Category: Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak)

Grace and Favour

By Simon

Words for grace, virtue and related words in Celtic languages.

Words for grace and virtue in Celtic languages

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *ɸratom = grace, virtue, good fortune
Old Irish (Goídelc) rath = gift, goods, grace, luck, property, prosperity
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rath(a) = grace, virtue, gift, good luck, fortune, prosperity
Irish (Gaeilge) rath [ɾˠɑh/ɾˠa/ɾˠah] = bestowal, grant, grace, favour, gift, bounty; prosperity; abundance; usefulness, good
rathaigh = to prosper, succeed, thrive, make successful
rathúil = prosperous, successful, thriving; fortunate, lucky
rathúlacht = prosperousness, successfulness
rathúnas = prosperity, plenty, abundance
rathúnasach = prosperous, abundant
anrath = ill-luck
anrathach = unlucky
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rath [r̪ˠa] = good fortune/luck, prosperity, success
rathadach = fortunate, auspicious, prosperous
rathmhor = fortunate, auspicious, prosperous
rathach = fortunate, auspicious, prosperous
droch-rath = back luck/fortune
Manx (Gaelg) raah, rah = good luck, prosperity, well-doing
raah mie = prosperity
ard-raah = zenith of prosperity
gyn raah = unsuccessful
cur rah er = to prosper
Old Welsh rat = grace, blessing, favour,
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rat, rad = grace, blessing, favour,
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhad [r̥aːd] = grace, blessing, favour, generosity, bounty, goodness, graciousness, talent, gift; cheap, free, unpaid, valueless, poor, inferior, gracious, giving, generous
rhad ac am ddim = free (of charge), without cost, unpaid
rhad Duw = the grace of God, God’s blessing
rhad fel baw / rhad mochyn = dirt cheap
yn rhad = as a gift, free (of charge), unpaid, cheaply, freely, unrestrained
rhadaf, rhadu = to bestow grace upon, bless, give generously, to make cheap
rhadineb = grace, graciousness
rhadwr = generous man
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ras, râs, = grace, thanks, worth, value, excellence
mêr râs = thank you, much thanks
rasow = graces, excellencies
Cornish (Kernewek) ras = virtue
meur ras = thank you
rasek = graceful
diras = graceless
Old Breton rad = thought, reflection
Breton (Brezhoneg) rat = thought, reflection

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ɸar-/*ɸarnati (to bestow), from the Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (bestow, give) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include pare (to remove the outer covering or skin of something with a cutting device) in English, paràre (to adorn, protect, shield) in Italian, parar (to stop, put up, lift, raise) in Spanish, and parod (ready, prepared) in Welsh [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Parts and Portions

By Simon

Words for part, portion, piece, thing and related words in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Puzzle pieces

Proto-Celtic *rannā = part
Old Irish (Goídelc) rann = part (of a whole)
randatu = the property of belonging to a part of speech
rannaid = to divide (into parts), to apportion
ranngabáil = participle
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) rann, rand, ran, rán = part, lot, portion, faction, alliance
Irish (Gaeilge) rann [ɾˠanˠ] = part, side (in dispute), partition
rannach = apportioning, sharing, open-handed
rannadóir = divider, sharer
rannán = division
rannóg = section
rannpháirt = participation, part, share
roinn = share, portion, distribution, dealing, trading, division
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) rann [r̪ˠaun̪ˠ] = stanza, quatrain, verse, bond, deed, division, part, portion, section
rann-phàirt = participation, portion, participle
roinn [r̪ˠɤin̪ʲ / r̪ˠɤn̪ʲə] = dividing, partitioning, section, share, allotment, partition, department, division
roinneadair = divider, divisor, sorter
Manx (Gaelg) rheynn = divide, classify, distribute, dispense, share
fo-rheynn = section
so-rheynn = divisible
Proto-Brythonic *rrann = part
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) rann = part
Welsh (Cymraeg) rhan [r̥an] = part (of something), portion, division, element, constituent, component
rhanadwy = divisible, dividend
rhanedig = shared (out), divided, parted, split, separate
rhannu = to divide, separate, part, divide
Old Cornish radn = part, portion
Cornish (Kernewek) radn = lot, part, portion, role, share
ranna = to share
Middle Breton (Brezonec) rannaff = to share, separate, divide, pronounce, split
Breton (Brezhoneg) rann [rãnː] = part, fraction, division, slot
rannañ [ˈrã.nːã] = to share, separate, divide, pronounce, split
ranned [ˈrã.nːet] = dividend
ranngalon [ʁɑ̃nˈɡɑːlɔ̃n] = deep sorrow, desolation, heartbreak
rann

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *per- (to sell) [source], which is also the root of such English words as depart, jeopardy, parcel, part, partition and portion [source].

Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis = piece, portion
Old Irish (Goídelc) cuit [kudʲ] = part, portion, share
cuit adaill, cuit adíll = a passing visit, a brief visit
cuitigid = to share, partake
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cuit = share, part, portion
cuit(gi)d = to share, partake, participate
Irish (Gaeilge) cuid [kɪdʲ] = part (of whole), share, portion, some,
cuideach = wealthy, prosperous
cuideachta = company, companionship, social amusement, fun
cuideachtaigh = to bring together, associate
cuideachtúil = companionable, sociable
cuideachtúlacht = sociableness
cuidí = component
cuidigh = to share, help, requite, repay (usually for misdeed), do for, do away with
cuiditheoir = helper, supporter, seconder
cuidiú = to help, assistance
cuidiúil = helpful, cocky, conceited
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cuid [kudʲ] = portion, share, allotment, ration, effects, means, belongings, some (people), accommodation, victuals
cuid-eigin [kudʲegʲɪn] = someone, somebody
cuideachail [kudʲəxal] = helpful, constructive, subsidiary
cuideachair [kudʲəxɛrʲ] = auxiliary, helper
cuideachas [kudʲəxəs] = help, suppprt
cuideachd [kudʲəxg] = company, society, throng, troop; also, too, jointly, together
cuideachdadh [kudʲəxgəɣ] = accompanying
cuideag [kudʲag] = small portion / share
Manx (Gaelg) cooid = certain, some, stuff, assets, goods, helping, means, part, possessions, proportion, resources
cooidjagh = accompanying, jointly, together, inclusive
cooidjaghtagh = companion, companionable
Gaulish *pettiā, = (?)
Pictish *ᚚᚔᚈ (pit) = (a parcel of) land, a portion (?) – found in placenames like Pitlochry
Proto-Brythonic *peθ = part
Old Welsh (Kembraec) ped = thing, object
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) peth = thing, object
Welsh (Cymraeg) peth [peːθ] = thing, object, material, suff, substance, device, instrument, personal possessions, belongings, tools, equipment, something, anything
peth(eu)ach = (unimportant) things, trifles
pethdod = thingness, thinghood, reality, substantiality
petheiddio = to reify, make real or concrete
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) peth, pêth, peyth, pŷth = thing, something, article
pethow = things, riches, wealth
Cornish (Kernewek) pyth, peth [pɪːθ / pɛθ] = commodity, material, matter, possession, property, thing, that which, what, appliance
pyth ha da, peth ha da = possessions
pythek, pethek = concrete
pythow, pethow = belongings, wealth
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pez, pezz = piece, bit, part
Breton (Brezhoneg) pezh [peːs] = piece, bit, room, part, what
pezhiad = (big) piece, piece (of)
pezhig = (an) ugly piece

Etymology: unknown, possibly borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate source [source]. Words from the same roots via Gaulish *pettyā and Latin pettia (piece, portion), include piece in English, pièce (room, patch, piece, play, document) in French, peza (piece, fragment, part) in Galician, pieze (piece, part) in Spanish, biisi (song) in Finnish, and ピース (pīsu – piece) in Japanese [source].

Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) písa, pissa = piece, fragment, coin
Irish (Gaeilge) piosa [ˈpʲiːsˠə] = piece, bit, patch, piece-work, literary or musical composition, coin
piosaáil = to piece together, patch
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) pìos [piːs] = bit, piece, sandwich, piece, (musical) composition, hunk (person)
pìosach [piːsəx] = in pieces / fragments
pìosail [piːsal] = sexy, attractive
pìosan [piːsan] = small piece / bit
Manx (Gaelg) peesh = bit, cutting, patch, piece, length (of thread), parcel
Cornish (Kernewek) pis = piece

Etymology: from Middle English pece (piece, morsel, bit), from Anglo-Norman piece (piece, bit, part), from Late Latin petttia (piece, portion), from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (piece, portion) – see above [source].

Proto-Celtic *darnos, *darnā = piece, part
Old Irish (Goídelc) drécht [dʲrʲeːxt] = portion, part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) drecht, drécht = part, portion, section; poem, literary composition
dréchtach = numerous; skilled in song or poetry
dréchtfaid = to divide up
Irish (Gaeilge) dréacht [dʲɾʲeːxt̪ˠ]= part, portion, draft, detachment, number; (literary) piece, composition; draft
dréachtach = composer, poet; skilled in/diligent at compostion
dréachtaigh = to draft
dréachtín = versicle, stanza
dréachtóir = drafter, draughtsman (of documents)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dreachd [drɛxg] = draft
dreachd-aithisge = draft report
dreachd-dhealbh = working drawing
Manx (Gaelg) draght, dreaght = draft
draghtey = to draw up
dreaght feeleeaght = a piece of poetry
Gaulish *darnā = piece
Proto-Brythonic *darn = piece (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) darn = piece, fragment, part
darnaw, darnio, darnu = to break or tear in pieces
Welsh (Cymraeg) darn [darn] = piece, fragment, part, coin, passage
darn(i), darnu = to break or tear in pieces
darn(i)edig = broken or torn to pieces
darniog = broken, shattered, fragmentary
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) darn = fragment, piece
pethow = things, riches, wealth
Cornish (Kernewek) darn = bit, fragment, part, piece
darnas = portion
Middle Breton (Brezonec) darn = fragment, part
darnaou = broken, very tired
darnaouet = torn to pieces, very tired, bored
Breton (Brezhoneg) darn [peːs] = fragment, part, some
darnan, darnañ = to fragment, chip, shorten
darnaou = broken, very tired
darnaouin = to break
darnek = partial

Etymology: from PIE *der- (to split, separate, tear, crack, shatter). The French word darne (steak, fillet) was borrowed from Breton darn (fragment, part, some). Words from the same PIE root include dermal, tear and tier in English, and tirar (to throw) in Spanish, zehren (to live on, feed on, undermine, wear out) in German, and драть [dratʲ] (to tear to pieces) in Russian [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Calling Words

By Simon

Words for word, call, cry and related things in Celtic languages.

words is various languages
Word cloud created with WordItOut

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *gāri = shout, call
*garyeti = to cry, shout
*gar(r)man- = cry, shout
*garyo- = word, command
*garyos = call, cry
Gaulish *Garomaros / Garo-marus = personal name
adgarion = accuser (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gairm = call, name, summons
gairid [ˈɡarʲiðʲ] = to call, cry out, summon
adgair [aðˈɡarʲ] = to summon
congair [konˈɡarʲ] = to call, summon; invite
dogair = to call
Middle Irish (Goídelc) gairm = call, name, summons, cry, name, title, calling, employment, profession
gairid = to call
Irish (Gaeilge) gáir [ɡɑːɾʲ/ɡæːɾʲ] = cry, shout; report, fame, notoriety; to cry shout; laugh
gáire = to laugh
gáieach = laughing, smiling
gáieachtach = noisy, vociferous; laughing, merry
gairm [ˈɡaɾʲəmʲ/ˈɡɪɾʲəmʲ] = call, calling, acclaim
(an tuiseal) gairmeach = vocative (case)
gairmí = professional
gairmiúil = vocational, professional
slua gairm = slogan
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) goir [gɤrʲ] = to call, cry, hoot, crow
gàir [gaːrʲ] = to laugh, cry shout; outcry, shout, clamour
gàir nan tonn = the roar of the waves
gairm [ɡɤrʲɤm] = calling, crying, call, cry, announcing, declaring, convenning, call of the cockerel
gairmeachadh = (act of) calling
gairm-choileach = cock-crow
gairm-chatha, gairm-chogaidh = war-cry
sluagh-gairm = slogan
tuiseal gairmeach = vocative case
Manx (Gaelg) gerr = crow, shout
gerr chah = war cry
gerrym = crowing, outcry, shouting, whoop, whooping, (cock) crow), avocation, mission, profession, vocation
gerrymagh = vocative
gerrymoil = professional, vocational
gerrym caggee = battle cry, call up, war cry
gerrym chellee = cock crow
sleih gerrym = slogan
Proto-Brythonic *gėr [ɡe̝ːr] = word, speech
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) geir = word
gaur, gawr = shout, cry
garddu = groan
garym, garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
garymleis, garamleis = scream, clamour
Welsh (Cymraeg) gair [ɡai̯r] = word, speech, phrase, greeting, salutation, short exhortation, saying, proverb; verb; line of poetry, verse; report, rumour, information, letter, reputation, fame, praise
geiriad = wording, phraseology, phrase
geiriadaf, geiriadu = to word, phrase, express
geiriadur = dictionary
geiriaduraf, geiriaduro, geiriadura = to compile a dictionary
geiriaduriaeth, geiriaduraeth = lexicography; vocabulary; grammar
geiriadurwr = lexicographer, dictionary-maker
geiriog = wordy, verbose
garm = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
garmlais = scream, clamour
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) garm = a cry, shout, outcry
garme = to shout, raise a shout, cry aloud, cry out
Cornish (Kernewek) ger [ɡɛːr/ɡeːr] = word, saying, report
gerdhal = dyslexic
gerdhalni = dyslexia
gerlyver = dictionary
garm = to shout, whoop, yell
garm argemynna = (advertising) slogan
garm vresel = battle cry
garm wormola = ovation
garma = to cry out, whoop, yell
garma yn lowen = to cheer
Old Breton gerent = word. say
Middle Breton guer = word
garm = loud crying, yelping of a fox, war cry, cry
garmadeg, garmadenn = clamour
garmer = to cry, crying, brawler
garmiñ = to cry, bellow, yelp
Breton (Brezhoneg) ger [ɡeːr] = word
geriadur = dictionary
garm = cry, clamour, weeping

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (to shout, call) [source]. The English words garrulous (excessively talkative), care and charm (sound of many voices (esp. of birds or children), a flock or group (esp. of finches)) come from the same PIE root [source].

Proto-Celtic *woxtlom = dispute
Old Irish (Goídelc) focul [ˈɸokul] = word
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) focal, foc(c)ull, focla, facul = word, vocable, phrase, estimate, award, judgement, promise
Irish (Gaeilge) focal [ˈfˠɞkəl̪ˠ/ˈfˠɔkəlˠ] = word, phrase, remark, observation, saying, intelligence, message, promise, assurance
focalhbhá = ellipsis …
foclach = wordy, verbose
foclachas = wordiness, verbiage
focleolaí = philologist
focleolaíoch = philological
focleolaíocht = philology
foclóir = dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary
foclóireacht = lexicography
foclóireolaíocht/strong> = lexicology
foclóirí = lexicographer
foclóirín = word-list, vocabulary
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) facal [faxgəl̪] = word, comment, remark
facal air an fhacal = word for word, literally, verbatim
facal-faire = password
facal-fhreumhail = etymology
facal-mùirne = an endearment
facal-toisich = introduction, preamble
Manx (Gaelg) fockle [ˈfɔːɡəl] = word, charm, vocable
focklagh = wordy, verbose, voluble, loquacious
focklaghys = wordiness, verbiage
fockleyr = dictionary, lexicon, thesaurus
fockleyragh = lexicographic
fockleyreen = vocabulary, wordbook
fockleyreyder = lexicographer
fockleyrys = lexicography
Proto-Brythonic *gwoɨθl = dispute
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwaethyl = debate, dispute, contention, battle
gwaethyl uann, gwaethyluann = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving
gwaethyl gwyr = fighter, warrior
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwaethl = debate, dispute, contention, battle
gwaethlfan = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving
gwaethlwr = fighter, warrior
gwaethl =

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *wókʷtlom, from *wekʷ- (to speak, sound out) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include advocate, epic, vocal, voice, vouch and , vowel in English; gewagen (to report, notify) in Dutch; voce (voice, call, word) in Italian; and उक्ति (ukti – saying, expression) in Hindi [source].

Proto-Celtic *brētrā = word, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) bríathar [ˈbʲrʲiːa̯θər] = word, speech, utterance, verb, discourse
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bríathar, briathor = word, utterance, talk, saying, speech, discourse, blessing, prayer, curse, promise, vow, pledge, verb
bríathardae = wordy, verbal
bríatharach = wordy, verbose
bríathad = act of speaking
bríatharaigid = to speak, pronounce
Irish (Gaeilge) briathar [ˈbʲɾʲiəhəɾˠ / ˈbʲɾʲiːhəɾˠ] = word, verb
briathartha = verbal
briathrach = wordy, verbose
briathrachas = wordiness, verbosity
briathraíocht = diction
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) briathar [brʲiəhər] = word, term
briathrail [brʲiəral] = loquacious, talkative, wordy, verbose
briathrach [brʲiərəx] = talkative, loquacious, wordy, verbose
Manx (Gaelg) breear = verb
breearagh = verbal
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) brwyder, brwydyr = battle
brwydraw = to battle, fight, struggle, attack
brwydrin = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious
brwydyrdaer = resolute in battle, fighting with all one’s might
brwytyrgar, brwydyrgar = delighting in fighting, eager for battle, bellicose
brwydryar = tumult of battle, battle-cry
brwydr-wr = fighter, warrior, combatant
Welsh (Cymraeg) brwydr [ˈbrʊɨ̯dr / ˈbrʊi̯dr] = pitched battle, conflict, attack, campaign, struggle, bother, dispute, controversy, host, army
brwydrin = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious
brwydro = to battle, fight, struggle, attack
brwydrwr = fighter, warrior, combatant

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (to strike, pierce) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include boren (to) bore in English, (to drill) in Dutch, and foràre (to pierce, puncture) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *galw-o- = call
Old Irish (Goídelc) gláed = shout, loud call
gláedach = noisy, blustering, adjective
gláedid = to cry out, name; verb
gláedem = wolf
glegrach = noisy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gláed, glaid = shout, loud call
gláedach = calling, crying out, shouting, noisy, blustering
gláedid = to cry out, to name
glegrach = noisy, resounding, clamorous
Irish (Gaeilge) glao [ɡl̪ˠeː/ɡlˠiː] = call, shout
glaoch = calling, to call
glaoigh = to call, cry out, shout
glaoiteach = calling, vociferous
glaomaire = loud-mouthing, vociferous, boastful person
glaomaireacht = shouting, bragging, boastfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glaodh [gl̪ˠɯː] = cry, shout, yell, proclamation
glaodhach [gl̪ˠɯː.əx] = crying, shouting, yelling
glaodhaire [gl̪ˠɯː.ɪrʲə] = crier, loudspeaker
glaodhar [gl̪ˠɯː.ər] = noise, rattling, clang, clash
glaodhte = cried, shouted, yelled
Manx (Gaelg) gyllagh = calling, crying
gyllaghey = to cry, roar, shout
Proto-Brythonic *gėlwɨd = to call
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) galw = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation
gelwi, galw, galwaf = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite
galwedic, galwedig = called, named, summoned
galwedigaeth, galwedygaeth = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation
Welsh (Cymraeg) galw [ˈɡalu / ˈɡaːlu] = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation
galwad = a calling, call, shout, sounding
galwaf, galw, gelwain = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite
galwdig = called, named, summoned
galwdigaeth = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation
galwdigaethol = vocational, occupational, professional
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) galow = a call, invitation
gelwel, gylwel = to call (for), invoke, name
Cornish (Kernewek) galow = appeal, call, calling, invitation, vocation
galwansek = vocational
galwen = call
galwesigeth = calling, profession, vocation
galwesik = professional
gelwel = to call, appeal, invite, summon
Old Breton (Brethonoc) galu = appeal, summons
Middle Breton (Brezonec) galu = appeal, summons
gueruell, gueluer = to call, summon
Breton (Brezhoneg) galv [ˈɡalw/ˈɡalɥ/ˈɡalf] = appeal, summons
galvedigezh [ɡalveˈdiːɡɛs] = vocation, calling
galvel, galven, galver, gervel = to call, summon

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *gal(o)s- (voice, cry). The English word call comes from the same PIE root, as do galsas (sound, echo) in Lithuanian, голос [ˈɡoɫəs] (voice, word, remark, vote) in Russian, hlas (voice, vote) in Czech, and gallo (rooter, cockerel) in Spanish [Source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Ditches and Trenches

By Simon

Words for ditches, trenches and related words in Celtic languages.

irrigation_ditch

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *klado- = to dig, bury
*klādos = trench
*kladeti = to dig, thrust
*kladyā = digging
Gaulish Vindo-cladia = place name
Old Irish (Gaoidhealg) clad = ditch, dyke
claide [ˈkla.ðʲe] = to dig
con·claid = to dig, excavate
do·claid = to dig up, uproot
claidid = to dig
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clad, clod = hole dug in the ground, trench
claide = digging, trenching, ditch, trench, excavation
claidid = to dig, excavate, undermine
clas = ditch, trench, furrow, pit, cooking-pit, burning-pit, grave
Irish (Gaeilge) cladh = ditch, trench (literary)
cladhach = ridged, furrowed
cladhaire = ditcher
claidh = to dig (a trench), build (a dike)
clais [klˠæʃ] = water channel, gully, ditch, trench, furrow, rut, groove, deep cut, gash, put, trough, soft mass, large quantity
clasach = channelled, trenched, grooved, gashed
clasaigh = to channel, trench, gash, groove
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cladh [kl̪ˠɤɣ] = burial ground, cemetry, graveyard, ditch
cladhach [kl̪ɤ.əx] = digging, dig, excavation
clais [kl̪ˠaʃ] = furrow, groove, ditch, drain, gutter, rut, trench
claiseach [kl̪ˠaʃəx] = furrowed, grooved, fluted, abounding in trenches/ditches
claisean [kl̪ˠaʃan] = small furrow, small groove, small ditch, drain
claisearachd [kl̪ˠaʃərəxg] = ditching, act of digging a ditch
clais-mhòr = gorge
Manx (Gaelg) clash = channel, cleft, gorge, hollow, furrow, trench, sewer
clashal = to trench
clashag = furrowed, grooved
Proto-Brythonic *klėðɨd [kle̝ˈðɨːd] = to dig, thrust
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) clad, clat = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave
cladedic, kladdedig = buried, interred, dug up
cladedigaeth, klydigeth = burial, funeral
claddfa = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground
cladu, kladu, kladdy, cladv = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow
cleis, clais = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet
Welsh (Cymraeg) cladd = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave
claddedig = buried, interred, dug up
claddedigaeth = burial, funeral
claddfa = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground
claddu [ˈklaðɨ̞/ˈklaːði] = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow, stab, pierce
clais [klai̯s/klai̯ʃ] = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet
clawdd [ˈklaːu̯ð/ˈklau̯ð] = mound, dyke, earthwork, bulwark, boundary, hedge, fence; ditch, gutter, trench, pit, quarry, mine, moat, fosse
cloddio = to dig, delve, trench, ditch, excavate
clodd(i)wr, clawddwr = ditcher, navvy, digger, miner, quarryman, hedger, excavator
mwyn i’r clawdd to be unsuccessful, fail (“to go to the ditch/wall”)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cledh, clêdh = dyke, ditch, trench, fence
cladhva = a burying place
ancledhy = to bury, inter
ancledhyas, anclydhyas, encledhyes = burial, funeral
Cornish (Kernewek) kleudh = ditch
kleudhik = groove
kleudhya = to dig a trench, ditch, excavate
ynkleudhva = cemetry, graveyard
ynkleudhyans = burial, funeral
ynkleudhyas = to bury, inter
ynkleudhyer / ynkleudhyores = funeral director, undertaker
Old Breton (Brethonoc) clud = hollow
Middle Breton (Brezonec) creux, cleus, cleuz = hollow, cave
Breton (Brezhoneg) kleuz [kløː(s)] = hollow, slope, earth embankment, fence (of earth), hedge (of thorns, etc)
kleuziad
kleuz(i)añ [ˈkløː.z(i)ã] = to dig
kleuzier

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kelh- (to beat, break) [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) díog = ditch, trench, drain
díogach = trenched, having trenches
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dìg [dʲiːg] = ditch, dyke, drain
Manx (Gaelg) jeeg = ditch, gutter, moat, trench
jeeig = conduit, cut, ditch, drain, gully, put, trench, waterway, sewer
jeeigagh = ditched
jeeigit = ditched, drained

Etymology: unknown.

Irish (Gaeilge) fos = prop, buttress, wall
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) fos [fɔs] = ditch, wall, buttress (archaic)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) fos, foss = ditch, dike
Welsh (Cymraeg) ffos [fɔs] = ditch, dike, gutter, moat, trench, furrow, groove, pit
ffos(i)af, ffosi(o) = to ditch, trench, furrow, chamfer
ffosedig = trenched, moated, furrowed, lined
ffos gaeedig = drain
ffos y clawdd, ffos glawdd = roadside ditch
ffos ddyfrio conduit
ffos melin, ffos y felin = mill-race
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) fos = ditch, moat, trench, intrenchment, wall
Cornish (Kernewek) fos = wall
paper fos = wallpaper
toll y’n fos = cash dispenser, ATM (“hole in the wall”)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) fos, foss, fôs = ditch, gap, pit, (river) bed
Breton (Brezhoneg) foz = ditch, gap, sand trap
foz disac’hañ = rift (valley), collapsed ditch
foz-kronniañ = holding tank, retention pit

Etymology: from the Latin fossa (ditch, trench, moat, gutter, furrow), from fossa terra (dug-up earth) [source].

Proto-Celtic *kʷantyos = flat hill, valley
Old Irish (Goídelc) céite = hill, mound, race-course, assembly
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) céide, céite = hill, mound, eminence, open space
Irish (Gaeilge) céide [ˈlʲɛtʲəɾʲ/ˈl̠ʲɛtʲəɾʲ] = flat-topped hill, place of assembly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cèide = market, fair, green, hillock
Pictish ᚘᚐᚅᚈ = hollow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pant = hollow, depression, valley, dent
Welsh (Cymraeg) pant [pant] = hollow, depression, valley, dent
pant (y) llaw = palm of the hand
pant a thalar = hilla and dale, everywhere
pantiad = hollow, depression
pant(i)af, pantio, pantu = to be(come) hollow, make an impression, sink (in the middle)
pant(i)og = hollow, sunken, uneven, holed, sinking, sagging, concave
pantir = dale-land, valley-bottom, lowland
pantlawr = uneven/concave floor
pantlle = hollow, dell, small valley, place full of hollows
Cornish (Kernewek) pans = dell, dingle, hollow
Old Breton pantet = curved, curve
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pant = curved, curve, bend
Breton (Brezhoneg) pant = slope, hillside

Etymology: possibly from the PIE *kwem-t (hill)

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Beaches and Shores

By Simon

Words for beaches, shores and related things in Celtic languages.

Traeth Llanddwyn / Newborough beach

Proto-Celtic *trāgi- = beach, low tide
Old Irish (Goídelc) tráig = strand, shore, ebb tide
tráigid = to ebb
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tráigid = to ebb, recede
Irish (Gaeilge) trá [t̪ˠɾˠɔːɟ/t̪ˠɾˠɔː/t̪ˠɾˠæːj] = beach, strand, seashore, low water
leath-thrá = half-ebb (tide)
trábhaile = town(land) along strand, seaside resort
urtrá = foreshore
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tràigh [traːj] = (sandy) beach, strand, shore, (sandy) riverbank; low tide
muir-tràigh = low tide, low-water
tràigh-ghainmhich = sandy beach
tràigh-mhaoraich = beach where shellfish can be found
tràigh reothairt = spring (ebb) tide
Manx (Gaelg) traie [trɛi/trai] = beach, shore, sandy seashore, strand, neap tide
bayr traie = seafront
er-traie = ashore
traie gheinnee = sands, sandy shore
traie laaee / laaghey = mud flat
traie sluggee = quicksand
Proto-Brythonic *tragio = ebb
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) trei = ebb
Welsh (Cymraeg) trai = ebb tide, a draining
treio = to ebb, fall, drain, recede, retreat, diminish, reduce, ease, abate
trai a llanw = ebb and flow
ar drai = on the ebb
distyll trai = the low(est) ebb, low-water mark
Cornish (Kernewek) trig = low tide
Old Breton tre = ebb (tide)
Middle Breton tré, tref = ebb (tide)
Breton (Brezhoneg) tre, trec’h = ebb, backward surge

Etymology: possibly from the Latin tractus (stretch, tract of land) [source], from trahō (I drag, extract) from the Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (to drag, pull) [source]

Proto-Celtic *traxtus = shore
Old Irish (Goídelc) tracht = strand, shore
Irish (Gaeilge) trácht = strand, beach (literary)
Proto-Brythonic *traɨθ = beach, sand
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) traeth = beach
Welsh (Cymraeg) traeth [traːɨ̯θ/trai̯θ/traːθ] = beach, (sea)shore, strand, coast, estuary, region, area
traeth awyr = cirrocumulus, mackerel sky
traeth byw / gwyllt / sugn = quicksand
traethwr = seaman, sailor
Old Cornish trait = beach
Middle Cornish traith, treath = beach
Cornish (Kernewek) treth = beach, sand, seashore
trethek = sandy
trethor = ferryman
trethvor = Riviera, seaside
Middle Breton traez = sand
Breton (Brezhoneg) traezh [tʁɛs] = sand, beach
traezhenn (sandy) beach
traezherez = sandy, sandblaster, sand speader, gritter

Etymology: possibly from the Latin tractus (stretch, tract of land), either directly, or via the Proto-Celtic *traxtus (shore) [source]

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Cloaks and Veils

By Simon

Words for cloak, blanket and related things in Celtic languages.

The Pumpkin Whisperer

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic linnā = veil, cloak
Gaulish linna = veil, cloak
Old Irish (Goídelc) lenn = cloak, mantle
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lenn = cloak, mantle
Irish (Gaeilge) leann = cloak, mantle
Old Welsh lenn = curtain, veil, screen, covering, sheet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lenn = curtain, veil, screen, covering, sheet
Welsh (Cymraeg) llen [ɬɛn] = curtain, hanging, veil, screen, covering, canopy, tapestry, sheet, pall, mantle, shawl
llen amdo = winding-sheet, shroud
llen iâ = ice sheet
llen olaf = final curtain (after a theatrical performance)
llen rhwydog = net curtains
llen dân = safter curtain
Old Cornish len = blanket, cloth
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) len = blanket, cloak, whittle
Cornish (Kernewek) lenn = blanket, cloth
lenn dhu = blind
brithlen = tapestry
Breton (Brezhoneg) lenn = flag, coat
lenn-wele = bedspread, bed-cover

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *linom (flax) [source].

Proto-Celtic *brattos = cloak, mantle
Old Irish (Goídelc) bratt [ˈbr͈at] = cloak, mantle
brattach = banner, clothing, flag
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) brat, bratt = cloak, mantle, cover, cloth
brattach = having a clock, mantled; clothing, shielf, banner, standard
Irish (Gaeilge) brat [bˠɾˠɑt̪ˠ / bˠɾˠat̪ˠ] = mantle, cloak, covering, curtain
brata (le) = carpeted, covered (with)
aerbhrat = atmosphere
brat brád = neckerchief
bratach = flag
bratóg = small cloak, covering, rag, flake
bratógach = ragged, in rags
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) brat [brahd] = carpet, mat, cloak, mantle, cover(ing), sheet, drape, drapery
brat-cùil = backdrop
brat-deighe = ice-sheet
brat-dorais = doormat
brat-dubhair = awning
brat-dorais = tapestry
brat-gréise = bed cover, coverlet
brat-ùrlair = carpet, rug, mat
bratach = flag, banner, colours, ensign
Manx (Gaelg) brat = covering, cover, coat, layer, film, pall, curtain, cloak, sheet, wrap, coating
brat jaagh = smokescreen
brat laare = carpet
brat lhiabbagh = coverlet, bedcover
brat peintey = coat of paint
brattagh = banner, colour, ensign, flag
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) brat, bratt = rag, clout, tatter, piece, apron, pinafore
brethyn, bredhyn = woollen, cotton, cloth, covering, bedspread, hanging, tapestry
Welsh (Cymraeg) brat = rag, clout, tatter, piece, apron, pinafore (possibly borrowed from Irish)
brethyn = woollen, cotton, cloth, covering, bedspread, hanging, tapestry
brethyn arwyl = funeral pall, bier-cloth
brethyn bord = tablecloth
brethyn cyfrwy = saddlecloth
brethyn neuadd = tapestry
Old Breton brothrac = skirt
Middle Breton broz = skirt
Breton (Brezhoneg) brozh = skirt
brozh-dan = petticoat, underskirt
korf-brozh = bodice, corset

Etymology: unknown [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) culpait = hood, cowl
culpatach = hooded
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) culpait, clupait = hood, cowl
culpatach = having a hood, hooded, folded
Irish (Gaeilge) clupaid [ˈklˠʊpˠədʲ] = fold, tuck (in cloth)
clupaideach = gathered, puckered, wrinkled
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) crùbag [kruːbag] = wrinkle(d), bent, shrunk, fold, plait, gather
criopag [krʲihbag] = wrinkle, clew, hag, horrible old woman
Manx (Gaelg) craplag = fold, furrow, line, wrinkle
Proto-Brythonic *külkɨd = ?
Old Welsh cichet = coverlet, sheet, blanket, bedclothes, bed, couch
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kylchet, cylched, kylched = coverlet, sheet, blanket, bedclothes, bed, couch
Welsh (Cymraeg) cylched [ˈkəlχɛd] = coverlet, sheet, blanket, bedclothes, bed, couch
cylchedlen = valanec, curtain, hangings
Cornish (Kernewek) kolghes = duvet, quilt
Old Breton (Brethonoc) colcet = quilt
Middle Breton (Brezonec) golchet = quilt
Breton (Brezhoneg) golch’ed [ˈɡolxet] = duvet, quilt
golch’edad = contents of a duvet
golch’edenn = pad (under a saddle, etc), straw mattress
golch’edenniñ = to fill with a pad

Etymology: from Latin culcita (mattress, pillow, cushion), which is of uncertain origin. Words from the same roots include quilt in English, and couette (duvet, quilt) in French [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Battle

By Simon

Words for battle and related things in Celtic languages.

St Fagan's National Museum of Wales

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *katus = battle
*Katutigernos = “battle lord/master” (male name)
*Katuwelnāmnos = “battle ruler” (male name)
Gaulish catu, katu = battle
Katutigernos (male name)
Primitive Irish ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ (cattu) = battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) cath [kaθ] = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, warlike
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict (from com (with) and cath)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cath, = battle, fight, troop, battalion
cathach = bellicose, vehement
cathaigecht = warfare
cathaige = fighter, warrior
cathaigid = to fight, give battle
cocad = war, conflict, act of waging war
Irish (Gaeilge) cath [kah] = battle, conflict, trial, battalion
cathach = battling, warlike
cathaí = battler, fighter
cathaigh to battle, fight, tempt
cogadh [ˈkɔɡə/ˈkʌɡu] = war, warfare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cath [kah] = battle, fight, contest, struggle, battalion, warfare
cathach = warlike
cath nan con = dogfight
cath-thuagh = battle axe
blàr-catha = battlefield
gairm-chatha = warcry
cogadh [kogəɣ] = war, fighting, warfare
Manx (Gaelg) cah = military action battle
crooseyr cah = battle-cruiser
caggey [ˈkaːɣə] = war, fight, scrap, combat, campaign, clash, battle
Proto-Brythonic *kad = battle
*Kadüdɨɣern (male name)
*Kaduwallọn (male name)
Old Welsh Categern, Catigern (male name)
Cadwallawn (male name)
Categern, Catigern (male name)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) kad, kat = battle
Cattegirn (male name)
Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun (male name)
Welsh (Cymraeg) cad [kaːd] = battle, conflict, war, strife, struggle, trouble, army, host, throng, multitude, band
cad ar faes = at loggerheads
cadfan = battlefield
Cadfan (male name) = 6th century Breton missionary to Wales [more details]
Cadeyrn (male name)
Cadwallon (male name)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cad, câs = battle, war
cadlys = camp, intrenchment
cadwur = warrior, soldier, champion
Cornish (Kernewek) kas = armed conflict, battle, war
kasor, kasores = fighter
kasorek = militant
Kaswallawn (male name)
Old Breton Kaduuallon, Catuuallon (male name)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) kad = combat
Breton (Brezhoneg) kad = battle
Kadwallawn (male name)

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (fight), which is also the root of the German words Hader (dispute, quarrel) and hadern (to bicker, quarrel, struggle) [source].

Proto-Celtic *agrom = slaughter, battle
Old Irish (Goídelc) ár = slaugter
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ár = slaugter, carnage, defeat, destruction
Irish (Gaeilge) ár [ɑːɾˠ] = slaughter, havoc
ármhá = battlefied, scene of slaughter
ármhach = slaughter
ármhar = slaugterous, destructive
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) àr [aːr] = battle, battlefield, slaughter, death
àr-fhaich, àr-mhagh = battlefield
àrmhach = destructive
Manx (Gaelg) haar [ˈhɛːr] = slaughter, slaughtering
Proto-Brythonic *aɨr [aɨ̯r] = battle, carnage
Old Welsh hair = battle, fight, war
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aer = battle, fight, war
aerbeir, aerbair = battle-lord, battle-leader
aerbais = coat of mail
aerbar = battle-spear, spear of slaughter
aerbybyr = bright, fine, valiant, zealous, strong in battle
aerdawelỽch, aerdawelwch = silence after battle
Welsh (Cymraeg) aer [aːɨ̯r / ai̯r] = battle, fight, war, skirmish, carnage, slaughter, army
Old Cornish hair = slaughter, battle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) ar, hâr, har = slaughter, battle
Old Breton (Brethonoc) air = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
airma = battlefield
Middle Breton (Brezonec) hair, aer, ár = battle, combat, carnage, massacre
aerva, aerfa, ármag = battlefield
Breton (Brezhoneg) aer [ɛːr] = battle, combat, carnage (archaic)
aergi [ˈɛrɡi] = fighting dog, war dog, warrior (archaic)
aerva [ˈɛr.va] = battlefield (archaic)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵros (field, pasturage), possibly from *h₂eǵ- (to drive). Words from the same roots include act, action, agent and agile in English [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Wool

By Simon

Words for wool and related words in Celtic languages.

Glorious wool

Proto-Celtic *ulanā, *wlanā, *w(u)lāno-, *w(u)lano- = wool
Gaulish *wlanā = wool
Old Irish (Goídelc) olann [ˈolan͈] = wool
ollach = woolly
Irish (Gaeilge) olann [ˈɔlˠən̪ˠ] = wool, woolly hair, mop of hair; woollen
olanda = woolly
olannacht = woolliness
olanntáirgeach = wool-bearing
ollach = woolly, fleecy
ollacht = woolliness, fleeciness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) olann [ˈɔl̪ˠən̪ˠ] = wool (usually while on sheep)
ola = woollen, made of wool
olach = woolly, fleecy
Manx (Gaelg) ollan = wool
ollanagh, olley = woolly
ollanaght = woolliness
Proto-Brythonic *gwlan [ˈɡwlaːn] = wool
Old Welsh gulan = wool
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gluan, gwlan = wool
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwlân [ɡwlaːn] = wool, down, soft hair, grass, herbage; woollen, soft, made of wool
gwlana = to gather wool, beg or solicit wool
gwlanen = flannel, face-cloth; man of weak character, spineless person, unreliable person
gwlanendra = softness, lack of backbone
gwlanenêd = flannelette
gwlanel = flannel
gwlanennaidd, gwlanennog = flannelly, flannel-like, soft; weak-willed, without backbone, spineless (person), unreliable
gwlanennu = to provide with woollen clothing
gwlanennwr, gwlanennydd = flannel-maker, woollen-manufacturer, flannel-merchant, woollen-draper
gwlanog = woollen
Old Cornish gluan = wool
Middle Cornish glan, glawn = wool
Cornish (Kernewek) gwlan = wool
gwlanek = woollen, woolly
Middle Breton glan, gloan = wool
Breton (Brezhoneg) gloan = wool
gloanaj, gloanenn = woollen garment / material
gloanegenn = cozy, soft, snug
gloanell = cotten

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (wool). The English word flannel comes ultimately from the Gaulish *wlanā, via Old French and Norman [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Hurdle Fences

By Simon

Words for hurdles, fences and related words in Celtic languages.

timeless gateway

Proto-Celtic *klētā = wattled frame, palisade, hurdle
Gaulish *cleta = hurdle
Old Irish (Goídelc) clíath = hurdle, litter, stretcher, wattlework
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clíath = hurdle; wattle panels of walls, doors or gates; woven fence, palisade, outwork
Irish (Gaeilge) cliath [klʲiə] = wattled, latticed, frame, hurdle, phalanx, staff, stave (music)
cliathach = ribbed frame, engagement, battle
cliathobair = wattle-work, wickerwork
cliathóg = (small) hurdle
cliathóir = hurdler, hurdle-maker
cliathrás = hurdle race
cliathreathaí = hurdler
cliathreathaíocht = hurdling
Baile Átha Cliath Dublin (“Hurdle Ford Settlement”)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cliath [kliə] = grid, lattice, grate, grating, shoal (of fish), hurdle, harrow, stockade, stave, staff (music)
cliathag = small hurdle
cliath-bhogsa = crate
cliath-dhuilleag = spreadsheet
obair-chliath = trellis
Manx (Gaelg) cleeah = lattice, wicker, fret, darn, stave, staff, grid, stretcher, grate, grating, criss-cross, school of fish
cleea = hurdle
cleeader = hurdler
Proto-Brythonic *kluɨd = palisade, hurdle
Middle Welsh (Kymraec cluyt, clwyt = hurdle
Welsh (Cymraeg) clwyd [kluːɨ̯d / klʊi̯d] = movable hurdle, wattle, lattice, rack, crate, gate, door; protection, cover, defence
clwydo = to wattle, weave, hurdle, tangle; roost, sleep
clwydaid = a crateful, pannierful, kilnful
clwydedd = door, gate
clwydwaith = wickerwork, wattle
clwydwr = gate-keeper, porter
Old Cornish cluit = hurdle
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cluit, clita = hurdle, wattle, crate, wattled gate
Cornish (Kernewek) kloos = fence, rack
Middle Breton klouet, cloet, kloued, klwed = hurdle
Breton (Brezhoneg) kloued = fence, barrier, gate, railings, grating, grid
klouedenn = openwork, fence, skylight, harrow, portcullis

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱléyteh₂ (leaning, sloped, inclined) from *ḱley- (to lean, incline) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish and Latin, include claie (wicker rack, trellis, hurdle) in French and cheda (wattled laterals at the base of a traditional cart) in Galician [source].

Words from the same PIE root include client, climate, clinic, incline and lean in English, leunen (to lean) in Dutch, lehnen (to lean) in German, chinàre (to bend) in Italian, clemente (lenient) in Spanish [source], clé (left) and cleith (pole, cudgel, wattle) in Irish, cledd (left hand/side) in Welsh, and related words in Celtic languages [more details].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

River Mouths

By Simon

Words for estuary / mouth (of a river) in Celtic languages.

Aberaeron

Proto-Celtic *adberos = mouth, confluence (of a river)
Pictish *ᚐᚁᚓᚏ (aber) = mouth, confluence (of a river)
Old Irish (Goídelc) abar [ˈfʲilʲi] = confluence, river mouth
Irish (Gaeilge) abar [ˈabˠəɾˠ] = boggy ground, morass
abarach = boggy, muddy, sloughy
abracht = boggy place
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) abar / obar = confluence, place where two or more streams meet; marsh, bog, fen
Manx (Gaelg) aber = range, pasturage, river mouth, bunker, run
Proto-Brythonic *aber [aˈbɛːr] = mouth, confluence (of a river)
Old Welsh) oper, aper = estuary, mouth of a river
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aber = estuary, mouth of a river
Welsh (Cymraeg) aber [ˈabɛr/ˈaːbɛr] = river mouth, estuary, confluence, bay, harbour, port, anchorage
Old Cornish aber = estuary, mouth of a river
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) aber = confluence of waters, the junction of rivers
Cornish (Kernewek) aber = river mouth
Old Breton aperou = estuary, mouth of a river
Breton (Brezhoneg) aber = estuary, mouth of a river, confluence, creek

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ad- (to(wards), at) and *beros (bearer, flow) [source].

Proto-Celtic *eni-berom = carrying in
Old Irish (Goídelc) *in(d)ber = river mouth
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) inber, indber, inbir = rivermouth
Irish (Gaeilge) inbhear / inbhir [ˈabˠəɾˠ] = river mouth, estuary, firth
inbhearach = having many estuaries
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) inbhir [in̪ʲɪrʲ] = estuary, river mouth, (internet) feed
Manx (Gaelg) inver = estuary, river mouth

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *eni- (in) and *beros (bearer, flow), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source].

Notes
These words appear mainly in placenames such as Aberaeron, Abererch, Aberffraw, Abergavenny (Y Fenni), Abergynolwyn, Aberystwyth, Abergwaun (Fishguard), Aberhonddu (Brecon), Aberteifi (Cardigan), Aberdaugleddau (Milford Haven), Aberpennar (Mountain Ash) and Abertawe (Swansea) in Wales.

Aberdeen (Obar Dheathain) , Aberfeldy (Obar Pheallaidh), Aberfoyle (Obar Phuill), Abernethy (Obar Neithich), Arbroath (Aber Brothaig), Invergowrie (Inbhir Ghobharaidh), Inverkeithing (Inbhir Chèitinn), Inverness (Inbhir Nis), Inbhir Nàrann (Nairn), Inbhir Pheofharain (Dingwall), Inbhir Ùige (Wick) in Scotland.

Aber/Obar appear in Scottish placenames of Pictish origin, and may have been borrowed from Pictish. Inbhir/Inver appear in other placenames [source].

More details of placenames featuring Aber and Inver.

Old Irish (Goídelc) gáeth = the sea, a stream, an estuary
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gáeth, gáoth, gaoth = the sea, a stream, an estuary
gáethlach = marsh, swamp
Irish (Gaeilge) gaoth [ɡeːh / ɡiːh] = inlet of sea, estuary
Gaoth Dobhair [ɡiːˈd̪ˠoːɾʲ] = Gweedore (a parish in County Donegal)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geodha [gʲɔ.ə] = inlet, cove, gully (by the sea), indent(ation)
Manx (Gaelg) giau = creek, inlet, cove
Giau Vooar ny Pershey = Persian Gulf

Etymology: possibly from the Old Norse gjá (chasm, rift, crack) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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