Category: Pronouns

We Ourselves

By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for we, us, our and related pronouns in Celtic languages.

Us Ourselves

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *snīs = we
*snīsnīs = we, ourselves (?)
*snos = us
*anserom = our
Gaulish sni = we
Old Irish (Goídelc) sní [ˈsʲn̠ʲiː] = we
snisni, nini, sinni = we (emphatic)
ar = our
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sní [ˈsʲn̠ʲiː] = we
snisni, snissni, snissi, sisni, sinni, nini, ninni = we (emphatic)
ar, ‘r = our
Irish (Gaeilge) sinn [ʃinʲ] = we, us
sinne[ˈʃin̠ʲə] = we, us (emphatic)
sinn féin = ourself
muid [mˠidʲ] = we (Connacht, Ulster)
muidne[ˈmˠin̠ʲə] = we, us (emphatic)
ár [ɑːɾˠ / əɾˠ / ɛɾʲ] = our
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sinn [ʃiNʲ] = we, us
sinne [ʃiNʲə] = we, us (emphatic)
sinn fhìn = ourselves
ar [ər] = our
Manx (Gaelg) shin [ʃin] = we, us
shinyn = we, us, ourselves (emphatic)
shin hene = we ourselves, ourselves
ain, ar, nar, nyn = our
Proto-Brythonic *ni = we
*nini = we (emphatic)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) ni = we, us
an = our
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ny, ni = we, us
nini, nyni = we, us, ourselves (emphatic)
nynheu, ninheu, nynhev, nynne, ninneu = we (us) too, we (us) also, even we (us)
nyhunein, nu hun, nyhun(an) = ourselves
yn, in, an = our
Welsh (Cymraeg) ni [niː] = we, us
ninnau = we (us) too, we (us) also, even we (us)
nyni = we (us) (emphatic), we (us) ourselves
nyninnau = we / us also, even we / us, we / us ourselves
ein hun(ain) = we, us ourselves, our own
ein (… ni) [ei̯n niː] = our, us
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak) ni, ny = we, us
agan, an = our
agan honan = ourselves
Cornish (Kernewek) ni, nei = we
nyni = we (emphatic)
agan, ‘gan, ‘n = our
agan re = ours
agan honan, agan honen = ourselves
Old Breton (Brethonoc) ni = we
Middle Breton (Brezonec) ny = we
hon, hor = our
Breton (Brezhoneg) ni [ni] = we
hol, hon, hor = our
ni hon hunan = ourselves

Etymology: from PIE *nēs (we), a modification of *nos, the oblique plural form of éǵh₂ (I) [source] and *téwe (your) [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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My, Myself & I

By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for me, myself, I and related pronouns in Celtic languages.

My, Myself & I

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *mī = I, me
*me = me
*mene = my
Gaulish mi = I
me = me
mon = my
moi = to me
Old Irish (Goídelc) mé [ˈmʲeː] = I, me
messe = I, me (emphatic)
mo = my
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) mé = I, me
mes(s)e, meisse, mis(s)e = I, me (emphatic)
mo, mu = my
Irish (Gaeilge) mé [mʲeː / mʲə] = I, me
mise[ˈmʲiʃə] = I, me (emphatic)
mé féin = myself
mo, m’ = my
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mi [mi] = I
mise [ˈmiʃə] = I (emphatic)
mi fhìn = myself
mo [mə] = my, mine
Manx (Gaelg) mee [miː] = I, me
mish [miʃ] = I, me, myself (emphatic)
mee hene = myself
my = my
Proto-Brythonic *mi = I, me
Old Welsh (Kembraec) mi = I, me
vi = my
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) mi, my, vi, i = I, me
minnev, minheu, minne, vinneu, finne, ynnev, inheu, ynneu, inneu = I (me) too, I (me) too, even I (me)
myhun [və] = myself
vy, my, vym, veu = my
Welsh (Cymraeg) mi, fi, i [mi, viː, iː] = I, me
minnau, finnau, innau [ˈmɪna(i̯) / ˈvɪna(i̯), ina(i̯)] = I, me (emphatic), I (me) also, I (me) too, even I (me), I (me) on the other hand, I (me) for my part
fy hun(an), my hun(an) [və hɨːn(an) / mə hiːn(an)] = myself
fy (… fi) [və viː] = my
Old Cornish mi = I, me
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak) mi, my, me, vy = I, me
ma, mv = my, mine
ow honan, ow honyn = myself
Cornish (Kernewek) my, me, vy = I, me
evy = I, me (emphatic)
ma = my
ow honan, ow honen = myself
Old Breton (Brethonoc) ti, te = I, me
Middle Breton (Brezonec) me = I, me
ma = my
mahunan, ma hunan = myself
Breton (Brezhoneg) me [meː] = I, me
ma, va, ‘m = my
ma-unan, va-unan = myself

Etymology: from PIE *me (me), the accusative form of éǵh₂ (I) [source]. Many words for I, me, my and myself in other Indo-European languages come from the same roots, as does the English word ego [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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You Yourself

By Simon

In this post we’re looking at words for you and related things in Celtic languages.

who are you?

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

Proto-Celtic *tū = you (singular), thou
*towe = your, thy
Gaulish tu = you (singular), thou
Old Irish (Goídelc) tú [t̪uː] = you (singular)
tussu, túsu [ˈt̪u.su] = you (singular, emphatic)
do = your (singular)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) tú, tu = you (singular)
túsu, túsu, tussu, tússu = you (singular, emphatic)
do = your (singular)
Irish (Gaeilge) tú [t̪ˠuː] = you (singular)
tú fhéin [t̪ˠuː heːnʲ] = yourself
tusa [ˈt̪ˠɞsˠə / ˈt̪ˠɨsˠə] = you (singular, emphatic)
do = your (singular)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) thu [u] = you (singular)
thu fhèin [u heːn] = yourself
thusa [ˈusə] = you (singular, emphatic)
do [də] = your (singular), thy
Manx (Gaelg) oo [u(ː)] = you (singular)
oo-hene [u heːn] = yourself
uss [ˈt̪u.su] = you (singular, emphatic)
dty = your (singular)
Proto-Brythonic *ti = you (singular)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) ti = you (singular)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) ti, ty = you (singular), thou, thee
titheu, thithau = you too, you also, even you
dy (… di) = your (singular), thy, thine
Welsh (Cymraeg) ti [tiː] = you (singular)
chdi [χdiː] = you (singular – northern)
tithau [ˈtɪθaɨ̯] = you too, you also, even you
chdithau [ˈχdiːθaɨ̯] = you too, etc (northern)
dy (… di) [də] = your (singular)
dy hun(an) [də ˈhɨ̞nan / də ˈhiːnan] = yourself
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak) ti, te, ty = thou, thee
da, dha, dhe = your (singular)
Cornish (Kernewek) ty, che, chy = you (singular)
dha, ‘th = your (singular)
dha honan = yourself
Old Breton (Brethonoc) ti, te = you (singular)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) te = you (singular)
Breton (Brezhoneg) te [teː] = you (singular)
te ivez [teː] = you (singular, emphatic)
teal [ˈteː.al] = to address someone informally (with te)
da = your (singular)
da-unan = yourself

Etymology: from PIE *túh₂ (you, thou) [source] and *téwe (your) [source]. Many words for you (singular) in other Indo-European languages come from the same roots [source].

Proto-Celtic *swīs = you (plural)
*swīswīs = you (plural, emphatic)
Gaulish suis = you (plural)
Old Irish (Goídelc) sib, sí(i) [ˈsʲiβʲ / ˈsʲiː] = you (plural), ye
sibsi, sissi [ˈsʲiβʲ / ˈsʲi.sʲi] = you (plural, emphatic)
for = your (plural)
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) sib = you (plural)
sis(s)i = you (plural, emphatic)
for, far = your (plural)
Irish (Gaeilge) sibh [ʃɪvʲ] = you (plural)
sibh fhéin [ʃɪvʲ heːnʲ] = yourselves
sibhse [ˈʃivʲʃə] = you (plural, emphatic)
bhur = your (plural)
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) sibh [ʃɪv] = you (plural)
sibh fhèin [ʃɪv heːnʲ] = yourselves
sibhsa [ʃiːvʃə] = you (plural, emphatic)
ur n- [ər n] = your (plural)
Manx (Gaelg) shiu [ʃuː] = you (plural)
shiu-hene [ʃuːhen] = yourselves
shiush [ˈʃuːʃ] = you (plural, emphatic)
nyn = your (plural)
Proto-Brythonic *hwi = you (plural)
*hwihwi = you (plural, emphatic)
Old Welsh (Kembraec) hui = you (plural)
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) chwi, chi = you, ye (plural)
chw(i)chwi = you, ye (plural, emphatic), you yourselves
y ch, ych, ‘ch = your (plural)
Welsh (Cymraeg) chwi, chi [χ(w)ɪ] = you (plural)
chi hun(ain) [χɪ ˈhɨ̞n(ai̯n) / ˈhiːn(ai̯n)] = yourselves
chithau [ˈχɪθaɨ̯ / ˈχɪθai̯] = you also, and you too
chwychwi, chwchwim chychwi = you (plural, emphatic), you yourselves
eich (… chi) [ei̯χ] = your (plural)
Middle Cornish (Cernewec / Kernuak) hwi, hwî, why = ye, you (plural)
agas, ages, agis, agos, agys = your (plural)
ages honan = yourselves
Cornish (Kernewek) hwi, hwei = you (plural)
hwyhwi = you (plural, emphatic)
agas, ‘gas, ‘s [aɡəs / aɡəz] = your (plural)
agas honan = yourselves
Old Breton (Brethonoc) hui = you (plural)
Middle Breton (Brezonec) huy = you (plural)
hoz, ho = your (plural)
Breton (Brezhoneg) c’hwi, hwi [ˈxwiː] = you (plural)
c’hwi ivez = you (plural, emphatic)
c’hwial [ˈxwiːal] = to address someone formally (with c’hwi)
ho, hoc’h = your (plural)
hoc’h-unan = yourselves

Etymology: from PIE *wos, the oblique form of *yúHs (you (plural)) [source]. Many words for you (plural) in other Indo-European languages come from the same roots [source].

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Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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