Fatty Lard

Words for fat, lard and related things in Celtic languages.

Lard

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Old Irish (Goídelc) blonac = fat, lard
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) blonac, blonoc = fat, lard, grease
Irish (Gaeilge) blonag = soft fat, lard, blubber, paunch, spare tyre
blonag an mhíl mhóir = (whale) blubber
blonagach = fat, greasy, flabby
blonagán = goose-foot
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) blonag [bl̪ˠɔnag] = visceral fat, suet, lard, tallow
blonag-mhuice = lard
Manx (Gaelg) blonnag = lard
blennick = fat, fatty tissue, lard, blubber
blennick vuickey = lard
Proto-Brythonic *blọneg, = fat, lard, grease (?)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) blonec, blonnec = fat, lard, grease
Welsh (Cymraeg) bloneg = fat, lard, grease; belly, abdomen, lap, body fat; sap
magu bloneg = to become fat
meinwe floneg = adipose tissue
blonegaf, blonegu, blonega = to grow fat, to make fat, to grease with far or lard
blonegaidd = fatty, lardaceous, greasy
Old Cornish blonec = fat
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) blonec = fat, lard, grease
Cornish (Kernewek) blonek = fat, lard, grease
blonegek = greasy
Old Breton blonecou = lard, fat
Middle Breton (Brezonec) bloneg, blouhec, blounhec, blonec, bloanec = pork belly, fat
blonegenn = fat bread, lard bread
blonegenn-mor = jellyfish
Breton (Brezhoneg) bloneg = addomen, lard, fat
bloneg-mor = jellyfish
blonegenn = fat bread, lard bread

Etymology: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel (to swell, blow up). The Goidelic words might be borrowed from Brythonic [source].

Proto-Celtic *gʷeress/*gʷered- = animal fat, tallow
Old Irish (Goídelc) geir = fat, lard, suet, tallow
fogeir = to heat, warm, inflame, chafe, irritate, temper
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) geir = animal fat, tallow, suet, lard
fo-geir = to heat, inflame, chafe, irritate, excite, temper
Irish (Gaeilge) geir [ɟɛɾʲ] = fat, suet, tallow
geir rósta = dripping
geireach = fatty, sebaceous
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geir [gʲerʲ] = fat, lard, tallow
geir-mhuc = lard
geireach = fatty, greasy, full of suet
geireadh = anointing, smearing with grease
Manx (Gaelg) geirr = dripping, fat, suet, tallow
geirr vill = beeswax
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) guer, gwer = animal fat, tallow, suet, grease
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwêr = animal fat, tallow, suet, grease
gwêr (yr) aren = suet
gweraidd = tallowy, tallowish
gwerennaf, gwerennu = to congeal or coagulate into suet fat
gwerennog = fat, suety, lardy, greasy

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (heat) or *ǵʰwer- (wild animal) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include furnace, gore, thermal and warm in English [source], gor (to hatch, incubate, warm, heat, burn) in Irish [source]., and words for warmth and heat in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) sall, saill = bacon, salt-meat
sallid = to salt, cure
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) saill = salted meat (esp. bacon)
Irish (Gaeilge) saill = salted meat, fat meat, fat; to salt, cure, season
sailleach = fatty, adipose
sailleadh = salting, curing
sailleacht = saltiness (of meat, etc.)
saillteoir = salter, curer
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) saill [sail̪ʲ/sal̪ʲə] = to pickle, season; blubber, fat, suet
saill-shùighte = saturated fat
saill neo-shùighte = unsaturated fat
saill nan dubhagan = suet
saill bèicearachd = shortening
saill muice-mara = blubber
sailleadair = salter, fish-curer
sailleadh = (act of) salting
saillte = salted, salty
saillear = (salt-)cellar
Manx (Gaelg) sahll = adioise tissue, blubber, fat, grease
sahllagh = adipose, blubbery, fatty

Etymology: possibly from the Proto-Celtic *salanos (salt) , from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ls (salt) [source]. Words for salt in Celtic and many other Indo-European languages come from the same roots [source]. Alternatively, related to the words below.

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) sỽyf, swyf = fat, tallow, suet
Welsh (Cymraeg) swyf = fat, tallow, suet, scum, yeat, foam, froth
swyfaidd = sebaceous, yeasty
Old Cornish suif = fat
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) soa = suet, tallow
soath = fat, greasy
Cornish (Kernewek) soov = suet, tallow
Old Breton soiu = tallow, suet
Middle Breton (Brezonec) soaff, soa = tallow, suet
Breton (Brezhoneg) soav = tallow, suet (bread), octopus
soavek = tallowy
soavon = soap
soavonek = soapy
soavonerezh = soap factory

Etymology: from Latin sēbum (tallow, grease, suet), from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (to pour out). Words from the same roots include suet and sebum (a thick oily substance, secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin) in English, suif (tallow, suet) in French, sego (tallow) in Italian [source].

Middle Welsh (Kymraec) seim, saym, saim = (rendered) fat, lard, grease, tallow
Welsh (Cymraeg) saim, saem, sâm = (rendered) fat, lard, grease, tallow, suet, lubricant
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) seym = grease, train-oil

Etymology: from Middle English seym (grease), from Old French saim (fat) [source], from Vulgar Latin *sagīmen, from Latin sagīna (feasting, nourishment, corpulence), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (to satisfy). The French word saindoux (lard) comes from the same roots, as does saín (fist oil, lard) in Spanish, and sad and satisfy in English [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Sweet and Gentle

Words for dear, gentle, sweet and related things in Celtic languages.

Brodie Bichon Frise 9 weeks old

Proto-Celtic *koimos = dear, nice
Gaulish Coemo = name
Old Irish (Goídelc) cáem [koːi̯ṽ] = beloved, dear, fair, lovely, friend, noble
caíme = beauty, loveliness, charity, kindliness
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cáem, cáomh = dear, precious, beloved, belonging to the family; fair, beautiful, lovely
cáemach = a noble
cáemaid = treats kindly, is gracious towards, cherishes
cáemaigid = to make smooth
cáemdae = fair, beautiful
cáemthach = friend, companion; company, companionship
Irish (Gaeilge) caomh [keːvˠ/kiːvˠ/kiːw] = dear one, companion, gentle, noble, person, dear, mild, pleasant, lovely, smooth
caomhantas = conservation, preservation
caoimhe = gentleness, mildness, sweetness, loveliness, smoothness
caomhach = attendant, protective
caomhnaí = companion
caoimhnaigh to cherish, preserve, conserve, protect
caomhnóir = guardian, protector, patron
caomhnú = preservation, conservation, protection
macaomh = young person, youth, boy, lad, cub (scout)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) caomh [kɯːv] = kind, gentle, tender, beloved; kindness, gentleness, friend, beloved, object
caomhnadh [kɯ̃ːvnəɣ] = saving, conservation, economising, reserving, booking, reservation, sparing
caomhnachas [kɯ͂vnəxəs] = economy, frugality
caomhail [kɯːval] = friendly, gentle, kind
caomhan [kɯːvan] = kind/mild-mannered person, nobleman
caomhag [kɯːvag] = affectionate/gentle woman, lass(ie)
caomhalachd [kɯːvəl̪ˠəxg] = kindness
caomhradh [kɯ̃ːvra] = euphemism
caomh-chompanach = bosom friend/pal
Proto-Brythonic *kʉβ̃ = ?
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ku, cu, cû = dear, beloved
kideb, kudeb = fondness, affection, dearness
Welsh (Cymraeg) cu [kɨː/kiː] = dear, beloved, amiable, pleasant, precious, beautiful; dear one, precious thing
cuaidd = loving, affectionate, precious
cudeb, cudab = fondness, affection, dearness
cudeg = fair and amiable
cuder = fondness, affection
mamgu = grandmother
tadcu = grandfather
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) cuf, cûf = dear, amiable, beloved, loving
cuef = dear, kindly
Cornish (Kernewek) kuv = affectionate, amiable, amicable, dear, kind, kindly, pleasant; beloved, darling
kuv kolon = sweetheart
kuvder = kindness
Old Breton cum = bright, brilliant, light, candle
Middle Breton (Brezonec) cuff, cûn, cuñ, kunv = affable, soft, sweet, gentle, mild
cuffhat, cuñhaat, kuñvaat = to become affable
cuffhadur, cuñhadur, kuñvadur = affability, moral sweetness
cuffheat, kuneet, kuñvaet = softened, soothed
Breton (Brezhoneg) kuñv [ˈkỹː] = benign, mild
kuñvded = mildness
tad-kuñv = great grandfather
mab-kuñv = great grandson
moereb-kuñv = great aunt

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology uncertain [source].

The name Kevin comes from the Irish name Caoimhín [ˈkiːvʲiːnʲ] from the Middle Irish Caoimhghin [ˈkəiṽʲʝiːnʲ] from the Old Irish Cóemgein [ˈkoiṽʲɣʲinʲ], (also written Cáemgein/Cǽimgen), from cáem (beloved, dear) and gein (birth). Variants include Kevan, from the Irish diminutive version Caoimheán, and Caoimhe (anglicised as Keeva or Kweeva), a feminie version [source].

Versions of Kevin in other Celtic languages include Caomhan in Scottish Gaelic, Keveen in Manx, and Cefin in Welsh.

Proto-Celtic *kanis/*kani- = good, nice
Old Irish (Goídelc) caín [ˈkaːi̯nʲ] = fine, good, fair, beautiful, lovely
caíngním [ˈkaːi̯nʲɣʲnʲiːṽ] = good deed
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) caín = fine, good, fair, beautiful, soft, smooth, clement
Irish (Gaeilge) caoin [kiːnʲ] = smooth, delicate, gentle, refined
caoinbhéas = gentle, decent, habit
caoinbhéasach = gentle-mannered, decent
caoindéanta = fine, delicate (feature/figure)
caoine = smoothness, gentleness
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) caoin [kɯːn̪ʲ] = kind, mild, pleasant gentle, tender, delightful; dry, seasoned (hay)
caoin-bheusach = refined
feur-caoin = hay
Manx (Gaelg) keain = sweet-tempered, tender (memory)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) cein, kein = fine, fair, beautiful; the first and best liquor brought to the hall
Welsh (Cymraeg) cain [kai̯n] = fine, fair, beautiful, bright, excellent, refined
cain wybodau, celfau cain = belles lettres, fine arts
Middle Breton (Brezonec) qan, qen, quen = beautiful, brilliant
Breton (Brezhoneg) ken = beautiful, brilliant

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: unknown, possibly from a non-Proto-Indo-European language [source]

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Bright Lights

Words for bright, light and related things in Celtic languages.

Penmon sunset.

Proto-Celtic *ɸlenstus, *flenstu- = light
Old Irish (Goídelc) solus [ˈsolus] = bright, clear, light
lés [l͈ʲeːs] = light, radiance, daylight, illumination (of the mind)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) solus = (adj) bright, clear, light-giving, happy, prosperous; (noun) light, clarity, intelligibility
solusta = bright, shining
solustacht = brightness, radiance
lés = light, radiance, daylight, flush, blush
Irish (Gaeilge) solas [ˈsˠɔl̪ˠəsˠ] = light, brightness, illumination, lamp, flame, enlightenment, insight, revelation, disclosure, vision, self-interest, limelight
solasbhliain = light-year
solasmhaire = brightness, luminousness, clarity, lucidity
solasmhar = bright, luminous, clear, lucid
léas = ray of light, light, radiane; weal, welt, red spot, blister
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) solas [sɔl̪ˠəs] = light, phases (of the moon, etc)
solasach = luminous, shining
solasta = luminous, shining
solasachadh [sɔl̪ˠəsɪç] = lighting, illuminating
leòs = light, ray, torch, blister, blush
Manx (Gaelg) sollys = bright, brilliant, clear, resplendent, shining, shiny, transparent, brightness, lamp, light
sollysagh = luminous
soilsheanagh = beaming, brilliant, glistening, glowing, luminous, lustrous, radiant, shiny, splendid, vivid
Proto-Brythonic *gwoluɣʉ = light
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) golau = light, illumination, brightness, clearness, enlightment
Welsh (Cymraeg) golau [ˈɡɔlaɨ̯/ˈɡoːlai̯] = light, illumination, brightness, clearness, enlightment
golau dydd = daylight
golau lleuad= moonlight
golau tân = fire light
goleuad = light, illumination, enlightenment
goleuaf, goleuo, golau = to light(en), illuminate, set light to, kindle, set fire to, enlighten, explain
goleudy = lighthouse
goleuddal = candlestick, sconce, chandelier
Old Cornish golou = light
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) golow = light
golowa, gylywa, gouloua, gylywi = to enlighten, give light, illuminate, shine
golowas = an enlightening, illumination, lightning
golowder = light, brightness
golowlester = a light-vessel, lamp
Cornish (Kernewek) golow = glow, light, luminous
Golowan = Misummer
golowboyntya = to hightlight
golowbren = lamp-post
golowhe = to glow, illuminate, light up, lighten
golowi = to enlighten, glow, illuminate, light up, lighten, shine
golowji = lighthouse
golowyans = enlightenment, lighting
golowyn (X) (X-)ray
golowys = lit
Middle Breton (Brezonec) gouloù, goulou = bright, brilliant, light, candle
Breton (Brezhoneg) gouloù = light, current, fire

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology (Goidelic languages): from Old Irish so- (very) and lés (light, radiance, daylight, illumination). so- come s from Proto-Celtic *su- (good, well), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (good). lés comes from the Proto-Celtic ɸlenstus (light), possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (bright, to shine, to see) [source].

Etymology: (Brythonic languages): from the Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (bright, to shine, to see) [source].

From the same PIE root we get the Irish word luchair (glittering, resplendent), llug (light, radiance, brightness) and llygad (eye) in Welsh, lagas (eye) in Cornish and lagad (eye) in Breton [source],

English words from the PIE root *lewk- include light, lucid, luminous, Lucifer, luna and lynx [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Mighty Abilities

Words for might, ability and related things in Celtic languages.

Beltane

Proto-Celtic *galā = might, ablity
*galnati = to be able, can
Old Irish (Goídelc) gal [ɡal] = battle-ardor, stean, valour. Appears in male names, such as Congal, Donngal and Fergal.
dígal [ˈdʲiːɣal] = punishment;, revenge, vengeance
fingal = kinslaying, parricide, fratricide
fogal = attack, damage, pillaging, plundering, trepass
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gal = warlike ardor, fury, valour, heat, fury; steam, vapour, mist
armgal = warlike bravery
bonngal = (act of) trampling
congal = conflict, fight, attack
dígal = avenging, punishing, vengeance, punishment
fogal = to attack, damage, injure
Irish (Gaeilge) gal [ɡal̪ˠ] = (warlike) ardour, valour, fury; vapour, steam, boiling; puff, whiff; fit, bout, turn; demand
galach = valiant man, warrior; boaster, blusterer; ardent, valiant; vaporous, steaming, boiling hot
galacht = ardency, valour
galaigh = to vapourize, steam, evaporate, volatilize
galán = puff, whiff; crane-fly, daddy-longlegs
díoghail = revenge, vengeance, punishment
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) gal [ɡal̪ˠ] = burst of light/heat, ardour, valour, fury, vapour, steam
galach = ardent, valiant, brace, strong, furious, steaming, vaporous
galan = burst, blast, baying
dìoghail [dʲiə.al] = revenge, vengeance
Manx (Gaelg) gaal, gall = vapour
jeeyll, jeeill [ˈdʲiːɣal] = damage, harmfulness, havoc, injury, prejudice, vandalism
Proto-Brythonic *gal = enemy, adversary
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gal = enemy, adversary
Welsh (Cymraeg) gâl = enemy, adversary; enmity, hatred; passion; valour, boldness
galanas = blood-feud, enmity, hatred, slaughter, massacre
gallaf, gallu = to be able to, to have power (to)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) gal = rust, evil, wickedness, a wicked fellow
gallogec = powerful, mighty
gallos, galloys, gallus = power, might, authority
gallosec = powerful, mighty, able
galluidoc = able, potent
gally = to be able, may, can
Cornish (Kernewek) gal = outcat, villain
gallojek, gallosek = capable, capable, mighty, potent, powerful
gallos = to be able to, can, ability, might, power, know-how, capability
gallosedh = power
Old Breton gal = violent, intense, urgent
Middle Breton (Brezonec) gal = violent, intense, urgent
galloud, galloet, gallout = can, to be able, power, authority
galloudeg = powerful
galloudegader = power of attorney
galloudegezh = power, might, potency, strength
Breton (Brezhoneg) gallout = can, to be able
galloud = power

Etymology: from Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (naked, head) [source]. Words in Celtic languages for revenge and related things come from the same roots.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Revenge

In this post we’re looking into words for revenge and related things in Celtic languages.

Revenge illustration

Proto-Celtic *dīgalā = revenge, vengeance
Old Irish (Goídelc) dígal [ˈdʲiːɣal] = revenge, vengeance, punishment
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dígal = avenging, punishing; vengeance, punishment
Irish (Gaeilge) díoghail = vengeance, retribution, punishment; to avenge, punish
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dìoghail [dʲiə.al] = revenge, vengeance
dìoghailte = revenged, avenged, retaliated
Manx (Gaelg) jeeyll, jeeill = damage, harmfulness, havoc, injury, prejudice, vandalism
Proto-Brythonic *diɣal = (?)
Old Welsh digal = vengeance, revenge, retribution, punishment
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dial = vengeance, revenge, retribution, punishment
dialaeth = vengeance, revenge, punishment
Welsh (Cymraeg) dial [ˈdɪ.al/ˈdiː.al] = vengeance, revenge, retribution, punishment
dialaeth = vengeance, revenge, punishment
dialaethaf, dialaethu = to wreak vengeance upon, punish
dialaf, diala, dialu = to avenge, revenge, retaliate
dialaidd = revengeful, retributive
dialbren = gallows, gibbet, rack
dialedd = vengeance, retribution, nemesis, pain, disease, plague
dialeddwr = avenger, punisher
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dyal, dial = revenge
Cornish (Kernewek) dial = retribution, revenge
Middle Breton (Brezonec) dial = vengeance, revenge
Breton (Brezhoneg) dial = vengeance, revenge, to take revenge

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Etymology: from *dī- (from, of) and‎ *galā (might, ability), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (naked, head) [source]. Words from the same PIE root include callow in English, kaal (smooth, bland, plain, bald) in Dutch, and kahl (bald, hairless, barren) in German [source].

Other words from the Proto-Celtic root *galā include gal (ardour, valour, fury) in Irish, gal (ardour, valour, fury, vapour, steam) in Scottish Gaelic, gaal/gall (vapour) in Manx, gâl (enemy, adversary) in Welsh, gal (outcast, villain) in Cornish, and gal (violent, intense, urgent) in Middle Breton [source].

The Proto-Celtic word *galnati (to be able) comes from the same root. Descendents include gallu (to be able to, to have power (to)) in Welsh, gallos (to be able to, can, ability, might, power) in Cornish, and gallout (to be able to) in Breton [source].

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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