Cashlines, ATMs and Holes in the Wall

Hole in the Wall

I discovered the other day that in Scotland the bank machines that dispense cash are known as cashlines. This was apparently the name used first for Royal Bank of Scotland cash machines, and came to be used as the general term for ATMs in Scotland [source].

In other parts of the UK such machines are known as cash machines, ATMs (Automated Teller Machines), holes in the wall and cashpoints.

In Welsh a cash machine is a peiriant arian parod (cash machine), twll yn y wal (hole in the wall) or peiriant tynnu arian (money withdrawing machine)

What are they known as in other countries and languages?

Les mots de la semaine

français English Cymraeg
la pédale pedal pedal
pédaler; aller à velo to pedal (a bicycle) pedlo; padlo
le lotissement (de logements sociaux) (council) estate (y)stad (dai cyngor)
la cité housing estate (y)stad o dai
courageux; brave; vaillant brave dewr; gwrol; glew; eofn
droit straight syth; union
les groseilles noires black currant(s) cyransen ddu (cwrens duon)
la haie hedge gwrych; clawdd
le noyau (fruit) stone carreg; cnewyllyn; dincodyn
la graine seed (of plant) hedyn
le pépin seed / pip (of fruit) dincodyn; carreg; hedyn
étudiant de première année; jeune recrue first year student; fresher; freshman glasfyfyriwr

A bit of a breeze

One of the words that came up at the French conversation group this week was brise (breeze), which appears in the following expressions:

– pare-brise = windscreen / windshield
– brise matinale = early breeze
– brise insulaire = island breeze
– brise de mer = sea breeze
– brise de terre = land breeze

The French word brise and the English word breeze come possibly from the Old Spanish briza (cold northeast wind), which was used from the 1560s in West Indies and the Spanish Main to mean a “northeast trade wind”, and then a “fresh wind from the sea”. Breeze came to mean a “gentle or light wind” from the 1620s, and something easy from the 1920s in the USA.

Alternatively the English word breeze might come from is from East Frisian brisen (to blow fresh and strong), or the Saterland Frisian briese ‎(breeze) or the Dutch bries ‎(breeze).

Apparently as well as being a light, gentle wind, a breeze can be:

– Any wind blowing across a cricket match, whatever its strength.
– Any activity that is easy, not testing or difficult.
– Ashes and residue of coal or charcoal, usually from a furnace.
– An excited or ruffled state of feeling; a flurry of excitement; a disturbance; a quarrel.

Sources: Online Etymology Dictionary, Wiktionary and Reverso

Les mots de le semaine

français English Cymraeg
la brise breeze awel
convenable; adéquat; apte suitable addas
la poterie pottery crochenyddiaeth; crochenwaith
sculpté; gravél ciselé carved cerfiedig; nadd
tailler; sculpter; grave; ciseler to carve cerfio; carfio; naddu
plongée diving plymio
luxuriant lush toreithiog; iraidd; ir
enflé; gonflé swollen wedi chwyddo
la cheville ankle ffêr; migwrn
le bord edge min; ymyl
le pare-choc bumper (on car) bymper; ffender
le course à travers champ cross-country (race) ras ar draws gwlad / traws gwlad
seul; solitaire lonely unig; digwmni

Joskins, bumpkins and yokels

Last week a friend asked me about the origins of the word joskin [ˈdʒɒskɪn], which I hadn’t come across before. According to the Urban Dictionary it is defined as follows:

North-Walian term used in both English and Welsh to describe anyone from a rural or farming background. It is used both affectionately and in a derogatory way depending on the audience.

Example: He’s a right joskin – he’s got a tractor and everything.

According to the Collins English Dictionary joskin is a slang word meaning “a country bumpkin; hick”.

Wiktionary suggests that is comes from the dialect word joss (bump) and (bump)kin. Alternatively it comes from the name Joseph + (bump)kin [source].

Bumpkin, a clumsy, unsophisticated person or a yokel, apparently comes from the Dutch boomken ‎(shrub, little tree) [source]. Or it might come from the Dutch bommekijn (small cask), from the Middle Dutch bomme (cask) [source], and was also used as a derogatory reference to short and dumpy Dutch people [source].

Yokel possibly comes from German dialect word Jokel, a diminutive of Jakob, or an English dialect word meaning woodpecker [source].

What other words are there for joskins?

Les mots de la semaine

français English Cymraeg
l’attaque d’apoplexie (f);
la congestion cérébral
stroke strôc; trawiad
avoir un accident vasculaire cérébral to have a stroke cael strôc / trawiad
caresser to stroke tynnu llaw; anwesu
le trait de génie stroke of genius fflach / strôc o athrylith
le coup de chance stroke of good luck tamaid / tipyn / strôc o lwc
aller se promener to go for a stroll mynd am dro
l’atrophie (f) atrophy gwywiad; edwiniad; crebachiad
la corbeille d’arrivée;
la corbeille de courriers à traiter;
le classeur pour le courrier entrant
in tray cawell derbyn; basged dderbyn
le courrier sortant out tray cawell allan
le plateau tray hambwrdd
le casier pigeon-hole twll colomen; cloer; colomendwll
cousin(e) au deuxième degré first cousin once removed plentyn eich cefnder/cyfnither
petit(e) cousin(e) second cousin cyfyrder (m); cyfyrderes (f)
enfant unique only child unig plentyn
le tonneau barrel (beer; wine) casgen; baril
la casque barrel (fish) casgen; baril
le baril barrel (oil) casgen; baril
l’animal empaillé;
l’animal en peluche
stuffed animal anifail stwffiedig
le cogneur; le malabar bruiser colbiwr; paffiwr
diriger to conduct (an orchestra) arwain; tywys(u)
le chef d’orchestre conductor tywyswr; tywysydd; arweinydd
l’entrepôt warehouse warws; stordy; strorfa
la taille size maint
le pic woodpecker cnocell y coed
marcher sur la chaussée to jaywalk croesi diofal

A few tips about tips

TIPS box - not genuine

I heard some discussion on Radio Cymru this about the origin of the word tip(s). They said that in 18th century England there were boxes in pubs with the letters T.I.P.S. on them, which stood for “To Insure Prompt Service”. Gratuities were put into the boxes and became known as tips.

According the Snopes.com, a fact checking website, this is folk etymology, i.e. wrong. No such boxes existed, and the first appearance in writing of the word tip, meaning gratuity, dates back to the early 18th century, and the word tip, meaning to give a small sum of money intelligence on horse races or the latest silly joke dates back to 1610, and was used in thieves cant (slang).

The Online Etymology Dictionary suggests that the word tip, meaning to knock down or overturn, is of uncertain origin, and possibly comes from Scandinavian languages – in Swedish tippa means to tip or dump.

The word tip, as in the end or point of something, comes from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch tip (utmost point, extremity, tip).

The story about tip being an acronym for “To Insure Prompt Service”, “To Insure Promptitude” or “To Insure Promptness” comes from Inns, Ales and Drinking Customs of Old England by Frederick W. Hackwood, which was published in 1909.

There is more fact checking of popular sayings on Snopes.com.

Reasons to learn minority languages

I came across an interesting article today which discusses some of the benefits of learning a minority language like Manx. The writer, a fluent Manx speaker, is currently studying French and Linguistics at Oxford University, and has found that her knowledge of Manx has enabled her to make all sorts of connections, and has opened many doors. She was also in Gleann Cholm Cille studying Irish, though in July during the week I’m usually there, and I heard that Adrian Cain had been there teaching Manx that week – it’s a shame I missed it.

When you learn a language with a small number of speakers like Manx, it is possible to get to know quite a few of them and feel part of the community, and there is quite a lot of interest in such languages among linguists and language enthusiasts. I’ve certainly found this with all the Celtic languages, and whenever I meet someone who speaks one or more of them, I feel an instant connection. In Gleann Cholm Cille, for example, I met an English lad who is doing Celtic Studies in Aberystwyth University, and we found we have some mutual friends, and chatted away happily in Welsh, though I was in Irish mode that week, so sometimes mixed in a bit of Irish with my Welsh.

Does the same kind of thing happen for other minority and endangered languages?

One of my classmates in Gleann Cholm Cille, a gentleman from Oklahoma, mentioned that he had studied some Cherokee, but that the Cherokee people are suspicious of outsiders learning their language, so it can be hard to find material to learn the language and people to practice with.

Y Llyfyrgell

Last night I saw the film Y Llyfrgell / The Library Suicides, a Welsh-language thriller based on the book Y Llyfrgell (The Library) by Fflur Dafydd, who also wrote the script and produced the film.

This was the first film I’ve seen in Welsh, and I enjoyed it. It’s set in Aberystwyth, and most of the action takes place in the National Library of Wales / Llyfyrgell Genedlaethol Cymru. The main characters are identical twins who work in the library, and the film starts with the apparent suicide of their mother, a famous author. There are many other twists and turns, and stories within stories which make the film well worth a look.

The twins are played by one actor, Catrin Stewart, who in real life is a twin, though has a twin brother rather than a twin sister. It’s very cleverly done and you never realise that one person is playing both of them.

I didn’t understand all the dialogue at first as it’s in a dialect of Welsh I’m not used to hearing – I’ve got so used to hearing northern dialects of Welsh, other dialects sound a bit strange to me now, but I soon tuned into to it. There were subtitles in English as well, but I tried not to read them.

After the film there was a question and answer with Fflur Dafydd, which was entirely in Welsh, with simultaneous interpretation in English, for those who needed it. It was an interesting discussion and provided many insights into the film making process.

Les mots de la semaine

français English Cymraeg
le jeu de rôle role playing chwarae rhan, chwarae rôl
accepter les invraisemblances to suspend disbelief
nom à rallonge double-barrelled surname enw dwbl (baril)
fusil à canon double double-barrelled shotgun gwn haels dau/dwy faril, dwbl baril
l’épaule shoulder ysgwydd
l’omoplate (f); la scapulaire shoulder blade (human); scapular palfais; asgwrn palfais; crafell ysgwydd
le paleron shoulder blade (animal) palfais; asgwrn palfais; crafell ysgwydd
railler; se moquer de qn/qch;
se payer la tête de qn
to make fun of sb/sth gwneud hwyl/sbort am ben rhywun;
chwerthin am ben rhywun
(liquide) trouble cloudy (liquid) cymylog
furtif stealth lladraddaidd
interdit banned gwarharddedig