Going, Going, Gone

13th March 202014th March 2020 By Simon

Words for to go in Celtic languages.

Note: this is one of the few irregular verbs in the celtic languages, and some different parts of the conjugations come from different roots.

Proto-Celtic	*tēgeti = to go, step
Old Irish (Goídelc)	téít [tʲeːdʲ] = to go, process, depart leave
Irish (Gaeilge)	téigh [tʲeːɟ / tʲeːj / tʲeː] = to go, move, proceed, get on, fare, make, cost
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	tèid = will go – (future form of rach)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *stéygʰeti (to be walking, to be climbing) [Source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	dul = to go, going
Irish (Gaeilge)	dul [d̪ˠʊlˠ] = going, passing, departure, way, method, means, proper, natural, arrangement, style – (verb noun of téigh)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dol [dɔl̪ˠ] = (act of) going, (act of) proceeding
Manx (Gaelg)	goll = to go, show out, disembark, going, sinking, passage, departure

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic	*monītor = go
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	muinithir = goes around
Proto-Brythonic	*moned = go
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mynd [mɨ̞nd / mɪnd] = to go, leave, depart, die, disappear, perish, come to an end, elapse, pass
Cornish (Kernewek)	mos = to go, become
Breton (Brezhoneg)	monet = to go, to become

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *menH- [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Deafness

7th March 2020 By Simon

Words for deaf in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*bodaros = deaf
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bodar [ˈboðar] = deaf
Irish (Gaeilge)	bodhar [bˠəuɾˠ] = deaf; bothered, confused; dull; numb; immovable, stagnant
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	bodhar [bo.ər] = deaf; dull; diseased (of cattle, esp. with anthrax)
Manx (Gaelg)	bouyr = deaf
Proto-Brythonic	*boðar = deaf
Welsh (Cymraeg)	byddar = deaf, hard of hearing, deaf person; not giving ear to request, pigheaded; dead, deadened, numb
Cornish (Kernewek)	bodhar = deaf
Breton (Brezhoneg)	bouzar = deaf; on the house (free of charge)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰHrós (deaf) [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, , Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Roundness

22nd February 20201st March 2020 By Simon

Words for round in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*krundis = round
Old Irish (Goídelc)	cruind, cruinn = round
Irish (Gaeilge)	cruinn [kɾˠiːnʲ / kɾˠɪn̠ʲ] = round; gathered; exact, accurate; clear, coherent; concentrated; frugal, sparing, miserly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cruinn [krɯin̪ʲ] = round, circular, spherical; rotund; neat, succinct, well-formed; assembled, gathered together
Manx (Gaelg)	cruinn = accurate, detailed, unambigous, round, spherical, circular, circumstantial, compact, consummate, exact, scrupulous, strict
Proto-Brythonic	*krunn = round
Welsh (Cymraeg)	crwn [krʊn] = round, circular, rotund, spherical, globular; cylindrical; fat, plump, fleshy; complete, entire; young, small
Cornish (Kernewek)	krenn = round
Breton (Brezhoneg)	krenn = medium, clean, full, round,

Etymology: unknown, possibly borrowed from a non-Indo-European language [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Wickedly Bad

22nd February 202022nd February 2020 By Simon

Words for bad in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*drukos = bad
Old Irish (Goídelc)	droch [drox] = bad
Irish (Gaeilge)	droch = bad, poor, evil, ill
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	droch [drɔx] = bad, evil, wicked
Manx (Gaelg)	drogh = evil, wicked, bad, abusive, unenviable, misfortune, badness
Proto-Brythonic	*drug = bad
Welsh (Cymraeg)	drwg [druːɡ] = bad, rotten, putrid, poor, piteous, wretched, sorry, grievous, sad; unfavourable, injurious, harmful, unpleasant, indecent, obscene, counterfeit, false, harsh, cruel, severe, ruthless
Cornish (Kernewek)	drog = bad, evil, invalid, naughty, wicked, nasty
Breton (Brezhoneg)	drouk [ˈdruːk] = bad, evil

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (to deceive) [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Clean & Pure

22nd February 2020 By Simon

Words for clean in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*glanos = clean, clear
Old Irish (Goídelc)	glan [ɡlan] = clear, pure, clear
Irish (Gaeilge)	glan [ɡlˠanˠ] = clean, clear, pure, bright, well-made, distinct; complete, extact
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	glan [gl̪ˠan] = clean, pure, bright, sheer, downright, great, grand, grovy
Manx (Gaelg)	glen = clean, fair, fresh-coloured, clear, pure, chaste, hygienic, sheer, emphatic, downright, peremptory, flat (refusal), cloudless, undefiled, clearcut, unclouded
Proto-Brythonic	*glan [ˈɡlan] = clean, clear
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	glan = clean, clear
Welsh (Cymraeg)	glân [glan] = clean, cleansed, neat; clear of sin, pure, good, virtuous, uncorrupted, undefiled, fair, honest, sincere; holy; fair of countenance, beautiful, handsome; complete, clean, utter, entire
Cornish (Kernewek)	glan = clear, clean, pure
Old Breton	glan = pure
Middle Breton	glan = pure
Breton (Brezhoneg)	glan = pure

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₃-nó-s, *ǵʰelh₃- (green, yellow) [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Gentle treasure

16th February 202017th February 2020 By Simon

Words for gift, treasure, benefit in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*moinis = treasure, precious object
Old Irish (Goídelc)	moín = gift, benefit
Irish (Gaeilge)	maoin [mˠiːnʲ] = gift, benefit, property, wealth, treasure (term of endearment)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	maoin [mɯːn̪ʲ] = asset, wealth, fund, gear, goods
Manx (Gaelg)	mayn = property, good order
Proto-Brythonic	*muɨn = beautiful
Old Welsh	muin = worth, value
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	mwyn = worth, value
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mwyn [muːɨ̯n / mʊi̯n] = tender, mild, gentle, meek, amiable, loving, kind, obliging, courteous, noble, fair, pleasant, sweet-sounding, melodious, soft, soothing
Old Cornish	muin = gracile
Old Breton	moin = delicate
Middle Breton	moen = thin
Breton (Brezhoneg)	moan [ˈmwãːn] = thin, slender

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European moynis [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Animals

9th February 202028th May 2022 By Simon

Words for animals in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*mīlom = animal
Old Irish (Goídelc)	míl [mʲiːl] = animal, louse
Irish (Gaeilge)	míol [mʲiːlˠ, mʲiːl] = animal, creature, insect, louse
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	mial [miəl̪ˠ] = louse, tick, animal (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg)	meeyl [miːl] = insect, louse, gnat
Proto-Brythonic	*mil [ˈmiːl] = animal
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	*mil = animal
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mil [miːl] = animal, beast, creature
Cornish (Kernewek)	mil = animal
Middle Breton	mil = animal
Breton (Brezhoneg)	mil [ˈmiːl] = animal

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₁l- (small animal) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	ainmide = living creature, animal, beast, animate
Irish (Gaeilge)	ainmhí [anʲəvʲiː]= animal, brute, monster
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	ainmhidh [ɛnɛvɪ] = animal, beast of burden, heifer

Etymology: from the Old Irish ainim(m) (soul, life), from the Latin anima (soul, spirt, life; breath), or from the Proto-Celtic *anaman (soul, spirit), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁mos, from *h₂enh₁- (breathe) [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	anyueyl, anieuil = animal, beast, creature
Welsh (Cymraeg)	anifail [aˈnɪvai̯l / aˈniːvai̯l] = animal, beast, creature
Cornish (Kernewek)	eneval = animal
Breton (Brezhoneg)	aneval = animal

Etymology: from the Latin animal (animal, living creature), from animālis (animate, living), from anima (soul, spirt, life; breath) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*betrixs = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bethach = beast, brute, animal bethadach = animal
Irish (Gaeilge)	beithíoch [bʲɛˈhiəx / ˈbʲɛhiəx / ˈbʲɛhiə(h)] = beast, (large) animal, brute; (large) specimen of creature, bovine animal; heifer, cow, cattle, horse
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	beathach [bɛhəx] = animal, beast, head of cattle, brute beithir [behɪrʲ] = any wild or savage thing, beast; thunderbolt; lightning; strong gust of wind; warrior, hero
Manx (Gaelg)	baagh = animal, pet, beast

Etymology: from the Middle Irish betha (life) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Donkeys

9th February 20203rd April 2022 By Simon

Words for donkeys in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc)	asal = ass, she-ass
Irish (Gaeilge)	asal [ˈasˠəlˠ] = ass, donkey
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	asal [asal̪ˠ]= ass, donkey
Manx (Gaelg)	assyl = ass, donkey
Welsh (Cymraeg)	asyn [ˈasɨ̞n / ˈasɪn] = (male) donkey / (he-)ass asen [ˈasɛn] = donkey, ass; female donkey, she-ass, jenny asennig = little or young (female) donke
Cornish (Kernewek)	asen = donkey
Breton (Brezhoneg)	azen = donkey, haddock

Etymology: Brythonic words from the Latin asina from asinus (donkey, ass) [source]. Goidelic words from the Latin asellus (young ass / donkey) from asinus (donkey, ass) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Pigs

30th January 20203rd April 2022 By Simon

Words for pigs in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*mokkus = pig
Old Irish (Goídelc)	mucc [muk] = pig, sow; a war engine: a shed to cover sappers
Irish (Gaeilge)	muc [mˠʊk] = pig; heap, bank, drift; scowl; sow
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	muc [muxɡ] = pig, sow
Manx (Gaelg)	muc = hog, swine, pig, grunter
Proto-Brythonic	*mox = pig
Welsh (Cymraeg)	moch [moːχ] = pigs, swine, hogs; greedy, dirty, lazy, drunk, or immoral persons; small pumps used underground in coal-mines to remove water mochyn [ˈmɔχɨ̞n / ˈmoːχɪn] = pig, swine, hog
Middle Cornish	mogh = pigs, swine
Cornish (Kernewek)	mogh [mɔːx / moːʰ] = pigs, swine
Old Breton	moch = pigs, swine
Breton (Brezhoneg)	moc’h [moːχ] = pigs, swine

Etymology: borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate language. [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	cullach [ˈkul͈ax] = boar, stallion
Irish (Gaeilge)	collach [kəˈl̪ˠɑx / ˈkɔl̪ˠəx / ˈkʌl̪ˠax] = boar (male pig); male crab; crude, fleshy, person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cullach = mature male (unneutered) animal (such as boars, hogs, etc)
Manx (Gaelg)	collagh muc = boar (domestic)
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ceilliog = having testicles, uncastrated, entire, male
Breton (Brezhoneg)	kalloc’h = entire

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *kalljo- (testicle).

Proto-Celtic	*t(w)orkos = boar (pig)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	torc [tork] = (wild) boar, chieften, hero
Irish (Gaeilge)	torc [t̪ˠɔɾˠk / t̪ˠʌɾˠk] = (wild) boar, hog
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	torc = [tɔr̪ˠxg] = boar, hog
Welsh (Cymraeg)	twrch [tʊrχ] = hog, (wild) boar, mole
Old Cornish	torch = hog
Cornish (Kernewek)	torgh = hog
Old Breton	torch = boar
Middle Breton	tourch = boar
Breton (Brezhoneg)	tourc’h = boar, macho, debauched

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *twerḱ- (to cut) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*sukkos = pig
Old Irish (Goídelc)	socc [muk] = pig, sow
Irish (Gaeilge)	soc = sow
Welsh (Cymraeg)	hwch [huːχ] = sow, pig, swine, dirty creature
Old Cornish	hoch = hog, pig, swine
Middle Cornish	hoch = hog, pig, swine
Cornish (Kernewek)	hogh = hog, pig, swine
Old Breton	hoch = sow
Breton (Brezhoneg)	houc’h = sow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European suH- (pig, hog, swine) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*ɸorkos = piglet
Old Irish (Goídelc)	orc [ork] = piglet
Irish (Gaeilge)	arc(án) = piglet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	orc(an) [ɔr̪ˠxg(an)]= young animal, offspring (esp. piglet or sheep); whale (archaic)
Manx (Gaelg)	ark = young pig, piglet, sucking pig

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European pórḱos (piglet), which is also the root of the English word farrow (a litter of piglets), and the German word Ferkel (piglet) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*banwos = pig
Gaulish	Banuus, Banuo = pig
Old Irish (Goídelc)	banb [ban͈v] = piglet, young pig
Irish (Gaeilge)	banbh [ˈbˠanˠəvˠ] = piglet; Ace of Hearts
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	banbh [banav]= young pig, piglet
Manx (Gaelg)	bannoo = sucking pig, piglet
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	banv = (young) pig, piglet
Welsh (Cymraeg)	banw = (young) pig, piglet, weaned pig, hog; young animal
Old Cornish	baneu = sow
Middle Cornish	banb = sow
Cornish (Kernewek)	banow = sow
Breton (Brezhoneg)	banv = sow, pig

Etymology: unknown – possibly from a non-Indo-European language [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	porchell, parchell = (young) pig, piglet
Welsh (Cymraeg)	porchell [ˈpɔrχɛɬ] = sucking-pig, piglet, little pig, porker, pig, swine, hog
Old Cornish	porchel = young pig, piglet
Middle Cornish	porhel = young pig, piglet
Cornish (Kernewek)	porghel = young pig, piglet
Old Breton	porchill = piglet
Middle Breton	porchell = piglet
Breton (Brezhoneg)	porc’helleg = piglet

Etymology: from the Late Latin porcellus (piglet), from the Latin porcus (pig), from the Proto-Italic *porkos (pig) from the Proto-Indo-European pórḱos (piglet) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Goats

26th January 20208th May 2022 By Simon

Words for goats in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic	*gabros = goat
Gaulish	gabrus = goat
Old Irish (Goídelc)	gabor [ˈɡavor] = goat
Irish (Gaeilge)	gabhar [ɡəuɾˠ] = goat; Capricorn; scad, horse-mackerel
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	gohbar [ɡo.əɾ] = goat, Capricorn
Manx (Gaelg)	goayr = goat, stooge, scad
Proto-Brythonic	*gaβr = goat
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gauar = goat
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gafr [ɡavr] = goat
Old Cornish	gauar = goat
Cornish (Kernewek)	gaver = goat
Old Breton	gabr = goat
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gavr = goat

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kápros (goat) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*bukkos = goat
Gaulish	*bukkos = male goat
Old Irish (Goídelc)	boc = he-goat, billy goat
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	boc = he-goat, billy goat
Irish (Gaeilge)	boc = buck, playboy poc = buck (of deer or goat) pocán = billy goat poc gabhair = billy goat
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	boc [bɔxg] = buck (esp. of deer and goats) boc-gobhair = billy goat
Manx (Gaelg)	bock = male, he, josser, swell, buck, gelding bock goayr = billy goat
Welsh (Cymraeg)	bwch [buːχ] = buck bwch gafr = billy goat
Cornish (Kernewek)	bogh = billy goat
Breton (Brezhoneg)	bo(u)c’h = billy goat

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ- (goat, buck, ram) [source], which is also the root of the English word buck.

Irish (Gaeilge)	minseach = nanny goat
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	minnseag = nanny goat
Manx (Gaelg)	mannan = nanny goat

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic	*menno- = young of an animal, kid
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	menn = kid, young goat
Irish (Gaeilge)	meann = kid, young goat
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	meann [mjaun̪ˠ]= kid, young goat
Manx (Gaelg)	mannan = kid, young goat
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	myn, mỳn = kid, young goat
Welsh (Cymraeg)	myn = kid, young goat myn gafr = kid, young goat
Old Cornish	min = kid, young goat
Middle Cornish	myn = kid, young goat
Cornish (Kernewek)	min = kid goats minen = kid goat
Breton (Brezhoneg)	menn = kid goat menn-gavr = kid, young goat

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *men- (small) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Manx (Gaelg)

Going, Going, Gone

Deafness

Roundness

Wickedly Bad

Clean & Pure

Gentle treasure

Animals

Donkeys

Pigs

Goats