Spinning, Twisting & Turning

Words for spin, twist, turn and related things in Celtic languages.

Spinning Wheel

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *snīmus = spinning, weaving
*sniyeti = to turn, twist
Old Irish (Goídelc) sníïd = to twist
sním = spinning, twisting, vexation grief, anxiety
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sníïd, sníit = to twists, bend, tie, contend, struggle, grieve, trouble, vex
sním, snim = twisting, bending, shaping, trouble, care, grief, anxiety
snímaid = to spin, twist
Irish (Gaeilge) sníomh [ʃnʲiːvˠ/ʃnʲiːw] = spinning, twisting, twinning, struggle, strain, wrench, cre, anxiety; to spin, twist, strain, wrench, strive, struggle
sníomhach = spinning, turning, twisting, anxious, concerned
sníomhachán = (act of) spinning
sníomhadán = spinneret
sníomhaí = spinner
sníomhaire = spindle
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) snìomh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃v] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twisting, twining, twist, curl, sprain, wrench
snìomhach [ʃn̪ʲiəvəx] = twisting, winding, spiral, tortuous, twisted
snìomhachan [ʃn̪ʲəvəxan] = spinner (implement)
snìomhadh [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vəɣ] = spinning, winding, wreathing, twising
snìomhaire [ʃn̪ʲiəvərʲə] = borer, auger, spinner
snìomhte [ʃn̪ʲĩə̃vdʲə] = spin, entwined, twisted
Manx (Gaelg) snee = crossness, offence, vexation
sneeu = spin, spinning
queeyl sneeuee = spinning wheel
sneeuder = spinner
Proto-Brythonic *nɨðid = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) nydd = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty
nydu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
Welsh (Cymraeg) nydd [nɨːð/niːð] = spin, twist, perverseness, obstinacy, agitation, difficulty, honeysuckle, spun
nyddu [ˈnəðɨ/ˈnəði] = to spin (wool), twist, wind
nydd(i)wr = spinner, spinning-machine, nightjar, grasshopper warbler
nyddlin = a spiral
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) nedhe, nedhé = to spin, turn, twist
Cornish (Kernewek) nedha = to twist
Middle Breton (Brezonec) nezaff = to spin, trick, fool, purr
Breton (Brezhoneg) nez = twist, twisting
nezadenn = spun thing
nezadur = wiring
nezañ [ˈneː(z)ã] = to spin, trick, fool, purr
nezer = spinner
nezerezh = spinning

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (to spin, sew). Words from the same roots include needle, snood in English, naald (needle, pin) in Dutch, nähen (to sew) in German, snáth (thread, yarn, web) in Irish, and possibly snop (sheaf) in Czech [source].

See also the Pins & Needles post for some Celtic words related to needles, pins and thread.

Proto-Celtic *kassos = curly, twisted, woven
Gaulish *kass- = twist
*kassis = curly (hair)
*kassanos = oak (tree/wood)
Old Irish (Goídelc) cas = curly (haired)
casaid = to twist, turn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cas, cass = curly (hair)
casaid, casaidh = to twist, bend
Irish (Gaeilge) cas [kɑsˠ] = twisted, winding, curly, complicated, intricate, twisty, devious; to twist, turn, wind
casadh [ˈkɑsˠə/ˈkasˠu(ː)] = to twist, turn, wind, spin, reproach
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cas [kas] = twist, bend, wind (up), gnash, oppose, turn against
casadh [kasəɣ] = (act of) opposing, turning against, twisting, bending, gnashing
casta [kasdə] = twisted, twined, curled, complex
Manx (Gaelg) cassit = contorted, distorted, twirled, twisted
cassee = coiling, twisting, winding
cassey = to curl, distort, screw, spin, whirl
cast = curly, curved, intricate, spun, warped, wrapped

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (to scrape, comb) [source]. Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via Gaulish kassanos (oak) and Latin casnus, include casse (oak) in Occitan, cassanella (gall) in Catalan and chêne (oak) in French [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include hair in English, коса (kosa – hair) in Bulgarian, and kasa (braid) in Latvian [source].

See the Weaving Words post for some weaving-related Celtic words.

Proto-Brythonic *tro = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) tro = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp
troat, troad, troead = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing)
troy, try, troi = to turn, spin
Welsh (Cymraeg) tro [troː] = rotation, revolution, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, warp, coil, ringlet
tro(e)ad = rotation, revolution, orbit, turn(ing), stir(ing), twist, convolution, hinge
tro(a)f, troi = to turn, spin, whirl, rotate, roll
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) tro = turn, circuit, occasion, manner, sort
troillia = to turn, whirl
Cornish (Kernewek) tro = cycle, occasion, round, turn
troyll = spiral, swirl, ceilidh
troyllya = to spin, swirl
troyllyek = spiral
troyllyer plasennow = record player
Old Breton (Brethonoc) tro = movement, turn
tro(u)im = to turn, spin
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tro = round, surround, surroundings
treiff = to turn, move
Breton (Brezhoneg) tro [troː] = round, surround, surroundings
tro-dro [troˈdroː] = around, towards
treiñ = to spin

Etymology: uncertain. Possibly related to Latin torqueo (I turn) or Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos – a turn) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Voices

Words for voice, word, sound and related things in Celtic languages.

Bangor Community Choir at Bodnant Garden
Bangor Community Choir singing at Bodnant Garden / Côr Cymunedol Bangor yn canu yng Ngardd Bodnant

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *gutus = voice
Gaulish *gutus = voice (?)
GVTVATER / *gutuater = priest / druid
Old Irish (Goídelc) guth [ɡʊθ] = voice, word, sound
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) guth, gotha, gotho = voice, sound, word, vowel, aspersion, blame, censure, slander
Irish (Gaeilge) guth [ɡɯh/ɡʊ(h)] = voice, human voice, blame, reproach, censure
guta = vowel
guthach = vocal, vocalic
guthaigh = to voice, vocalize, sing, censure, reproach
guthaíl = voicing, calling
guthaíocht = vocalization, voice, vote
gutháire = yell(ing), shout(ing)
guthán = telephone
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) guth [guh] = voice, tone of voice, mention, word
guth-cheòl = intonation
guthach [guhəx] = vocal, vocalic, vocied
guathachadh [guhəxəɣ] = (act of) calling, vocalizing, vocalization, voicing (in linguistics)
guthaich [guhɪç] = call, vocalize, voice
guthlag [guhl̪ˠag] = larynx
guthlagail [guhl̪ˠagal] = laryngeal
Manx (Gaelg) goo = voice, word, utterance, reputation, fame
gooagh = loquacious, sonant, vocal, vocalic, voiced, wordy
goolag = larynx

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰuH-tu-s (to call on, invoke), from *ǵʰewH- (to call on, invoke) [source]. Words from the same PIE roots include zavêt (to cast a spell) in Latvian, զավեշտ (zavešt – joke, farce) in Armenia, звать (zvatʹ – to call, invite) in Russian, and зова (zova – to call, summon, name) in Bulgarian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) glór [ɡloːr] = voice, sound
glórach = noisy
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) glór, glóir, glár = voice, sound, noise
glórach = loud-voiced, noisy, vociferous
glórda = loud, resonant
glúarda = noisy, vociferous
Irish (Gaeilge) glór [ɡl̪ˠoːɾˠ/ɡl̪ˠɔːɾˠ] = voice, human voice, speech, utterance, sound, noise
glórach = loud-voiced, sonorous, noisy, vociferous, voiced (consonant, etc)
glórachán = loud-voiced, vociferous person
glóraí = loudness, sonorousness
glóraigh = to voice, vocalize
glóraíl = sound of voices, vociferation, noisiness
glórmhach = tumult of voice, commotion, clamour
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) glòr [gl̪ˠɔːrʲ] = speech, utterance
Manx (Gaelg) glare [ɡlɛːr] = voice, utterance, speech, language
glaraghey = voice
glareydagh = linguistic, linguist

Etymology: possibly from Latin glōria (glory, renown, fame, honour) [source], from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognize). Words from the same roots include canny, cunning, glory and know in English; gloria (glory, praise) in Italian; and glorie (glory, great beauty, renown, splendour) in Dutch [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lew, llef = shout, cry, wail, roar, yell, sound, voice, speech, utterance
llevein, lleuein, llefain = to cry (out), exclaim, shout, lament, call, entreat, weep, shout
leuan = (loud) shout, cry, scream
leueir, lawaraw, llafaro = to speak, utter, say, tell
Welsh (Cymraeg) llef [ɬɛv] = shout, cry, wail, roar, yell, sound, voice, speech, utterance
llefaf, llefain = to cry (out), exclaim, shout, lament, call, entreat, weep, shout
llefair = enunciation, spoken word, speech, talkative
adlef [ˈadlɛv] = echo, reverberation
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) lef, lêf = voice, sound, cry
lefa = to cry aloud, shout
Cornish (Kernewek) lev = voice
dre lev = vocal
levbost = voicemail
Old Breton (Brethonoc) lem = complaint, groan, wail
Middle Breton (Brezonec) leff = complaint, groan, wail
leuaff = to cry, moan
Breton (Brezhoneg) leñv, leñ = groan, complaint, plaintive cry, moaning; voice, cry (archaic)
leñvañ [ˈlẽː.vã] = to cry, scream, groan, bleat
leñver = to cry
leñverez = crying

Etymology: from Proto-Brythonic *laβar (eloquent), from Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros (talkative) [source]. For more related words, see the Celtiadur post Talkative

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) lleis = voice
lleisiaf, lleisiaw, lleisio = to use the voice, vocalize, sing
Welsh (Cymraeg) llais [ɬai̯s/ɬai̯ʃ] = voice, vocal capacity, talk, report, tidings, rumour, vote
lleisgar = vociferous, loud-mouthed, resonant
lleisiad = voicing, sounding, tone, intonation
lleisio [ˈɬei̯ʃɔ] = to use the voice, vocalize, sing
lleisiol [ˈɬei̯ʃɔl] = vocal, spoken, oral, voiced
lleisydd [ˈɬei̯sɨ̞ð/ˈɬei̯sɪð] = vocalist, loud hailer, loudspeaker

Etymology: maybe from Welsh llafar (loud, vociferous, sonorous, speech, voice, sound) [source], from Proto-Brythonic *laβar (eloquent), from Proto-Celtic *ɸlabros (talkative), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥b-ró-s, from *pleb- (to babble) [source]. See also the Celtiadur post Talkative

Old Breton (Brethonoc) *voes = voice
Middle Breton (Brezonec) moez = voice
Breton (Brezhoneg) mouezh = voice, vote
mouezhian = to express oneself, vote
mouezhierezh = election, electorate

Etymology: from Old French voiz (voice), from Latin vōcem (), from vōx (voice, accent, speech, word), from Proto-Italic *wōks, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (speech, voice), from wekʷ- (to speak, sound out) [source]. Words from the same roots include vocal, voice and vowel in English, and voix (voice, vote) in French [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) son = sound, word
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) son, soun, són = sound, word, name
Irish (Gaeilge) son = sound; word, name (literary)
sonach = sonic
sonarach = ringing sound, clangour
sonda = sonant, sonorous
sondáil = to sound
sondas = sonorousness, sonority
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sòn† = sound, voice, word
Manx (Gaelg) sonn = sound
sonnagh = sonic
Proto-Brythonic *son = sound (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) son, sson = report, rumour, mention, word, message, talk, fame, sound, noise, clamour
sonfawr, sonuaỽr, sonuawr = sonorous, noisy, audible, loquacious
sonyo, sonio = to mention, rumour, proclaim, talk, speak, say, utter
Welsh (Cymraeg) sôn [soːn] = report, rumour, mention, word, message, talk, fame, sound, noise, clamour
sonfawr = sonorous, noisy, audible, loquacious
soniaf, sôn, sonio = to mention, rumour, proclaim, talk, speak, say, utter
soniarus = sonorous, resounat, vibrant
sŵn [sʊːn] = sound, noise, clmour, din, report, rumour, talk
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) son, sôn = sound, noise, report, speech
Cornish (Kernewek) son = noise, sound
sonek = sonic
sonlergh = soundtrack
sononieth = acoustics
sononiethel = acoutic
sonskrif = recording
sonskrifa = to record
Middle Breton (Brezonec) soun, son = sound
sounaff = to ring, resound
Breton (Brezhoneg) son [sɔ̃ːn] = sound, song
seniñ [ˈsẽːnĩ] = to ring, resound, honk, sing, rustle (water), play (an instrument)
soner = to ring, say, pronounce
sonerez [sɔ̃.ˈneː.res] = doorbell, bell, horn
sonerezh = music, sound system

Etymology: from Latin sonus (sound, noise, pitch, speech, tone, voice), from Proto-Indo-European *swónh₂os, from *swenh₂- (to sound) [source]. Words from the same roots include resound, sonnet, sonic, sound and swan in English, sonner (to sound, ring) in French, sonar (to sound, ring, play) in Spanish, honni (to allege, claim, assert) in Welsh, and seinn (to sing, play an instrument) in Irish and Scottish Gaelic [source].

The Welsh word sŵn was borrowed from Middle English soun (sound), while sôn comes from Latin via Middle Welsh and Proto-Brythonic. They both ultimately come from the same PIE roots.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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Habitual Customs

Words for habit, custom, virtue, moral(ity) and related things in Celtic languages.

Habitual Customs

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *banssus = custom, habit
Gaulish bessu = customs, habits
Old Irish (Goídelc) bés, béss, bǽs = custom, habit
bésad = custom, customary practice
bésgnae = custom, discipline, law
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) bés, bésse, bes = habit, custom, usual procedure, practice, manner, way, moral(s), good behaviour
bésach = mannerly, well-behaviour
bésaid = moralist (?)
bésgnae = custom, usage, discipline, protocol
béstae = moral
Irish (Gaeilge) béas [bʲiːa̯sˠ/bʲeːsˠ] = habit, moral habit
béasa = conduct, manners
béasach = well-mannered, mannerly, polite
béasaíocht = mannerliness, politness
béascna = mode of conduct, custom, usage, culture
béasmhúineadh = teaching of good manners
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) beus [beːs] = moral(s), virtue, conduct, demeanour
beus-eòlas = ethics, moral philosophy
beusach [beːsəx] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
beusachd [beːsəxg] = good behaviour, moral rectitude, etiquette
beusail [beːsal] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
beusalachd [beːsəl̪ˠəxg] = ethics, moral behaviour
beusanta [beːsən̪ˠdə] = ethical
Manx (Gaelg) beaoil = moral, living
beasagh = civil(ized), decorous, moral, obedient, pliable
Proto-Brythonic *boɨs = (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) moes = habit, wont, custom, tradition
moeseidd, moesaidd = courteous, polite, well-bred
moesgar, moes gar = courteous, polite, refined
moessic = courteous, where courtesy is found
moessauc, moessawc, moessoc = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
moes(s)sawl = moral, ethical
Welsh (Cymraeg) moes [moːɨ̯s / mɔi̯s] = established or usual behaviour, habit, wont, custom, tradition, social convention, courtesy, civility, manners, etiquette
moesau, moesoedd = morals, moral principle(s)
moesgar = courteous, polite, refined, well-mannered, civil
moesog = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
moesol = moral, ethical, high-principled
anfoesol, di-foes = immoral
Middle Breton (Brezonec) boas = custom, habit
boaset = accustomed, trained, habitually
Breton (Brezhoneg) boaz [ˈbwɑːs] = custom, habit
boazamant = practice, tradition
boazañ [ˈbwɑːzã] = to get used to
boazet = accustomed, trained, habitually

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (to bind, bond), or from *bʰeydʰ- (to compel, force, trust) [source].

Words from the same PIE root include bide, confide, defy, faith, federal and infidelity in English, besë (pledge, oath, promise, vow) in Albanian, beiða (to ask, request) in Icelandic, and бедя (bedjá – to accuse, slander, persuade) in Bulgarian [source].

Proto-Celtic *gnātos = known, recognised
*angnātos = unknown, obscure
*gnināti = to recognise
Gaulish gniiou = I recognise (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) gnáth [ɡnaːθ] = customary, usual
gnáthach [ˈɡnaːθax] = customary, usual, constant, familiar, well-known
gnáthaigid = to frequent, inhabit, practise
ingnad = strange, unusual, wonderful, marvel, miracle, wonder
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gnáth = customary, usual, familiar, well-known, custom, wont, usage
gnáthaid = to practise, use, be accustomed to
gnáthaigid = to be accustomed to, practise, frequent, inhabit
gnátham = custom, wont, habit
gnáthe = usualness, frequency
gnáthmar = wonted, customary
ingnad, ingnáth, ingnuth = strange, wonderful, remarkable, unusual, unfamiliar
Irish (Gaeilge) gnáth [ɡn̪ˠɑː/ɡɾˠɑː/ɡɾˠæː] = custom, usage, customary thing, haunt, resort
gnách [ɡn̪ˠɑ̃ːx/ɡɾˠɑːx] = customary, usual, common, ordinary
gnáthaigh = to make a habit of, practise, frequent, haunt
gnáthaíocht = commonness, frequency, usage, wont
gnáthamh = usage, custom, procedure, routine
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gnàth [grãː] = usual, common
gnàthach [grãː.əx] = conventional, routine, habitual, orthodox
gnàthachadh [grã.əxəɣ] = accustoming, practising, rehearsing, custom, practice, rehearsal
gnàthachail [grãː.əxal] = customary
gnàthachas [grãː.əxəs] = invariableness, constancy, convention, custom
gnàthachd [grãː.əxg] = customariness
Proto-Brythonic *gnọd = known, recognised
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gnaud, gnawd, gnawt, gnot = usual, customary, wont
Welsh (Cymraeg) gnawd [ɡnau̯d] = usual, customary, wont, accustomed, natural, characteristic, known, frequent
Cornish (Kernewek) gnas = character, nature, temper, quality
gnasek = natural
gnasen = trait
Old Breton (Brethonoc) gnot = (?)

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós (known, recognisable), from *ǵneh₃- (to know, recognise) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include agnostic, canny, cognition, cunning, ignore, incognito, know, recognise in English, and noto (well-known, famous, notorious) in Italian [source].

Proto-Celtic *kleto- = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) clecht = custom, habit
clechtaid = to practise, ply
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) clecht = custom, wont, habit
clechtach = practised, experienced, customary
clechtaid = to become accustomed to, frequent, consort with, practise, ply
Irish (Gaeilge) cleacht [clʲaxt̪ˠ] = to perform habitually, to be, to become accustomed to, to practise
cleachtach (ar, le) = accustomed (to)
cleachtadh [ˈclʲaxt̪ˠə/ˈclʲaxt̪ˠu] = habit, wont, practice, experience, exercise; to practise
cleachtas = practice
cleachtóir = practitioner
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cleachd [klɛxg] = use, employ, accustom, get used to, habituate, practise
cleachdach [klɛxgəx] = customary, habitual, usual
cleachdadh [klɛxgəɣ] = using, use, convention, custom, habit
cleachdaiche [klɛxgɪçə] = consumer, user
cleachdail [klɛxgal] = customary, habitual, usual
cleachdta [klɛxdə] = used to, accustomed to
Manx (Gaelg) cliaghtey = habit, practice, rehearsal, usage, use; to rehearse, train, use, profess
cliaghtagh = habitual, customary, conventional
cliaghtaghey = to accustom, exercise, practise

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (to turn, revolve around, dwell) [source].

Proto-Celtic *ɸarebereti = to use
Old Irish (Goídelc) arbeir [arˈbʲerʲ] = to live, use, employ, eat, reproach, subdue, express
do·airbir = to bend, subdue, bow down, yield, surrender
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ar-beir, air-ber, arbeir = to live, eat, use, employ, plead, oppose, express, subdue, quell
Proto-Brythonic *ėrβėrɨd, = to make use of, employ, take
Old Welsh (Kembraec) arber = to use, make use (of), employ
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) aruer, arfer, arver = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
arber, arueru, arver, arfer = to use, make use (of), employ
arueredic, arferedig = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
arverog, arferoc = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary
arferol, arverol, aruerol = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular
Welsh (Cymraeg) arfer [ˈarvɛr/ˈarvar] = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
arferaf, arfer(u) = to use, make use (of), employ
arferedig = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
arferiad = habit, usage, practice, custom
arferol = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular

Etymology: from the Proto-Celtic *ɸare- (for(e)-) and *bereti (to carry, bear, flow), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti (to be carrying), from *bʰer- (to bear, carry) [source].

Words for To Carry / Flow in Celtic languages come from the same roots.

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Axes and Hatchets

In this post we’re looking at the words for axe and related things in Celtic languages.

Axe in wood

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *tāxslo- = axe
Old Irish (Goídelc) tál = adze
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) tál = adze
Irish (Gaeilge) tál [t̪ˠɑːlˠ/t̪ˠæːlˠ] = adze
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tàl [taːl̪ˠ] = adze
tàl-fuinn = hoe
Manx (Gaelg) taal = adze

An adze cutting tool that has a curved blade set at a right angle to the handle and is used in shaping wood. [source].

Etymology possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ-(dʰ)lo-, from *teḱ- (to sire, beget) [source]. Words from the same roots include architect, technical, text and textile in English, цясла́ [t͡sʲasˈɫa] (adze) in Belausian, тесло [tʲɪsˈɫo] (adze) in Russian, and teslă (adze) in Romanian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) túag = axe, hatchet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) túag = axe, hatchet
túagaid = to hew, chop, strike with an axe
túagrótae = roadway cleared with an axe
Irish (Gaeilge) tua [t̪ˠuə] = axe, hatchet
tuadóir = axe-man, hewer, chopper
tuadóireacht = (act of) hewing, shaping, chopping
tuaigh = to chop (with an axe)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tuagh [tuəɣ] = axe
tuaghadair = axeman, axe-wielder
Manx (Gaelg) teigh = axe, chopper, hatchet

Etymology possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewk- (to push, press, strike, beat, pierce), from *(s)tew- (to push, hit) [source]. Words from the same roots include tkát (to weave) in Czech, tkać (to weave, stick, tuck) in Polish, and тъка [tɐˈkɤ] (to spin, plait, entwine, weave) in Bulgarian [source], and words for hole & hollow in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *biyatlis = (?)
Old Irish (Goídelc) biáil [ˈbʲi.aːlʲ] = axe, hatchet
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) bíail, biáil = axe, hatchet, battle-axe
Irish (Gaeilge) biail [bʲiəlʲ] = hatchet
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) biail = axe, hatchet (archaic)
Old Welsh bahell = axe
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) buyall, bwell, bwyeill = axe
bwyellic = small axe, hatchet
bwyallawt = axe stroke
bwiallawc = bearing an axe, armed with an axe; like an axe
Welsh (Cymraeg) bwyall, bwyell, bwell = axe, battle-axe
bwyellan, bwyellig = small axe, hatchet
bwyellangaib = pickaxe, hoe
bwyellod, bwyallod = stroke or cut with an axe, axe stroke
bwyellog, bwyallog = bearing an axe, armed with an axe; like an axe
bwyellwr = woodman
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) biail, boell, bool = axe, hatchet
Cornish (Kernewek) bool = axe, chopper, hachet
bolik = (small) axe, chopper, hachet
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bouhazl, bouchazl, bouchal, boc’hal = axe
Breton (Brezhoneg) bouc’hal [ˈbuː.ɣal] = axe, hammered
bouc’halig = hatchet

Etymology: from Proto-Celtic *bināti (to strike, hit, beat) from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰi-né-h₂-ti, from bʰeyh₂- (to strike, hew) [source]. Words from the same roots include billhook and bone in English, bain (to extract, separate, strike) and béim (a blow, emphasis, beat) in Irish, gofid (grief, sorrow, regret) in Welsh [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Impeccable Peccadillos

Words for sin, fault, crime and related things in Celtic languages.

Somebody looks guilty.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *kariyā = mistake, sin
Old Irish (Goídelc) caire [ˈkarʲe] = crime, fault, sin
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) caire, cair, coire = crime, fault, sin
cairech = criminal, guilty, sinful
cairigid = rebukes, accuses, blames
cairthech = criminal, guilty
Irish (Gaeilge) coir [kɛɾʲ/kɪɾʲ] = crime, offence; fault, transgression
coireach = offender, transgressor; wicked, sinful, guilty
coireacht = wickedness, guiltiness
coiriú = censure
coireolaí = criminologist
coiritheoir = accuser, incriminator
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) coire [kɔrʲə] = blame, fault, offence, wrong
coireach [kɤrʲəx] = culprit; guilty, to blame, faulty, responsible
coireachd [kɔrʲəxg] = culpability
Proto-Brythonic *kareð [kaˈrɛːð] = mistake, sin
Old Welsh cared = transgression, sin, crime
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cared, karet = transgression, sin, crime
karedus = sinful, evil
Welsh (Cymraeg) caredd [ˈkarɛð] = transgression, sin, crime, lust, love
careddus = sinful, evil
careddwr = accuser, evil-doer
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cara = to correct, chastise
Middle Breton (Brezonec) carez, garé = blame, reprimand
carez = to blame, accuse
Breton (Brezhoneg) karez = blame, incrimination
kareziñ = to blame, accuse

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂er- (blame, abuse). Words from the same PIE root include cārinō (I revile, blame, insult) in Latin, корить [kɐˈrʲitʲ] (to reproach, upbraid) in Russian, and коря [koˈrʲɤ̟] (to accuse, blame) in Bulgarian [source].

Old Irish (Goídelc) peccad = sin
pecthaigid = to sin
Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) pec(c)ad = sin
pecthach = sinful, committing sin, sinner
pecthaigid, pec(c)aigid = sins. commits sin
Irish (Gaeilge) peaca [ˈpʲakə/ˈpʲaku] = sin
peacadh = offender, transgressor; wicked, sinful, guilty
peacach = sinner, sinful
peacaigh = to sin
peacúil = sinful
peacúlacht = sinfulness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) peaca [pɛxgə] = sin
peacadh, peacachadh [pɛxgəxəɣ] = sinning, sin, transgressing
peacail [pɛxgal] = sinful
peacach [pɛxgəx] = sinner
Manx (Gaelg) peccah = human being, sinner, sin, wickedness
peccagh = human, person, transgressor, sinner
peccoil = erring, sinful, unregenerate
Proto-Brythonic *pexọd [peˈxɔːd] = sin
*pexadʉr = sinner
*pexad [peˈxɔːd] = to sin, offend
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pechawt = sin
pechadur = sinner
pechu =to sin, offend
Welsh (Cymraeg) pechod [ˈpɛχɔd/ˈpeːχɔd] = sin
pechadur [pɛˈχadɨ̞r/pɛˈχaːdɪr] = sinner, offender
pechu [ˈpɛχɨ/ˈpeːχi] =to sin, offend
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pech, pêch, pechad, pechas = sin, offence, transgression
pecha, peché = to sin, transgress, offend
pechadur, pechadures = sinner, transgressor
Cornish (Kernewek) pegh = guilt, sin
pegha = to sin, offend
peghador, peghadores = sinner
peghes = sin
peghus = sinful
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pechet = blame
pechiff =to sin, offend
pechezr = sinner
Breton (Brezhoneg) pec’hed = sin
pec’hiñ = to sin, offend
pec’her = sinner

Etymology: from Latin peccātum (sin), from peccō (I sin, offend), from Proto-Italic *petkāō (I sin), from Proto-Indo-European verbal root *ped- (“to walk, fall, stumble”) [source].

Words from the same roots include peccadillo, impeccable, foot, pedal, pedestrian, and pew in English, pécher (to sin) in French, pecar (to sin) in Spanish [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

Bridges

Words for bridges and related words in Celtic languages.

Menai Bridge / Pont y Borth

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) drochet [ˈdroxʲed] = bridge
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) drochet, drochat, droichet = bridge, causeway
drochetech, drochetóir = bridge-maker
Irish (Gaeilge) droichead [ˈd̪ˠɾˠɛçəd̪ˠ] = bridge
droichead crochta = suspension bridge
droichead tógála = drawbridge
droichead meáite = weigh bridge
droichead veidhlín = bridge of a violin
droichead sróine = bridge of the nose
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) drochaid [drɔxɪdʲ] = bridge
drochaid air fleodradh = pontoon
drochaid-thogalach, drochaid-thogail = drawbridge
drochaid-choise = footbridge
drochaid-rathaid = road bridge, viaduct
drochaid-thionndain = swing bridge
Manx (Gaelg) droghad = bridge, bridge of ship, arch, gantry
droghad aae = viaduct
droghad cassee = swing bridge
droghad coshey = gangway, footbridge
droghad croghit = suspension bridge
droghad keesh = toll bridge
droichead meihaghey = weigh bridge

Etymology: from Old Irish droch (wheel, circlet) and sét (path) [source].

Gaulish ponto = bridge
Proto-Brythonic *pont = bridge
Cumbric *pont = bridge
Old Welsh (Kembraec) pont = bridge
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) pont, pynt = bridge, drawbridge
Welsh (Cymraeg) pont [pɔnt] = bridge, drawbridge, viaduct, aqueduct
pontio = to bridge (a gap), to transition
pont godi = drawbridge
pont grog = suspension bridge
pont trwyn = bridge of the nose
pont y glaw, pont law = rainbow
pont ysgwydd = collar-bone, clavicle
pontio = to bridge, span, arch
pont(i)og = like a bridge, arched of the nature of a bridge
pont(i)wr, pontydd = a bridge-builder
pontyddiaeth = bridge-building
Old Cornish (Cernewec) pons = bridge
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) pons = bridge
Cornish (Kernewek) pons = bridge
ponsfordh = viaduct
pons travalya = travelling bridge
Middle Breton (Brezonec) pont = bridge
Breton (Brezhoneg) pont [pɔ̃nt] = bridge, top of the furrow, culvert, trigger guard
pontan, pontañ = to bridge, lay flat stones (on a ditch or stream)
pont-tro = swing bridge
pont hent-houarn = railway bridge
pont dilestrañ = bridge, deck (of ship)
pont kargañ = loading deck
pont-tro = swing bridge

Etymology: from Latin pōns (bridge, deck), from Proto-Indo-European *pónteh₁s (path, road), from *pent- (path). Words from the same roots include pont (bridge) in French, puente (bridge) in Spanish, път [pɤt] (road, way, path, journey, way) in Bulgarian source].

Proto-Celtic *brīwā = bridge
Gaulish briua = bridge
Leptonic 𐌐𐌓𐌖𐌉𐌀𐌌 (pruiam) = funerary construction (perhaps a grave)

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw/*bʰrēw (wooden flooring, decking, bridge), which is also the root of the English words bridge and brig, and Brücke (bridge) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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