Foreheads

2nd December 2022 By Simon

Today we’re looking at words for foreheads, brows and related things in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	étan = brow, forehead
Irish (Gaeilge)	éadan [ˈeːd̪ˠənˠ] = front, face, forehead, flat surface, facet, end éadanán = headstall éadanchlár = fascia in éadan = against, opposed to as éadan = one by one, in (rapid) succession, indiscriminately
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	aodann [ɯːdən̪ˠ] = face, front, dial aodannan = little face, mask, frontispiece aodann-clò = typeface aodann-fuadain = mask dà-aodannach = two-faced, double-skinned (in architecture)
Manx (Gaelg)	eddin = apron (of a dam), rockface, countenance, dial, disc, facade, face, facet, facial, fascia, front, frontage far-eddin = mask eddin harroo = sour-faced

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (forehead) [source].

Words from the same root include end, answer and antimony in English, and ante (before, earlier, instead of) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic	*talu = front, forehead
Gaulish	*talu = ?
Celtiberian	talukokum = ?
Old Irish (Goídelc)	tul, taul, tel, til = protruberance, projecting part, swelling, boss of a shield
Irish (Gaeilge)	tul = protuberance, prominence, front, forehead tulach = low hill, hillock, mound tulán = protuberance, mound, knoll, hummock
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	tul [tul̪ˠ] = face
Manx (Gaelg)	tool = ? tool-vuilley = forehand stroke
Proto-Brythonic	*tal
Old Welsh	tal = end
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tal = end
Welsh (Cymraeg)	tâl [taːl] = end (of an object), gable end, extremity, top, side, edge, rampart, front, face (of shield), forehead, brow, head tâl bainc, talbainc = end of bench, place of honour, best kind, first class ar dâl = at the top, end, by the side, near talaith = state, province, district, area, principality talar = headland (of ploughed field), boundary talaraf, talaru = to reach the headland, set a boundary
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	tal = the front, forehead, end, top
Cornish (Kernewek)	tal = brow, forehead, front, temple talar = headland talgamma = to frown plegya tal = to frown, knit one’s brows
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	tal = forehead taleg = sb with a big forehead
Breton (Brezhoneg)	tal = face, forehead

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (ground, bottom), or from *teHlu- [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Sticks and Rods

24th November 20227th July 2024 By Simon

Today we’re looking at words for sticks, rods and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*slattā = staff, stalk
Old Irish (Goídelc)	slat = rod, lath, twig; ceremonial rod, staff; branch of a tree; scion, youth, stripling; yard (measure of length)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	slat = rod, lath, twig, branch of a tree, scion, youth, stripling, a yard
Irish (Gaeilge)	slat [sˠl̪ˠɑt̪ˠ/sˠlˠat̪ˠ] = rod, slender stick, cane, switch, wand, yard, outskirts slatach = rodlike, made of rods, wickered slatáil = beat with a switch or birch slataire = slip (of a person), sapling, tall supple youth slatamáil = (act of) birching slatfhear = slender supple man slatóg = small rod, twig
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	slat [sl̪ˠahd] = long stick, rod, yard (measure), penis slatag = small branch, twig slat Ghàidhealach = Highland yard (8′) slat-tomhais = standard, yardstick slatan-draoidheachd = magic wand, fairy wand
Manx (Gaelg)	slat(t) = batten, birch, cane, mace, rail, rod, slat, stem, switch, verge, wand slat hendreil = lightning-rod slat hows(h)e = criterion, yardstick slat hummee = dipper, dipstick slattag = perch, small rod, small stick, stripe, swizzle stick, twig
Proto-Brythonic	*llaθ = rod, staff, stick, spear, beam, rafter, pole
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	lath = rod, staff, wand, stick
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llath [ɬaːθ] = rod, staff, wand, stick, lath, spear, lance, spar, rafter, beam, offshoot, descendant llath Gymreig = Welsh yard (about 40 inches) llathaid = yard’s length, yardstick, length of rod, pole or perch, square yard lathen = rod, wand, staff, stick, lath llathennaf, llathennu = to measure, be critical (of) hudlath = magic wand
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	lath = hook, hinge
Cornish (Kernewek)	lath = stick, staff, yard
Old Breton	lath = pole, rod
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	lazh, laz, lah = pole, rod
Breton (Brezhoneg)	lazh = slat (of a plough), board, batten

Etymology: unknown – possibly from a substrate language of northwestern Europe [source].

Words that may be related include lath (a thin, narrow strip, fastened to the rafters) in English, Latte (batten, lath, slat) in German, lat (slate, lath, ruler, yardstick) in Dutch, and lata (can, tin, plate) in Spanish [source].

Proto-Celtic	*mazdyo- = stick
Old Irish (Goídelc)	maide = stick
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	maide, mada = stick, staff, beam, log, wood, timber
Irish (Gaeilge)	maide [ˈmˠadʲə/ˈmˠædʲə] = stick, bar, beam
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	maide [madʲə] = piece of wood, stick, rod maide-brataich = flagstaff maide-làimhe = walking stick maide-làraich = floorboard maidean [madʲan] = small piece of wood / stick, small rod
Manx (Gaelg)	maidjey [ˈmaːʒə / ˈmaːjə] = stick, rod, pole, leve, bat, club, cue, lever, bar maidjey cassee = steering oar maidjey obbee = magic wand maidjey shooyl = walking stick

Etymology: from PIE *masdo- (plank, board, pole) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include mast in English, Mast (mast, pylon) in German, and most (bridge) in Czech, Polish and Slovak [source].

Proto-Celtic	sɸondos, sfondo- = stick, staff
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sonn = beam, palisade, post, prop, stake
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	sond, sonn, sunn = stake, post, beam, prop, club, palisade
Irish (Gaeilge)	sonn = stake, post, upright (in a structure), shaft, pole, stout handle (of a weapon) sonnach = paling, palisade, stockade
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sonn [sɔun̪ˠ] = champion, hero, post, stake sonnach [sɔn̪ˠəx] = paling, palisade, palisaded
Proto-Brythonic	*fonn = stick (?)
Old Welsh (Kembraec)	finn = stick, staff, rod fonnaul = pertaining to a stick or spear
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ffonn, ffon = stick, staff, rod effonnaut, ffonod = stroke with a stick, blow, stripe fonog = carrying a staff or spear, spearman
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ffon [fɔn] = stick, walking-stick, staff, crook, rod, club, cudgel, lance, bar, rung, stave ffondorio = to beat with a stick ffoniad = blow with a stick, beating ffonio = to beat with a stick, thrash ffonnod = stroke with a stick, blow, stripe cynffon = tail

Etymology: from PIE *sph₂en- (to cut off; chip, shaving, log, length of wood) [source].

Words from the same roots possibly include spoon and sphene (titanite – a kind of mineral) in English, sponda (bank, shore, side, bedstead) in Italian, Span (chip, shaving, clipping) in German, and piena (cleat) in Finnish.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	fé = rod for measuring a grave
Proto-Brythonic	*u̯ii̯ə-l- = rod
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gweyelin, guaylen, gwyeil, gwyalen = rod, twig, sapling, cane, stick, offshot gwialenffon, gwialen ffon = staff, stick, cudgel, pole guialennig = small rod or stick, switch gwiailffyn = stick, staff
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwialen, gwyalen = rod, twig, sapling, cane, stick, offshot gwialenffon = staff, stick, cudgel, pole gwialennig = small rod or stick, switch, short line, measure of length, perch, pole gwialfa = wicker-basket, pannier, place where osiers grow gwialffon = stick, staff
Old Cornish	guaylen = rod, yard
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gwelen, gwelan = rod, yard (measure) gwel = rods, sticks gwelen = rod, stick
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwelen = cane, pole, rod, shaft, stick, wand gwelen frynkek = baguette gwelen hus = magic wand gwelennik = chopstick
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	guiall, guial, guyal = rods guialen = rod, wand
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gwial = rods, flexible wood gwalenn = pole, rod, yardstick gwalennaj, gwalenner = yardstick gwalennata = to pole, reprimand

Etymology: related to Latin vieo (to bend, twist, plait, weave), from Proto-Italic *wijejō, from Proto-Indo-European *wh₁iéye-, from *weh₁y- (to twist, to twine). Words from the same roots include wire and garland in English [source].

Hooks and Crooks

17th November 202217th November 2022 By Simon

Today we’re looking at hooks, crooks and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*bakkos = hook, (curved) stick
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bacc = angle, bill-hook, corner, hindrance, mattock
Irish (Gaeilge)	bac = balk, hindrance, barrier, mattock, bend (in a river), (door) step bacadh = to balk, hindrance bacainn = barrier, obstruction, obstacle, blocking bacainneach = barring, obstructing, blocking bacán = hinge-hook, crook, peg bacánach = crooke, hinged
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	bac [baxg] = hindering, impeding, obstructing, restraining, restricting, hindrance bacadh = to hinder, impede, obstruct, restain, restrict, ban
Manx (Gaelg)	bac = balk, disability, disqualification, drawback, handicap, moratorium, objection, obstacle, pull back, snag, trap
Old Welsh	bach = hook, grapple, mattock
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	bach = hook, grapple, mattock
Welsh (Cymraeg)	bach [baːχ] = hook, grapple, mattock, hoe, fish hook, shepherd’s crook; hinge, pivot; nook, angle, corner, bend bachiad = a hooking, turning, curving, winding, bending bachog = hooked, barded, grabbing, grasping, greedy bachogrwydd = hookedness, crookedness, incisiveness bachol = hooking, grappling, grabbing, grasping, greedy bachu = to hook, anchor, connect, attach, fasten
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	bah = hook, hinge
Cornish (Kernewek)	bagh = hook bagha = to trap
Old Breton	bah = hook
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	bach, bac’h = hook for uprooting potatoes or seaweed, big hook bac’hig = little fang, hook, staple
Breton (Brezhoneg)	bac’h = (fish) hook

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bak- (peg, club) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include bachall (crook, crozier) in Irish, bagl (crook, crozier) in Welsh, pail in English, and possibly bok (side, flank, hip) in Czech, Polish and Slovak [source].

Up Above

10th November 202210th November 2022 By Simon

Today we’re looking at up, over, above and related words in Celtic languages.

A quiet day on the summit of Snowden / Dydd tawel ar gopa’r Wyddfa

Proto-Celtic	ouxsos = above ouxselos = high, elevated
Gaulish	*uxelos = high, elevated
Old Irish (Goídelc)	úas [uːa̯s] = above, over anúas [aˈn͈uːa̯s] = from above súas = up, upwards, back (in time), forward on (in time), túas = up, above, of heaven, above (mentioned) úasal = high, lofty, noble, high-born, gallant, genteel, honourable
Irish (Gaeilge)	suas [ˈɡaɾʲəmʲ/ˈɡɪɾʲəmʲ] = up, to higher place or station, at, towards, a high level, to the south, onwards, backwards, on high, risen anuas = down (from above) thuas = up, in higher place, in the south, put up, on top, successful, profiting uasal [ˈuəsˠəlˠ] = noble, high-born, aristocratic, gentle, gallant, genteel, lofty, precious, fine, hallowed, enchanted, inhabited by fairies na huaisle the good people, the fairies
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	suas [suəs] = up, upwards, upright, standing shuas [huəs] = above, aloft up (location), upper a-nuas [əˈn̪ˠuəs] = down(wards) / up(wards) – towards the speaker uasal [uəsəl̪ˠ] = noble, nobleman, nobility, high-minded, genteel
Manx (Gaelg)	seose = heavenwards, up, upward, upwards heose = above, aloft, up, upper neose = down, downward, downwards ooasle = aristocratic, classy, creditable, dignified, esteemed, gentlemanly, goodly, highborn, honourable, illustrious, lofty, lordly, magnificent, noble, respected
Brythonic	ʉx [ˈʉːx] = above, on top of, over ʉxel [ʉˈxɛːlˑ] = high, elevated
Old Welsh	uuc = above, on top of, over
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	uch = above, on top of, over uchel = shigh, tall, exalted
Welsh (Cymraeg)	uwch [ɨ̞u̯χ/ɪu̯χ] = above, on top of, over, on, beyond, in front of uchel [ˈɨ̞χɛl/ˈiːχɛl] = high, tall, exalted, important, solemn, sublime, splendid, excellent, noble, stately, respectable, commendable uchelder = high place, height, highness, nobility uchelaf, uchelu = to raise, heighten, exalt, increase uchelwr = landed, proprietor, freeholder, landlord, gentleman, nobelman, aristocrat, a superior
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	uhel = high, lofty, elevated uhelder = height, highness uhelle = to raise up on high, to exalt
Cornish (Kernewek)	a-ugh = above a-ugh dhe = over ughel = high, grand, loud, tall ughelder = height, loudness
Old Breton	uh = on high uchel = high
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	uc’h = on high uhel = high, noble, generous uhelaat = to increase, rise in the sky, raise uheladur = to shrug, enhancement uhelañ = the highest point
Breton (Brezhoneg)	uhel [ˈy.ɛl] = high, uphill, upstream uhelaat = to promote uc’hek = maximal

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewpso- (above) from *h₃ewps- (high, elevated) [source].

Hosts of Folks

3rd November 20223rd November 2022 By Simon

Today we’re gathering some people, folk, crew and related word in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*worīnā = band, troop, a group of warriors who have sworn allegiance (to each other)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	foirenn = band, troop, group of people
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	foirenn = an indefinite number of people, set, group, category, band, troop, company, crew (of a ship)
Irish (Gaeilge)	foireann [ˈfˠɪɾʲən̪ˠ] = number, group of people, band, troop, company, crew, team, personnel, staff, set foireann loinge = crew of a ship foireann spéirbhean = bevy of beauties foireann dráma = cast of a play foireann uirlisí = set of tools foireann dinnéir = dinner-service foireann fichille = set of chessmen
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	foireann [furʲən̪ˠ] = excess, abundance, crowd, multitude (ship’s) crew, ballast, furniture
Manx (Gaelg)	fwirran = staff, team fwirran bluckan-coshey = football team fwirran buird = dinner service fwirran meihaaghyn = set of weights fwirran skynnaghyn = canteen (of cutlery)
Proto-Brythonic	*gwörin = group of people
Old Welsh	guerin = host, group of people
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gwerin = people, populace, peasantry, folk
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwerin [ˈɡwɛrɪn] = people, populace, peasantry, folk, democracy, proletariat, liegemen; mob, rabble, troop, throng, host, multitude, rank and file of army, nation, ship’s crew gwerinaf, gwerino = to render plebeian or common, to popularize, civilize, tame, arrange for battle, marshal gwerinaidd = plebeian, lowly, humble, common, vulgar (speech), dialect, home-spun, democratic, proletarian gwerindod = civilization, domestication gwerinwr = commoner, peasant, democrate, republican gweriniaeth = democracy, republic(anism), community
Cornish (Kernewek)	gwerin = common people, folk, proletariat gwerinek = proletarian gwerinel = democratic gwerinieth = democracy gweriniether / gweriniethores = democrat gwerinor(es) = peasant lien gwerin = folklore
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	gwerin, gueryn = people gwerinad = plebeian gwerinel = democratic gwerinelaat = to become more democratic gwerinelañ = to democraticize gwerineler, gwerinelour = democrat gwerinelezh, gweriniezh = democracy
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gwerin = pleb, pawn gwerinad, gwerinel = plebeian

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wori-no- (flock, troop) [source].

Halloween

31st October 202231st October 2022 By Simon

Words for Halloween, November and related things in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	samonios, samoni- = assembly, (feast of the) first month of the year
Gaulish	samoni- = assembly, (feast of the) first month of the year
Old Irish (Goídelc)	samain [ˈsaṽinʲ] = Halloween, November, All Saint’s Day, All Hallows, Samhain
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	samain, samḟuin = first November, the festival held on that date, All Saints’ Day, All Hallows idchi samna = the eve of samain
Irish (Gaeilge)	Samhain [sˠaunʲ/sˠəunʲ/ˈsˠãuwənʲ] = Halloween, November, All Saint’s Day, All Hallows, Samhain Mí na Samhna = (month of) November Oíche Shamhna = Halloween Lá Samhna = first November, All Hallows Lá Sean-Samhna = 12th November
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	Samhain [ˈsãũ.ɪn̪ʲ] = All Saints’ Day, All Souls’ Day An t-Samhain [ən̪ tãũ.ɪn̪ʲ] = November Oidhche Shamhna = Halloween bó-Shamhna = Halloween cow (cow killed at Halloween for a winter supply of beef) samhnag [sãũnag] = Halloween bonfire samhnair [sãũnɛrʲ] = Halloween guiser/mummer
Manx (Gaelg)	Sauin [ˈsoːɪnʲ] = November, Hollantide Souney = All Hallow’s Day, Hollantide Day Laa Souney = November Mee Houney = November Oie Houney = All Hallow’s Eve, Hallowe’en, Hollandtide Eve, Hop tu Naa veih Sauin gys Boaldyn = long-winded (from Samhain to Beltane) cro souney = horse chestnut

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *sem- (together, one), or from the Proto-Celtic *samo- (summer) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	callan = calends
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	callann = calends, first day of the month
Irish (Gaeilge)	caileann = calends Lá Caille = New Year’s Day
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cailindha = calends (of a month)
Manx (Gaelg)	Caillyn = calends
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	kalan = first day of the year, New Year’s day, first day of each month, calends Kalan Gayaf = All hallows’ day, All Saints’ day, first of November
Welsh (Cymraeg)	calan [ˈkalan/ˈkaːlan] = first day of the year, New Year’s day, first day of each month, calends Calan Gaeaf = All hallows’ day, All Saints’ day, first of November nos Galan Gaeaf = Halloween calannig [kaˈlɛnɪɡ/ˈklɛnɪɡ] = gift given at New Year, (Christmas) present
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	calan = the calends, first day of the month Calan gauav = first November Deu halan gûav = All Saints’ Day, the calends of winter Dydh Calan = New Year’s Day
Cornish (Kernewek)	kalan = calends, first of the month Kalan Genver = New Year’s Day Kalan Gwav = All Hallows Dy’ Halan Gwav = Saint Allan’s Day, Feast of Saint Allan (day of the first day of winter) Nos Kalan Gwav = Allantide (eve of the first day of winter)
Middle Breton	kaland = calends kal, kala = first day of the month kala-bloaz = first day of the year kala-goañv = first November kal-ar-goañv, Kalar goan, kal ar goañ = All Saints’ Day, first November
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kala = calends, first day of the month kala-bloaz = first day of the year kala-goañv, Kalan Goañv = first November

Etymology: from the Vulgar Latin calandae (calends, the first day of the month) from the Latin kalendae (calends, the first day of the month), from calō (I call, announce solemnly, call out) from the Proto-Italic *kalēō from the Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (to call, summon) [source].

Words from calendar many languages, including English, come from the same roots, via the Latin calendārium (account book, debt book) [source].

Details of Celtic traditions associated with this time of year:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lá_Samhna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-tu-Naa
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop-tu-Naa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gŵyl Calan Gaeaf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allantide

Heels

28th October 202229th October 2022 By Simon

Words for heel and related words in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	stātlā / stādlā = heel
Old Irish (Goídelc)	sál [saːl] = heel
Irish (Gaeilge)	sáil [sˠɑːlʲ/sˠæːlʲ] = heel sáilchaite = down at heel sála arda = high heels
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sàil [saːl] = heel, boot, trunk (of car) sàileach [saːləx] = heel-like, having heels, heeled sàil bhiorach = high heel gu mo shàil = (come to) heel! (dog command)
Manx (Gaelg)	saayl = heel, tree, tip, sale, skid saayltrey = to heel in, trampling, treading saayltraghey = to tread on with heel saayl-cheaut = down at heel
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	saudel = heel oet = time, period
Welsh (Cymraeg)	sawdl [sau̯dl/ˈsau̯dʊl] = heel soldlaf, sodli, sodlu, sodlo = to heel (a shoe or sock), trip (sb) up, take to one’s heels, run (away), go sodliad = a kick with the heel, tripping sodlog = (high-)heeled sodlwr, sawdlwr = heeler (of shoes), shadower, one who follows at the heels sodlau uchel = high heels disodli = to displace, supplant
Cornish (Kernewek)	seudhel [ˈsœðɛl / ˈzɛðɐl] = heel seudhelyow ughel = high heels
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	seuzl = heel
Breton (Brezhoneg)	seul = heel seulad = substrate seulañ = to heel seulenn = heel pad seuler = hooker seul an dorn = heel of the hand seul pik = stiletto heel seulioù uhel = high heels

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tleh₂ / *stéh₂dʰleh₂ (that which is used for standing), from *steh₂- (to stand) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*bundos = foot, hoof, sole
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bonn = foot, hoof, sole
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	bonn = sole of the foot, foot, hoof
Irish (Gaeilge)	bonn [bˠoun̪ˠ/bˠuːn̪ˠ/bˠʌn̪ˠ] = sole (of foot), footing, foothold, base, foundation, footmark, spoor, tyre, backing bonnaigh = to walk, trot bonnaire = walker, trotter, footman, foot messenger bonnaireacht = walking, trotting
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	bonn [bɔun̪ˠ] = base, bottom, foundation, lowest, part, sole (of a shore), foot (of a hill) bonntachadh [bɔun̪ˠdəxəɣ] = (act of) basing, establishing, consolidating, base, foundation, farmstead, homestead bonntaichte [bɔun̪ˠdɪçdʲə] = based, established, consolidated
Manx (Gaelg)	boyn = heel, walker, foot of sail, tread of shoe, basement, medal

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn (bottom), from *dʰewbʰ-/*dʰubʰ- (deep) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include fund in English; fondo (bottom, fund, background); and fond (back, bottom, fund, foundation) in French [source].

Peace and Fairies

18th October 202218th October 2022 By Simon

Today we are giving peace a chance in Celtic languages, and visiting some fairy mounds.

A oes heddwch? (Is there peace?)

Proto-Celtic	sedom = tumulus, peace sīdos = tumulus, peace, mound (inhabited by fairies)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	síd = fairy mound, fairy, wondrous, enchanting, charming, delightful síde = fairy people, fairies sídach = of a fairy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	side = fairy mound
Irish (Gaeilge)	sí [ʃiː] = fairy mound síth = peace, peace-offering, appeasment, pardon, forgiveness síthe = fairy, bewitching, enchanting, deceptive, delusive síofrach = elfin, fairy-like síog = fairy sián = fairy mound bean sí = banshee, fairy woman
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sìth [ʃiː] = fairy, peace, (fairy) hill, (fairy) mound sìoth [ʃiəh] = peace sìothshaimh [ʃiːhəv] = peacefulness, tranquillity
Manx (Gaelg)	shee = peace; fairy, fairylike, fairy spirt, sprite sheean = fairy hill, knoll, charm, fortune sheeaghan = fairy spirt sheeoil = composed, peaceable, peaceful, peace-loving ben shee = banshee, fairy woman
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	het, hed = peace, tranquillity, calm
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hedd [heːð] = peace, tranquillity, calm, serenity, quiet, dwelling, residence heddgar = peace-loving, peaceable, peaceful heddlu = police (force) heddwas = police officer heddwch = peace, concord, public order and security heddychu = to make or restore peace, be reconciled, become pacified or appeased heddychwr = peacemaker, appeaser, conciliator, pacifist
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	hedh = tranquillity, peace hedhwch = peace, quietness, tranquillity hedhy = to peace make, cause quite, tranquillize, rest, cease, stop
Cornish (Kernewek)	hedh = halt, pause, respite
Old Breton	hed = peace
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	hezañ, heziñ, hezek = to cease, stop, remain, delay
Breton (Brezhoneg)	hez = peace (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *sed- (to sit) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include possibly words for to sit in Celtic languages, and chair, nest, seat and sit in English [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Gloves and Sleeves

14th October 202214th October 2022 By Simon

Words for gloves, sleeves and related things in Celtic languages:

Old Irish (Goídelc)	muinchille = sleeve
Irish (Gaeilge)	muinchille = sleeve, sleeving muinchilleach = sleeved
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	manag = glove, mitten muinchill [munuçɪl̪ʲ] = sleeve muinchill-gaoithe = windsock muinchil léine = shirt sleeve ceann-muinchill = cuff
Manx (Gaelg)	muinneel = sleeve, sleeving fent mhuinneel = cuff, shirt cuff, wristband doarn-mhuinneel = cuff
Proto-Brythonic	*maneg = glove, gauntlet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	manec, maneg = glove, gauntlet
Welsh (Cymraeg)	maneg [kruːθ] = glove, gauntlet manegog = gloved
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	maneg = glove
Cornish (Kernewek)	manek = glove manegen = mitten manek blag = gauntlet manek lowarn = foxglove
Breton (Brezhoneg)	maneg = glove, bribe manegoù = gloves, handcuffs maneg-emwalc’hiñ = washcloth maneg-veudek = mitten maneg-houarn = gauntlet maneg-kegin = potholder

Etymology: from the Latin manica (long sleeve of a tunic, manacles, handcuffs), from manus (hand) [source].

Words from the same Latin root include manche (sleeve) in French, manica (sleeve) in Italian, manga (sleeve) in Spanish and Portuguese, and mëngë (sleeve) in Albanian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	lámann = sleeve
Irish (Gaeilge)	lámhainn = glove lámhainneoir = glove-maker lámhainneoireacht = glove-making lámhainn iarainn = gauntlet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	làmhainn [l̪ˠãːvɪn̪ʲ] = glove, mitten, gauntlet làmhainneach = pertaining to or abounding in gloves, gloved làmhainnear = glove-maker làmhainnearachd = art or trade of glove-making làmhainnich = to provide with gloves, put gloves on the hands
Manx (Gaelg)	lauean = glove lauean liauyr/yiarn = gauntlet

Etymology: from the Old Irish lám (hand, arm), from the Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā (palm, hand), the the Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂ (palm, hand) [source].

The word lámur (flipper, paw, left hand) In Icelandic and Faroese comes from the same Old Irish root, via Old Norse [source], and words for hand in Celtic languages come from the same Proto-Celtic root [more details].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	lámos = sleeve
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	lleuys, llawes = sleeve
Welsh (Cymraeg)	llawes = sleeve, edge, strip (of land)

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā (see above).

Irish (Gaeilge)	miotóg = mitten, glove mitín = mitten
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	miotag [mihdag], meatag [mɛhdag], mògag [mɔːgag], miteag [mihdʲag] = glove, mitten miotagach [mihdagəx] = wearing mittens, having mittens, full of gloves or mittens
Welsh (Cymraeg)	miten, mitin = mitten
Breton (Brezhoneg)	miton = mitten

Etymology: from the English mitten, from the Middle English myteyne (glove, mitten), from the Old French mitaine (fingerless glove, mitten) [source]. The Breton word miton probably comes from the French miton (gauntlet).

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Flour

6th October 202211th February 2024 By Simon

In this post we’re looking into words for flour and related things in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*mlātos = flour
Gaulish	*blatos = flour
Proto-Brythonic	*blọd = flour
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	blawd, blaỼt = flour
Welsh (Cymraeg)	blawd = flour, meal, powder blawdaidd = mealy, floury, friable blodiaf, blawdiaf, blawdio = to grind into meal, produce flour, become powdery, turn to dust, sprinkle (with) flour blodiwr, blawdiwr = flour or meal merchant
Old Cornish	blot = flour, meal
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	blot, blês = flour, meal
Cornish (Kernewek)	bleus = flour bleus hesken = sawdust bleus leun = wholemeal bleusa = to flour
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	blot = flour
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	bleut = flour, powder
Breton (Brezhoneg)	bleud = flour, powder bleudañ = to flour bleudek = floury bleud brazed = wholemeal flour bleud goellet = self-raising flour bleud gwinizh = wheat flour

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₂-tó-s, from *melh₂- (to crush, grind) [source]. Words from the same root include melancholy and melanin in English, and μελανός (melanós – black, dark, blue, bruised) in Greek [source].

Old Irish (Góidelc)	men = flour
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	men, min = flour, meal, fine powder, dust
Irish (Gaeilge)	min [ˈmʲɪnʲ/ˈmʲɨ̞nʲ] = meal; powedered matter min choirce = oatmeal min chruithneachta = wheatmeal min sáibh = sawdust
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	min [min] = flour, meal, grounds, filings min-fhlùir = flour min-eòrna = barley flour/meal min-sheagail = rye flour min-chruithneachd = wheat flour muileann-mine = flour mill
Manx (Gaelg)	meinn = meal meinn chorkey = oatmeal meinn churnaght = wheatmeal flour meinn hoggyl = rye meal meinn oarn = barley meal meinn saaue = sawdust

Etymology: unknown

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	peyllyeyt, peillit = flour
Welsh (Cymraeg)	paill = pollen, flour peill(i)aid = flour, fine flour, wheat flour, white flour, powder peilliaid gwenith = (fine) wheat flour peilliaid haidd = barley flour peilliaid rhyg = rye flour

Etymology: from the Latin pollen (fine flower, powder, dust), from the Proto-Indo-European *pel- (flour, dust) [source].

Words from the same roots, via the Latin pulvis (dust, powder, ashes), include polve (dust, ashes) in Italian, polvo (dust, powder) in Spanish, poussière (dust) in French, and pulverise (to render into dust or powder) in English [source].

Irish (Gaeilge)	plúr [pˠlˠuːɾˠ] = flour, flower plúr geal = white flour plúr cruithneachta = wheaten flour plúrach = floury, farinaceous; flower-like, pretty plúraigh = to effloresce plúróg = pretty girl plúrscoth = choicest flower, pick, choice plúrú = efflorescence
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	flùr [fl̪ˠuːr] = flour flùr lom = plain flour flùr-éirigh = self-raising flour
Manx (Gaelg)	flooyr = flour flooyr churnaght = wheaten flour grine-flooyr = cornflour
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	fflwr = flour
Welsh (Cymraeg)	fflŵr [fluːr], fflowr = flour (in South Wales) fflŵr can = wheat flour

Etymology: from the Anglo-Norman flur (flower), from the Old French flor (flower), from the Latin flōrem (flower), from flōs (flower, blossom), from Proto-Italic *flōs (flower, blossom), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (flower, blossom) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include flour, flower, flora, blossom and bloom in English, blé (flour) and fleur (flower) in French, and blat (wheat) in Catalan [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Irish (Gaeilge)

Foreheads

Sticks and Rods

Hooks and Crooks

Up Above

Hosts of Folks

Halloween

Heels

Peace and Fairies

Gloves and Sleeves

Flour