peel, bark, rind
roostey = strip, peel, hull, rob, bare, rind, debunk, rifle, unbark, deprive, peeling, exposure
Proto-Brythonic *rrisk = bark
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) risgl, risg, rhisg, risc = bark
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhisg(l) [ˈr̥ɪsɡ(l)/ˈr̥ɪsɡɪ(l)] = (piece of) bark, rind, peel (of fruit) husk (of grain)
rhisg(l)ach = pieces of bark
rhisgen = (bark) dish or pan
rhisglen = (piece of) bark, rind; hackle, flax comb
rhisgl(i)af, rhisgaf, rhisgl(i)o, rhisgo = to bark, decorticate, peel (off), develop bark (on), encrust
rhisg(l)aidd = having bark or rind, corticate(d), covered with bark
Old Cornish rusc = bark
Middle Cornish risc = bark
Cornish (Kernewek) rusken = bark, peel
ruskek = rough-barked
Middle Breton rusquenn = beehive
Breton (Brezhoneg) rusk = bark, peel, zest
ruskek = rough, rugged, coarse
ruskenn = (bee)hive, apiary
ruskennad = beehive
ruskenner = beehive maker

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (to dig up), possibly from *h₃er- (to move, stir) [source].

The French word ruche (beehive, ruffle, flounce) and the Catalan word rusc (beehive) come from the Gaulish root rusca, via the Late Latin rusca (bark), and the English word ruche (pleated fabric, ruff), and the German word Rüsche (ruffle, ruche) were borrowed from French [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, logainm.ie, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Blubrry podcast hosting

Victory

By Simon

Words for victory and related things in Celtic languages.

Boudica

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *boudi = profit, gain, victory
*boudīkos = victorious
*Boudīkā = a female given name
Gaulish *boudi = profit, gain, victory
*Boudīkā = a female given name
Old Irish (Goídelc) búaid [buːa̯ðʲ] = benefit, gift, profit, quality, triumph, victory, virtue
búadach = gifted, triumphant, victorious
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) búaid, boid, boad = victory, triumph, virtue, attribute, gift, advantage, profit, benefit
búadred = act of troubling, distrubing, confusing; trouble, disturbance, perturbation, confusion; act of stirring up, making turbid, turbidity
Irish (Gaeilge) bua [bˠuə] = victory, truimph; gift, talent; virtue merit; special quality
bua morálta = moral victory
ollbhua [ˈɔl̪ˠˌwuə] = landslide victory
buach = victorious
buachan = gain, victory
buaigh = to win, gain; defeat, overcome; succeed
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) buaidh [buəj] = success, conquest, victory, consequence, effect, impact, influence, sway, mastery, predominance
buaidh-làrach = decisive victory
buaidh-chaithream = triumph, triumphant shout or song
buaidheach = victorious, effective
buadhach = victorious, effective, influential, talented, gifted
buadhalach = victorious, triumphant
diombuaidheach = unsuccessful, unlucky, defeatist
Buaidheach = Boudica (female given name)
Manx (Gaelg) booie = victorious, victory, triumph
Proto-Brythonic *bʉd = profit
*bʉðig = victorious
*Bʉðig = a female given name
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ysbud, bud, but = profit, gain, booty
butic, budic = victorious, truimphant, prosperous, successful, beneficial, generous, kind
Welsh (Cymraeg) budd [bɨːð / biːð] = profit, gain, booty, riches, wealth, blessing, favour, advantage, emolument, benefit, usefulness
buddfawr = bearing much booty or spoils, profitable, beneficial
buddfawredd = generosity, gain
buddgar = conferring blessings, beneficial, generous, covetous
buddged = benefit, adventage, gain, gift, reward
buddio = to profit, succeed, prosper, benefit
buddig / buddug = victorious, truimphant, prosperous, successful, beneficial, generous, kind
Buddug = Boudica (female given name)
buddugaf, buddugo = to triumph, gain a victory, conquer
buddugiol = victorious, conquering, triumphant, mighty, successful
buddugioliaeth = victory, conquest, supremacy, precedence, glory, triumph, exulation, jubliation
Cornish (Kernewek) budh = profit
budhek = victorious
Old Breton bud = profit
Breton (Brezhoneg) buz [byː(s)] = profit
Budic = Boudica (female given name)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰówdʰi (victory) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root possibly include booty in English, butin (loot, booty) in French, botí (booty, spoils) in Catalan, bottino (booty, loot, cesspit, swag) in Italian, and Beute (booty, spoils, haul, prey, quarry) in German [source].

The name Boudica (the Queen of the Iceni who led an uprising against the Romans in 60/61 AD) comes from the Latin Boudicca / Boadicea, from the Gaulish *Boudīkā [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo

Battle

By Simon

Words for battle and related things in Celtic languages.

St Fagan's National Museum of Wales

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *katus = battle
*Katutigernos = “battle lord/master” (male name)
*Katuwelnāmnos = “battle ruler” (male name)
Gaulish catu, katu = battle
Katutigernos (male name)
Primitive Irish ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ (cattu) = battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) cath [kaθ] = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, warlike
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict (from com (with) and cath)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cath, = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, vehement
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = fighter, warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict, act of waging war
Irish (Gaeilge) cath [kah] = battle, conflict, trial, battalion
cathach = battling, warlike
cathaí = battler, fighter
cathaigh to battle, fight, tempt
cogadh [ˈkɔɡə/ˈkʌɡu] = war, warfare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cath [kah] = battle, fight, contest, struggle, battalion, warfare
cathach = warlike
cath nan con = dogfight
cath-thuagh = battle axe
blàr-catha = battlefield
gairm-chatha = warcry
cogadh [kogəɣ] = war, fighting, warfare
Manx (Gaelg) cah = military action battle
crooseyr cah = battle-cruiser
caggey [ˈkaːɣə] = war, fight, scrap, combat, campaign, clash, battle
Proto-Brythonic *kad = battle
*Kadüdɨɣern (male name)
*Kaduwallọn (male name)
Old Welsh Categern, Catigern (male name)
Cadwallawn (male name)
Categern, Catigern (male name)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kad, kat = battle
Cattegirn (male name)
Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun (male name)
Welsh (Cymraeg) cad [kaːd] = battle, conflict, war, strife, struggle, trouble, army, host, throng, multitude, band
cad ar faes = at loggerheads
cadfan = battlefield
Cadfan (male name) = 6th century Breton missionary to Wales [more details]
Cadeyrn (male name)
Cadwallon (male name)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cad, câs = battle, war
cadlys = camp, intrenchment
cadwur = warrior, soldier, champion
Cornish (Kernewek) kas = armed conflict, battle, war
kasor, kasores = fighter
kasorek = militant
Kaswallawn (male name)
Old Breton Kaduuallon, Catuuallon (male name)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) kad = combat
Breton (Brezhoneg) kad = battle
Kadwallawn (male name)

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (fight), which is also the root of the German words Hader (dispute, quarrel) and hadern (to bicker, quarrel, struggle) [source].

Proto-Celtic *agrom = slaughter, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) ár = slaugter
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ár = slaugter, carnage, defeat, destruction
Irish (Gaeilge) ár [ɑːɾˠ] = slaughter, havoc
ármhá = battlefied, scene of slaughter
ármhach = slaughter
ármhar = slaugterous, destructive
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àr [aːr] = battle, battlefield, slaughter, death
àr-fhaich, àr-mhagh = battlefield
àrmhach = destructive
Manx (Gaelg) haar [ˈhɛːr] = slaughter, slaughtering
Proto-Brythonic *aɨr [aɨ̯r] = battle, carnage
Old Welsh hair = battle, fight, war
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aer = battle, fight, war
aerbeir, aerbair = battle-lord, battle-leader
aerbais = coat of mail
aerbar = battle-spear, spear of slaughter
aerbybyr = bright, fine, valiant, zealous, strong in battle
aerdawelỽch, aerdawelwch = silence after battle
Welsh (Cymraeg) aer [aːɨ̯r / ai̯r] = battle, fight, war, skirmish, carnage, slaughter, army
Old Cornish hair = slaughter, battle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ar, hâr, har = slaughter, battle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) air = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
airma = battlefield
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hair, aer, ár = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
aerva, aerfa, ármag = battlefield
Breton (Brezhoneg) aer [ɛːr] = battle, combat, carnage (archaic)
aergi [ˈɛrɡi] = fighting dog, war dog, warrior (archaic)
aerva [ˈɛr.va] = battlefield (archaic)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵros (field, pasturage), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive). Words from the same roots include act, action, agent and agile in English [source].

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo

Hurdle Fences

By Simon

Words for hurdles, fences and related words in Celtic languages.

timeless gateway

Proto-Celtic *klētā = wattled frame, palisade, hurdle
Gaulish *cleta = hurdle
Old Irish (Goídelc) clíath = hurdle, litter, stretcher, wattlework
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clíath = hurdle; wattle panels of walls, doors or gates; woven fence, palisade, outwork
Irish (Gaeilge) cliath [klʲiə] = wattled, latticed, frame, hurdle, phalanx, staff, stave (music)
cliathach = ribbed frame, engagement, battle
cliathobair = wattle-work, wickerwork
cliathóg = (small) hurdle
cliathóir = hurdler, hurdle-maker
cliathrás = hurdle race
cliathreathaí = hurdler
cliathreathaíocht = hurdling
Baile Átha Cliath Dublin (“Hurdle Ford Settlement”)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cliath [kliə] = grid, lattice, grate, grating, shoal (of fish), hurdle, harrow, stockade, stave, staff (music)
cliathag = small hurdle
cliath-bhogsa = crate
cliath-dhuilleag = spreadsheet
obair-chliath = trellis
Manx (Gaelg) cleeah = lattice, wicker, fret, darn, stave, staff, grid, stretcher, grate, grating, criss-cross, school of fish
cleea = hurdle
cleeader = hurdler
Proto-Brythonic *kluɨd = palisade, hurdle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec cluyt, clwyt = hurdle
Welsh (Cymraeg) clwyd [kluːɨ̯d / klʊi̯d] = movable hurdle, wattle, lattice, rack, crate, gate, door; protection, cover, defence
clwydo = to wattle, weave, hurdle, tangle; roost, sleep
clwydaid = a crateful, pannierful, kilnful
clwydedd = door, gate
clwydwaith = wickerwork, wattle
clwydwr = gate-keeper, porter
Old Cornish cluit = hurdle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cluit, clita = hurdle, wattle, crate, wattled gate
Cornish (Kernewek) kloos = fence, rack
Middle Breton klouet, cloet, kloued, klwed = hurdle
Breton (Brezhoneg) kloued = fence, barrier, gate, railings, grating, grid
klouedenn = openwork, fence, skylight, harrow, portcullis

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱléyteh₂ (leaning, sloped, inclined) from *ḱley- (to lean, incline) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish and Latin, include claie (wicker rack, trellis, hurdle) in French and cheda (wattled laterals at the base of a traditional cart) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root include client, climate, clinic, incline and lean in English, leunen (to lean) in Dutch, lehnen (to lean) in German, chinàre (to bend) in Italian, clemente (lenient) in Spanish [source], clé (left) and cleith (pole, cudgel, wattle) in Irish, cledd (left hand/side) in Welsh, and related words in Celtic languages [more details].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Hillsides

By Simon

Words for hillsides, cliffs and related words in Celtic languages.

Snowdonia in the sun

Proto-Celtic *altos = height, cliff
Old Irish (Goídelc) alt, allt = height, cliff, valley, abyss
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) als = hillock
Irish (Gaeilge) ailt = steep-sided glen, ravine, height, cliff
ailteán = small ravine
alt = steep-sided ravine, hillock
altach = undulating (road), wavy (hair)
altán = streamlet, ravine, hillock
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) alt [al̪ˠd] = rugged/steep bank, precipice
allt [aul̪ˠd] = brook, burn, stream, brook, rill, river with precipitous banks
alltan = brook, little stream, streamlet
Manx (Gaelg) alt = mountain stream, glen in mountains, high place, altitude, alto
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) alt, allt = hill(side)
Welsh (Cymraeg) allt [aːɬt / aɬt] = hill(side), (steep) gradient or slope, steep road or path, (steep) ascent, cliff, woods, wooded slope
allt (o) goed = wood, grove
allt (y) môr, allt fôr = sea-cliff
yr allt bren = staircase, facet (“the wooden hill”)
Old Cornish als = cliff
Cornish (Kernewek) als [ɒlz / ælz] = cliff
Middle Breton a(o)ut = coast, shore, bank
Breton (Brezhoneg) aod = coast, shore
aod bili = pebble beach
aod vev = foreshore

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eltós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (to grow, nourish) [source].

English words such as altitude, adult and old come from the same PIE root, as do alt (old, ancient, elderly) in German, oud (old) in Dutch, haut (high, tall) in French and alto (high, tall, deep, loud) in Italian [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Slieve League / Sliabh Liag

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Water

By Simon

Words for water and related words in Celtic languages.

Afon Ogwen River

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *dubros = water, dark
*dubrokū = otter (“water dog”)
*dubro-jarā = water-hen
Gaulish Dubra, Uerno-dubrum = names of rivers
Old Irish (Goídelc) dobur [ˈdovur] = water, river
doburchú [ˈdovurˌxuː] = otter (“water dog”)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dobrán = water
Irish (Gaeilge) dobhar = water; flood, torrent; darkness, dullness, obscurity
dobhartha = watery, wet; dull, gloomy.
dobharchú = otter (“water dog”)
dobharchlog = water clock
dobhardhroim = watershed
dobhareach = hippopotamus
dobharlí = water-colour
dobhrán = otter; dull-witted, stupid, person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dobhar [do.ər] = water (archaic)
dobhar-chù [do.ərxu] = otter, beaver (“water dog”)
dobhar-lus [r̪ˠɔːhdəx] = (water)cress
dòbhran [dɔːran] = otter
Manx (Gaelg) dooarchoo = otter, beaver (“water dog”)
doour = reservoir, dam
Proto-Brythonic *duβr = water
*düβrgi = otter
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dwfyr [ˈduvər] = water
Welsh (Cymraeg) dŵr [duːr], dwfr [dʊvr] = water; urine; pus
dyfrgi, dwrgi = otter (“water dog”)
dyfrgiad = watering, irrigation, urination
dyfrio, dyfru = to water, to irrigate, to run, to urinate
dyfrig = dripping, foaming (of a horse)
dyfraidd = aqueous, waterish, aquatic
Cornish (Kernewek) dowr [doʊɹ] = water; river
dowrgi = otter (“water dog”)
dowra = to water
dowrhe = to irrigate
dowrvagh = hippopotamus
dowrliw = water-colour
Middle Breton dour = water
Breton (Brezhoneg) dour [ˈduːr] = water; rain, tears, sweat, saliva
dourgi = otter (“water dog”)
douraerouant = hydra
dourliv, dourlivadur = water-colour
dournijerez = seaplane, flying boat, hydroplane

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰubrós (dark) from *dʰewb- (deep). The River Douro in Portugual, which is called the Duero in Spain, gets its names from the same Proto-Celtic root, via the Latin Dūrius. The River Dubra in Galicia in the northwest of Spain also gets its name from Proto-Celtic *dubros, as does the English town Dover, and French towns such as Douvres-la-Délivrande in the department of Calvados in Normandy, and Douvres in the department of Ain in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include deep, dip, dope and possibly abyss in English, dubra (puddle) in Latvian, debra (gorge, ravine) in Slovak, debrza (dell, dingle) in Polish, and döpa (to baptize, name, christen) in Swedish [source].

Proto-Celtic *udenskyos = water
Old Irish (Goídelc) uisce [ˈusʲkʲe] = water
Irish (Gaeilge) uisce [ˈɪʃk̟ɪ] = water; rain, tears, saliva
uisceadán = aquarium
uiscebhealach = waterway
uiscedhath = watercolour
uiscedhíonach = waterproof
uisce-obach = watertight
uiscerian = aqueduct
uiscigh = to water, irrigate
uisciú = irrigation
uisce beatha = (Irish) whiskey
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) uisge [ɯʃgʲə] = water; rain; river (in place names)
uisgeadan [ɯʃgʲədan] = aquarium; body of water
uisge-dhath, dath-uisge = watercolour
uisge-dhìonach = waterproof, impervious; watertight
uisgrian = aqueduct
fuar-uisge = cold rain, cold water
slighe-uisge = waterway
uisgich [ɯʃgʲɪç] = to water, irrigate
uisgeachadh [ɯʃgʲəxəɣ] = watering, irrigation
uisge-beatha = (Scottish) whisky
Manx (Gaelg) ushtey [ˈuʃtʲə] = water
ushteydane = aquarium
bollagh ushtey, coorse ushtey, raad ushtey = waterway
ammyr ushtey, droghad ushtey = aqueduct
ushtaghey = to water, irrigate, steep, watering irrigation
ushtey bea = whisk(e)y

Etymology from the Proto-Indo-European *udén, from *wódr̥ (water). The English word whiskey comes from Irish uisce beatha (whiskey), and whisky comes from Scottish Gaelic uisge-beatha (whisky): the former is used in Ireland, England and the USA, while the latter is used in Scotland, Canada and Australia [source].

Words from the same PIE root include water, undulation, inundation and vodka in English, Wasser (water) in German, onda (wave) in Spanish, vanduõ (water, current, flow) in Lithuanian, and woda (water, flood) in Polish [source].

Slieve League / Sliabh Liag

Proto-Celtic *sālos = saltwater
*saleinos = salt
Old Irish (Goídelc) sál [saːl], sáile [ˈsaːlʲe] = salt water, brine, seawater; sea, ocean (poetic)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sál, sal, sāil = the sea, ocean, seawater, brine
Irish (Gaeilge) sáile [ˈsˠɑːlʲə] = sea water, sea, salt water, brine
loch sáile = sea-water loch, lagoon
thar sáile = overseas
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sàl, sàile = the sea, sea water, salt water
Manx (Gaelg) sailley = salt water
Proto-Brythonic *salī = salt, sea water
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hely, heli = brine, salt water, pickle, sea-water, sea
Welsh (Cymraeg) hâl [haːl] = salt, salty, saline, akaline
heli = brine, salt water, pickle, sea-water, sea
helïad = a salting, seasoning
helïo = to salt, preserve, pickle, season
helïaidd = salty, briny, saline, brackish
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) hyly = brine, salt water, sea water
Cornish (Kernewek) hyli = salt water
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hili, hyli = brine
Breton (Brezhoneg) hal = salt water, salt
hili = brine, strong sauce

Etymology from the Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (salt) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include salt, saline (containing salt, salty) and salad in English, sel (salt) in French, sal (salt) in Spanish, sůl (salt) in Czech, and suola (salt) in Finnish [source].

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) bùrn [buːr̪ˠn̪ˠ] = (fresh) water, amount of water, (act of) raining
bùrn-éirigh = spring water
bùrn-iarainn = mineral water
bùrn mìn = fine drizzle

Etymology from the Scots burn (a small river), from the Middle English bourne (small stream), from the Old English burne, burna (spring, fountain), from Proto-Germanic *brunnô (stream, brook). the Proto-Indo-European *bʰrun- (a bubbling forth; a fountain, wellspring, source) [source].
The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo