Select Choices

The Swahili lessons I did today were about politics, and one of the words I learnt was uchaguzi, which means election or selection. I was able to guess it’s meaning from the context, and because the -chagu appears in words related to choosing.

Kilimani polling station

Uchaguzi comes from chagua (to choose, pick, pick out, select). Related words include:

  • chaguo = choice, selection, the selected
  • kuchagua = to choose, elect, deform, distort
  • kuchaguliwa = to be chosen
  • mchaguzi = fastidious person, choosy person

Sources: https://swahili-dictionary.com/swahili-english/chagua_chagua
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chagua#Swahili

Another word that I’ve noticed appearing in various forms is (ku)sikia, which means to hear, obey, pay attention, feel or sense. Related words include:

  • sikio = ear
  • (ku)sikiliza = to listen (to), to hear (a court case)
  • sikika = listening
  • msikilizaji = a listener
  • usikivu = hearing

Sources: https://swahili-dictionary.com/swahili-english/sikia_sikia
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sikia#Swahili

I’ve been learning Swahili for a few months now, and am beginning to be able to guess the meanings of some words based on other words I know, or to at least recognise that they might be related. I feel like I’m making good progress, but there is a lot more to learn.

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Good Intentions

One of the things that came up in conversation last night was the expression the road to hell is paved with good intentions. This got me wondering about where it comes from and whether there are similar phrases in other languages.

The Road to Hell

The road to hell is paved with good intentions means that well-intended acts can potentially lead to disasters. Phrases with a similar meaning is hell is full of good meanings, but heaven is full of good works and the streets of hell are paved with promises [source].

The origins of this phrase are not known, but there have been sayings with a similar meaning going back a long way. For example, in the Aeneid (book 6, lines 126-129), Virgil wrote:

“facilis descensus Averno;
noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis;
sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras,
hoc opus, hic labor est” [source].
“The gates of hell are open night and day;
Smooth the descent, and easy is the way:
But to return, and view the cheerful skies,
In this the task and mighty labor lies”
[source].

In the Bible (Ecclesiasticus 21:10) we have:

“The way of sinners is made plain with stones, but at the end thereof is the pit of hell.”

In around 1604, Bernard Clairvaux is claimed to have written, though probably didn’t:

L’enfer est plein de bonnes volontés ou désirs
“Hell is full of good meanings and wills”

In 1670 in A Collection of English Proverbs collected by John Ray we have:

“Hell is full of good meanings and wishes”

In 1741 John Wesley wrote in his sermon The Almost Christian:

“‘Hell is paved’, saith one, ‘with good intentions.'”

In 1791 in James Boswell’s biography of Samuel Johnson, Boswell quotes Johnson as saying to an acquaintance:

“Sir, hell is paved with good intentions.”

In 1811 in an English translation of a book by Johann Jacob Rambach we find:

“Der Weg zur Höllen sey mit lauter gutem Vorsatz gepflastert.”
“The road to hell is paved with good resolutions”

Related phrases in other languages include:

  • Catalan: l’infern està ple de bones intencions
    (Hell is full of good intentions.)
  • French: l’enfer est pavé de bonnes intentions
    (Hell is paved with good intentions)
  • Mandarin Chinese: 好心没好报 [好心沒好報] (hǎoxīn méi hǎobào)
    (Good intentions don’t go unrewarded)
  • Spanish: el infierno está empedrado de buenas intenciones
    (Hell is paved with good intentions)

How about in other languages?

Sources and more information about these expressions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_road_to_hell_is_paved_with_good_intentions
https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/the-road-to-hell-is-paved-with-good-intentions.html
https://idiomorigins.org/origin/road-to-hell-is-paved-with-good-intentions

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Nesting Niches

What connects the word niche with nests? Let’s find out.

Niches

A niche include:

  • A cavity, hollow, or recess, generally within the thickness of a wall, for a statue, bust, or other erect ornament.
  • A function within an ecological system to which an organism is especially suited.
  • Any position of opportunity for which one is well-suited, such as a particular market in business.

There are several ways to pronounce it, including [niːʃ], which rhymes with leash, [nɪʃ], which rhymes with fish, and [nɪtʃ], which rhymes with pitch. Which one do you prefer?

It comes from French niche [niʃ] (niche, kennel), from Middle French niche, from Old French niche, from nicher (to make a nest), from Latin *nīdicāre (to nest), from nīdus (nest), Proto-Italic *nizdos (nest), from Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (nest), from *ni (down) & *sed- (sit) – literally “where [the bird] sits down” [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include neth (sprout, bud) in Albanian, նստել [nəsˈtel] (to sit, sink, fit, shrink) in Armenian, ligzda (nest) in Latvian, gniazdo (nest, socket) in Polish, नीड़ (nīṛ – nest) in Hindi, nead (nest, bed, lair, home, den) in Irish, and nido (nest, home, nursery school) in Italian [source].

The English word nest comes from the same PIE roots, via Middle English nest (nest), Old English nest (nest), Proto-West Germanic *nest (nest), and Proto-Germanic *nestą (nest, provisions, food and supplies) [source].

The English word nidus (an aggregate of neurons; a nest of insects or small animals) also comes from the same roots, via Latin nīdus (nest), as do nidation (the implantation of the early embryo in the uterus), nidificate (to make or build a nest), nidolody (the study of nests) and nidifugous (that leaves the nest shortly after hatching) [source].

The archaic English words nid(e) (a nest of pheasants) and nye (a brood or flock of pheasants), also share the same roots. They were probably borrowed from Middle French nid (nest), from Latin nīdus (nest) [source].

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Yielding Payment

What links the word yield with payments, tax and gold? Let’s find out.

Yield sign

Meanings of yield include:

  • To give as a result or outcome; to produce or render.
  • To give up; to surrender or capitulate.
  • A product.
  • The quantity of something produced.

And it used to mean payment, money or tribute.

The verb comes from Middle English yẹ̄lden (to relinquish, give up, surrender, to pay, to fullfil an obligation), from Old English ġieldan (to pay, to reward, to worship), from Proto-West Germanic *geldan (to pay for), from Proto-Germanic *geldaną (to pay, to have/give value), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (to pay, to repay).

The noun comes from the same PIE root, via Middle English yẹ̄ld (tax, agricultural yield, reward, recompense), Old English ġield (payment, tax, tribute, cost), Proto-West Germanic *geld (payment), and Proto-Germanic *geldą (reward, gift, money) [source].

Words from the same roots include guild in English, geld (money) and gelden (to apply, count, be considered) in Dutch, Geld (money) and gelten (to be valid, count, be worth) in German, gjald (fee, payment) and gjalda (to pay) in Icelandic, gæld (debt, debts) and gælde (to hold good, be valid) in Danish, gille (feast, guild) in Swedish, and geall (pledge, pawn, token, bet, asset, prize) in Irish [source].

Dreidels & Gelt - Hanukkah 2022

The English word gelt means money, tribute, tax, or chocolate coins usually eaten on Hanukkah (a.k.a. Hanukkah gelt). It originated in thieves’ cant and Polari in the UK, and was later adopted by Jews and used in general slang. It comes from the same roots as yield, etc, via Middle High German gelt (money) and Yiddish געלט (gelt – money) [source].

The English word geld, which historically meant a payment, particularly a medieval form of land tax, also comes from the same roots [source]. It is found in Danegeld, a tax raised originally to pay tribute or protection money to the Viking raiders in the 10th and 11th centuries and later continued as a land tax [source].

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Facting Facts

This morning I spotted an interesting case of fact being used as a verb in a comment on a TikTok post, and thought I’d blog about it.

Factual Inc

I can’t find the post in question again, but the comment went something like “Your facts are not facting”. Which probably means that the facts are not true, or the commenter doesn’t believe them.

I found another example of the verbification of fact in this post on Instagram, which includes the comment When the facts are not facting.

Here’s another example of facting used as a verb: “He was facting the news article for the evening broadcast.”

Facting can also be used as a noun meaning “The act of stating or presenting factual information”. For example, “She impressed everyone with her facting skills during the presentation.”

As an adjective, facting means “Pertaining to the existence of verifiable information or circumstances”. For example, “It is important to base decisions on facting evidence rather than assumptions.” [source].

According to Fast Slang:

“Facting is a term that has recently emerged in the online world, and it refers to the act of spreading false information or fake news with the intention of misleading people. The practice of facting is often used by individuals or groups who have an agenda to push or a narrative to promote, and they do so by creating and sharing content that appears to be factual but is actually completely fabricated.”

The word fact is usually used as a noun meaning something actual as opposed to invented; something which is real; or an objective consensus on a fundamental reality that has been agreed upon by a substantial number of experts, and so on.

It comes from Old French fact, from Latin factum (fact, deed, act, work, explot, etc), from factus (done, made), from faciō (to do, make, produce), from Proto-Italic *fakjō (to make) from Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁k-yé-ti (make), from *dʰeh₁- (to do, put, place) [source].

Words from the same PIE roots include affair, affect, artificial, credible, deed, defect, divide, face, factor, faction, feast, perfect, verb, verify and many more in English [source].

The act of using a non-verb, particularly a noun, as a verb, is called verbing, verbalizing / verbalising, verbifying or verbification, and is quite common in English. Do other languages do this as much? [source].

Incidentally, a minor fact or item of trivia is a factlet [source], and a factette is a small snippet of true information, or a minor fact [source].

Factoid is generally used to refer to a minor fact, like factlet and factette, but can also mean “an inaccurate statement or statistic believed to be true because of broad repetition, especially if cited in the media.”

It was coined by American writer Norman Mailer and appeared in his 1973 book, Marilyn: A Biography, in which he defines factoids as “facts which have no existence before appearing in a magazine or newspaper, creations which are not so much lies as a product to manipulate emotion in the Silent Majority” [source].

This post has been thoroughly facted and fact checked, and is entirely factual, factful and factic, to the best of my knowledge. It contains no misfacts, nonfacts, pseudofacts or unfacts, and that’s a fact, as a matter of fact.

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