Month: January 2021

Seasons

By Simon

Words for seasons in Celtic languages.

Spring

Proto-Celtic *wesrakos / *wesantos = spring
Old Irish (Goídelc) errach [ˈer͈ax] = spring
Irish (Gaeilge) earrach [əˈɾˠax / ˈaɾˠəx / ˈaɾˠa(h)] = spring
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) earrach [jar̪ˠəx] = spring
Manx (Gaelg) arragh [ˈarax] = spring
Proto-Brythonic *wesantēnos = spring
Old Welsh guiannuin = spring
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gwaeanhwyn / gwaeannwyn / gwannwyn = spring
Welsh (Cymraeg) gwanwyn [ˈɡwanwɨ̞n / ˈɡwanwɪn] = spring, springtime
Old Cornish guaintoin = spring
Cornish (Kernewek) gwaynten = spring
Breton (Brezhoneg) nevez-amzer = spring

Etymology, from the Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (spring) [source].

Spring Blossom / Blodau y Gwanwyn

Summer

Proto-Celtic *samos = summer
Gaulish samo- = summer
Old Irish (Goídelc) sam [saṽ] / samrad [ˈsaṽrað] = summer
Irish (Gaeilge) samhradh [ˈsˠəuɾˠə / ˈsˠəuɾˠuː / ˈsˠəuɾˠu] = summer, summer garland
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) samhradh [sãũrəɣ] = summer
Manx (Gaelg) sourey [ˈsaurə] = summer
Proto-Brythonic *haβ̃ = summer
Old Welsh ham = summer
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) haf = summer
Welsh (Cymraeg) haf [haːv / haː] = summer
Old Cornish haf = summer
Cornish (Kernewek) hav = summer
Old Breton ham = summer
Middle Breton haff = summer
Breton (Brezhoneg) hañv = summer

Etymology, from the Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ó- (summer) [source].

King John's Castle / Caisleán Luimnigh

Autumn

Old Irish (Goídelc) fogamar / fogomur [ˈɡʲaṽʲrʲəð] = autumn
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) fogamur = harvest
Irish (Gaeilge) fómhar [ˈfˠoːɾˠ / ˈfˠoːvˠəɾˠ / ˈfˠɔːwəɾˠ] = autumn, harvest season, harvest
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) foghar [fo.ər] = autumn, harvest, (act of) harvesting
Manx (Gaelg) fouyr = harvets, autumn
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) heduref / heduueref = autumn
possibly from hydd (stag) &‎ bref (bellow)
Welsh (Cymraeg) hydref [ˈhədrɛ(v) / ˈhədra] = autumn, period of full maturity, rutting season, mating time
Cornish (Kernewek) hedra / kynnyay / kydnyadh = autumn
Breton (Brezhoneg) here / kozhamzer / diskar-amzer = autumn

Etymology (Goidelic languages), from the Proto-Celtic *wo-gamur (under winter) from *gamur (winter) [source].

autumn falls...

Winter

Proto-Celtic *gyemos / *gamur = winter
Gaulish giamos = winter (personal name)
Primitive Irish ᚌᚐᚋᚔ- (gami/gen) = winter
Old Irish (Goídelc) gam / gaim = winter, winter storm
gaimred [ˈɡʲaṽʲrʲəð] = winter
Irish (Gaeilge) geimhreadh [ˈɟiːɾʲə / ˈɟiːvʲɾʲə / ˈɟɛvʲɾʲu] = winter
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) geamhradh [gʲãũrəɣ] = winter
Manx (Gaelg) geurey [ˈɡʲeurə / ˈɡʲuːrə] = winter
Old Welsh gaem = winter
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) gayaf = winter
Welsh (Cymraeg) gaeaf [ˈɡeɨ̯av / ˈɡei̯av] = winter
Old Cornish goyf = winter
Cornish (Kernewek) gwav / gwâv = winter
Old Breton guoiam = winter
Middle Breton gouaff = winter
Breton (Brezhoneg) goañv [ˈɡwãw / ˈɡwã] = winter

Etymology, from the Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (winter, year, frost, snow) [source].

Coed efo eira arno

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

The names of the seasons, days and seasons in Celtic languages

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek

Days

By Simon

Words for day and related things in Celtic languages.

Days in Celtic languages

Proto-Celtic *dīyos = day
*gdijes = yesterday
*noxt-yēr- = yesterday evening, last night
*se-diwos = today
*sindai noxtē = tonight
Old Irish (Goídelc) día [dʲiːa̯] = day
indé = yesterday
irráir [əˈɾʲeːɾʲ] = yesterday evening, last night
indiu = today
innocht = tonight
i mbárach = tomorrow
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) día = day
indé = yesterday
irráir = the time before dawn, last night
indiu = today, the present time
innocht = tonight
i mbárach = tomorrow
Irish (Gaeilge) dia [dʲiə] = day
arú inné = the day before yesterday
inné [əˈn̠ʲeː] = yesterday
aréir [əˈɾʲeːɾʲ] = yesterday evening, last night
inniu [əˈn̠ʲʊ / ɪˈn̠ʲʊv] = today
anocht [əˈn̪ˠɔxt̪ˠ] = tonight
amárach [əˈmˠaːɾˠəx] = tomorrow
arú amárach = the day after tomorrow
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) dia [dʲiə] = day
a’ bhòin-dè [əˈvoːn̪ʲdʲe] = the day before yesterday
an-dè [ən̠ʲ’dʲeː] = yesterday
a-raoir [əˈrɤirʲ] = yesterday evening, last night
an-diugh [əɲˈdʲu] = today
a-nochd [əˈn̪ˠɔ̃xg] = tonight
a-màireach [əˈmaːrʲəx] = tomorrow
an-earar [ən̪ʲˈɛrər] = the day after tomorrow
Manx (Gaelg) je/jy = day
arroo y jea = the day before yesterday
jea = yesterday
riyr = yesterday evening, last night
jiu = today, nowadays
noght = tonight
mairagh = tomorrow
moghrey (ny) mairagh = tomorrow morning
oie ny vairagh = tomorrow night
n(h)uyr, laa ny nuyr = the day after tomorrow
Proto-Brythonic *dið = day, daytime
*hanoɨθ = tonight
Old Welsh did = day
heddiw = today
henoid = tonight
yfory = tomorrow
trennid = (on) the day after tomorrow, in two days time
Middle Welsh (Kymraec) dit, dyd = day
echtoe, echdoe = the day before yesterday
doe, does = yesterday
neithuir, neithwyr, neithiwyr, naithwyr = yesterday evening, last night
heddiw, hediw, hetiv = today
heno = tonight
auory, a vory, y uory, yfory = tomorrow
drenyd, trenhyd, drennydd = (on) the day after tomorrow, in two days time
trannoeth, dranoeth = (on) the following day, three days hence
Welsh (Cymraeg) dydd [dɨːð / diːð] = day, time of daylight, light
echdoe = the day before yesterday
echnos = the night before last
ddoe [ðoːɨ̯ / ðɔi̯] = yesterday
neithiwr [ˈnei̯θjʊr / ˈnei̯θjʊr] = yesterday evening, last night
heddiw [ˈhɛðɪu̯ / ˈheːðɪu̯] = today
heno [ˈhɛnɔ / ˈheːnɔ] = tonight
yfory [əˈvɔrɨ / əˈvoːri] = tomorrow
trennydd = (on) the day after tomorrow, in two days time
ail trannoeth, ail drannoeth = the day after tomorrow
trannoeth = (on) the following day, three days hence
Old Cornish det = day
doy = yesterday
hetheu = today
aurorou = tomorrow
Middle Cornish (Cernewec) dydh, dedh = day
de = yesterday
neiheur, neheur = yesterday evening, last night
hedhyw, hydhew, hithu, hithou, hithyou = today
haneth = tonight
avorow [əˈvɔɾoʊ] = tomorrow
trenja = the day after tomorrow
Cornish (Kernewek) dydh [diːð] = day
dygynsete = the day before yesterday
de = yesterday
de vyttin = yesterday morning
nyhewer = yesterday evening, last night
hedhyw = today
haneth = tonight
a-vorow [əˈvɔɾoʊ] = tomorrow
trenja = the day after tomorrow
Midlde Breton (Brezonec) deiz, dez = day
dec’hm dech, déh = yesterday
neizheur, neizhour, neyzor, neizour / dec’h da noz, deac’h da noz, déh de noz = yesterday evening, last night
hiziv, hidiv, hiniv, hyzium hyziou = today
fenozh, fennos, fenoz, fin-noz = tonight
(w)arc’hoazh, oarhoaz, varc’hoaz, warc’hoâ [war.ˈɣwɑːs] = tomorrow
antronoz all = the day after tomorrow
Breton (Brezhoneg) deiz [ˈdɛj / ˈdɛjs / ˈdeː] = day
dec’h = yesterday
neizheur / dec’h da noz = yesterday evening, last night
hiziv = today
henoazh = tonight
(w)arc’hoazh [war.ˈɣwɑːs] = tomorrow
eil tronoz = the day after tomorrow

Etymology (day): from the Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (to be bright, sky, heaven) [source].

Etymology (tomorrow): from the Proto-Celtic bāregos (morning), either from *bā-rigos (cow-tying), or from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-h₃reǵos (light-extending) [source].

Proto-Celtic *latyom = day
Old Irish (Goídelc) lá [l̪ˠaː], laithe = day
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) lá = day
Irish (Gaeilge) lá [l̪ˠɑː / l̪ˠæː] = day, daytime; current time; lifetime; point of time
lá breithe = birthday
lá saoire = holiday
an meán lae = midday, noon
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) latha [l̠ˠa.a] = day
an latha an-diugh = the present day, contemporary
beul an latha = early morning
briseadh an latha = daybreak, dawn
ceann-là = date (in calendar), closing date, deadline
co-là-breith = birthday
là-breith = nativity, date of birth, birthday
latha-saor, saor-là = holiday, vacation
leabhar-latha = diary, journal
meadhan-latha = midday, noon
Manx (Gaelg) laa [leː / laː] = day, daytime
brishey laa = dawn
laa bleeaney = anniversary
laa jerinagh = deadline
laa ruggyr(ee) = birthday
laa seyr = day off, holiday
lioar laa = diary, journal

Etymology from the Proto-Indo-European *leh₁t- (warm part of the year) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

The names of the months (and days and seasons) in Celtic languages

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Gerlyvyr Cernewec, Dictionaire Favereau, TermOfis, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, English – ProtoCeltic WordList (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic

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Weeks

By Simon

Words for week and related words in Celtic languages.

Old Irish (Goídelc) sechtmain = week
Irish (Gaeilge) seachtain [ˈʃaxt̪ˠənʲ] = week
an tseachtain seo caite = last week
an tseachtain seo = this week
an tseachtain seo chugainn = next week
deireadh seachtaine = weekend
coicís = fortnight
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) seachdain [ʃɛxgɛn̪ʲ] = week
an t-seachdain sa chaidh = last week
an t-seachdain-sa = this week
an ath-sheachdain = next week
deireadh-seachdain / ceann-seachdain = weekend
cola-deug = fortnight
Manx (Gaelg) shiaghtin = week
yn çhiaghtyn s’jerree, yn çhiaghtyn shoh chaie = last week
yn çhiaghtin shoh = this week
yn çhiaghtin er giyn, yn çhiaghtin shoh çheet = next week
jerrey shiaghtin = weekend
kegeesh = fortnight
Welsh (Cymraeg) wythnos [ˈʊɨ̯θnɔs / ˈʊi̯θnɔs] = week
yr wythnos diwetha(f) = last week
yr wythnos hon = this week
yr wythnos nesa(f) = next week
penwythnos = weekend
pythefnos = fortnight
Cornish (Kernewek) seythen [ˈsəiθən] = week
an seythen diwettha = last week
an seythen ma = this week
an seythen nessa = next week
pennseythen [pɛnsəiθən] = weekend
hanter-mis = fortnight
Breton (Brezhoneg) sizhun [ˈsiː.zỹn] = week
ar sizhun diwezhañ = last week
ar sizhun-mañ = this week
ar sizhun nesañ = next week
diben-sizhun = weekend
pemzektez = fortnight

Weeks in Celtic languages

Etymology (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx): from the Late Latin septimāna (week), from the Latin septimus (seventh) [source]. The Cornish and Breton words are also related to seven.

Etymology (wythnos): from wyth (eight) and nos (night) – so a week in Welsh has eight nights, counting from midnight on Saturday to the following Saturday night.

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

The names of the months, days and seasons in Celtic languages

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek, Globse

Months

By Simon

Words for month in Celtic languages.

Proto-Celtic *mīns = month
Old Irish (Goídelc) mi = month
Irish (Gaeilge) mí [mʲiː] = month
an mhí seo cáite = last month
an mhí seo = this month
an mhí seo chugainn = next month
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) mìos [miəs] = month
a’ mhìos sa chaidh = last month
a’ mhìos seo = this month
an ath-mhìos = next month
Manx (Gaelg) mee [miː] = month
yn vee shoh chaie = last month
yn vee sho = this month
yn vee shoh çheet = next month
Proto-Brythonic *mis = month
Welsh (Cymraeg) mis [miːs / miːs / miːʃ] = month, oestrus
y mis diwedda(f) = last month
y mis hwn = this month
y mis nesa(f) = next month
Cornish (Kernewek) mis = month
Breton (Brezhoneg) miz = month
ar miz diwezhañ = last month
ar miz-mañ = this month
ar miz kentañ = next month

Etymology (month): possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (moon, month) [source].

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.

The names of the months (and days and seasons) in Celtic languages

Months in Celtic languages

Sources: Wiktionary, Am Faclair Beag, Online Manx Dictionary, Teanglann.ie, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Gerlyver Kernewek