Category: Animals

Owls

By Simon

Words for owls in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) ulchobc(h)án / ulchubc(h)án = owl
Irish (Gaeilge) ulchabhán / ulcachán = (barn) owl (Tyto alba)
ulchabhán donn = tawny/brown owl (Strix aluco)
ulchabhán réisc / ulchabhán chluasgearr = short-eared owl (Asio flammeus)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ullaid [ul̪ˠadʲ] = (barn) owl
ullaid-sgreuch = barn owl
Manx (Gaelg) hullad = owl
hullad vane / hullad soailt = barn owl
hullad ghoan = tawny/brown owl
hullad eairkagh = long-eared owl (Asio otus)
hullad ny gurreeyn = short-eared owl
Cornish (Kernewek) oula / ula = owl
ula gwynn = barn owl
ula kernek = long-eared owl
ula gwenn = short-eared owl

Etymology: probably of imitative origin

Irish (Gaeilge) cailleach oíche = barn owl
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) cailleach-oidhche [kal̪ʲəxˈɤ̃ĩçə] = (tawny) owl, spiritless fellow
cailleach-oidhche gheal = barn owl
Manx (Gaelg) caillagh oie = barn owl, white owl

Etymology: means literally “night crone/witch”

Irish (Gaeilge) ceann cait = long-eared owl
Manx (Gaelg) kione kiyt = long-eared owl

Etymology: means literally “cat head”

Proto-Celtic *kawannos = owl
Gaulish *cauannos = owl
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) comhachag [kõ.əxag] = owl
comhachag-ruadh / comhachag-dhonn = tawny/brown owl
comhachag-adharcach = long-eared owl
comhachag-chluasach = short-eared owl
Welsh (Cymraeg) cuan = owl
Cornish (Kernewek) kowan [ˈkɔwan / ˈkɔwɐn] = owl
Old Breton couann = owl
Breton (Brezhoneg) kaouenn = owl
kaouenn penn-tev = tawny/brown owl

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *kaw- (owl) – of imitative origin. Related to the Latin căvannus (night owl) [source].

Welsh (Cymraeg) tylluan [təˈɬɨ̞.an / təˈɬiː.an] = owl
tylluan wen / tylluan ysgubor = barn owl
tylluan frech / tylluan felynddu / tylluan y coed / tylluan lwyd / tylluan rudd / y dylluan fig = tawny/brown owl
Breton (Brezhoneg) toud penn-kazh = long-eared owl
toud-lann = short-eared owl

Etymology: probably of imitative origin. I’m not sure if these words are cognate.

Breton (Brezhoneg) grell voutin = barn owl

Etymology: unknown

Welsh (Cymraeg) gwdihŵ [ɡʊdɪˈhuː] = owl
gwdihŵ frech / gwdihŵ goch = tawny/brown owl

Etymology: probably of imitative origin

The owls included here are commonly found in Celtic-speaking lands. Other types of owls are available.

tylluan/owl

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau, TermOfis

Ducks

By Simon

Words for ducks in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) *lachu [ˈl͈axu] = duck
Irish (Gaeilge) lacha [ˈl̪ˠaxə] = duck
lacha bhreac / lacha chriosrua / seil lacha = shelduck (Tadorna tadorna)
iolar mara / coirneach / mallard = mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) lach [l̪ˠax] = (wild) duck
crà-ghèadh / cràighiadh / crà-eun = shelduck
lach-Mhoire / lach-riabhach = mallard
Manx (Gaelg) laagh = duck, wild goose
laagh chryss-ruy = shelduck
laagh voirrey / mallard = mallard

Etymology: possibly from the same Proto-Indo-European root as the Lithuanian word lak (to fly).

Irish (Gaeilge) tonóg = duck; dumpy little woman
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) tunnag [ˈtʰun̪ˠak] = duck
tunnag-mhonaidh / tunnag-fhiadhaich = mallard
Manx (Gaelg) thunnag = duck
thunnag vreck = shelduck

Etymology: unknown

Proto-Celtic *awis = bird (?)
Irish (Gaeilge) aí / ai / aoi = swan
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) ai = swan
Proto-Brythonic *(s)awyetos = duck (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) hwyat / hwyeit = duck
Welsh (Cymraeg) hwyad(en) [ˈhʊɨ̯.ad / ˈhʊi̯.ad] = (female) duck
hwyaden yr eithin / hwayaden fraith = shelduck
hwyaden wyllt / meilad = mallard
Old Cornish hoet = duck
Cornish (Kernewek) hos = duck
hos eythyn = shelduck
hos gwyls / mallart = mallard
Breton (Brezhoneg) houad = duck
tadorn toveel = shelduck
houad-korz = mallard

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwis (bird) [source], which is also the root of such English words as avian, aviary, aviation and aviator, via the Latin avis (bird).

The species of ducks included here are found in Celtic-speaking lands. Other types of ducks are available.

Ducks!

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau, TermOfis

Eagles

By Simon

Words for eagles in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *eriros = eagle
Old Irish (Goídelc) *irar [ˈirar] = eagle
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ilar = eagle
Irish (Gaeilge) iolar [ɟəˈlˠuːn̪ˠ] = eagle
iolar fíréan = golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
iolar mara / coirneach = white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) iolair [jul̪ˠɪrʲ] = eagle
iolair dhubh / iolair bhuidhe = golden eagle
earn / iolair mhara’ / iolair bhàn = white-tailed eagle
Manx (Gaelg) urley = eagle
urley buigh = golden eagle
urley marrey = white-tailed eagle
Welsh (Cymraeg) eryr [ˈɛrɨ̞r / ˈeːrɪr] = eagle; hero, chief, prince, leader; the constellation of Aquila
eryr aur = golden eagle
eryr y Môr = white-tailed eagle
Cornish (Kernewek) er [eːɹ] = eagle
er / er melyn / ourer = golden eagle
morer / er an mor = white-tailed eagle
Breton (Brezhoneg) erer [ˈeːʁɛʁ] = eagle
erer meur = golden eagle
morer lost gwenn = white-tailed eagle

The species of eagles included here are found in Celtic-speaking lands. Other types of eagles are available.

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (eagle, large bird) [source].

Golden eagle (2)

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau, TermOfis

Sparrows

By Simon

Words for sparrows in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) gelbann = sparrow
Irish (Gaeilge) gealbhan [ɟəˈlˠuːn̪ˠ] = sparrow
gealbhan binne = house sparrow (Passer domesticus)
gealbhan crainn = Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gealbhonn [gʲal̪ˠavən̪ˠ] = sparrow
gealbhonn-taighe = house sparrow
gealbhonn nan craobh = tree sparrow
Manx (Gaelg) gialloon / giallun / giallyn / jallyn = sparrow
fallyn = house sparrow
jallyn ny miljyn / sperriu ny miljyn = tree sparrow
Welsh (Cymraeg) golfan [ˈɡɔlvan] = (house) sparrow
golfant / aderyn y to = house sparrow
golfan y mynydd = tree sparrow
Cornish (Kernewek) golvan = sparrow
golvan chy = house sparrow
golvan gwyth = tree sparrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) golvan = sparrow
golvan-tiez = house sparrow
golvan ar maezioù = tree sparrow

Etymology: unknown

Sparrow

Here’s a tune I wrote about sparrows: A Hedge Full of Sparrows / Gwyrch Llawn Adar y To

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau, TermOfis

Geese

By Simon

Celtic words for goose, waterfowl of the genus of the family Anatidae.

Geese / Gwyddau

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *gezdā = goose
Old Irish (Goídelc) géd = goose
Irish (Gaeilge) gé [ɟeː] = goose
gé ghlas = greylag goose (Anser anser)
gé ghiúrainn = barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)
cadhan = brent goose (Branta bernicla)
gé Cheanadach = Canada goose (Branta canadensis)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gèadh [gʲiəɣ] = goose
gèadh-glas = greylag goose
cathach [ka.əx] = barnacle goose
gèadh-got = brent goose
gèadh Canadach = Canada goose
Manx (Gaelg) guiy = goose
guiy glass = greylag goose
guiy twoaie = barnacle goose
guiy breck = brent goose
guiy Canadagh = Canada goose
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guit = goose
Welsh (Cymraeg) gŵydd [ɡuːɨ̯ð / ɡʊi̯ð] = goose, simpleton
gŵydd wyllt (gyffredin) = greylag goose, wild goose
gŵydd (g)wyrain = barnacle goose
gŵydd ddu brent goose
gŵydd Ganada = Canada goose
Old Cornish guit = goose
Cornish (Kernewek) goedh = goose
goth wyls = greylag goose, wild goose
morwoth = barnacle goose
goth mannow = brent goose
goth kanada = Canada goos
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwaz = goose
gwaz louet = greylag goose, wild goose
garreli dremm wenn = barnacle goose
garreli boutin = brent goose
garreli-Kanada = Canada goose

Note: the types of goose mentioned here are commonly found in Celtic-speaking areas. Other types of geese are available.

Here’s a tune I wrote inspired by a couple of geese (pictured above) who used to live on the seashore in Bangor, and who I called Bertie and Gertie: Goosing Around / Gwyddio o Gwmpas

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, fócloir.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau, TermOfis

Gulls

By Simon

Celtic words for (sea)gull, seabirds of the genus Larus or of the family Laridae.

Blackheaded gulls

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *wailannā / *voilenno- = seagull
Old Irish (Goídelc) faílenn, foílenn = seagull
Irish (Gaeilge) faoileán, faoileog = gull, seagull
faoileán bán = common gull (Larus canus)
faoileán ceanndubh, faoileán an chaipín = black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus)
faoileán droma duibh = greater black-backed gull (Larus marinus)
foillan scadán = (Larus argentatus)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) faoileann [fɯːlən̪ˠ], faoileag [fɯːlag] = gull, seagull, common gull
faoileann-bheag = common gull
faoileann-dubh = black-headed gull
faoileann a’ chinn dhuibh = greater black-backed gull
faoileann-mhór = herring gull
Manx (Gaelg) foillan, foilleig, fooilleig = gull, seagull
foillan bane = common gull
foillan kione doo = black-headed gull
foillan saggyrt = greater black-backed gull
foillan skeddan = herring gull
Proto-Brythonic *gwuɨlann = seagull
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwylan = seagull
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwylan [ˈɡʊɨ̯lan / ˈɡʊi̯lan] = sea-gull, sea-mew; fair maiden; glutton
gwylan gyffredin = common gull
gwylan goes goch / gwylan benddu = black-headed gull
gwylan gefnddu = greater black-backed gull
gwylan y penwaig = herring gull
Old Cornish guilan = seagull
Cornish (Kernewek) golan [ˈɡoːlan / ˈɡʊlɐn] = gull, seagull
gwylan gemyn = common gull
skraw / skrawik / scraw = black-headed gull
gwylan keyn du = greater black-backed gull
gwylan hern = herring gull
Old Breton guilann = seagull
Middle Breton goelann = seagull
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouelan [ˈɡweːlãn] = seagull
gouelan loue = common gull
gouelanig maskl du = black-headed gull
gouelan bras = greater black-backed gull
gouelan gris = herring gull

Etymology: thought to be from the Proto-Indo-European *wáy (oh! ah! woe! alas!), possibly related to *waylos (howler, wolf) [source].

The English word gull comes from the Middle English gulle (gull, water bird) and is thought to have been borrowed from a Brythonic language (Welsh or Cornish) [source].

The French word goéland (gull, herring gull) comes from the Breton gouelan [source].

Note: the types of gulls mentioned here are commonly seen in Celtic-speaking areas. Other gulls are available.

Here’s a song I wrote in Manx and English about seagulls and their love of chips: Spollagyn son tey / Chips for tea

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau / Edition Skol Vreizh, TermOfis

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Swallows

By Simon

Words for swallows, swifts and martins in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *wesnālā = swallow
Old Irish (Goídelc) ainnel, fannall = swallow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) áilleóc, fainleóc = swallow
Irish (Gaeilge) fáinleog, áinleóg = swallow
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) (f)ainnleag [(f)ãĩn̪ʲl̪ʲag] = swallow, martin, storm(y) petrel
Proto-Brythonic *gwennọl = swallow
Old Welsh guennol = swallow
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwennawl = swallow
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwennol [ˈɡwɛnɔl] = swallow, martin; weaver’s shuttle
Cornish (Kernewek) gwennol = swallow
Old Breton guennol = swallow
Middle Breton guennel = swallow
Breton (Brezhoneg) gwennel = swallow

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *wós-r̥/*wés-n̥s (spring) [source].

Irish (Gaeilge) gabhlán = martin
gabhlán-binne = house martin (delichon urbicum))
gabhlán gainimh = sand martin (riparia riparia)
gabhlán gaoithe = swift (apus apus)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gòbhlan [gɔːl̪ˠan] = swallow, martin; prong, small fork
gòbhlan-gaoithe [goːl̪ˠan’gɤjə] = barn swallow (hirundo rustica)
gòbhlan-gainmhich [goːl̪ˠan gɛnɛvɪç] = sand martin, bank swallow
gòbhlan-dubh [goːl̪ˠan du] = (common) swift
gòbhlan-mara [goːl̪ˠan marə] = storm(y) petrel (hydrobatidae)
Manx (Gaelg) gollan = swift, martin; fork
gollan geayee = swallow
gollan gheinnee = sand martin
gollan mooar = swift
gollan thie = house martin

Etymology: from the Old Irish gabul (fork, forked branch), from the Proto-Celtic *gablā (fork, branch, gallows), from the Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ- (to grab, take) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Flying swallow

Here’s a tune I wrote called The Swallow / Y Wennol:

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Swans

By Simon

Words for swan (cygnus) in Celtic languages.

Swans, etc

Proto-Celtic *eli- = swan
Gaulish ala = swan
alauda = skylark
Old Irish (Goídelc) elu = swan
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ela(e) = swan
Irish (Gaeilge) eala [ˈalˠə] = swan
ealach = frequented by swans
eala bhalbh = mute swan (Cygnus olor)
eala ghlorach = whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) eala [jal̪ˠə] = swan
eala bhàn = mute swan
eala fhiadhaich = whooper swan
ealag, eala-ghlas = cygnet, young swan
eala-bheag = Bewick’s (tundra) swan (Cygnus columbianus bewickii)
Manx (Gaelg) olla, ollay = (mute) swan
ollay chiaulee = whooper swan
eean olla = cygnet
Proto-Brythonic alarkos = swan
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) alarch = swan
Welsh (Cymraeg) alarch [ˈalarχ/ˈaːlarχ] = swan, the constellation Cygnus
alarchaidd = pertaining to a swan, swanlike
alarchen = cygnet
alarches = female swan
alarchwedd = swanlike
alarch dôf, alarch mud = mute swan
alarch y gogledd, alarch chwibanol, alarch gwyllt = whooper swan
Old Cornish elerch = swan
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) elerch = swan
Cornish (Kernewek) alargh = (mute) swan
Middle Breton (Brezonec) alarc’h = swan
alarc’hez = female cygnet
Breton (Brezhoneg) alarc’h = swan
alarc’h roueel = mute swan
alarc’h-kristilh = whooper swan

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁el- (swan, bird, waterfowl) [source].

Words from the same Proto-Celtic root include alondra (lark) in Spanish, alouette (lark) in French, and allodola (skylark) in Italian. They were probably borrowed from the Gaulish alauda (skylark), from ala (swan) [Source].

Words from the same PIE root include auk (swan) in English, alke (auk) in Danish and Norwegian, and álka (razorbill) in Faroese and Icelandic [Source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Starlings

By Simon

Words for starling (sturnus vulgaris) in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *trozdis = starling
Old Irish (Goídelc) truit = starling
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) truit = starling
Irish (Gaeilge) druid [d̪ˠɾˠɪdʲ] = starling
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) druid [drɯdʲ] = starling, thrush
Manx (Gaelg) truitlag = starling
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) trydw, drydwen, drudwy, drydw, drudw = starling
Welsh (Cymraeg) drudw [ˈdrɨ̞dʊ/ˈdrɪdʊ], drudwy, drydwy, drydw = starling, stare
Old Cornish troet = starling
Cornish (Kernewek) trojen = starling
Middle Breton (Brezonec) tret = starling
Breton (Brezhoneg) tred [ˈtʁeːt], tridig = starling

Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *trosdos (thrush) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Starlings

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, MacBain’s Dictionary, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old-Irish Glossary, teanglann.ie, On-Line Manx Dictionary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionnaire Favereau

Herons

By Simon

Words for heron and related creatures in Celtic languages.

Heron

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *korxsā / *korxsiyos = heron
Celtiberian *cárcia = heron
Gaulish curcio- = heron
Old Irish (Goídelc) corr = crane, heron, stork, crane
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) corr = (grey) heron, stork, crane, leg-necked person
Irish (Gaeilge) corr [kəuɾˠ] = (grey) heron, stork, crane, leg-necked person
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) corra [kɔr̪ˠə] = heron, stork, crane
Manx (Gaelg) coar = heron, stork, crane
Proto-Brythonic *krɨxɨð = heron
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) crychyd, krechydd, crechydd = heron
Welsh (Cymraeg) crychydd [ˈkrəχɨ̞ð / ˈkrəχɪð] = heron
Old Cornish cherhit = heron
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cerhidh = heron
Cornish (Kernewek) kerghydh = heron
Old Breton corcid = heron
Middle Breton (Brezonec) quercheiz, querch-eïz, querc’heiz, qarc’hleyz kerc’heiz = heron
Breton (Brezhoneg) kercʼheiz [kɛrˈɣɛjs] = heron

Etymology: possibly immitative in origin. Words for heron in Spanish (garza) and Portuguese (garça) come from the Celtiberian root [source].

Gaulish crehyr = heron
Proto-Brythonic *krexVr = heron
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) crehyr, creir, cr(e)yr = heron
Welsh (Cymraeg) crëyr [ˈkrɛ.ɨ̞r / kreː.ɪr] = heron
Middle Breton (Brezonec) querhair = heron

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱrey- (to scream, screech) [source].

Proto-Celtic *garanos = crane
Gaulish garanus = crane
Proto-Brythonic *garan = crane, heron
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) caran, garan = crane, heron
Welsh (Cymraeg) garan [ˈɡaran] = crane, heron
Old Cornish garan = crane
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) garan = crane
Cornish (Kernewek) garan = crane
Old Breton (Brethonoc) garan = crane
Middle Breton (Brezonec) garan = crane
Breton (Brezhoneg) garan [ˈɡɑː.rãn] = crane (bird, tool), groove, gallery
garanadur = grooving
garanan = to groove

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gérh₂n-o-s, from *gerh₂- (crane, to cry hoarsely) [source]. Words from the same roots include crack, croon, crow and possibly grouse in English, kraai (crow) in Dutch, Krähe (crow) in German [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis

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