Ears

20th November 201823rd September 2024 By Simon

Words for ears, hares and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*kloustā = ear, hearing
Old Irish (Goídelc)	clúas [kluːa̯s] = ear, hearing
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	clúas, cluas = (sense of) hearing, ear clúasach, clūasach = pleasing to the ear, having (big) ears or handles, big-eared
Irish (Gaeilge)	cluas [klˠuəsˠ] = ear; ear-shaped object; lug, handle; cleat; tab; corner, margin cluasach = having ears, long-eared cluasachán = long-eared person or animal cluasaí = listener, eavesdropper cluasaíocht = eavesdropping, whispering, listening, talking in a furtive manner cluasán = earphone, headphone cluasánach = listless, inattentive person cluasántacht = listlessness, inattention
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	cluas [kl̪ˠuəs] = ear, lug, handle cluasach [kl̪ˠuəsəx] = pertaining to ears, aural, having (a) handle(s) cluasachan [kl̪ˠuəsəxan] = pillow cluasag [kl̪ˠuəsag] = pillow, bolster cluasagach [kl̪ˠuəsagəx] = pertaining to or abounding in pillows cluasaire [kl̪ˠuəsɪrʲə] = (person with) bigs ears cluasan [kl̪ˠuəsan] = earphone, headset
Manx (Gaelg)	cleaysh [kleːʃ] = ear, cleat, handle, lug, top corner of net, corner of sail cleayshagh = aural, (large-)eared, lugged cleayshtynagh = audible, listener
Proto-Brythonic	*klʉst = ear
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	clust = ear, hearing, handle clustueinyd, clustfeinydd = attentive or eager listener, eavesdropper clustiog, klustioc = (large-/long-) eared, having a handle, pertaining to the ear clustot, clustog, clustoc = cushion, pillow, bolster
Welsh (Cymraeg)	clust [klɨːst / klɪst] = ear, sense of hearing, attention, willingness to listen; handle of a vessel, tag of a boot, top part of a bell; creek or inlet; auricle (of the heart) clustfeinio = to listen closely or attentively, prick up the ears, eavesdrop clustfeiniol = listening attentively or intently clustfeiniwr, clustfeinydd = attentive or eager listener, eavesdropper clustffon, clustffôn = earphone, headphone clustiog = (large-/long-) eared, having a handle, pertaining to the ear clustog = cushion, pillow, bolster clustogi = to cushion, pillow, bolster up, upholster

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlow-steh₂, from *ḱlew- (to hear) [source]. Words from the same roots include clement, client, listen and loud in English, quaj (to call, name, value, declare) in Albanian, luid (loud, sound, assertion) in Dutch, sláva (fame, glory) in Czech, and hljóður (quiet, silent) in Icelandic [source].

Words for Hearing, Fame and Renown in Celtic languages also come from the same PIE roots.

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	sgiarnag, sgibearnag = hare
Proto-Brythonic	skuβarn = ear skuβarnọg = hare
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	esgyuarn, ysgyuarn, yscyfarn, yskyuarn = ear ysgyuarnauc, yscyfarnawc, y scyuarnaỽc, ysgyuarnawc, yscyfarnoc = hare
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ysgyfar(n) = ear (y)sgyfarnog, sgwarnog = hare ysgyfarnogaidd = harelike, leporine
Old Cornish	scouarn = ear scouarnoc = hare
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	scovarn, scouarn, scovern, scovorn, scoforn = ear scovarnog, scowarnak, scowarnog = hare
Cornish (Kernewek)	skovarn [‘skɔvarn / ‘skɔvɐrn] = ear, handle skovarnek = hare
Old Breton	scobarn = ear
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	scouarn = ear scouarnec = having large or long ears, long-eared, having handles
Breton (Brezhoneg)	skouarn [skwarn] = ear, gills, handle skouarnad [ˈskwar.nat] = a slap (on the ear) skouarnañ = to garnish with an ear or handle skouarnata [skwarˈnatːa] = to slap, to rub or pull ears skouarneg [ˈskwar.nɛk] = hare skouarnek [ˈskwar.nɛk] = having large or long ears, long-eared, having handles

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (to observe, perceive) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include cautious, caveat and show in English, schouwen (to inspect, examine) in Dutch, schauen (to look, watch, view) in German, and cauto (prudent, cautious, sly) in Italian [source].

Irish (Gaeilge)	giorria [ˈɟɪɾˠiə/ˈɟaɾˠiə] = hare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	geàrr [gʲaːr̪ˠ] = hare gearrach [gʲar̪ˠəx] = hare giorrasach [gʲir̪ˠəsəx] = hare geàrr-fhiadh = hare gearrag [gʲar̪ˠag] = leveret, young hare

Etymology: from Old Irish gerr (short) and fíad (deer, wild animal(s)) [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	míl maige = hare
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	míl maige = hare
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	maigheach [mɤjəx] = hare
Manx (Gaelg)	mwaagh = hare cha follan as mwaagh = brimful of health (“as healthy as a hare”)

Etymology: from Old Irish míl (animal) and mag (plain, field) [source].

Proto-Celtic	*kasnī = hare
Old Irish (Goídelc)	Cainnech = personal name
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ceinach = hare
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ceinach [ˈkei̯naχ] = hare (archaic – originally meant “(the) grey/white one”) ceinachgi = harrier, hare-hound

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s- (hare). Words from the same PIE root include hare in English, haas (hare) in Dutch, Hase (hare) in German, and hase (female rabbit, hare) in French [source].

Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gad = hare
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	gat = hare
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gad [ɡɑːt] = hare

Etymology: unknown [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

Lips, Mouths & Throats

8th November 20184th November 2025 By Simon

Words for lip, mouth, throat and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*weblos = lip
Old Irish (Goídelc)	bél [bʲeːl] = lip, mouth, opening belach = gap, pass, road bélat = crossroads bélbach = horse’s bit bélrae = speech, language
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	bél, beoil, beóil, beolu, beula = lip, mouth, edge, rim, orifice, opening belach, bealach, beluch = gap, pass, defile, (narrow) passage, road, path, way bélaire = reciter bélairecht = (oral) tradition bélat, belach = place where several roads meet, crossway, pass, frontier bélbach = horse’s bit bélrae = speech, language, people, nation
Irish (Gaeilge)	béal [bʲia̯l̪ˠ / bʲeːlˠ] = mouth, opening, entrance, lip, edge, sound, front, face, beginning béalach = loquacious, loose-tongued béalán = mouthful béalbhinn = mellifluous, flattering béalóg = small opening, gap, mouthpiece, grip, bite, mouthful, muzzle béaloideas = oral tradition, folklore béaltais = soft-lipped, bland, damp, drizzly
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	beul [bial̪ˠ] = mouth, beginning, opening, edge, gunwale, oral beulach [bial̪ˠəx] = plausible, two-faced, talkative, smooth-talking beulachas [bial̪ˠəxəs] = flattery, being mealy-mouthed beuladair [bial̪ˠədɪrʲ] = gossip (person) beulaiche [bial̪ʲɪçə] = speaker, talker, reciter, newsmonger beulas [bial̪ˠəs] = prattling, babbling, orality
Manx (Gaelg)	beeal [ˈbiəl] = mouth, muzzle, rictus, flue, outlet, orifice, cone, crater, rim, approach, passage beealagh = imprudent, impudent, thick-lipped beealeraght = babble, chatter, talk beealerey = babbler, talkative person beealragh(yn) = (horse’s) bit, snaffle

Etymology: unknown [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc)	gíall [ˈɡʲiːa̯l̪] = jaw
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	gíall, giall = jaw
Irish (Gaeilge)	giall [ɟiəl̪ˠ] = jaw, cheek, (door) jamb, corner (of gable-end) giallach = jaw-like, long-jawed giallachán = a long-jawed / lantern-jawed person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	giall [gʲiəl̪ˠ] = jaw, jowl, gill
Proto-Brythonic	*gweβl = lip
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	guefl, gwefl, gwefyl = lip, jaw(s)
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwefl = lip, jaw(s) gweflaf, gweflu, gweflo = to grin, grimace, pout, fret, snivel, blubbler, mouth (sth) gweflaid = mouthful gwefliad = labial gweflog = large-lipped, blubber-lipped, thick-lipped gweflwr = pouter, flatterer
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gwelv = lip
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	gweol = lip

Etymology: possibly from or related to Old English ċeafl (jaw, cheeck, bill, beak, snout), from Proto-West Germanic *kafl (jaw, cheek), from Proto-Germanic *kaflaz (jaw), from PIE *ǵep- (to eat, chew). Words from the same roots include jowl in English, gueule (gullet, snout, face, mouth) in French, and kæbe (jaw) in Danish [source].

Proto-Celtic	*bussus = lip
Gaulish	*bussus = lip (?)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	bus = lip
Irish (Gaeilge)	pus [pˠʊsˠ / pˠʌsˠ] = (protruding) mouth, sulky expression, pout, snout pusach = pouting, in a huff, whimpering, ready to cry pusachán = pouter, sulky person, sucking calf pusaire = sulky person, blubberer pusaireacht = (act of) pouting, sulking puisín = lip, calf’s muzzle
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	bus [bus] = mouth, cheek, lip, muzzle, snout, grimace, pout busach [busəx] = glum, sullen, pouting, blunt busag [busag] = slap on the mouth, smacking kiss, smack, dummy (sucking preventer)
Manx (Gaelg)	puiss = cheek, jowl, muzzle, pout puissagh = pouting, sullen, puffy, chubby
Proto-Brythonic	*gweβus =
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gueus, gwëus, gweus = (human) lip, edge, brim, language, speech
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwefus, gwëus, gweus = (human) lip, edge, brim, language, speech gwefuso = to lip, touch with the lips, kiss, murmur, utter gwefusflew = moustache gwefusog = having (large) lips, large-lipped
Old Cornish	gueus = lip
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	gueus, gweuz = lip
Cornish (Kernewek)	gweus = lip
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	geux, gueux, gueus = lip gueusiec, gueusyec = lippy, blubber-lipped
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gweuz [ˈɡwøːs / ˈɡɥøːs] = lip, labial gweuzek [ˈɡɥøːzɛk / ˈɡwøːzɛk] = lippy, blubber-lipped, labiate gweuzkenn = lip, pout

Etymology: uncertain, possibly a sound-symbolic word [source].

Proto-Celtic	monis = neck moniklos = neck
Old Irish (Goídelc)	muinél = neck, narrow part
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	muinél, muinel, muineol = neck, narrow part
Irish (Gaeilge)	muineál [ˈmˠɪnɑːl] = neck muineálach = of the neck, cervical, long-necked
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	muineal [mun̪ʲəl̪ˠ] = neck muinealach [mun̪ʲəl̪ˠəx] = necked, long-necked
Manx (Gaelg)	mwannal [ˈmonal] = neck mwannalagh = cheeky, impudent, long-necked, giraffe
Proto-Brythonic	*munugl = neck
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	mvnugyl, mwnvgyl, mynwgyl, mwnwgl = neck, throat
Welsh (Cymraeg)	mwnwg(l), mynwgl [ˈmʊnʊɡl] = neck, throat, instep, collar, necklace mwnwglwair = torque, collar mwnwg(l) y troed = instep

Etymology: from PIE *mónis (neck), from *mon- (neck, nape). Words from the same roots include mane in English, Mähne (mane) in German, and maan (mane) in Dutch [source].

Proto-Celtic	*wodwos = spoils
Old Irish (Goídelc)	fodb = spoils
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	fodb, fadb = booty, spoils
Irish (Gaeilge)	fadhbh = dead man’s possessions, plunder, spoils (literary) fadhbhach = spoil-laden faofa = stripped, despoiled, bare, naked
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	fadhbh [fɤːv] = spoils, booty (esp. of a dead person), windfall fadhbh a’ chogaidh = the spoils of war fadhbhachadh [fɤːvəxəɣ] = (act of) stripping (bare), denuding, despoiling, plundering, looting
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	gedueu, gwdwc, gwdyf, gwdwf, gwddw = neck, crag, throat
Welsh (Cymraeg)	gwddf, gwddw(g) [ɡʊðv / ˈɡuːðu(g)] = neck, crag, throat gyddfol [ˈɡəðvɔl] = jugular, gutteral, throaty, hoarse
Old Breton (Brethonoc)	guodoc = throat, neck
Middle Breton (Brezonec)	gouzouc = throat, neck
Breton (Brezhoneg)	gouzoug = throat, neck

Etymology: uncertain, possibly related to Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (cutting), from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (strike) [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ceg, ceeg, cêg = throat, gullet, windpipe, neck, mouth
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ceg [keːɡ] = throat, gullet, windpipe, neck, mouth, opening, entrance, roup, pip, thrush cega(f), cegu, cego = to swallow, consume greedily, guzzle, gulp, choke, throttle, scold, wrangle, gossip, shout cegaid = mouthful, draught cegen = gorge, gullet, windpipe cegog = mouthy

Etymology: possibly from Old English ċēce (jaw, jawbone, cheek), from Proto-West Germanic *kākā (jaw, cheek), from Proto-Germanic *kēkǭ. The English words cheek and choke come from the same roots, as does kaak (jaw, cheek, gill) in Dutch [source].

Thick

23rd October 201813th July 2025 By Simon

Words for thick and related things in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*tegus = thick
Old Irish (Goídelc)	tiug [tʲiu̯ɣ] = thick, dense tiget = thickness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	tiug = thick, dense, solid, density, press, crowd tiugaigid = to thicken
Irish (Gaeilge)	tiú = thick, dense tiubh [tʲuː / tʲʊ(w)] = thick, dense, closely set; fast tiubhaigh = to thicken, conventrate tiúchan = concentration
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	tiugh [tʲu] = thick; stout, portly, buxom; fat, viscous (paint); frequent strong>tiughachadh [tʲu.əxəɣ] = (act of) thickening, squeezing strong>tiughad(as) [tʲu.əd(əs)] = thickness strong>tiughaich [tʲu.ɪç] = thicken, squeeze strong>tiughalach [tʲu.əl̪ˠəx] = dregs
Manx (Gaelg)	chiu = stout, thick, heavy, blubber, thick-set ( hedge), strong (solution), whipped (cream), intense; foggy, turbid cheeid = thickness, density, grossness chiughey = to become heavy, to clot, to concentrate, to congeal, to thicken
Proto-Brythonic	*teɣ = thick
Old Welsh	teu = thick
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	tew, teỽ, tev = thick, strong, sturdy, deep teỽder, tewder thickness, depth, density, fatness tewet, tewhet, teỽet = thickness, depth, fat tewhau, tevhau = to make or become fat, to fatten, to thicken, to congeal
Welsh (Cymraeg)	tew [teːu̯ / tɛu̯] = thick; made of thick cloth; strong, sturdy, powerful; deep tewder thickness, depth, density, fatness, corpulence, obesity, hardness (of hearing) tewed = thickness, depth, fat tewhad = fattening, thickening, coagulation, condensation tewhau = to make or become fat, to fatten, to thicken, to congeal
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	tew = thick, gross, fat, foggy tewder = thickness, grossness, fatness tewraga = to thicken
Cornish (Kernewek)	tew [tɛˑʊ] = fat, bulky, dense, thick, chubby tewder = bulk, consistency, density, thickness tewhe = to thicken, fatten
Middle Breton	teu, teo = thick, fat, big teuhat = to thicken, grow teuder, teoder = thickness, size
Breton (Brezhoneg)	tev [ˈtew] = thick, fat, big, obese, opaque tevaat {teˈvɑːt] = to thicken, grow tevded [ˈtew.det] = thickness, size tevder [ˈtew.dɛr] = thickness, size tevdur = thickening, enlargment, coagulation

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *tégus (thick), from *teg- (to cover) [source]. Words from the same roots include thick, protect, thatch, thug and tile in English, dik (thick, fat, cool, nice) in Dutch, dick (thick, fat) in German, tjock (thick, fat) in Swedish, tykky (thick snow or rime on trees) in Finnish, and deahkki (muscle) in Northern Sami [source].

Proto-Celtic	*remros = fat, thick
Old Irish (Goídelc)	remor [ˈr͈ʲeβ̃or] = fat, stout, thick
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	remor, reamur, remar = stout, thick, bulky, corpulent remraigid = to thicken, fatten, make stout
Irish (Gaeilge)	ramhar [ɾˠauɾˠ / ˈɾˠãuəɾˠ] = fat, thick ramharaigh = to fatten, thicken, batter, stupefy ramharú = fattening, coagulation, fulling, dulling stupefying, beating
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	reamhar [r̪ˠãũ.ər] = fat, plump, meaty, fleshy reamhrachd [r̪ˠɛ͂ũrəxg] = fatness, state of being overweight ro-reamhar = obese
Manx (Gaelg)	roauyr = fat, thick, stout, gross, bulky, plump, overweight roauyragh = fattening, fatness, fat person roauyraghey = to fatten, to thicken, to gain weight, fattening, thickening roauyrey = fat
Proto-Brythonic	*rreβ̃ = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ref = thick, stout, great, large
Welsh (Cymraeg)	rhef = thick, stout, great, large, bundle rhefder = thickness, stoutness, girth

Etymology: unknown [source].

Young

7th October 201818th November 2023 By Simon

Words for young in Celtic languages.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*yowankos = young
Gaulish	Iouinca = name (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	óc [oːɡ] = young, young man, warrior ócbad = young people, youths óclach = young man, warrior, servant
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	óc = young, young man, warrior, poet ócbad, ócbud = young folk, youths, youth óclach, ócleach = young man, warrior, attendant, servant, vassal
Irish (Gaeilge)	óg [oːɡ/ɔːɡ] = young (person, animal, bird), youth, junior, minor, new, fresh, early ógánach = young man, youth, crafty person, boyo, trickster óigeanta = youthful, youthful-looking óigeantacht = youthfulness óglach = young man, (young) warrior), attendant, servant, vassal, volunteer óglachas = manhood, warriorship, armed service, vassalage ógra = young people, youths
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	òg [ɔːg] = young, youthful ògail [ɔːgal] = adolescent, youthful ògalachd [ɔːgəl̪ˠəxg] = youthfulness, youth, youthful conduct ògan [ɔːgan] = tendril, twig, seedling, lambkin òganach [ɔːganəx] = youth, young man, bough òganta [ɔːgən̪ˠdə] = juvenile
Manx (Gaelg)	aeg [ɛːɡ] = young, adolescent, immature, juvenile aegey = young, juvenile aegid = adolescence, immaturity, young people, youth aeglagh = adolescent, juvenile, young ones, youth aegoil = youngish, youthful
Proto-Brythonic	*jowank = young
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	ieuangc, yeueing, yeuejg, yefeink, ieuanc, ieueinc = young, juvenille, unmarried ieu, iau = younger yeuhaf, yeuaw, ieuhaf, ieuaf = (the) youngest euectyt, euenctit, ieuegtit, ieuengtit = youth, adolescence
Welsh (Cymraeg)	ifanc [ˈɪvaŋk / ˈiːvaŋk] = young, youthful, adolescent; inexperienced, immature; recent; unmarried, newly wed iau, ieuach, ifach = younger, not as old ieuaf, i(e)faf = (the) youngest, the younger (of two), junior ieuant = young person, youth, adolescence ieuenctid = youth, adolescence
Old Cornish	iouenc, youonc = young
Middle Cornish	yowync, iouenc, youonc = young, youthful yonc = young, youthful, juvenile yowyncneth = youth, youthfulness
Cornish (Kernewek)	yowynk, yonk [‘jɔwɪŋk/jɔˑŋk] = juvenille, young, youthful yowynka, yonka = younger yonker, yonkores = youngster, youth yowynkneth, yonkneth = youth
Middle Breton	youanc, ioanc, iouanc = young yaouancquat, youancat, youanchat = to rejuvenate yaouanctet, iaouanctet = youth(fulness)
Breton (Brezhoneg)	yaouank = young yaouankaat = to rejunvenate yaouankadur = rejunvenation yaouank(t)iz = youth yaouankted = youth(fulness)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós (young), from *h₂yéwHō (young), from *h₂óyu (long time, lifetime) [source].

Words from the same roots include young and youth in English, jeudg (youth) in Dutch, Jugend (youth) in German, jeune (young) in French and joven (young(ster), youth(ful), young person) in Spanish [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Bad

5th October 20183rd November 2023 By Simon

Words for bad and related things in Celtic languages.

Good

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic	*drukos = bad
Gaulish	druco- = bad
Old Irish (Goídelc)	droch [drox] = bad, ill
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	droch = bad
Irish (Gaeilge)	droch [drɔx] = bad, poor, evil, ill, un- drochbhéas = vice, bad habit drochmheas = contempt drochobair = bad work, mischief drochrath = ill luck, misfortune drochrud = bad thing, inferior thing, bad/evil person, devil drochrún = evil intention drochuair = evil hour, unfortunate occasion
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	droch [drɔx] = bad, evil, wicked, mischievous, sad, calamitous, dark, obscure, secretive droch-aigne = ill-will droch-allaidh = libel droch-chòrdadh = disagreement droch-fhàistinneach = ominous droch-mhèin = malice droch-thuarach = sinister
Manx (Gaelg)	drogh [drɔx] = evil, wicked, bad, abusive, unenviable, misfortune, badness, ill, sinister, vile drogh aghtalys = misbehaviour, misconduct drogh chaaynt = bad language, smut, swearing drogh chonagh = misfortune drogh hraghtey = to smuggle, smuggling drogh oor = bad luck, ill-times, misfortune
Proto-Brythonic	*drug = bad
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)	druc, dryg, drỽc, drwc = bad drycaruer , drygarver, drycarver = bad habit, abuse, misuse drygdafod = scurrilous language, evil tongue
Welsh (Cymraeg)	drwg [druːɡ] = bad, rotten, putrid; poor, piteous, wretched; sorry, grievous, sad; unfavourable, causing disquiet; injurious, harmful; unpleasant (taste); indecent, obscene (words); counterfeit, false; bad; harsh, cruel, severe, ruthless; corrupt, depraved, sinful, wicked, mischievous, naughty strong>drwgabsen = malicious defamation, slander drwgafer = bad habit, abuse, misuse drwgdafod = scurrilous language, evil tongue drwgenwog = infamous, notorious, disreputable
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)	droc, drôg, drog = evil, wickedness, harm, injury, wrong, bad, wicked, hurtful, mischievous droca, droga = worst drocoleth = an evil deed, ill doing, injury, damage droga, droaga = to do harm, hurt, injure drogbrederys = evil-minded, malicious, envious drogbres = ill will, spite, grudge drogdavasec = ill-tongued, foul-mouthed, back-biting, reviling drogger = ill report, infamy, reproach droggeriit = infamous, reproachful droggras = revenge, requital drogober, drôk-ober = an evil deed, a crime
Cornish (Kernewek)	drog [drɔ:g / dro:g] = bad, harm, hurt, ill, wrong, evil, invalid, nasty, naughty, wicked, wrong drogdybi = to suspect drogedh = vice drogfara = to behave badly drogga = wrong droghandla = to abuse, mishandle droglam = accident, crash, mishap drogober = crime drogboeror, drogoberores criminal, culprit drogura = to smear drokoleth = widkedness drokter = wickedness
Middle Breton (Brezoneg)	drouc = bad, illness, anger drouc Ælez = the devil, bad angel drouc auantur = misfortune, bad luck droucyez, drouguyez = wickedness, malice, animosity drouc = drouc =
Breton (Brezhoneg)	drouk [druːk] = bad, evil, naughty droug [druːk] = bad, wickedness drougiezh [druˈɡiːɛs] = wickedness, malice, animosity droukrañsus [druˈɡrãsːys] = angry, resentful droukaat = to become bad, make bad drouziwezh [dru.ˈziː.wɛs] = defeat, disaster dizrouk [ˈdi.zruk] = inoffensive, without anger

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (to deceive) [source]. Word from the same roots include dream in English, droom (dream) and driegen (to deceive) in Dutch, Traum (dream) and trügen (to deceive, be deceptive) in German [source].

Proto-Celtic	*dognawos = badly grown (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc)	dona [ˈdona] = unlucky, unfortunate
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	dona = unfortunate, unlucky, wretched donaide = ill-disposed, wretched donán = miserable creature, wretch donas = ill-luck, misfortune, calamity donogad = act of making wretched
Irish (Gaeilge)	dona [ˈd̪ˠɔn̪ˠə/ˈd̪ˠʌnˠə] = unfortunate, unlucky, bad, poor, wretched, ill donacht = badness, wretchedmess, misfortune, illness donagar = bad condition, misfortune donaigh = to make worse, aggravate, become word, deteriorate, injure, maim donaire = wretch donaireacht = wretchedness donaisín = little wretch, weakling donas = ill-luck, misfortune, affliction, misery, mischief
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	dona [dɔnə] = bad, not well donachas [dɔnəxəs] = mischief, harm, bad luck, mishap, devil donachd [dɔnəxg] = mischief, harm, bad luck, mishap donad [dɔnəd] = degree of badness, severity donadas [dɔnədəs] = badness, evil donas [dɔnəs] = mischief, harm, bad luck, devil donasag [dɔnəsag] = imp
Manx (Gaelg)	donney [ɔlk] = calamitous, ill-advised, inauspicious, unfortunate, unlucky, very ill, woeful, unhappy donnan = dolt, dunce, stupid person, worse donnys = affliction, bad luck, mischief, woe

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (to recognise, know) [source]. Words from the same root include can, canny, gnome, ignore, know and quaint in English [source].

Proto-Celtic	*ulkos = evil, bad
Old Irish (Goídelc)	olc [olk] = bad, evil olcas = badness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)	olc, olcc = evil, bad, wrong, misfortune olcach = hurtful, injurious, harm, injury olcas = badness
Irish (Gaeilge)	olc [ɔl̪ˠk] = evil, harm, bad, harmful, poor, wretched, ill-disposed, hardly, scarcely olcach = causing evil, harmful, injurious. olcas = badness, evil, bad state, bad nature, spite
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)	olc [ɔl̪ˠxg] = evil, wicked, bad, infamous, ill, iniquity olcag [ɔl̪ˠxgag] = little brat (female) olcair [ɔl̪ˠxgɛrʲ] = evildoer olcas [ɔl̪ˠxgəs] = wickedness, badness
Manx (Gaelg)	olk [ɔlk] = bad, evil, ill, injury, lousy, truculence, unfavourable, vicious, wicked, mischief, naughty, sinful olkeyr = criminal, culprit, evil-doer, offender, mischief-maker olkid = badness, evilness olkys = badness, evilness, iniquity, mischief olkyssagh = baleful, elfish, diabolical, iniquitous, malicious, malignant, mischievous, naughty, vicious, wicked

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ- (bad [?]) [source]. Words from the same root include ill and possibly ulcer in English, illa (badly, poorly, not well) in Swedish, and ilkeä (bad, mean, wicked, evil) in Finnish [source].

Celtiadur

Exploring connections between Celtic languages

Category: Dutch (Nederlands)

Ears

Lips, Mouths & Throats

Thick

Young

Bad