Words for star, coal and related things in Celtic languages.
Words marked with a * are reconstructions.
| Proto-Celtic | *glāwos, *glowos = glowing thing, coal, charcoal *glāwū = glower |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | rétglu, rétlu = star |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | rétlu, rétla = star rétlannach = starry, containing stars, sparkling, radiant |
| Irish (Gaeilge) | réalta [ˈɾˠeːl̪ˠt̪ˠə] = star, pip, asterisk réaltach = starry, stellar, astral, starlike, beautiful réaltbhuíon = constellation réalteolaí = astronomer réalteolaíocht = astronomy réaltóg = (small) star réaltra = galaxy réiltín = (small) star, starlet, asterisk |
| Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) | reul [r̪ˠial̪ˠ] = star, asterisk reul-bhad = constellation reul-chrios = galaxy reulach [r̪ˠial̪ˠəx] = astral, starry, abounding in stars reuladair [r̪ʲiəl̪ˠədɪrʲ] = astronomer, astrologer reuladaireachd [r̪ʲiəl̪ˠədɪrʲəxg] = astronomy, astrology, stargazing reult [r̪ˠial̪ˠd] = star |
| Manx (Gaelg) | rolt = star roltag = star roltage = star rolteen = asterisk, star, starlet rollage = star, pip rollageagh = astral rollageyder = astronomer rollageydys = astronomy rontage = star |
| Proto-Brythonic | *glọw = coal (?) |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | glo = coal, charcoal |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | glo [ɡloː] = coal, charcoal glo(e)a = to make charcoal by burning wood gloaidd = pertaining to coal, coal-black globwll = coal pit, coal mine, colliery glöyn byw = butterfly (“living coal”) |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | glow = coal glowbren = charcoal glowor = collier glowva = colliery |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | glaou, glaoü, glou = coal, embers, to braise |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | glaou [ˈɡlɔw] = coal, embers, spark, strong emotion, money glaoua [ˈɡlɔwːa] = to search for or collect coal glaouaer [ɡlɔˈwːɛr] = coalman, collier, swallow (bird) glaouañ = to grind, to make sth burn glaoudenn = charred piece (of wood) |
Etymology (Goidelic): from Old Irish rét (thing) and Proto-Celtic *glāwos (glowing thing, coal, charcoal) from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥h₁-wó-s from *ǵʰleh₁- (to shine, glow). The Brythonic words come from the same roots, directly via Proto-Celtic *glāwos [source].
| Proto-Celtic | *sterā = star |
|---|---|
| Old Irish (Goídelc) | ser = star |
| Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) | ser = star |
| Proto-Brythonic | *ster = stars |
| Old Welsh (Kembraec) | sserenn = star |
| Middle Welsh (Kymraec) | syr, sŷr, sér, sêr = stars seren = star |
| Welsh (Cymraeg) | sêr [seːr] = stars seren = star, asterisk serydd(wr) = astronomer, astrologer seryddeg = astronomy seryddegiaeth = astronomy, astrology serydd(i)ol = astronomic(al), astrological sêr-nifwl, serniwl = nebula, galaxy |
| Old Cornish | steren = star |
| Middle Cornish (Cernewec . Kernuak) | ste(y)r = stars sterran = star |
| Cornish (Kernewek) | ster = stars sterennek = starry sterfisegieth = astrophysics stergan = starlight stergelgh, stergylgh = zodiac sterji = planetarium sterlester = spaceship, starship steronieth = astronomy stervarner, stervarnores = astronaut |
| Old Breton (Brethonoc) | sterenn = star |
| Middle Breton (Brezonec) | ster = stars steret = stars sterenn = star |
| Breton (Brezhoneg) | ster [ˈsteːr] = stars stered [ˈsteː.rɛt] = stars steredenn [ste.ˈreː.dɛn] = star steredek = star, star-studded, constellated, peppered, dotted with steread = astronaut steredeg [ste.ˈreː.dɛk] = constellation steredel = stellar steredennañ = to star, to twinkle |
Etymology: from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (star), from *h₂eh₁s- (to burn) [source].
Sources: Wiktionary, Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language, Teanglann.ie, Am Faclair Beag, An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, Fockleyreen: Manx – English Dictionary, Online Manx Dictionary, Gaelg Corpus, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall, Gerlyver Kernewek, Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton, Geriafurch, TermOfis