Celtic Pathways – Birches

In this episode we unearth the Celtic roots of words for birch (tree) in various languages.

Birch forest

The Proto-Celtic word *betuyā means birch tree, and comes from Proto-Indo-European *gʷetu-yo-s, from *gʷet- (resin, gum) [source].

Descendents in the modern Celtic languages include:

  • beith = birch (tree), letter B in Ogham (ᚁ) in Irish
  • beithe [behə] birch, birch wood/forest in Scottish Gaelic
  • beih = birch (tree) in Manx
  • bedw [ˈbɛdʊ] = birch(es), birch grove, maypole, birch-rod in Welsh
  • besow = birches in Cornish
  • bezv [ˈbɛ(z)w] = birches in Breton

More details of words for birch in Celtic languages can be found in the Celtiadur post Birch (trees).

Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Gaulish *bitu/betua and Latin *betius, include betulla (birch) in Italian, bouleau (birch) in French, βετούλη (vetoúli – birch) in Greek, and abedul (birch) in Spanish [source].

The botanical Latin name for the genus, Betula (birch), also comes from the same roots [source].

Incidentally, the English word birch comes from Middle English birche (birch), from Old English bierċe (birch), from Proto-West Germanic *birkijā (birch), from Proto-Germanic *birkijǭ (birch), from PIE *bʰerHǵos (birch), from *bʰerHǵ- (to shine, to gleam, whiten) [source].

Words from the same roots possibly include: bredh (fir tree) in Albanian, björk (birch) in Swedish, béržas (birch) in Lithuanian and březen (March) in Czech [source].

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Adventures in Etymology – Sticky Climbs

In this Adventure in Etymology we uncover the sticky roots of the word climb.

Red squirrel

Meanings of climb [klaɪm] include:

  • To ascend, rise or go up
  • To mount, move upwards
  • To scale, get to the top of
  • To move by gripping with the hands and using the feet

It comes from Middle English climben [ˈkli(ː)mbən / ˈkli(ː)mən] (to climb, scale, ascend) – the b was no longer pronounced in Late Middle English – from Old English climban [ˈklim.bɑn] (to climb), from Proto-West Germanic *klimban (to climb), from Proto-Germanic *klimbaną (to climb), probably from *klibāną (to stick, adhere) from Proto-Indo-European *gley- (to smear, to stick, putty, glue) [source].

Words from the same roots possibly include glue, gluten, clay, to cleave, cliff, cloth in English, klimmen (to climb) and kleven (to stick, glue) in Dutch, glynu (to stick, adhere) in Welsh, and glina (clay, loam) in Polish [source].

The English word clamber (to climb with difficulty or in a haphazard fashion) possibly also comes from the same roots, and is related to klambra (to clamp) in Icelandic and klamra (to cling) in Swedish [source].

Incidentally, the word to cleave can mean both to split or sever something with a sharp instrument, and to adhere, cling, or stick fast to something. The second meaning shares common roots with climb, but the first doesn’t [source]

Instead, it comes from Middle English cleven (to cleave, split, slice), from Old English clēofan (to cleave, split), from Proto-West Germanic *kleuban (to split, cleave), from Proto-Germanic *kleubaną (to split, cleave), from Proto-Indo-European *glewbʰ- (to cut, to slice) [source].

Related words include cleft and glyph in English, kloof (gap, gorge, ravine) in Dutch (and in Afrikaans and South African English), and глубокий [ɡɫʊˈbokʲɪj] (deep, profound) in Russian [source].

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

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I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the Omniglot Blog, and I explore etymological connections between Celtic languages on the Celtiadur blog.




Celtic Pathways – Herons

In this episode we uncover the possible Celtic roots of words for heron in Romance languages.

Heron

The Proto-Celtic word *korxsā / *korxsiyos means heron or crane [source], and possibly comes from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreik- (to screech, creak), which is imitative in origin [source].

Descendants in the modern Celtic languages include:

  • corr [kəuɾˠ] = (grey) heron, stork, crane, leg-necked person in Irish
  • corra [kɔr̪ˠə] = heron, stork, crane in Scottish Gaelic
  • coar = heron, stork, crane in Manx
  • crychydd [ˈkrəχɨ̞ð / ˈkrəχɪð] = heron in Welsh
  • kerghydh = heron in Cornish
  • kercʼheiz [kɛrˈɣɛjs] = heron in Breton

Words from the same Proto-Celtic roots, via Celtiberian *cárcia (heron) or Gaulish curcio (heron), possibly include garza (heron) in Galician, garza (heron) in Spanish, and garça (heron) in Portuguese [source].

The Welsh word crëyr [ˈkreː.ɨ̞r / ˈkreː.ɪr], which means heron or egret, probably comes from the same PIE roots, as do reiger (heron) in Dutch, Reiher (heron) in German, häger (heron) in Swedish, heron and egret in English, and haikara (heron, stork) in Finnish [source].

More details of heron-related words can be found in the Celtiadur post Herons.

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Celtic Pathways – Healing Medics

In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of words for doctor in some Germanic languages.

Doctores Oftalmologos

The Proto-Celtic word *leigis means healer and either comes from Proto-Germaic *lēkiz (healing, medicine, healer), or directly from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂leg- (to care for) [source].

Descendants in the modern Celtic languages include:

  • lia [l̠ʲiə] = healer, physician in Irish
  • lèigh [l̪ʲeː] = physician, surgeon in Scottish Gaelic
  • (fer/ben) lhee = (male/female) doctor, physician in Manx

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root possibly include leech (physician, healer) in English, læknir (medical practitioner, doctor) in Icelandic, läkare (doctor, physician) and läka (to heal) in Swedish, lääkäri (phyisican, doctor) in Finnish, and læge (doctor, physician, surgeon) in Danish [source].

Words from the same PIE root include religion and neglect in English, religione (religion) Italian, religie (faith, religion) Dutch, and négliger (to neglect, ignore) in French [source].

Incidentally, leech used to refer to a physician or healer in English, that is, someone who practised leechcraft (healing, medicine) using leechdom (medicine, remedy) and possibly leeches, and maybe a leechbook (a compilation of medicinal cures and remedies).

This type of leech comes from Middle English leche (physician), from Old English lǣċe (doctor, physician), from Proto-West Germanic *lākī (doctor, physician), from Proto-Germanic *lēkijaz (doctor, physician) [source].

Leech, as in an aquatic blood-sucking annelid of class Hirudinea, especially Hirudo medicinalis, comes from the same roots, but via Middle English leche (blood-sucking worm), Old English lǣċe (blood-sucking worm), Proto-West Germanic *lākī, and so on [source].

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Celtic Pathways – Bearing Cradles

In this episode we discover the Celtic roots of words for cradle, crib and related things in Portuguese and other languages.

berço

The Proto-Celtic word *bereti means to carry or bear, and comes from Proto-Indo-European bʰéreti (to be carrying), from *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source].

Related words in the modern Celtic languages include:

  • beir [bʲɛɾʲ] = to bear, give birth to; lay (eggs) in Irish
  • beir [berʲ] = to take hold; bring forth, bear, produce, carry in Scottish Gaelic
  • behr = to bear (give birth to) in Manx
  • beru = to flow, drip, drizzle in Welsh
  • perthi = to bear, endure, put up with, stand, suffer, tolerate in Cornish (not entirely sure about this one)
  • berañ [ˈbeːrã] = to drip, flow in Breton

For more details of related words in the Celtic languages, see the Celtiadur post Birth.

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root via Proto-Celtic *bertā (bundle, burden ?), Gaulish *berta and Latin berciolum (cradle), include berço (cradle, crib, birthplace) in Portuguese, bressol (cradle) in Catalan, berceau (cradle, crib, birthplace, arch, vault) in French, and berså (arbour, bower) in Swedish (borrowed from French) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include barn, barrow, bear, berth, birth and burden and ferret in English, baren (to bear, give birth to, cause) in Dutch, brouette (wheelbarrow) in French, and Bürde (burden) in German [source].

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Adventures in Etymology – Spring

In this Adventure in Etymology, we find out where the word spring springs from.

Apple Blossom / Blodau Afal
Spring blossom on my apple tree

As a verb, spring [spɹɪŋ] can mean:

  • To appear.
  • To grow, to sprout.
  • To arise, come into existence.
  • To enliven.
  • To move with great speed and energy.
  • To leap over.

It comes from Middle English spryngen [ˈsprinɡən] (to spring, burst forth, shoot out, rise, emerge, appear), from Old English springan [ˈsprin.ɡɑn] (to leap, bound, burst forth, grow, rise), from Proto-West Germanic *springan (to spring, jump to, burst, explode) from Proto-Germanic *springaną (to spring, jump up, burst, explode), from Proto-Indo-European *sprenǵʰ-, from *sperǵʰ- (to move rapidly, to hurry) [source].

As a noun, spring can mean:

  • An act of springing: a leap, a jump.
  • A season of the year in temperate regions between winter and summer.
  • Something which springs forth, up or back.
  • A mechanical device made of flexible or coiled material that exerts force and attempts to spring back when bent, compressed, or stretched.

It comes from Middle English spryng [sprinɡ] (a spring, tide, new growth, source or origin, leap, jump, strike), from Old English spring [sprinɡ] (a spring [of water], ulcer, sore, pustule), from Proto-West Germanic *spring (a spring) from Proto-Germanic *springaz (a wellspring, fount) [source].

Words from the same roots include springen [ˈʃpʁɪŋən] (to spring, leap, bounce, jump, burst) in German, springa (to run) in Swedish, sprænge [ˈsb̥ʁaŋə] (to blow up, burst, explode) in Danish, пружити [prûʒiti] (to stretch out, extend, offer, give) in Ukrainian, and léim [lʲeːmʲ] (to jump, leap) in Irish [source].

Incidentally, in Middle English spring (the season) was referred to as lente/lentin, which comes from Old English lencten (spring, Lent), from Proto-West Germanic *langatīn (spring), from *lang (long) & *tīn (day) – so named because the days become longer again in spring [source].

In Modern English, this became Lent (A period of the ecclesiastical year preceding Easter, traditionally involving temporary abstention from certain foods and pleasures), and is related to lente (spring [season]) in Dutch and Afrikaans.

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, TuneIn, Podchaser, Podbay or Podtail and other pod places.

The theme tune for this episode is The Unexpected Badger / Y Mochyn Daear Annisgwyl, a piece I composed and recorded in 2017.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

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I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the Omniglot Blog, and I explore etymological connections between Celtic languages on the Celtiadur blog.




Celtic Pathways – Sooty Soot

In this episode we discover the possible Celtic roots of words for soot in English, French and various other languages.

Anybody else smell smoke??

The Proto-Celtic word *sūdyā means soot and comes from Proto-Indo-European *suh₃d- (soot [?]), or from sed- (to sit) [source].

Related words in the modern Celtic languages include:

  • súiche [ˈsˠuːçɪ] = soot in Irish
  • sùith [suːj] = soot in Scottish Gaelic
  • sooie = smut, soot in Manx
  • huddygl [ˈhɨ̞ðɨ̞ɡl / ˈhɪðɪɡl] = soot in Welsh
  • hudhygel = soot in Cornish
  • huzil [ˈhyː(z)il] = soot in Breton

For more about words for soot and related things in Celtic languages, see the Celtiadur post: Soot.

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *sūdiā (soot [?]), include sutge (soot) in Catalan, suie (soot) in French, and maybe soot in English, sot (soot) in Swedish, sadza (soot) in Polish, сажа (saža – soot) in Russian, and saze (soot) in Czech [source].

Incidentally, another Welsh word for soot is fflacs, which refers specifically to soot blown down a chimney on a windy day [source].

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Celtic Pathways – Quays

In this episode we discover the Celtic roots of words for quay, jetty, pier, etc. in English, French and other languages.

Bangor Pier
Bangor Pier. Photo by Simon Ager

The Proto-Celtic word *kagyom means pen or enclosure, and comes from the Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (enclosure, hedge), from *kagʰ- (to keep, hold, close, enclose, fence, hedge, barrier, field, pasture) [source].

Related words in the modern Celtic languages include:

  • cae [kaːɨ̯ / kai̯] = hedge, fence, field, enclosure, circle, sphere, barrier, obstruction in Welsh
  • ke = hedge, fence in Cornish
  • kae [kɛː] = hedge, quay in Breton

For more about words for field and related things in Celtic languages, see the Celtiadur post: Fields, Meadows and Pastures.

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish *kagyom (enclosure) and Latin caium (storehouse, shop, workshop, quay, wharf) include quai (quay, wharf, platform) in French, quay in English, caes (quay, pier, wharf, breakwater) in Galician, cais (quay, pier, wharf, platform) in Portuguese, кей (kej – quay, pier, wharf, jetty) in Bulgarian, and (quay, wharf, pier) in Irish [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include hedge and inchoate (chaotic, disordered, confused) in English, haie (hedge, obstacle, line, row) and age (beam, shaft) in French, cael (to get, receive, have) and caer (fort[ress], castle, citadel) in Welsh, and häck (hedge, hurdle) in Swedish [source].

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Adventures in Etymology – Cluttered Klutzes

In this Adventure in Etymology, we find connections between clutter, clods and klutzes.

My kitchen halfway through renovation
My cluttered kitchen part way through its current renovation

Clutter [ˈklʌtə(ɹ) / ˈklʌtɚ] is:

  • A confused disordered jumble of things
  • Background echoes, from clouds etc., on a radar or sonar screen.
  • Clatter; confused noise. (obsolete)

It comes from Middle English cloteren (to form clots, coagulate, heap on), from clot (clot, ball of earth of clay), from Old English clot(t) (mass, lump), from Proto-West-Germanic *klott (clod, lump, ball), from Proto-Germanic *kluttaz (clod, lump, ball), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (to ball up, amass, clench) [source].

Words from the same roots include cleat, clod, clot, cloud and klutz in English, Klotz (block, log, chunk, klutz) in German, klut (rag, cloth, patch, sail) in Swedish, klode (globe) in Danish, and possibly cludair (a heap, pile) in Welsh [source].

The word klutz, which in the USA refers to a clumsy or stupud person, comes from the Yiddish word קלאָץ (klots – wooden beam, log, block, oaf, blockhead), from Middle High German kloz (stump, ball), from Old High German kloz (stump, ball), from Proto-West Germanic *klott (clod, lump, ball), etc. [source].

In the UK, one equivalent of a klutz might be a clot, which is used to refer to a silly person, and not so much a clumsy person Other words with similar meanings are available. For a clumsy person, we might say butterfingers [source].

Some related words related to clutter include:

  • cluttercore – An interior design trend and aesthetic, popular in the 2020s, based on densely filling spaces with personal objects and decorative items, resulting in a vibrant and eclectic arrangement of contrasting colours and textures – a.k.a. ‘TikTok aesthetic’ [source]
  • clutterblug – someone who collects lots of things that have value or personal meaning, unlike a hoarder, who collects huge amounts of stuff, often of seemingly little value to themselves or others [source].
  • (to) declutter – The act or process of removing clutter; a decluttering; to remove clutter from, to tidy – a.k.a. (to) unclutter [source]. This is something I’m attempting to do at the moment in my late mother’s house, and my own house.

I am a bit of a clutterblug, and tend to hold on to things that might be useful one day. I seem to go through phases of cluttering, decluttering and recluttering. How about you?

I thought I’d just made up reclutter (the process of cluttering after a declutter), but apparently it’s a thing: “recluttering encourages us to discard our negative associations towards ‘clutter’ and create a conscious, more mindful relationship with our belongings, instead. Essentially, if something brings joy, purpose or personality to us and our homes, it’s worth holding on to, whether it’s ‘necessary’ or not.” [source].

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, TuneIn, Podchaser, Podbay or Podtail and other pod places.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

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I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the Omniglot Blog, and I explore etymological connections between Celtic languages on the Celtiadur blog.

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Adventures in Etymology – Windy Wings

In this Adventure in Etymology, we find connections between the words wing, wind and feather.

Soaring gull

A wing [wɪŋ] is:

  • An appendage of an animal’s (bird, bat, insect) body that enables it to fly.
  • A fin at the side of a ray or similar fish.
  • Part of an aircraft that produces the lift for rising into the air. (other meanings are available)

It comes from Middle English winge / wenge [ˈwinɡ(ə) / ˈwɛnɡ(ə)] (wing, flank of an army, shelter, refuge), from Old Norse vængr [ˈwɛ̃ːŋɡr̩] (wing), possibly from Proto-Germanic *wēingijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (to blow) [source].

Words from the same Old Norse root include vinge (wing) in Danish, vængur (wing) in Icelandic, and vinge (wing) in Swedish [source].

Words from the same PIE root possibly include aeroplane, athlete, fan, vent, and weather in English, waaien (to blow, be windy, wave) in Dutch, vento (wind) Italian, and vent (wind, flatulence, empty words) in French [source].

The English word wind [wɪnd] also comes from the same roots, via Middle English wynd / wind [wi(ː)nd] (wind), from Old English wind [wind] (wind, flatulence), from Proto-West-Germanic *wind (wind from Proto-Germanic *windaz [ˈwin.dɑz] (wind) from Proto-Indo-European h₂wéh₁n̥ts (blowing, that which blows, air, wind), from *h₂weh₁- (to blow) [source].

Incidentally, in Old Englsh, a word for wing was fiþre [ˈfiθ.re], which was displaced by the Old Norse vængr (wing). It comes from Proto-Germanic *fiþriją [ɸi.θri.jɑ̃] (feathers, plummage, wing) from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ / pth₂én- (wing, feather), from *peth₂- (to fly). It became feþer / fether (feather) in Middle English, and feather in modern English. [source].

By the way, Happy New Year! Blwyddyn newydd dda! Bonne année ! ¡Feliz Año Nuevo! 新年快樂! 新年快乐! Felice anno nuovo! 新年おめでとうございます! Bliain úr faoi shéan is faoi mhaise duit! Bliadhna mhath ùr! Blein Vie Noa! Ein gutes neues Jahr! Feliĉan novan jaron! Поздравляю с Новым Годом! Šťastný nový rok! Godt nytår! Gott nytt år! La Mulți Ani! Onnellista uutta vuotta! 🎆🎉🥂🥳

You can also listen to this podcast on: Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, TuneIn, Podchaser, Podbay or Podtail and other pod places.

If you would like to support this podcast, you can make a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or contribute to Omniglot in other ways.

Radio Omniglot podcasts are brought to you in association with Blubrry Podcast Hosting, a great place to host your podcasts. Get your first month free with the promo code omniglot.

The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com

I also write about words, etymology and other language-related topics on the Omniglot Blog, and I explore etymological connections between Celtic languages on the Celtiadur blog.

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