Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο)

Origin

The Greek alphabet has been in continuous use for the past 2,750 years or so since about 750 BC. It was developed from the Canaanite/Phoenician alphabet and the order and names of the letters are derived from Phoenician. The original Canaanite meanings of the letter names was lost when the alphabet was adapted for Greek. For example, alpha comes for the Canaanite aleph (ox) and beta from beth (house).

At first, there were a number of different versions of the alphabet used in various different Greek cities. These local alphabets, known as epichoric, can be divided into three groups: green, blue and red. The blue group developed into the modern Greek alphabet, while the red group developed into the Etruscan alphabet, other alphabets of ancient Italy and eventually the Latin alphabet.

By the early 4th century BC, the epichoric alphabets were replaced by the eastern Ionic alphabet. The capital letters of the modern Greek alphabet are almost identical to those of the Ionic alphabet. The minuscule or lower case letters first appeared sometime after 800 AD and developed from the Byzantine minuscule script, which developed from cursive writing.

Notable features

Type of writing system: alphabet - the first one to include vowels.
Direction of writing: Originally written horizontal lines either from right to left or alternating from right to left and left to right (boustrophedon/βουστροφηδόν). Around 500 BC the direction of writing changed to horizontal lines running from left to right.
Diacritics to represent stress and breathings were added to the alphabet in around 200 BC. In 1982 the diacritics representing breathings, which were not widely used after 1976, were officially abolished by presidential decree.
The letter sigma has a special form which is used when it appears at the end of a word.

Used to write

Greek (Ελληνικά), an Indo-European language spoken by about 14 million people mainly in Greece and Cyprus, where it is an official language. Greek is also recognised as a minority language in parts of Turkey, Italy and Albania.

Today the Greek alphabet is used only to write Greek, however at various times in the past it has been used to write such languages as Lydian, Phrygian, Thracian, Gaulish, Hebrew, Arabic, Old Ossetic, Albanian, Turkish, Aromanian, Gagauz, Surguch and Urum.

Greek alphabet - Classical Attic pronunciation

Note

Σ = [z] before voiced consonants

Diphthongs, consonant combinations and other special symbols

Greek alphabet - Modern pronunciation

Greek pronunciation notes

Greek diphthongs, consonant combinations, ligatures and other special letters

Notes on the pronunciation of Greek diphthongs and consonant combinations

Sample text in Greek

Sample text in Greek (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Transliteration

Óli i ánthropi yeniúnde eléftheri ke ísi stin aksioprépia ke ta dhikeómata. Íne prikizméni me loyikí ke sinídhisi, ke ofílun na simberiféronde metaksí tus me pnévma adhelfosínis.

Listen to a recording of this text by Eυτυχία Παναγιώτου (Eftychia Panayiotou)

Sample text in Polytonic Greek

Sample text in Polytonic Greek (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Translation

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Longer sample texts (Tower of Babel) in: Ancient Greek and Modern Greek

Useful phrases in Greek

Books on the Greek alphabet and the Greek language

Corrections and notes on pronunciation provided by Dimitris Christoulias (Δημήτρης Χριστούλιας)

Links

Information about the Greek language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language

Online Greek lessons
http://www.kypros.org/LearnGreek/ (Modern/Ancient)
http://www.ilearngreek.com (Modern)
http://www.greece.org/gr-lessons/ (Modern)
http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/filog/ (Modern)
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Modern_Greek (Modern)
http://greekthrumusic.blogspot.com/ (Modern)
http://www.ibiblio.org/koine/greek/lessons/ (New Testament)
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/ (Ancient)
http://www.textkit.com (Ancient)

Greek language resources, including dictionaries, grammar and useful phrases
http://www.greek-language.org

Greek learner forum
http://z13.invisionfree.com/greek_learner_forum/

Free Greek fonts
http://www.phantis.com/customer.service/greek.fonts.html
http://www.ntgateway.com/greek/fonts.htm
http://www.hellenic.net/fonts
http://www.biblicalgreek.org/links/fonts.html
http://www.greekfontsociety.gr/pages/en_typefaces20th.html

Greek transliteration and spell check
http://gr.translit.cc/

Online Greek-English dictionary
http://www.kypros.org/cgi-bin/lexicon/

Greek Electronic talking dictionaries
http://www.ectaco.com

Greek Language and Linguistics
http://greek-language.com

Information about Greek personal names
http://www.behindthename.com/nmc/gre-anci.php
http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk

Your name in Greek
http://www.languages-of-the-world.us/YourNameIn/Greek.html

Online Greek Radio
http://www.hotstation.gr
http://www.patrinorama.com/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/greek/
http://www.cocktail-radio.gr
http://www.ouzofm.com
http://www.greece-radio.gr
http://www.e-radio.gr

ALPHABETUM is a Unicode font specifically designed for ancient languages that includes Ancient and Modern Greek and many other ancient scripts
http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/~jmag0042/alphabet.html

Other alphabets

Armenian, Avestan, Bassa (Vah), Beitha Kukju, Coptic, Cyrillic, Elbsan, Etruscan, Fraser, Georgian (Asomtavruli & Nuskha-khucuri), Georgian (Mkhedruli), Glagolitic, Gothic, Greek, Hungarian Runes, Irish, Kayah Li, Korean, Latin, Lycian, Lydian, Manchu, Meroïtic, Mongolian, N'Ko, Ogham, Old Church Slavonic, Oirat Clear Script, Old Italic, Old Permic, Orkhon, Pollard Miao, Runic, Santali, Somali, Sutton SignWriting, Tai Dam, Thaana, Uyghur

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