Words for surface, skin and related things in Celtic languages:
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
Proto-Celtic | *tondā = surface, skin |
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Gaulish | *tondā = surface, skin |
Old Irish (Goídelc) | tonn, tond = surface, skin |
Irish (Gaeilge) | tonn [t̪ˠɑun̪ˠ / t̪ˠuːn̪ˠ / t̪ˠʌn̪ˠ] = surface, skin faoi mo thoinn = under my skin, within me |
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | tonn [tɔun̪ˠ] = skin, hide |
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | tonn, ton, ton(n)en = ley, unploughed land |
Welsh (Cymraeg) | ton [tɔn] = ley, unploughed land, turf, sod, sward, green, lawn, (earth’s) surface’ skin, rind, crust, peel, appearance, look tonnen = skin, rind, crust, peel, surface, sod, sward, bog, swamp, quagmire tondir = ley, lea-land toniaraf, toniaru = to cover with planks, boards, etc |
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | ton = unploughed land, meadow, lay |
Cornish (Kernewek) | tonn = grass |
Old Breton | tonnenn = rind, surface |
Middle Breton | ton = rind, surface |
Breton (Brezhoneg) | tonn = rind, surface |
Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *tend- (to cut off). Words from the same Gaulish / Proto-Celtic roots include tonne in English and French, tunna / tonna (tun, box) in Latin, and tona (surface, kin, bark) in Galician [source].
Proto-Celtic | *krokkeno- = skin |
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Old Irish (Goídelc) | croiccenn [ˈkrokʲen͈] = skin, hide, bark, husk |
Irish (Gaeilge) | craiceann [ˈkɾˠacən̪ˠ / ˈkɾˠæcən̪ˠ] = skin, surface cruachraicneach = hide-bound |
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | craiceann [krɛçgʲən̪ˠ] = skin, parchment craiceannaiche = skinner far-chraiceann = epidermis fo-chraiceann = hypodermic pàipear-craicinn = parchment |
Manx (Gealg) | crackan [ˈkraːɣən] = skin, pelt, fur, hide, rind, peel, slough crackanagh = (of the) skin, cutaneous aachrackan = veneer fochrackanagh = hypodermic crackan screeuee = parchment |
Proto-Brythonic | *krʉn = skin |
Old Welsh | groen = skin |
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | croen, cruyn, croyn, crwyn = skin, hide, pelt |
Welsh (Cymraeg) | croen [kroːɨ̯n / krɔi̯n] = skin, hide, pelt, peel, rind, surface, crust; film; a crusty or contemptible fellow croeni, croenio = to form skin, skin over, heal up croendenau = thin-skinned, sensitive, easily hurt, touchy croendew = thick-skinned, insensible, insensitive, callous croenen = thin skin, cuticle, pellicle, film |
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) | crochen = skin |
Cornish (Kernewek) | kroghen = hide kroghen lagas = eyelid kroghendanow = sensitive |
Middle Breton | kroc’hen, krec’hen, krec’hin = skin, crust, membrane |
Breton (Brezhoneg) | kroc’hen [ˈkʁoːχɛn] = skin, crust kroc’henenn = membrane |
Etymology: probably loaned from a non-Indo-European substrate language [source].
Old Irish (Goídelc) | pell = animal skin, rug |
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Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | pell, peall = (animal) skin, fur, rug, blanket |
Irish (Gaeilge) | peall [pʲaul̪ˠ/pʲal̪ˠ] = pelt, skin, hide, rug, blanket, piece of coarse cloth peallach = hairy, matted, coarse-spun peallóg = (piece of) coarse cloth, woman dressing rough clothing |
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | peall [pjaul̪ˠ] = shaggy hide/skin, mat, rough cloth/sheet, bunch of matter hair |
Proto-Brythonic | *pall = (?) |
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | pall = cloak, curtain, covering, pall, tent, tabernacle, throne, bed of state |
Welsh (Cymraeg) | pall [paɬ] = cloak, curtain, covering, pall, tent, tabernacle, throne, bed of state |
Cornish (Kernewek) | pall = mantle |
Etymology: from Latin palla (cloak, mantle), from pellis (skin), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (to cover, to wrap, skin, hide, cloth), or possibly a substrate loan. Words from the same roots include camouflage, film, muffle, pall and pelt in English, piel (skin, fur) in Spanish, and peau (skin, hide, fur) in French [source].
Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic