When looking for the names of various instruments in Chinese, as you do, I came across 洋琵琶 (yáng​pí​pá) for mandolin. 洋 (yáng) means ocean, sea, foreign or western, and the 琵琶 (pí​pá) is a traditional Chinese string instrument described by the MDBG Chinese dictionary as a ‘guitar-like instrument’. So it’s a ‘foreign pipa’ in Chinese [source].

The Encyclopedia Britannica describes the pipa (see above) it as a ‘short-necked Chinese lute’ that originated in Western Asia, and has been known in China since the 2nd Century AD. Apparently the Chinese name comes from the way it’s played: pí​ originally meant to pluck in a forward motion, and pá meant to pluck in a backward motion. Different characters with the same sounds were later chosen for the instrument’s name [source].

The word 洋 (yáng) also appears in

• 洋葱 (yáng​cōng) = onion, or ‘foreign scallion / green onion’
• 洋气 (yáng​qì) = Western style, foreign style, trendy, fashionable, or ‘foreign steam / vapour’
• 洋葱 (yáng​cù) = potato, or ‘foreign taro’

Another Chinese word that appears in various instrument names is 琴 (qín), which on its own refers to a type of long zither with seven strings, plucked with the fingers, also known as a 古琴 (gǔ​qín). The 琴 (qín) is also translated as a Chinese lute or guitar [source].

Other types of 琴 (qín) include:

• 钢琴 [鋼琴] (gāng​qín) = piano, or ‘steel qin’.
• 风琴 [風琴] (fēngqín​) = organ, or ‘wind qin’.
• 口琴 (kǒu​qín​) = mouth organ, harmonica, or ‘mouth qin’.
• 竖琴 [竪琴] (shù​qín​) = (Western-style harp). or ‘vertical qin’.
• 小提琴 (xiǎo​tí​qín​qín) = violin, or ‘small hand-held qin’.
• 中提琴 (zhōng​tí​qín​) = viola, or ‘medium-sized hand-held qin’.
• 大提琴 (dà​tí​qín​) = cello, or ‘big hand-held qin’.
• 低音大提琴 (dī​yīn​(dà)​tí​qín​) = double bass or ‘low sound (big) hand-held qin’.
• 班卓琴 (bān​zhuó​qín​) = banjo, or ‘banjo qin’ – the Chinese characters sound similiar to the word banjo

I think it’s interesting that in Chinese, non-Chinese instruments and other things are referred to as variants on traditional Chinese instruments, etc, while in English, Chinese instruments are referred to as versions of ‘Western’ instruments like guitars, lutes and zithers.