| Proto-Celtic |
*kʷennom = head
*en-kʷennio- = brain |
| Gaulish |
pennon, πεννο, πεννοου = head |
| Primitive Irish |
ᚉᚒᚅᚐ-ᚉᚓᚅᚅᚔ (cuna-cenni) = dog’s head |
| Old Irish (Goídelc) |
cenn [kʲen͈] = head, end, leader
inchinn = brain |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) |
cenn, cend = head, roof, end, chief, leader
cenna (adj.) = chief, principal
cennacht, ceannacht = headship, supremacy, leadership
cennas, cendus = headship, leadership, superiority, precedence
cennide = headgear, headdress, helmet
cennmar, cennmhar = big-headed
cennphort = capital, chief, leader
cenntromm, ceanntrom = heavy-handed
inchinn, inchind = brain(s), mind, intelligence, intention |
| Irish (Gaeilge) |
ceann [caun̪ˠ / cɑːn̪ˠ / can̪ˠ] = head; end, extremity; one; chief, main
ceannas = headship, sovereignty, authority, command, forwardnewss, self-assertiveness
ceannasach = ruling, sovereign, commanding, masterful, forward, self-assertive, bold, assured, dominant (chord)
ceannasaí = commander, controller
ceanntrom = bullying, oppression, top-heavy, sluggish, drowsy
inchinn [ˈɪɲçən̠ʲ] = brain |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) |
ceann [kʲaun̪ˠ] = head, end, close, finish, lid, roof, subject, topic, leader
ceann-suidhe = president
ceannadair [kʲan̪ˠədɪrʲ] = leader
ceannara [kʲan̪ˠər̪ˠə] = resolute, strong-headed
ceannard [kʲãũn̪ˠər̪ˠd] = chief, leader, head, boss, president, headland
ceannardach [kʲãũn̪ˠər̪ˠdəx] = chiefly, commanding, imperious
ceannas [kʲan̪ˠəs] = presidency, rule, superiority, dominance
eachainn [ɛnɛxɪn̪ʲ] = brain, brains |
| Manx (Gaelg) |
kione [caun / coːn / coᵈn] = head, headland, chief, ringleader, bottom, poll, end, extreme, close, finish, top-end, top, point of argument, termination, closing, extremity, point, dyke, tribune
kionard = chief
kionnoort = chief(tain), captain, governor, ruler, prince, deputy, constable
kioneys = dominance, domination, command, hegemony |
| Proto-Brythonic |
*penn [ˈpenː] = head |
| Cumbric |
pen = head |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) |
penn, pen = head, chief
pennadur = ruler, chief(tain), lord, nobleman, aristocrat, prince, king, sovereign
pennaethu = to act as a chief, to rule
pennaytheid = chieflike, princely
penryn, penrin, pennrynn = cape, promontory, headland, point, peninsula
talcen, talken = forehead, brow |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) |
pen [pɛn] = head, obverse (of coin); top, summit, roof, highest point; extremity, end, beginning; headland, promontory, projecting point of rock; pole
penadur = ruler, chief(tain), lord, nobleman, aristocrat, prince, king, sovereign
penaethu = to act as a chief, to rule
penr(h)yn = cape, promontory, headland, point, peninsula
talcen = forehead, brow
ymennydd [əˈmɛnɨ̞ð / əˈmɛnɪð] = brain, brains, intellectual capacity, mind |
| Old Cornish |
penn = head |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec) |
pen = an extremity, end, conclusion, head, chief, beginning, the upper part, summit
pencanguer = centurion (“head of 100 men”)
pendevig, pensevic, pedhzhivig = prince, chief, nobleman
pendruppia = to nod, shake the head
penryn = promontory, cape, head-land |
| Cornish (Kernewek) |
penn, pedn [pɛn:] = end, head, summit, top, main, premier, top
pennek = big-headed
pennen = buddle-head
pennseviges = princess
pennsevik = chief, noble, prince
pennskol = university
ympynnyon brain |
| Old Breton |
penn = head, chief |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) |
penn, pen = head, chief
pennec = big-headed, stubborn, obstinate |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) |
penn [pɛnː] = head, chief, leader
pennad [ˈpɛ.nːat] = piece, end, moment, chapter, article
pennadur = authority
pennan = main, dominant
pennañ = to form a head, to stand up to
pennek [ˈpɛnːɛk] = big-headed, stubborn, obstinate
penntir [ˈpɛntiʁ] = promontory
empenn = brain |
